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initiative subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_ballot_initiative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Full_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Full_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Full text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Full_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-election_legal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-election_legal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre-election legal challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-election_legal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petition_to_remove_proposition_from_ballot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petition_to_remove_proposition_from_ballot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Petition to remove proposition from ballot </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petition_to_remove_proposition_from_ballot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenge_to_title_and_summary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenge_to_title_and_summary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Challenge to title and summary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenge_to_title_and_summary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Campaign </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Campaign subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Campaign_funding_and_spending" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_funding_and_spending"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Campaign funding and spending </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_funding_and_spending-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Proponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Proponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Proponents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Political figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Religious organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_Scientology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_Scientology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Church of Scientology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_Scientology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Whether_You_Like_It_or_Not"_advertisement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Whether_You_Like_It_or_Not"_advertisement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 "Whether You Like It or Not" advertisement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Whether_You_Like_It_or_Not"_advertisement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Opponents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_figures_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_figures_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Political figures </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_figures_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_organizations_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_organizations_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Religious organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_organizations_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspaper_editorials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_editorials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Newspaper editorials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_editorials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Actions_against_supporters_and_opponents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Actions_against_supporters_and_opponents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Actions against supporters and opponents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Actions_against_supporters_and_opponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-decision_opinion_polls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-decision_opinion_polls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Pre-decision opinion polls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-decision_opinion_polls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Results </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Results-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Results subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-County_breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#County_breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 County breakdown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-County_breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-election_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-election_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-election events </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-election_events-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-election events subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-election_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immediate_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immediate_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Immediate response </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immediate_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Fines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Protests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boycotts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boycotts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Boycotts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boycotts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_about_campaign_financing_and_donations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_about_campaign_financing_and_donations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Controversies about campaign financing and donations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies_about_campaign_financing_and_donations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Litigation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Litigation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Litigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California_Supreme_Court_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California_Supreme_Court_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 California Supreme Court cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California_Supreme_Court_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Federal challenges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Smelt_v._United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Smelt_v._United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.1 Smelt v. United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Smelt_v._United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perry_v._Schwarzenegger" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perry_v._Schwarzenegger"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2.2 Perry v. Schwarzenegger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perry_v._Schwarzenegger-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legal challenges </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legal_challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legal challenges subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legal_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_court:_Strauss_v._Horton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_court:_Strauss_v._Horton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 State court: Strauss v. Horton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_court:_Strauss_v._Horton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Federal court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Perry_v._Schwarzenegger_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perry_v._Schwarzenegger_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Perry v. Schwarzenegger </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perry_v._Schwarzenegger_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perry_v._Brown_(on_appeal)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perry_v._Brown_(on_appeal)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 Perry v. Brown (on appeal) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perry_v._Brown_(on_appeal)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ninth_Circuit_ruling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_Circuit_ruling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2.1 Ninth Circuit ruling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_Circuit_ruling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-En_banc_review_denied" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#En_banc_review_denied"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2.2 En banc review denied </div> </a> <ul id="toc-En_banc_review_denied-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hollingsworth_v._Perry_(U.S._Supreme_Court)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hollingsworth_v._Perry_(U.S._Supreme_Court)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 Hollingsworth v. Perry (U.S. Supreme Court) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hollingsworth_v._Perry_(U.S._Supreme_Court)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repeal_of_Proposition_8" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repeal_of_Proposition_8"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Repeal of Proposition 8 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Repeal_of_Proposition_8-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Repeal of Proposition 8 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Repeal_of_Proposition_8-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2009-2022" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009-2022"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 2009-2022 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009-2022-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_repeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_repeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 2024 repeal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_repeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">2008 California Proposition 8</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" > 19 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8_(2008)" title="California Proposition 8 (2008) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="California Proposition 8 (2008)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposici%C3%B3n_8_(California)" title="Proposición 8 (California) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Proposición 8 (California)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%DB%B8" title="پیشنهادی کالیفرنیا ۸ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشنهادی کالیفرنیا ۸" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8" title="Proposition 8 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8" title="Proposition 8 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8" title="California Proposition 8 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="California Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Proposition_8" title="California Proposition 8 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="California Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8" title="Proposition 8 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8" title="Proposition 8 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propozycja_8_w_Kalifornii_w_2008_roku" title="Propozycja 8 w Kalifornii w 2008 roku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Propozycja 8 w Kalifornii w 2008 roku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_8_da_Calif%C3%B3rnia_(2008)" title="Proposição 8 da Califórnia (2008) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Proposição 8 da Califórnia (2008)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_8" title="Предложение 8 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Предложение 8" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_8" title="2008 California Proposition 8 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="2008 California Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3_8_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Предлог 8 (Калифорнија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Предлог 8 (Калифорнија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8_(2008)" title="Proposition 8 (2008) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Proposition 8 (2008)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proposition_8" title="Proposition 8 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Proposition 8" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliforniya_Proposition_8_(2008)" title="Kaliforniya Proposition 8 (2008) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaliforniya Proposition 8 (2008)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%E1%BB%B1_lu%E1%BA%ADt_8_California_(2008)" title="Dự luật 8 California (2008) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dự luật 8 California (2008)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng 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For the 2018 Proposition, see <a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_8" title="2018 California Proposition 8">2018 California Proposition 8</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Proposition_8_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Proposition 8 (disambiguation)">Proposition 8 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1159459382">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px);overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:24em"><caption class="infobox-title">Proposition 8</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/50px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/75px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/100px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1150407293">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><table style="width:100%; margin:1px; display:inline-table;"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; padding:0 0.5em 0 0;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 1px;width:80%;" class="">November 4, 2008</td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;; padding:0 0 0 0.5em;width:10%;" class="noprint"></td> </tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: var( --border-color-base, #A2A9B1 );border-width: 2px;background-color: var( --background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa );color: inherit;margin: 3px;width: calc(100% - 16px);max-width: 24em;">Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#efefef;">Results</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:25em; margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <th style="width: 50%;"><div style="float:left;">Choice</div> </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 25%">% </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577" /> Yes </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em">7,001,084 </td> <td style="text-align: right;margin-right: 0.5em">52.24% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/14px-Light_brown_x.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/21px-Light_brown_x.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Light_brown_x.svg/28px-Light_brown_x.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3584" data-file-height="4096" /> No </td> <td style="text-align: right;">6,401,482 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">47.76% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left">Valid votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">13,402,566 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">97.52% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left">Invalid or blank votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">340,611 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">2.48% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left">Total votes </td> <td style="text-align: right;">13,743,177 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">100.00% </td></tr> <tr style="background-color: var( --background-color-neutral, #eaecf0 ); color: var( --color-base, #202122 )"> <td style="text-align: left">Registered voters/turnout </td> <td style="text-align: right;">17,304,091 </td> <td style="text-align: right;">79.42% </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><hr /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg/300px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg/450px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg/600px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="810" /></a> County results</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_congressional_district.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_congressional_district.svg/300px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_congressional_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_congressional_district.svg/450px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_congressional_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_congressional_district.svg/600px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_congressional_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="810" /></a> Congressional district results</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:2008_California_Proposition_8_Map_Results_by_Precinct.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2008_California_Proposition_8_Map_Results_by_Precinct.svg/300px-2008_California_Proposition_8_Map_Results_by_Precinct.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2008_California_Proposition_8_Map_Results_by_Precinct.svg/450px-2008_California_Proposition_8_Map_Results_by_Precinct.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/2008_California_Proposition_8_Map_Results_by_Precinct.svg/600px-2008_California_Proposition_8_Map_Results_by_Precinct.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="810" /></a> Precinct results</div></div><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Yes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  90%–100% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80%–90% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70%–80% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60%–70% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50%–60% </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> No <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  90%–100% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  80%–90% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70%–80% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60%–70% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50%–60% </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; background:#fafafa; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; padding:0.2em;">Sources:<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">Elections in California</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/225px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg/300px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_of_California_Colored.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1430" /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_elections_in_California" title="United States presidential elections in California">U.S. President</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1852 United States presidential election in California">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1856 United States presidential election in California">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1860 United States presidential election in California">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1864 United States presidential election in California">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1868 United States presidential election in California">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1872 United States presidential election in California">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1876 United States presidential election in California">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1880 United States presidential election in California">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1884 United States presidential election in California">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1888 United States presidential election in California">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1892 United States presidential election in California">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1896 United States presidential election in California">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1900 United States presidential election in California">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1904 United States presidential election in California">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1908 United States presidential election in California">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1912 United States presidential election in California">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1916 United States presidential election in California">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1920 United States presidential election in California">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1924 United States presidential election in California">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1928 United States presidential election in California">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1932 United States presidential election in California">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1936 United States presidential election in California">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1940 United States presidential election in California">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1944 United States presidential election in California">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1948 United States presidential election in California">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1952 United States presidential election in California">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1956 United States presidential election in California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1960 United States presidential election in California">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1964 United States presidential election in California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1968 United States presidential election in California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1972 United States presidential election in California">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1976 United States presidential election in California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1980 United States presidential election in California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1984 United States presidential election in California">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1988 United States presidential election in California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1992 United States presidential election in California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="1996 United States presidential election in California">1996</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="1996 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="1996 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2000 United States presidential election in California">2000</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2000 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2000 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2004 United States presidential election in California">2004</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2004 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2004 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2008 United States presidential election in California">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2008 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2008 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2012 United States presidential election in California">2012</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election_in_California#Democratic_primary" title="2012 United States presidential election in California">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2012 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2016 United States presidential election in California">2016</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2016 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Republican_presidential_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2020 United States presidential election in California">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2020 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2020 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2024 United States presidential election in California">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Democratic_presidential_primary" title="2024 California Democratic presidential primary">Dem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Republican_presidential_primary" title="2024 California Republican presidential primary">Rep</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="List of United States Senate elections in California">U.S. Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1849 United States Senate elections in California">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1850_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1850 United States Senate elections in California">1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1852 United States Senate special election in California">1852 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 United States Senate election in California">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1857 United States Senate special election in California">1857 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 United States Senate election in California">1860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1860 United States Senate special election in California">1860 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1868 United States Senate election in California">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1872 United States Senate election in California">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1873 United States Senate election in California">1873</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1873_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1873 United States Senate special election in California">1873 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1878 United States Senate election in California">1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 United States Senate election in California">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1885_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1885 United States Senate election in California">1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1886 United States Senate special election in California">1886 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1887_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1887 United States Senate election in California">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1891 United States Senate election in California">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1891 United States Senate special election in California">1891 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1893 United States Senate election in California">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1895 United States Senate special election in California">1895 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1897 United States Senate election in California">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1900 United States Senate special election in California">1900 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1903 United States Senate election in California">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1905 United States Senate election in California">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1909 United States Senate election in California">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1911 United States Senate election in California">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1914 United States Senate election in California">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1916 United States Senate election in California">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1920 United States Senate election in California">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1922 United States Senate election in California">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1926 United States Senate election in California">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1928 United States Senate election in California">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1932 United States Senate election in California">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1934 United States Senate election in California">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1938 United States Senate election in California">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1940 United States Senate election in California">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1944 United States Senate election in California">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States Senate elections in California">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States Senate elections in California">1946 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1950 United States Senate election in California">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1952 United States Senate election in California">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1954 United States Senate special election in California">1954 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1956 United States Senate election in California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1958 United States Senate election in California">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1962 United States Senate election in California">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1964 United States Senate election in California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1968 United States Senate election in California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1970 United States Senate election in California">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1974 United States Senate election in California">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1976 United States Senate election in California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1980 United States Senate election in California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1982 United States Senate election in California">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1986 United States Senate election in California">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1988 United States Senate election in California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1992 United States Senate election in California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_California" title="1992 United States Senate special election in California">1992 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1994 United States Senate election in California">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="1998 United States Senate election in California">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2000 United States Senate election in California">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2004 United States Senate election in California">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2006 United States Senate election in California">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2010 United States Senate election in California">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2012 United States Senate election in California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2016 United States Senate election in California">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" title="2018 United States Senate election in California">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2022 United States Senate elections in California">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2022 United States Senate elections in California">2022 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2024 United States Senate elections in California">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_Senate_elections_in_California" title="2024 United States Senate elections in California">2024 sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="2028 United States Senate election in California">2028</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2030_United_States_Senate_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="2030 United States Senate election in California">2030</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_California" title="List of United States representatives from California">U.S. House of Representatives</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1849_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1849 United States House of Representatives election in California">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1851 United States House of Representatives election in California">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1852_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1852 United States House of Representatives election in California">1852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1854 United States House of Representatives election in California">1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1856_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1856 United States House of Representatives election in California">1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1859_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" title="1859 United States House of Representatives election in California">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1861 United States House of Representatives election in California">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="1863 United States House of Representatives election in California">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1864 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1867 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1868 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1871 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1872 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1875 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1876 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1879 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1882 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1884 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1886 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1888 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1888</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1890 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1892 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1892</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1894 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1896 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1898 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1900 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1902 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1904 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1906 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1908 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1910 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1912 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1914 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1916 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1918 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1920 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1922 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1924 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1926 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1928 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1930 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1932 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1934 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1936 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1938 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1940 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1940</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1942 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1944 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1946</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_election" title="1946 California's 12th congressional district election">12th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1952 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1954 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1956 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1958 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1960 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1962 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1964 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1966 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1968 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1970 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1972 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1974 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1976 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1978 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1980 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1982 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1984 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1986 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1986</a></li> <li>1987 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1987_California%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election" title="1987 California's 5th congressional district special election">5th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1988 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1990 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1992 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1994 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1996 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="1998 United States House of Representatives elections in California">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2000 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2000</a></li> <li>2001 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2001_California%27s_32nd_congressional_district_special_election" title="2001 California's 32nd congressional district special election">32nd sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2002 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2004 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2004</a></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_California%27s_5th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2005 California's 5th congressional district special election">5th sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California%27s_48th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2005 California's 48th congressional district special election">48th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2006 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2006</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_California%27s_50th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2006 California's 50th congressional district special election">50th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li>2007 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_California%27s_37th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2007 California's 37th congressional district special election">36th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2008</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2008 California's 12th congressional district special election">12th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_California%27s_10th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2009 California's 10th congressional district special election">10th sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California%27s_32nd_congressional_district_special_election" title="2009 California's 32nd congressional district special election">32nd sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2010 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2010</a></li> <li>2011 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_California%27s_36th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2011 California's 36th congressional district special election">36th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2012 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2014 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2016 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2016</a></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_California%27s_34th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2017 California's 34th congressional district special election">34th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2018 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2020 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2020</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California%27s_25th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2020 California's 25th congressional district special election">25th sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2022 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2022</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_California%27s_22nd_congressional_district_special_election" title="2022 California's 22nd congressional district special election">22nd sp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2024 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2024</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_16th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 16th congressional district election">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_20th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2024 California's 20th congressional district special election">20th sp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_30th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 30th congressional district election">30th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_45th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 45th congressional district election">45th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California%27s_47th_congressional_district_election" title="2024 California's 47th congressional district election">47th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2026 United States House of Representatives elections in California">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_California" title="Government of California">State government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/California_executive_branch" title="California executive branch">Executive</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1849_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1849 California gubernatorial election">1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1851_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1851 California gubernatorial election">1851</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1853 California gubernatorial election">1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1855 California gubernatorial election">1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1857_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1857 California gubernatorial election">1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1855_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1855 California gubernatorial election">1859</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1861_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1861 California gubernatorial election">1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1863 California gubernatorial election">1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1867 California gubernatorial election">1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1871_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1871 California gubernatorial election">1871</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1875_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1875 California gubernatorial election">1875</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1879_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1879 California gubernatorial election">1879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1882_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1882 California gubernatorial election">1882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1886_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1886 California gubernatorial election">1886</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1890_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1890 California gubernatorial election">1890</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1894_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1894 California gubernatorial election">1894</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1898 California gubernatorial election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1902 California gubernatorial election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1906 California gubernatorial election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1910_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1910 California gubernatorial election">1910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1914 California gubernatorial election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1918_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1918 California gubernatorial election">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1922_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1922 California gubernatorial election">1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1926 California gubernatorial election">1926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1930 California gubernatorial election">1930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1934 California gubernatorial election">1934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1938 California gubernatorial election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1942_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1942 California gubernatorial election">1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1946 California gubernatorial election">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1950 California gubernatorial election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 California gubernatorial election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 California gubernatorial election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California gubernatorial election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 California gubernatorial election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 California gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 California gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 California gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 California gubernatorial election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 California gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 California gubernatorial election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 California gubernatorial election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_California_gubernatorial_recall_election" title="2003 California gubernatorial recall election">2003 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 California gubernatorial election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 California gubernatorial election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 California gubernatorial election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 California gubernatorial election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_California_gubernatorial_recall_election" title="2021 California gubernatorial recall election">2021 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 California gubernatorial election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2026 California gubernatorial election">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_California" title="Lieutenant Governor of California">Lieutenant governor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1950_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1950 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1954 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1958 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1962 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1966 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1970 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1974 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1978 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1982 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1986 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1990 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1994 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="1998 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2002 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2010 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2014 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2018 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2022 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_California_lieutenant_gubernatorial_election" title="2026 California lieutenant gubernatorial election">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney general</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1970 California Attorney General election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1974 California Attorney General election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1978 California Attorney General election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1982 California Attorney General election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1986 California Attorney General election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1990 California Attorney General election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1994 California Attorney General election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Attorney_General_election" title="1998 California Attorney General election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2002 California Attorney General election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2006 California Attorney General election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2010 California Attorney General election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2014 California Attorney General election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2018 California Attorney General election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2022 California Attorney General election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_California_Attorney_General_election" title="2026 California Attorney General election">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_of_California" title="Secretary of State of California">Secretary of state</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1970 California Secretary of State election">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1974_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1974 California Secretary of State election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1978 California Secretary of State election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1982 California Secretary of State election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1986 California Secretary of State election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1990 California Secretary of State election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1994 California Secretary of State election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="1998 California Secretary of State election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2002 California Secretary of State election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2006 California Secretary of State election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2010 California Secretary of State election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2014 California Secretary of State election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2018 California Secretary of State election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Secretary_of_State_election" title="2022 California Secretary of State election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Treasurer" title="California State Treasurer">Treasurer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="1994 California State Treasurer election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="1998 California State Treasurer election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2002 California State Treasurer election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2006 California State Treasurer election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2010 California State Treasurer election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2014 California State Treasurer election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2018 California State Treasurer election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2022 California State Treasurer election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_California_State_Treasurer_election" title="2026 California State Treasurer election">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Controller" title="California State Controller">Controller</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Controller_election" title="1994 California State Controller election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Controller_election" title="1998 California State Controller election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Controller_election" title="2002 California State Controller election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Controller_election" title="2006 California State Controller election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Controller_election" title="2010 California State Controller election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Controller_election" title="2014 California State Controller election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Controller_election" title="2018 California State Controller election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Controller_election" title="2022 California State Controller election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_Insurance_Commissioner" title="California Insurance Commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="1994 California Insurance Commissioner election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="1998 California Insurance Commissioner election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2002 California Insurance Commissioner election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2006 California Insurance Commissioner election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2010 California Insurance Commissioner election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2014 California Insurance Commissioner election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2018 California Insurance Commissioner election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Insurance_Commissioner_election" title="2022 California Insurance Commissioner election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction" title="California State Superintendent of Public Instruction">Superintendent</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="1994 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="1998 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2002 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2006 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2010 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2014 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2018 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Superintendent_of_Public_Instruction_election" title="2022 California Superintendent of Public Instruction election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/State_Board_of_Equalization_(California)" class="mw-redirect" title="State Board of Equalization (California)">Board of equalization</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Board_of_Equalization_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 California State Board of Equalization election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Board_of_Equalization_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 California State Board of Equalization election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">Legislature</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Senate" title="California State Senate">Senate</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_California_State_Senate_election" title="1988 California State Senate election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_California_State_Senate_election" title="1990 California State Senate election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_California_State_Senate_election" title="1992 California State Senate election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Senate_election" title="1994 California State Senate election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_State_Senate_election" title="1996 California State Senate election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Senate_election" title="1998 California State Senate election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_State_Senate_election" title="2000 California State Senate election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Senate_election" title="2002 California State Senate election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_State_Senate_election" title="2004 California State Senate election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Senate_election" title="2006 California State Senate election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_State_Senate_election" title="2008 California State Senate election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Senate_election" title="2010 California State Senate election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_State_Senate_election" title="2012 California State Senate election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Senate_election" title="2014 California State Senate election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_State_Senate_election" title="2016 California State Senate election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Senate_election" title="2018 California State Senate election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_State_Senate_election" title="2020 California State Senate election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Senate_election" title="2022 California State Senate election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_State_Senate_election" title="2024 California State Senate election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_California_State_Senate" title="List of special elections to the California State Senate">Special</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1992 California State Assembly election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1994 California State Assembly election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1996 California State Assembly election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_State_Assembly_election" title="1998 California State Assembly election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2000 California State Assembly election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2002 California State Assembly election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2004 California State Assembly election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2006 California State Assembly election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2008 California State Assembly election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2010 California State Assembly election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2012 California State Assembly election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2014 California State Assembly election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2016 California State Assembly election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2018 California State Assembly election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2020 California State Assembly election">2020</a></li> <li>2021 (<a href="/wiki/2021_California%27s_79th_State_Assembly_district_special_election" title="2021 California's 79th State Assembly district special election">79th sp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2022 California State Assembly election">2022</a> (<a href="/wiki/2022_California%27s_17th_State_Assembly_district_special_election" title="2022 California's 17th State Assembly district special election">17th sp</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2024 California State Assembly election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_California_State_Assembly" title="List of special elections to the California State Assembly">Special</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_California" title="Judiciary of California">Judiciary</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/California_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="California Court of Appeals">Court of appeals</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="1994 California Courts of Appeal election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="1998 California Courts of Appeal election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="2002 California Courts of Appeal election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Courts_of_Appeal_election" title="2006 California Courts of Appeal election">2006</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_California" title="Elections in California">Elections by year</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_California_elections" title="1992 California elections">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_California_elections" title="1994 California elections">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_elections" title="1996 California elections">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_elections" title="1998 California elections">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_elections" title="2000 California elections">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_California_elections" title="2002 California elections">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_elections" title="2004 California elections">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_special_election" title="2005 California special election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_elections" title="2006 California elections">2006</a></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_California_elections" title="February 2008 California elections">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_California_elections" title="June 2008 California elections">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_elections" title="2008 California elections">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_elections" title="2009 California elections">2009</a></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections" title="June 2010 California elections">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2010_California_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2010 California elections">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2012_California_elections" title="June 2012 California elections">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2012_California_elections" title="November 2012 California elections">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_elections" title="2014 California elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_elections" title="2016 California elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_elections" title="2018 California elections">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_elections" title="2020 California elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_elections" title="2022 California elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_elections" title="2024 California elections">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">State propositions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">1910–1919</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1911 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_California_Proposition_4" title="1911 California Proposition 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_California_Proposition_7" title="1911 California Proposition 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_California_Proposition_8" title="1911 California Proposition 8">8</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">1960–1969</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1964 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_California_Proposition_14" title="1964 California Proposition 14">14</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1970%E2%80%931979" title="List of California ballot propositions: 1970–1979">1970–1979</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1978 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs Initiative">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_8" title="1978 California Proposition 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_13" title="1978 California Proposition 13">13</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1980%E2%80%931989" title="List of California ballot propositions: 1980–1989">1980–1989</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1982 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1982_California_Proposition_8" title="1982 California Proposition 8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_64" title="1986 California Proposition 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">65</a></li></ul></li> <li>1988 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_California_Proposition_98" title="1988 California Proposition 98">98</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_California_Proposition_99" title="1988 California Proposition 99">99</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_1990%E2%80%931999" title="List of California ballot propositions: 1990–1999">1990–1999</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1994 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_187" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 187">187</a></li></ul></li> <li>1996 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_196" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 California Proposition 196">196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_209" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 209">209</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_215" title="1996 California Proposition 215">215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_California_Proposition_218" title="1996 California Proposition 218">218</a></li></ul></li> <li>1998 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Proposition_6" title="1998 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Proposition_10" title="1998 California Proposition 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_California_Proposition_227" title="1998 California Proposition 227">227</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2000%E2%80%932009" title="List of California ballot propositions: 2000–2009">2000–2009</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2000 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_21" title="2000 California Proposition 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_22" title="2000 California Proposition 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_36" title="2000 California Proposition 36">36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_39" title="2000 California Proposition 39">39</a></li></ul></li> <li>2003 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_California_Proposition_53" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 California Proposition 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_California_Proposition_54" class="mw-redirect" title="2003 California Proposition 54">54</a></li></ul></li> <li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_1A" title="2004 California Proposition 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_55" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_56" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_57" title="2004 California Proposition 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_58" title="2004 California Proposition 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_59" title="2004 California Proposition 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_60" title="2004 California Proposition 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_60A" title="2004 California Proposition 60A">60A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_61" title="2004 California Proposition 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_62" title="2004 California Proposition 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_63" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_64" title="2004 California Proposition 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_65" title="2004 California Proposition 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_66" title="2004 California Proposition 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_69" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 California Proposition 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_California_Proposition_71" title="2004 California Proposition 71">71</a></li></ul></li> <li>2005 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_73" title="2005 California Proposition 73">73</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_74" title="2005 California Proposition 74">74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_75" title="2005 California Proposition 75">75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_76" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 76">76</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_77" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 77">77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_78" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 78">78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_79" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 79">79</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_California_Proposition_80" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 California Proposition 80">80</a></li></ul></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_81" title="2006 California Proposition 81">81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_82" title="2006 California Proposition 82">82</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_83" title="2006 California Proposition 83">83</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_85" title="2006 California Proposition 85">85</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_87" title="2006 California Proposition 87">87</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_89" title="2006 California Proposition 89">89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_California_Proposition_90" title="2006 California Proposition 90">90</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_91" title="2008 California Proposition 91">91</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_92" title="2008 California Proposition 92">92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_93" title="2008 California Proposition 93">93</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Propositions_94,_95,_96,_and_97" title="2008 California Propositions 94, 95, 96, and 97">94, 95, 96, and 97</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Propositions_98_and_99" title="2008 California Propositions 98 and 99">98 and 99</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_1A" title="2008 California Proposition 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_2" title="2008 California Proposition 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_3" title="2008 California Proposition 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_4" title="2008 California Proposition 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_5" title="2008 California Proposition 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_6" title="2008 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_7" title="2008 California Proposition 7">7</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_9" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 California Proposition 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_10" title="2008 California Proposition 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_11" title="2008 California Proposition 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_12" title="2008 California Proposition 12">12</a></li></ul></li> <li>2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1A" title="2009 California Proposition 1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1B" title="2009 California Proposition 1B">1B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1C" title="2009 California Proposition 1C">1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1D" title="2009 California Proposition 1D">1D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1E" title="2009 California Proposition 1E">1E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_California_Proposition_1F" title="2009 California Proposition 1F">1F</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2010%E2%80%932019" title="List of California ballot propositions: 2010–2019">2010–2019</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections#Proposition_13" title="June 2010 California elections">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_14" title="2010 California Proposition 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections#Proposition_15" title="June 2010 California elections">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_16" title="2010 California Proposition 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_California_elections#Proposition_17" title="June 2010 California elections">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_19" title="2010 California Proposition 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_20" title="2010 California Proposition 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_21" title="2010 California elections">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_22" title="2010 California elections">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_23" title="2010 California Proposition 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_24" title="2010 California elections">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_25" title="2010 California elections">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_elections#Proposition_26" title="2010 California elections">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_California_Proposition_27" title="2010 California Proposition 27">27</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_29" title="2012 California Proposition 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_30" title="2012 California Proposition 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_32" title="2012 California Proposition 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_34" title="2012 California Proposition 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_37" title="2012 California Proposition 37">37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_38" title="2012 California Proposition 38">38</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_California_Proposition_39" title="2012 California Proposition 39">39</a></li></ul></li> <li>2014 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_1" title="2014 California Proposition 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_2" title="2014 California Proposition 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_41" title="2014 California Proposition 41">41</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_42" title="2014 California Proposition 42">42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_45" title="2014 California Proposition 45">45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_46" title="2014 California Proposition 46">46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_47" title="2014 California Proposition 47">47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_California_Proposition_48" title="2014 California Proposition 48">48</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_50" title="2016 California Proposition 50">50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_51" title="2016 California Proposition 51">51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_52" title="2016 California Proposition 52">52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_53" title="2016 California Proposition 53">53</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_54" title="2016 California Proposition 54">54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_55" title="2016 California Proposition 55">55</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_56" title="2016 California Proposition 56">56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_57" title="2016 California Proposition 57">57</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_58" title="2016 California Proposition 58">58</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_59" title="2016 California Proposition 59">59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_60" title="2016 California Proposition 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_61" title="2016 California Proposition 61">61</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_62" title="2016 California Proposition 62">62</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_63" title="2016 California Proposition 63">63</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_Use_of_Marijuana_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Adult Use of Marijuana Act">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_65" title="2016 California Proposition 65">65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_66" title="2016 California Proposition 66">66</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_California_Proposition_67" title="2016 California Proposition 67">67</a></li></ul></li> <li>2018 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_68" title="2018 California Proposition 68">68</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_69" title="2018 California Proposition 69">69</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_70" title="2018 California Proposition 70">70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_71" title="2018 California Proposition 71">71</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_72" title="2018 California Proposition 72">72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_6" title="2018 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_7" title="2018 California Proposition 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_8" title="2018 California Proposition 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cal_3" title="Cal 3">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_10" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 California Proposition 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_11" title="2018 California Proposition 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_California_Proposition_12" title="2018 California Proposition 12">12</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions:_2020%E2%80%932029" title="List of California ballot propositions: 2020–2029">2020–2029</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2020 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_13" title="2020 California Proposition 13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_14" title="2020 California Proposition 14">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_15" title="2020 California Proposition 15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_16" title="2020 California Proposition 16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_17" title="2020 California Proposition 17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_18" title="2020 California Proposition 18">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_19" title="2020 California Proposition 19">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_20" title="2020 California Proposition 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_21" title="2020 California Proposition 21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_22" title="2020 California Proposition 22">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_23" title="2020 California Proposition 23">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_24" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 California Proposition 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_California_Proposition_25" title="2020 California Proposition 25">25</a></li></ul></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_1" title="2022 California Proposition 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_26" title="2022 California Proposition 26">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_27" title="2022 California Proposition 27">27</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_28" title="2022 California Proposition 28">28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_29" title="2022 California Proposition 29">29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_30" title="2022 California Proposition 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_31" title="2022 California Proposition 31">31</a></li></ul></li> <li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_1" title="2024 California Proposition 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_2" title="2024 California Proposition 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_3" title="2024 California Proposition 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_4" title="2024 California Proposition 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_5" title="2024 California Proposition 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_6" title="2024 California Proposition 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_32" title="2024 California Proposition 32">32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_33" title="2024 California Proposition 33">33</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_34" title="2024 California Proposition 34">34</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_35" title="2024 California Proposition 35">35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_36" title="2024 California Proposition 36">36</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions" title="List of California ballot propositions">Full list</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Government of Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles_County" title="Government of Los Angeles County">Los Angeles County</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1980 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1996 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2006 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2008 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2010 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2012 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2014 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2016 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2018 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2022 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Los_Angeles_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2024 Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Ballot measures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1980 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposition_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposition A">A</a></li></ul></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure R">R</a></li></ul></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Los_Angeles_Measure_B" title="2012 Los Angeles Measure B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_J" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure J">J</a></li></ul></li> <li>2016 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Measure_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure M">M</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Elections</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_County_elections" title="2020 Los Angeles County elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_County_elections" title="2022 Los Angeles County elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Los_Angeles_County_elections" title="2024 Los Angeles County elections">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Los_Angeles" title="Government of Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Los_Angeles" title="Mayor of Los Angeles">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1896_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1896 Los Angeles mayoral election">1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1898_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1898 Los Angeles mayoral election">1898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1900 Los Angeles mayoral election">1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1902_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1902 Los Angeles mayoral election">1902</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1904 Los Angeles mayoral election">1904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1906 Los Angeles mayoral election">1906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Los_Angeles_mayoral_special_election" title="1909 Los Angeles mayoral special election">1909 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1909 Los Angeles mayoral election">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1911 Los Angeles mayoral election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1913 Los Angeles mayoral election">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1915 Los Angeles mayoral election">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1917 Los Angeles mayoral election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1919 Los Angeles mayoral election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1921 Los Angeles mayoral election">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1923 Los Angeles mayoral election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1925 Los Angeles mayoral election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1929 Los Angeles mayoral election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1933 Los Angeles mayoral election">1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1937_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1937 Los Angeles mayoral election">1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1938 Los Angeles mayoral election">1938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1941 Los Angeles mayoral election">1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1945 Los Angeles mayoral election">1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1949 Los Angeles mayoral election">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1953 Los Angeles mayoral election">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1957_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1957 Los Angeles mayoral election">1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1961_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1961 Los Angeles mayoral election">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1965 Los Angeles mayoral election">1965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1969_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1969 Los Angeles mayoral election">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1973 Los Angeles mayoral election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1977 Los Angeles mayoral election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1981 Los Angeles mayoral election">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1985 Los Angeles mayoral election">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1989 Los Angeles mayoral election">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1993 Los Angeles mayoral election">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="1997 Los Angeles mayoral election">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2001 Los Angeles mayoral election">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2005 Los Angeles mayoral election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2009 Los Angeles mayoral election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2013 Los Angeles mayoral election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2017 Los Angeles mayoral election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2022 Los Angeles mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2026_Los_Angeles_mayoral_election" title="2026 Los Angeles mayoral election">2026</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_City_Attorney" title="Los Angeles City Attorney">City attorney</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Los_Angeles_City_Attorney_election" title="2009 Los Angeles City Attorney election">2009</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Ballot measures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>1986 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proposition_U" title="Proposition U">U</a></li></ul></li> <li>2017 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_Measure_S" title="2017 Los Angeles Measure S">S</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Elections</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2009 Los Angeles elections">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2011 Los Angeles elections">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2013 Los Angeles elections">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2015 Los Angeles elections">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2017 Los Angeles elections">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Los_Angeles_special_elections" title="2019 Los Angeles special elections">2019 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2020 Los Angeles elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2022 Los Angeles elections">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Los_Angeles_special_election" title="2023 Los Angeles special election">2023 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Los_Angeles_elections" title="2024 Los Angeles elections">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Long_Beach,_California#Government" title="Long Beach, California">Long Beach</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Long_Beach,_California" title="List of mayors of Long Beach, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Long Beach, California mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Long Beach, California mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Long_Beach,_California_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Long Beach, California mayoral election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California#Government" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California#Government" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="Orange County Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2018 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2022 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Orange_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Orange County Board of Supervisors election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">District attorney</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_Orange_County,_California_District_Attorney_election" title="2018 Orange County, California District Attorney election">2018</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Anaheim,_California#Government_and_politics" title="Anaheim, California">Anaheim</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Anaheim,_California" title="List of mayors of Anaheim, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2002 Anaheim mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2006 Anaheim mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2010 Anaheim mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2014 Anaheim mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2018 Anaheim mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Anaheim_mayoral_election" title="2022 Anaheim mayoral election">2022</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California#Government" title="Irvine, California">Irvine</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Irvine,_California#Government" title="Irvine, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1988 Irvine mayoral election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Irvine mayoral election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Irvine mayoral election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1994 Irvine mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1996 Irvine mayoral election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 Irvine mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 Irvine mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Irvine mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 Irvine mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2006 Irvine mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Irvine mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Irvine mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Irvine mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Irvine mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Irvine mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2018 Irvine mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Irvine mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Irvine mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Irvine_mayoral_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Irvine mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Costa_Mesa,_California#Government" title="Costa Mesa, California">Costa Mesa</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">Municipal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1947_Incorporation_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1953_Incorporation_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1954_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1956_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1958_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1960_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1962_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1964_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1966_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1968_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1970_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1972_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1974_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1976_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1978_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1980_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1982_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1984_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1986_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1988_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1990_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1992_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1994_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1996_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#1998_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2000_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2002_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2004_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2006_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2008_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2010_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2012_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2014_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2016_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2018_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2020_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2022_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_elections_in_Costa_Mesa,_California#2024_Municipal_Election" title="Municipal elections in Costa Mesa, California">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California#Government" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Sacramento,_California" title="List of mayors of Sacramento, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2000 Sacramento mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2004 Sacramento mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2008 Sacramento mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2012 Sacramento mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2016 Sacramento mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2020 Sacramento mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Sacramento_mayoral_election" title="2024 Sacramento mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of San Diego County">San Diego County</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of San Diego County">San Diego County</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Diego County Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_County_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 San Diego County Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/San_Diego#Government" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Diego" title="Mayor of San Diego">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1887_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1887 San Diego mayoral election">1887</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1889_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1889 San Diego mayoral election">1889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1891_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1891 San Diego mayoral election">1891</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1893_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1893 San Diego mayoral election">1893</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1895_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1895 San Diego mayoral election">1895</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1897 San Diego mayoral election">1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1899 San Diego mayoral election">1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1901_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1901 San Diego mayoral election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1903 San Diego mayoral election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1905 San Diego mayoral election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1907 San Diego mayoral election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1909 San Diego mayoral election">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1911 San Diego mayoral election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1913 San Diego mayoral election">1913</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1915 San Diego mayoral election">1915</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1917_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1917 San Diego mayoral election">1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1919_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1919 San Diego mayoral election">1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1921 San Diego mayoral election">1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1923 San Diego mayoral election">1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1925_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1925 San Diego mayoral election">1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1927_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1927 San Diego mayoral election">1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1929 San Diego mayoral election">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1931 San Diego mayoral election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1932 San Diego mayoral election">1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1935 San Diego mayoral election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1939 San Diego mayoral election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1943 San Diego mayoral election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1947 San Diego mayoral election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1951 San Diego mayoral election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1955 San Diego mayoral election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1959 San Diego mayoral election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1963 San Diego mayoral election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1967 San Diego mayoral election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1971 San Diego mayoral election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1975 San Diego mayoral election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1979 San Diego mayoral election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" title="1983 San Diego mayoral special election">1983 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1984 San Diego mayoral election">1984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" title="1986 San Diego mayoral special election">1986 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1988 San Diego mayoral election">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1992 San Diego mayoral election">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="1996 San Diego mayoral election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2000 San Diego mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2004 San Diego mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" title="2005 San Diego mayoral special election">2005 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2008 San Diego mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2012 San Diego mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_San_Diego_mayoral_special_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2013–14 San Diego mayoral special election">2013–14 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2016 San Diego mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2020 San Diego mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2024 San Diego mayoral election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_San_Diego_mayoral_election" title="2028 San Diego mayoral election">2028</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_City_Attorney" title="San Diego City Attorney">City attorney</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2004 San Diego City Attorney election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2008 San Diego City Attorney election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2012 San Diego City Attorney election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2016 San Diego City Attorney election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_City_Attorney_election" title="2020 San Diego City Attorney election">2020</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_City_Council" title="San Diego City Council">City council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2002_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2002 San Diego City Council election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2004 San Diego City Council election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2006 San Diego City Council election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2008 San Diego City Council election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Diego_elections" title="2010 San Diego elections">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Diego_elections" title="2012 San Diego elections">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Diego_elections" title="2014 San Diego elections">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Diego_elections" title="2016 San Diego elections">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2018 San Diego City Council election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Diego_elections" title="2020 San Diego elections">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Diego_City_Council_election" title="2022 San Diego City Council election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Diego_City_Council_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 San Diego City Council election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_elections_to_the_San_Diego_City_Council" title="List of special elections to the San Diego City Council">Special</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_San_Francisco" title="Government of San Francisco">San Francisco</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em"><a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1901_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1901 San Francisco mayoral election">1901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1903_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1903 San Francisco mayoral election">1903</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1905_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1905 San Francisco mayoral election">1905</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1907_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1907 San Francisco mayoral election">1907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1909 San Francisco mayoral election">1909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1911 San Francisco mayoral election">1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1931 San Francisco mayoral election">1931</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1935 San Francisco mayoral election">1935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1939 San Francisco mayoral election">1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1943 San Francisco mayoral election">1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1947 San Francisco mayoral election">1947</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1951 San Francisco mayoral election">1951</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1955 San Francisco mayoral election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1959 San Francisco mayoral election">1959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1963 San Francisco mayoral election">1963</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1967 San Francisco mayoral election">1967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1971_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1971 San Francisco mayoral election">1971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1975 San Francisco mayoral election">1975</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1979 San Francisco mayoral election">1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_San_Francisco_mayoral_recall_election" title="1983 San Francisco mayoral recall election">1983 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1983 San Francisco mayoral election">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1987 San Francisco mayoral election">1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1991 San Francisco mayoral election">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1995 San Francisco mayoral election">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="1999 San Francisco mayoral election">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2003 San Francisco mayoral election">2003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2007 San Francisco mayoral election">2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2011 San Francisco mayoral election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2015 San Francisco mayoral election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Francisco_mayoral_special_election" title="2018 San Francisco mayoral special election">2018 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2019 San Francisco mayoral election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Francisco_mayoral_election" title="2024 San Francisco mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_District_Attorney%27s_Office" title="San Francisco District Attorney's Office">District attorney</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_election" title="2019 San Francisco District Attorney election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_recall_election" title="2022 San Francisco District Attorney recall election">2022 (recall)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_special_election" title="2022 San Francisco District Attorney special election">2022 (sp)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Francisco_District_Attorney_election" title="2024 San Francisco District Attorney election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors" title="San Francisco Board of Supervisors">Board of supervisors</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1977_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1977 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1996 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="1998 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2000 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2002 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2004 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2006 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2008 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2010 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2012 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2014 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2016 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2018 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2020 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2022 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2024 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Education" title="San Francisco Board of Education">Board of education</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Francisco_Board_of_Education_election" title="2018 San Francisco Board of Education election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Francisco_Board_of_Education_recall_elections" title="2022 San Francisco Board of Education recall elections">2022 (recall)</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;padding-left:2em">Ballot measures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2024 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Proposition_G_(March_2024)" title="San Francisco Proposition G (March 2024)">G</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;">Elections</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li>2004 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_2004_San_Francisco_general_election" title="March 2004 San Francisco general election">Mar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2004_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2004 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2005_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2005 San Francisco general election">2005</a></li> <li>2006 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2006_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2006 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2006_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2006 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_San_Francisco_general_election" title="2007 San Francisco general election">2007</a></li> <li>2008 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="February 2008 San Francisco general election">Feb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2008 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2008 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2009_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2009 San Francisco general election">2009</a></li> <li>2010 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2010_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2010 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2010_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2010 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2011_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2011 San Francisco general election">2011</a></li> <li>2012 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_2012_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2012 San Francisco general election">Jun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2012_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2012 San Francisco general election">Nov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2013_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2013 San Francisco general election">2013</a></li> <li>2022 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2022_San_Francisco_special_election" title="February 2022 San Francisco special election">Feb</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California#Law_and_government" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%; padding-left:2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_San_Jose,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of San Jose, California">Mayor</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1974_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1974 San Jose mayoral election">1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1978_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1978 San Jose mayoral election">1978</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1982 San Jose mayoral election">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1986 San Jose mayoral election">1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1990 San Jose mayoral election">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1994 San Jose mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="1998 San Jose mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2002 San Jose mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2006 San Jose mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2010 San Jose mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2014 San Jose mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2018 San Jose mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2022 San Jose mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_San_Jose_mayoral_election" title="2024 San Jose mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Other localities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Bakersfield,_California#Government" title="Bakersfield, California">Bakersfield</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Mayoral elections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2004 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2008 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2012 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2016 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2020 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Bakersfield,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2024 Bakersfield, California, mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California#Government" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Mayoral elections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="1996 Fresno mayoral election">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2000 Fresno mayoral election">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2004 Fresno mayoral election">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2008 Fresno mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2012 Fresno mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2016 Fresno mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2020 Fresno mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Fresno_mayoral_election" title="2024 Fresno mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oakland,_California#Government" title="Oakland, California">Oakland</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Mayoral elections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1994_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="1994 Oakland mayoral election">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="1998 Oakland mayoral election">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2002 Oakland mayoral election">2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2006 Oakland mayoral election">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2010 Oakland mayoral election">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2014 Oakland mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2018 Oakland mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Oakland_mayoral_election" title="2022 Oakland mayoral election">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Oakland_mayoral_recall_election" title="2024 Oakland mayoral recall election">2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_Oakland_mayoral_special_election" title="2025 Oakland mayoral special election">2025</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Riverside,_California#Government" title="Riverside, California">Riverside</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Mayoral elections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#1997" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2001" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2005" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2009" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2012" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2016" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2020" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoral_elections_in_Riverside,_California#2024" title="Mayoral elections in Riverside, California">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California#Local_government" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Mayoral elections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2005–06 San Bernardino mayoral election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2009 San Bernardino mayoral election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2014 San Bernardino mayoral election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2018 San Bernardino mayoral election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_San_Bernardino_mayoral_election" title="2022 San Bernardino mayoral election">2022</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California#Government" title="Stockton, California">Stockton</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Mayoral elections: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2008 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2012 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2016 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2020 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Stockton,_California,_mayoral_election" title="2024 Stockton, California, mayoral election">2024</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Template talk:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Elections_in_California_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Elections in California sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Proposition 8, known informally as Prop 8, was a <a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">California ballot proposition</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">state constitutional amendment</a> intended to ban <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>. It passed in the <a href="/wiki/California_state_elections,_November_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="California state elections, November 2008">November 2008 California state elections</a> and was later overturned by the courts. The proposition was created by opponents of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_California" title="Same-sex marriage in California">same-sex marriage</a> in advance<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> of the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a>'s May 2008 appeal ruling, <a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a>, which found the ban in 2000 on same-sex marriage (<a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_22" title="2000 California Proposition 22">Proposition 22</a>) <a href="/wiki/Unconstitutional" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconstitutional">unconstitutional</a>. Proposition 8 was ultimately ruled unconstitutional in 2010 by a federal court on different grounds, although the ruling did not go into effect until June 26, 2013, following the conclusion of appeals. Proposition 8 countermanded the May 2008 ruling by adding Proposition 22 wording as an amendment to the <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">California Constitution</a>, providing that "only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California".<a href="#cite_note-text-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-sos.ca.gov-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Text_of_Proposition_8-6">[6]</a> It was ruled constitutional by the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> in <a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a> in 2009, on the grounds that it "carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause"; in his dissent, Justice <a href="/wiki/Carlos_R._Moreno" title="Carlos R. Moreno">Carlos R. Moreno</a> wrote that exceptions to the <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection clause</a> could not be made by any majority, since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority. Legal challenges to Prop 8 were presented quickly after its approval. Following affirmation of Prop 8 by the state courts, two same-sex couples filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a> in the case <a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Schwarzenegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Schwarzenegger">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</a> (later Hollingsworth v. Perry). In August 2010, Chief Judge <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Walker" title="Vaughn Walker">Vaughn Walker</a> ruled that Prop 8 was unconstitutional under both the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a> Clauses of the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">U.S. Fourteenth Amendment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> since Prop 8 purported to re-remove rights from a disfavored class only, with no <a href="/wiki/Rational_basis_review" title="Rational basis review">rational basis</a>. The official proponents' justifications for Prop 8 were analyzed in over fifty pages covering eighty <a href="/wiki/Question_of_fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Question of fact">findings of fact</a>. The state government supported the ruling and refused to defend Prop 8.<a href="#cite_note-scopinion-8">[8]</a> The ruling was <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stayed</a>, pending appeal by the proponents of Prop 8. On February 7, 2012, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a>, in a 2–1 decision, reached the same conclusion as the district court, but on narrower grounds. The court ruled that it was unconstitutional for California to grant marriage rights to same-sex couples, only to take them away shortly after. The ruling was stayed pending appeal to the United States Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> On June 26, 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> issued its decision on the appeal in the case <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a>, ruling that proponents of initiatives such as Prop 8 did not possess <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">legal standing</a> in their own right to defend the resulting law in <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_courts" class="mw-redirect" title="United States federal courts">federal court</a>, either to the Supreme Court or (previously) to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a>. Therefore, the Supreme Court vacated the decision of the Ninth Circuit, and remanded the case for further proceedings. The decision left the district court's 2010 ruling intact.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-nytbetweenlines-12">[12]</a> On June 28, 2013, the Ninth Circuit, on remand, dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction and dissolved their previous stay of the district court's ruling, enabling Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> to order same-sex marriages to resume.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-13">[13]</a> The passage of Prop 8 received widespread media coverage over its effect on the concurrent <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008 presidential</a> and <a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_elections" title="2008 United States elections">congressional elections</a>, as well as the pre-election effects Prop 8 had on California's reputation as a <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in California">historically LGBT-friendly state</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">same-sex marriage debate</a> that had started after same-sex marriage <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Massachusetts" title="Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts">was legalized in Massachusetts through a 2004 court decision</a>. After the results were certified and same-sex marriages ceased, supporters of Prop 8 were <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Proposition_8_supporters" title="Protests against Proposition 8 supporters">targeted by opponents</a> with actions ranging from some opponents disclosing supporter donations and <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">boycotting</a> proponents' businesses, to others <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Proposition_8_supporters#Death_threats_and_vandalism" title="Protests against Proposition 8 supporters">threatening supporters with death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalizing</a> churches. A ballot proposal to formally repeal Prop 8 from <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_California" title="Constitution of California">California's constitution</a> was passed by the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Legislature" title="California State Legislature">California State Legislature</a> in July 2023. The vote to formally repeal Prop 8 was passed by nearly 63% of voters in the <a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_3" title="2024 California Proposition 3">2024 election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> In 2000, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="State of California">State of California</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_22_(2000)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 22 (2000)">Proposition 22</a> which, as an ordinary statute, forbade recognition or licensing of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> in the state. During February and March 2004, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> directed the licensing of same-sex marriages on the basis of the state's <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection clause</a>, prompted also by recent events including <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">proposed constitutional ban</a>, a possible legal case by Campaign for California Families (CCF), and a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Court of Massachusetts">Supreme Court of Massachusetts</a> ruling deeming same-sex marriage bans unconstitutional and permitting them from May 2004. While only lasting a month before being overruled, this was supported by other cities such as <a href="/wiki/San_Jose,_California" title="San Jose, California">San Jose</a>,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> gained global attention, and led to the case <a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a>, in which Proposition 22 was found (<a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_County_Superior_Court" title="San Francisco County Superior Court">San Francisco County Superior Court</a>, March 14, 2005) and confirmed upon appeal (<a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a>, May 15, 2008) to be unconstitutional. Proposition 8 was created by opponents of same-sex marriage prior to the final ruling on In re Marriage Cases as a voter ballot initiative, and voted on at the time of the <a href="/wiki/California_state_elections,_November_2008" class="mw-redirect" title="California state elections, November 2008">November 2008 elections</a>. Its wording was precisely the same as Proposition 22, which as an ordinary statute, had been invalidated in 2008, but by re-positioning it as a state <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">constitutional amendment</a> rather than a legislative <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statute</a>, it was able to circumvent the ruling from <a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The proposition did not affect <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_California" title="Domestic partnership in California">domestic partnerships</a> in California,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> nor (following subsequent legal rulings) did it reverse same-sex marriages that had been performed <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ex post facto">during the interim period</a> May to November 2008 (i.e. after In re Marriage Cases but before Proposition 8).<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-wsj-20">[20]</a> Proposition 8 came into immediate effect on November 5, 2008, the day after the elections. Demonstrations and protests occurred across the state and nation. Same-sex couples and government entities, including couples who had married before then, filed numerous <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuits</a> with the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> challenging the proposition's validity and effect on previously administered same-sex marriages. In <a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a>, the California Supreme Court upheld Proposition 8, but allowed the existing same-sex marriages to stand (under the <a href="/wiki/Grandfather_clause" title="Grandfather clause">grandfather clause</a> principle). (Justice <a href="/wiki/Carlos_R._Moreno" title="Carlos R. Moreno">Carlos R. Moreno</a> dissented that exceptions to the <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection clause</a> could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority.) Although upheld in state court, Proposition 8 was ruled unconstitutional by the federal courts. In <a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Schwarzenegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Schwarzenegger">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States District Court">United States District Court</a> Judge <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Walker" title="Vaughn Walker">Vaughn Walker</a> overturned Proposition 8 on August 4, 2010, ruling that it violated both the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Due Process</a> and <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal Protection">Equal Protection</a> clauses of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">U.S. Constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Walker issued a stay (<a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a>) against enforcing Proposition 8 and a <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay</a> to determine suspension of his ruling pending appeal.<a href="#cite_note-SFChron_strikes_down-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOX40_article-23">[23]</a> The State of California did not appeal the ruling (with which it had agreed anyway) leaving the initiative proponents and one county to seek an appeal. On appeal, a Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals panel ruled the county had no right of appeal, and asked the California Supreme Court to rule whether the proponents of Prop 8 had the right to appeal (known as "<a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>") if the state did not do so. The California Supreme Court ruled that they did. The Ninth Circuit affirmed the federal district court's decision on February 7, 2012,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> but the stay remained in place as appeals continued to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> which heard oral arguments in the appeal <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a> on March 26, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-oral-26">[26]</a> On June 26, 2013, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal and ruled that the Ninth Circuit had erred in allowing the previous appeal, since in line with <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">Constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause#Interpretation" title="Case or Controversy Clause">many prior cases</a> unanimous on the point, being an initiative proponents is not enough by itself to have federal court standing or appeal a ruling in federal court. This left the original federal district court ruling against Proposition 8 as the outcome, and same sex marriages resumed almost immediately afterwards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_ballot_initiative">History of the ballot initiative</h2></div> In 2005, the site <a href="/wiki/ProtectMarriage.com" title="ProtectMarriage.com">ProtectMarriage.com</a> was created as the "Official website for the California Constitutional Marriage Amendment" and launched a campaign to pass a <a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">ballot proposition</a> to constitutionally prohibit same-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 2007, <a href="/wiki/ProtectMarriage.com" title="ProtectMarriage.com">ProtectMarriage.com</a> tried and failed to get Initiative 1254, a proposed ballot proposition to constitutionally prohibit same-sex marriage on the 2008 California ballot.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> On November 29, 2007, was the official summary date for California Marriage Protection, also called Limit On Marriage. Constitutional Amendment and numbered 07-0068 by the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_California" title="Attorney General of California">Attorney General of California</a> and Initiative 1298 by <a href="/wiki/California_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="California Secretary of State">California Secretary of State</a>. In order to qualify for the ballot, a measure needed 694,354 petition signatures, an amount equal to 8 percent of the votes cast during the <a href="/wiki/2006_California_gubernatorial_election" title="2006 California gubernatorial election">2006 California gubernatorial election</a>. In late April 2008, ProtectMarriage.com submitted a petition containing 1,120,801 signatures, which was 426,447 more signatures than was necessary to put the measure on the ballot. On June 2, 2008, <a href="/wiki/California_Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="California Secretary of State">California Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Debra_Bowen" title="Debra Bowen">Debra Bowen</a> said a <a href="/wiki/Random_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Random sample">random sample</a> check of signatures submitted by the measure's sponsors showed that they had gathered enough names to qualify and certified it as the eighth initiative for the November 4, 2008, general election ballot.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-DB08:068-31">[31]</a> Proposition 8 (ballot title: Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment; originally titled the "California Marriage Protection Act")<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> was a California ballot proposition that changed the California Constitution to add a new section 7.5 to Article I, which reads: "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California."<a href="#cite_note-text-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-sos.ca.gov-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Text_of_Proposition_8-6">[6]</a> This change restricted the definition of marriage to opposite-sex couples, and eliminated same-sex couples' right to marry, thereby overriding portions of the ruling of <a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a> by "carving out an exception to the preexisting scope of the privacy and <a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">due process</a> clauses"<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> of the state constitution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Full_text">Full text</h3></div> Proposition 8 consisted of two sections. Its full text was:<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <blockquote cite="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425203101/http://ag.ca.gov/cms_pdfs/initiatives/i737_07-0068_Initiative.pdf"> SECTION 1. Title <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent">This measure shall be known and may be cited as the "California Marriage Protection Act."</div> SECTION 2. Article I, Section 7.5 is added to the California Constitution, to read: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">Sec. 7.5. Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California.</div> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-election_legal_challenges">Pre-election legal challenges</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petition_to_remove_proposition_from_ballot">Petition to remove proposition from ballot</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/California_Constitution#Amendments_and_revisions" class="mw-redirect" title="California Constitution">California Constitution § Amendments and revisions</a></div> On July 16, 2008, the California Supreme Court denied a petition calling for the removal of Proposition 8 from the November ballot. The petition asserted the proposition should not be on the ballot on the grounds it was a constitutional revision that only the legislature or a constitutional convention could place before voters. Opponents also argued that the petitions circulated to qualify the measure for the ballot inaccurately summarized its effect. The court denied the petition without comment.<a href="#cite_note-latimes-36">[36]</a> As a general rule, it is improper for courts to adjudicate pre-election challenges to a measure's substantive validity.<a href="#cite_note-Costa-37">[37]</a> The question of whether Proposition 8 is a constitutional amendment or constitutional revision was ruled on by the California Supreme Court on May 26, 2009, and found that it was not a revision and therefore would be upheld. They also declared that the same-sex marriages performed prior to the passing of Prop 8 would remain valid.<a href="#cite_note-prop-8-revision-amendment-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Challenge_to_title_and_summary">Challenge to title and summary</h4></div> The measure was titled: "Eliminates Rights of Same-Sex Couples to Marry. Initiative Constitutional Amendment." The ballot summary read that the measure "changes the California Constitution to eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry in California."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Proponents of the measure objected to the wording of the ballot title and summary on the grounds that they were argumentative and prejudicial. The resulting legal petition Jansson v. Bowen<a href="#cite_note-LAT0729-41">[41]</a> was dismissed August 7, 2008, by California Superior Court Judge Timothy M. Frawley, who ruled that "the title and summary includes an essentially verbatim recital of the text of the measure itself",<a href="#cite_note-CA_Election_code-42">[42]</a> and that the change was valid because the measure did, in fact, eliminate a right upheld by the California Supreme Court. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerry_Brown_rally_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jerry_Brown_rally_F.jpg/200px-Jerry_Brown_rally_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jerry_Brown_rally_F.jpg/300px-Jerry_Brown_rally_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Jerry_Brown_rally_F.jpg/400px-Jerry_Brown_rally_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="3480" /></a><figcaption>As California State Attorney General, Jerry Brown (shown here campaigning for Governor in 2010) had the ballot's description and title changed from "Limit on Marriage" to "Eliminates the right of same-sex couples to marry".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> California Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> explained that the changes were required to more "accurately reflect the measure" in light of the California Supreme Court's intervening In re Marriage Cases decision.<a href="#cite_note-superiorcourt-44">[44]</a> On July 22, 2008, Proposition 8 supporters mounted a legal challenge to the revised ballot title and summary, contending that Attorney General Brown inserted "language [...] so inflammatory that it will unduly prejudice voters against the measure".<a href="#cite_note-CNS_citation-45">[45]</a> Supporters claimed that research showed that an attorney general had never used an active verb like "eliminates" in the title of a <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">ballot measure</a> in the past fifty years in which ballot measures have been used.<a href="#cite_note-CNS_citation-45">[45]</a> Representatives of the attorney general produced twelve examples of ballot measures using the word "eliminates" and vouched for the neutrality and accuracy of the ballot language.<a href="#cite_note-azcentralsummary-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> On August 8, 2008, the California Superior Court turned down the legal challenge, affirming the new title and summary, stating, "the title and summary is not false or misleading because it states that Proposition 8 would 'eliminate the right of same-sex couples to marry' in California." The Superior Court based their decision on the previous Marriages Cases ruling in which the California Supreme Court held that same-sex couples have a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_right" title="Constitutional right">constitutional right</a> to marry under the California Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-superiorcourt-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-sfgatetitleupheld-48">[48]</a> That same day, proponents of Prop. 8 filed an emergency appeal with the state <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appeals court</a>. The Court of Appeal denied their petition later that day and supporters did not seek a review by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sfgate_appealdrop-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The deadline for court action on the wording of ballot summaries and arguments in the voter pamphlet was August 11, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> While turning down the challenge to the title and summary, the California Superior Court also found that the Yes on 8 campaign had overstated its ballot argument on the measure's impact on public schools and ordered a minor change in wording. The original arguments included a claim that the Supreme Court's legalization of same-sex marriage requires teachers to tell their students, as young as kindergarten age, that same-sex marriage is the same as opposite-sex marriage. The court said the Yes on 8 argument was false because instruction on marriage is not required and parents can withdraw their children. The court said the ballot argument could be preserved by rewording it to state that teachers "may" or "could" be required to tell children there is no difference between same-sex and opposite-sex marriage.<a href="#cite_note-sfgatetitleupheld-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_funding_and_spending">Campaign funding and spending</h3></div> The pro- and anti-Prop 8 campaigns spent a combined $106 million on the campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-52">[52]</a> This was not the most expensive California ballot proposition that year, however; the 2008 campaigns for and against <a href="/wiki/California_Propositions_94,_95,_96,_and_97_(2008)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Propositions 94, 95, 96, and 97 (2008)">Propositions 94, 95, 96, and 97</a>, dealing with the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Native_American_gaming" title="Native American gaming">Native American gambling</a>, surpassed Prop 8, with combined expenditures of $172 million.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson-52">[52]</a> By election day, volunteers on both sides spent thousands of hours getting their messages across to the state's 17.3 million registered voters.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> The campaigns for and against Proposition 8 raised $39.0 million ($11.3 million or 29.1% from outside California) and $44.1 million ($13.2 million or 30.0% from outside California), respectively,<a href="#cite_note-latproj-55">[55]</a> from over 64,000 people in all 50 states and more than 20 foreign countries, setting a new record nationally for a <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">social policy</a> initiative and more than for every other race in the country in spending except the presidential contest.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Contributions were much greater than those of previous same-sex marriage initiatives. Between 2004 and 2006, 22 such measures were on ballots around the country, and donations to all of them combined totaled $31.4 million, according to <a href="/wiki/OpenSecrets" title="OpenSecrets">OpenSecrets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> A <a href="/wiki/ProtectMarriage.com" title="ProtectMarriage.com">ProtectMarriage.com</a> spokeswoman estimated that 36 companies which had previously contributed to Equality California were targeted to receive a letter requesting similar donations to ProtectMarriage.com.<a href="#cite_note-abbott-letter-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-ap-business-target-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-kfmb-business-target-61">[61]</a> The California Fair Political Practices Commission fined the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">LDS Church</a> in 2010 for failing to follow campaign disclosure policies during the last two weeks leading up to the election, which amounted to $37,000 in non-monetary contributions. They were fined $5,538.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Both proponents and opponents of Proposition 8 made significant use of online tactics for campaigning. For example, over 800 videos were posted on YouTube, most consisting of original content and most taking a position against the Proposition. A greater proportion of 'Yes on 8' videos were scripted and professionally produced. Many 'No on 8' videos recorded demonstrations in the aftermath of the election.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proponents">Proponents</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yeson8YardSign_NoFrame.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3f/Yeson8YardSign_NoFrame.png/220px-Yeson8YardSign_NoFrame.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3f/Yeson8YardSign_NoFrame.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="175" /></a><figcaption>Official <a href="/wiki/ProtectMarriage.com" title="ProtectMarriage.com">ProtectMarriage.com</a> "Yes on 8" campaign sign<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></figcaption></figure> Proponents of the constitutional amendment argued that exclusively heterosexual marriage was "an essential institution of society", that leaving the constitution unchanged would "result in public schools teaching our kids that gay marriage is okay", and that gay people "do not have the right to redefine marriage for everyone else".<a href="#cite_note-voterguide.sos.ca.gov-65">[65]</a> The ProtectMarriage.com organization sponsored the initiative that placed Proposition 8 on the ballot<a href="#cite_note-ProtectMarriage.com-66">[66]</a> and continues to support the measure. The measure also attracted the support of a number of political figures and religious organizations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_figures">Political figures</h4></div> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">presidential</a> nominee and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">John McCain</a> released a statement of support for the proposed constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-foxbusinessmccain-67">[67]</a> Former <a href="/wiki/Speaker_(politics)" title="Speaker (politics)">Speaker of the House</a> <a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> released a video in support. Both characterized the court ruling requiring recognition of same sex marriage as being against the will of the people.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> A political action committee run by former Massachusetts governor <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Mitt Romney</a>, who personally supported the proposition, donated $10,000 to the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">National Organization for Marriage</a> during their campaign for the proposition.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_organizations">Religious organizations</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> as well as a Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> <a href="/wiki/Fraternal_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraternal organization">fraternal organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> firmly supported the measure. The bishops of the California Catholic Conference released a statement supporting the proposition,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> a position met with mixed reactions among church members, including clergy.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Hugh_Niederauer" title="George Hugh Niederauer">George Hugh Niederauer</a> as Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> campaigned in 2008 in favor of the Proposition, and claimed to have been instrumental in forging alliances between Catholics and <a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a> to support the measure.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Cordileone" title="Salvatore Cordileone">Salvatore Cordileone</a> was regarded as instrumental in devising the initiative. Campaign finance records show he personally gave at least $6,000 to back the voter-approved ban<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and was instrumental in raising $1.5 million to put the proposition on the ballot.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Subsequently, as archbishop of San Francisco, he has called publicly for an amendment to the US Constitution as "the only remedy in law against judicial activism" following the number of state same-sex marriage bans struck down by federal judges. He also attended and addressed the audience at the "March for Marriage", a rally opposing marriage for same-sex couples, in Washington, D.C., in June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In California's 2008 election the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a> attracted media attention when they donated more than $1.4 million to Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-scpr-79">[79]</a> The Order was the largest financial supporter of the successful effort to maintain a legal definition of marriage as the union of one man and one woman.<a href="#cite_note-prop8-80">[80]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg/220px-Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg/330px-Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg/440px-Fresno_-_Prop_8_Rally.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Rally for Yes on Prop 8 in <a href="/wiki/Fresno,_California" title="Fresno, California">Fresno</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a><a href="#cite_note-same-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> (LDS Church) also publicly supported the proposition. The <a href="/wiki/First_Presidency_(LDS_Church)" title="First Presidency (LDS Church)">First Presidency</a> of the church announced its support for Proposition 8 in a letter intended to be read in every congregation in California. In this letter, church members were encouraged to "do all you can to support the proposed constitutional amendment by donating of your means and time".<a href="#cite_note-same-81">[81]</a> The church produced and broadcast to its congregations a program describing the support of the Proposition, and describing the timeline it proposes for what it describes as grassroots efforts to support the Proposition.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Local church leaders set organizational and monetary goals for their membership—sometimes quite specific—to fulfill this call.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The response of church members to their leadership's appeals to donate money and volunteer time was very supportive,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> such that <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter Day Saint">Latter-day Saints</a> provided a significant source for financial donations in support of the proposition, both inside and outside the State of California.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> LDS members contributed over $20 million,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> about 45% of out-of-state contributions to ProtectMarriage.com came from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, over three times more than any other state.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> ProtectMarriage, the official proponent of Proposition 8, estimates that about half the donations they received came from Mormon sources, and that LDS church members made up somewhere between 80% and 90% of the volunteers for early door-to-door canvassing.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Other religious organizations that supported Proposition 8 include the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Orthodox_Jewish_Congregations_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America">Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-orthodox-92">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> a group of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Christians</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Garlow" title="Jim Garlow">Jim Garlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miles_McPherson" title="Miles McPherson">Miles McPherson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">American Family Association</a>, <a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">National Organization for Marriage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rick_Warren" title="Rick Warren">Rick Warren</a>, pastor of <a href="/wiki/Saddleback_Church" title="Saddleback Church">Saddleback Church</a>, also endorsed the measure.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others">Others</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/Grossmont_Union_High_School_District" title="Grossmont Union High School District">Grossmont Union High School District</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County" class="mw-redirect" title="San Diego County">San Diego County</a>, California, publicly voted on a resolution endorsing Proposition 8. The Governing Board voted 4–0 to endorse the amendment of the California State Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> The Asian Heritage Coalition held a rally in support of Proposition 8 in downtown San Diego on October 19, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> During the November 2008 election campaign, <a href="/wiki/Porterville,_California" title="Porterville, California">Porterville</a>'s City Council was the only City Council in California that passed a Resolution in favor of Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_Scientology">Church of Scientology</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> publicly supported the proposition by signing an <a href="/wiki/Online_petition" title="Online petition">online petition</a> asking for Prop 8. This led to award-winning director, producer and writer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Haggis" title="Paul Haggis">Paul Haggis</a> to call on <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Davis_(Scientology)" title="Tommy Davis (Scientology)">Tommy Davis</a> to denounce the signature.<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> Davis responded to Haggis and told him that it was a single member of the San Diego branch which had signed the petition using the branch name and not a branch decision. Davis then stated that the man had been "handled."<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a> Haggis spent ten months trying to get Scientology to publicly denounce Prop 8, but Scientology remained silent and later said "Davis explained to Haggis that the church avoids taking overt political stands."<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> going further to explain that because they are a non-profit with tax exempt status, they cannot take a political stance or risk losing that status.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Haggis resigned from Scientology after thirty-five years of membership and wrote in his resignation letter that "public sponsorship of Proposition 8, which succeeded in taking away the civil rights of gay and lesbian citizens of California—rights that were granted them by the Supreme Court of our state—is a stain on the integrity of our organization and a stain on us personally. Our public association with that hate-filled legislation shames us."<a href="#cite_note-:0-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Whether_You_Like_It_or_Not"_advertisement">"Whether You Like It or Not" advertisement</h4></div> In the months leading up to <a href="/wiki/Election_Day_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Day (politics)">Election Day</a>, Proposition 8 supporters released a commercial featuring San Francisco <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> stating in a speech regarding same-sex marriage: "This door's wide open now. It's going to happen, whether you like it or not."<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Some observers noted that polls shifted in favor of Proposition 8 following the release of the commercial; this, in turn, led to much speculation about Newsom's unwitting role in the passage of the amendment.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opponents">Opponents</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NoOnProp8_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/91/NoOnProp8_logo.png/220px-NoOnProp8_logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/91/NoOnProp8_logo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="193" /></a><figcaption>Official "Vote NO on Prop 8" logo</figcaption></figure> Opponents argued that "the freedom to marry is fundamental to our society", that the California constitution "should guarantee the same freedom and rights to everyone", and that the proposition "mandates one set of rules for gay and lesbian couples and another set for everyone else". They also argued that "equality under the law is a fundamental constitutional guarantee" (see <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>).<a href="#cite_note-voterguide.sos.ca.gov-65">[65]</a> Equality for All was the lead organization opposed to Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-equalityforall-109">[109]</a> They also ran the NoOnProp8.com campaign.<a href="#cite_note-noonprop8-110">[110]</a> As with the measure's proponents, opponents of the measure also included a number of political figures and religious organizations. Some non-partisan organizations and corporations, as well as the editorial boards of many of the state's major newspapers, also opposed the measure. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Political_figures_2">Political figures</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavin_Newsom_speaking,_No_on_Proposition_8_rally,_UC_Berkeley_(October_2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gavin_Newsom_speaking%2C_No_on_Proposition_8_rally%2C_UC_Berkeley_%28October_2008%29.jpg/220px-Gavin_Newsom_speaking%2C_No_on_Proposition_8_rally%2C_UC_Berkeley_%28October_2008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gavin_Newsom_speaking%2C_No_on_Proposition_8_rally%2C_UC_Berkeley_%28October_2008%29.jpg/330px-Gavin_Newsom_speaking%2C_No_on_Proposition_8_rally%2C_UC_Berkeley_%28October_2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Gavin_Newsom_speaking%2C_No_on_Proposition_8_rally%2C_UC_Berkeley_%28October_2008%29.jpg/440px-Gavin_Newsom_speaking%2C_No_on_Proposition_8_rally%2C_UC_Berkeley_%28October_2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Mayor">San Francisco Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a> speaks at an Anti-Proposition 8 Rally on the <a href="/wiki/Sproul_Plaza" title="Sproul Plaza">Sproul Plaza</a> steps at <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a></figcaption></figure> Democratic <a href="/wiki/Presidential_nominee" title="Presidential nominee">presidential nominee</a> and U.S. Senator <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> stated that while he personally considered marriage to be between a man and woman,<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> and supported <a href="/wiki/Civil_union" title="Civil union">civil unions</a> that confer comparable rights rather than gay marriage,<a href="#cite_note-CNNvideo-112">[112]</a> he opposed "divisive and discriminatory efforts to amend the California Constitution... the U.S. Constitution or those of other states".<a href="#cite_note-rojas-113">[113]</a> Democratic <a href="/wiki/Vice_president" title="Vice president">vice-presidential</a> candidate <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Biden" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Biden">Joseph Biden</a> also opposed the proposition.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">California Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> stated that although he opposed and twice <a href="/wiki/Veto#U.S._states_and_amendatory_veto" title="Veto">vetoed</a> legislative bills that would recognize <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_California" title="Same-sex marriage in California">same-sex marriage in California</a>, he respected and would uphold the court's ruling and oppose the initiative and other attempts to amend the state's constitution.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Speaker_of_the_House" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Speaker of the House">U.S. House Speaker</a>, California Representative (<a href="/wiki/California%27s_8th_congressional_district" title="California's 8th congressional district">8th District</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> along with other members of the California congressional delegation and both of California's U.S. senators, <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Boxer" title="Barbara Boxer">Barbara Boxer</a>, voiced their opposition to Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Also voicing their opposition were the <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor" title="Lieutenant governor">Lieutenant Governor</a>, State Controller <a href="/wiki/John_Chiang_(California_politician)" title="John Chiang (California politician)">John Chiang</a>, former governor and <a href="/wiki/California_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="California Attorney General">Attorney General</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a>, 42 of 80 members of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative Assembly">state assembly</a>, half of the state senators, and the mayors of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and San Diego: <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Villaraigosa" title="Antonio Villaraigosa">Antonio Villaraigosa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Sanders_(politician)" title="Jerry Sanders (politician)">Jerry Sanders</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_organizations_2">Religious organizations</h4></div> All six <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a> diocesan bishops in California jointly issued a statement opposing Proposition 8 on September 10, 2008.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Southern California's largest collection of rabbis, the Board of Rabbis of Southern California, voted to oppose Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Other Jewish groups who opposed Proposition 8 include <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Mosaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Mosaic">Jewish Mosaic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> the <a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Committee" title="American Jewish Committee">American Jewish Committee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Jewish_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Jewish Alliance">Progressive Jewish Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Jewish_Women" title="National Council of Jewish Women">National Council of Jewish Women</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a> (ADL).<a href="#cite_note-orthodox-92">[92]</a> The ADL filed <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus briefs</a> urging the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_California" title="Supreme Court of California">Supreme Court of California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> to invalidate Prop 8.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Los Angeles Jews were more opposed to Prop 8 than any other <a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">religious group</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in the city. Seventy-eight percent of surveyed Jewish Angelenos voted against the measure while only 8% supported the measure; the remainder declined to respond.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The legislative ministry of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitarian Universalists">Unitarian Universalists</a> opposed Proposition 8, and organized phone banks toward defeating the measure.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> They saw opposition to the proposition as a civil rights and social justice issue and their actions against it as a continuation of their previous works in civil rights. In addition, the California Council of Churches urged the "immediate removal of Proposition 8"—saying that it infringes on the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a> for churches who wish to bless same-sex unions.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Others_2">Others</h4></div> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_Women_Voters" title="League of Women Voters">League of Women Voters</a> of California opposed Proposition 8 because "no person or group should suffer legal, economic or administrative discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Additionally, all but two of the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a>'s local chapters in California and NAACP national chairman <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Jealous" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Jealous">Benjamin Jealous</a> opposed Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> also condemned Proposition 8, saying that "states should never withhold rights based on minority status".<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> A coalition of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a> executives urged a 'No' vote on Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> officially opposed Proposition 8 "as an issue of equality", and its founders donated $140,000 to the No on 8 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Apple_opposes_anti-gay_marriage_ban-136">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> also opposed Proposition 8 as a "fundamental" <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a> issue, and donated $100,000 to the No on 8 campaign.<a href="#cite_note-Apple_opposes_anti-gay_marriage_ban-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Biotech leaders warned of potential damage to the state's $73 billion industry, citing Massachusetts as a top competitor for employees.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Many members of the entertainment industry were opposed to Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Actor <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>, a strong supporter of <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriage</a>, was extremely outspoken about his opposition to the bill. <a href="/wiki/Brad_Pitt" title="Brad Pitt">Brad Pitt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> each donated different amounts of money to the opposition campaign "No on 8".<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> In 2010, the documentary film <a href="/wiki/8:_The_Mormon_Proposition" title="8: The Mormon Proposition">8: The Mormon Proposition</a> premiered to sell-out audiences at the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Unified_School_District" title="Los Angeles Unified School District">Los Angeles Unified School District</a> <a href="/wiki/Board_of_education" title="Board of education">Board of Education</a> voted unanimously for a resolution to oppose Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/California_Teachers_Association" title="California Teachers Association">California Teachers Association</a> donated one million dollars to fight Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Birgeneau" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Birgeneau">Robert Birgeneau</a> of <a href="/wiki/UC_Berkeley" class="mw-redirect" title="UC Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> urged a vote against the measure, claiming a likely threat to California's academic competitiveness if Proposition 8 is passed.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newspaper_editorials">Newspaper editorials</h4></div> All ten of the state's largest newspapers editorialized against Proposition 8, including the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Other papers to have editorialized in opposition include <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>,<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Opini%C3%B3n" title="La Opinión">La Opinión</a> (Los Angeles),<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Bakersfield_Californian" title="The Bakersfield Californian">The Bakersfield Californian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Actions_against_supporters_and_opponents">Actions against supporters and opponents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Proposition_8_supporters" title="Protests against Proposition 8 supporters">Protests against Proposition 8 supporters</a> and <a href="/wiki/November_15,_2008_anti-Proposition_8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="November 15, 2008 anti-Proposition 8 protests">November 15, 2008 anti-Proposition 8 protests</a></div> After the election, a number of protests were held against the referendum's passing. These included <a href="/wiki/Candlelight_vigil" title="Candlelight vigil">candlelight vigils</a> outside organizations such as LDS churches that promoted the proposition.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Rallies against the amendment took place in California and across the country, with participants numbering in thousands.<a href="#cite_note-NYTPROP8-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycotts</a> were also a feature of public response to the outcome of the election. LGBTQ rights groups published lists of donors to the Yes on 8 campaign and organized boycotts of individuals or organizations who had promoted or donated to it.<a href="#cite_note-protests-boycotts-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-liberal-hollywood-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-target-sundance-167">[167]</a> Targets of the boycotts included the <a href="/wiki/Sundance_Film_Festival" title="Sundance Film Festival">Sundance Film Festival</a> in Utah, <a href="/wiki/El_Coyote_Cafe" title="El Coyote Cafe">El Coyote Cafe</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Musical_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="California Musical Theatre">California Musical Theatre</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Manchester_Grand_Hyatt_Hotel" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel">Manchester Grand Hyatt Hotel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-target-sundance-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-manchester-169">[169]</a> Some supporters of Proposition 8 reported receiving <a href="/wiki/Death_threat" title="Death threat">death threats</a>, some of which claimed to be "stemming from Prop 8".<a href="#cite_note-KFSN1-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-KFSN2-171">[171]</a> Some LDS churches were vandalized with <a href="/wiki/Spray_painting" title="Spray painting">spray paint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bash_Back-173">[173]</a> Fresno-area supporters of gay marriage were also harassed; "No On 8" signs at the Clovis <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalist Church</a> were torn up, with Reverend Bryan Jessup alleging that his church experienced <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a> "every night".<a href="#cite_note-KFSN1-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara County</a> Deputy <a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District Attorney</a> (DDA) Jay Boyarsky attributed a surge in <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBT_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Violence against LGBT people">anti-gay hate crimes</a>, from 3 in 2007 to 14 in 2008, to controversy over Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-hcspike-174">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-decision_opinion_polls">Pre-decision opinion polls</h2></div> Various opinion polls were conducted to estimate the outcome of the proposition. Those margins with differences less than their margins of error are marked as "n.s.", meaning not significant (see <a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">statistical significance</a>). Those margins considered statistically significant are indicated with the percentage points and the side favored in the poll, as either "pro" for in favor of the proposition's passage (e.g., 1% pro), or "con" for against its passage (e.g., 1% con). According to the director of the Field Poll, the discrepancy between the pre-election polls and ballot results is because "regular church-goers ... were more prone than other voters to be influenced by last-minute appeals to conform to orthodox church positions when voting on a <a href="/wiki/Social_progressivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progressivism">progressive social</a> issue like same-sex marriage."<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date of opinion poll </th> <th>Conducted by </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sample_size" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample size">Sample size</a> (likely voters) </th> <th>In favor </th> <th>Against </th> <th>Undecided </th> <th>Margin </th> <th>Margin of Error </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">October 29–31, 2008<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SurveyUSA" title="SurveyUSA">SurveyUSA</a></td> <td>637</td> <td>47%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">50%</td> <td>3%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">n.s.</a></td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">October 18–28, 2008<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></td> <td>The Field Poll</td> <td>966</td> <td>44%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">49%</td> <td>7%</td> <td>5% con</td> <td>±3.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">October 12–19, 2008<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Public_Policy_Institute_of_California" title="Public Policy Institute of California">Public Policy Institute of California</a></td> <td>1,186</td> <td>44%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">52%</td> <td>4%</td> <td>8% con</td> <td>±3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">October 15–16, 2008<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/SurveyUSA" title="SurveyUSA">SurveyUSA</a></td> <td>615</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-yes">48%</td> <td>45%</td> <td>7%</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Statistical_significance" title="Statistical significance">n.s.</a></td> <td>±4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">October 4–5, 2008<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a></td> <td>SurveyUSA</td> <td>670</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-yes">47%</td> <td>42%</td> <td>10%</td> <td>5% pro</td> <td>±3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">September 23–24, 2008<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a></td> <td>SurveyUSA</td> <td>661</td> <td>44%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">49%</td> <td>8%</td> <td>5% con</td> <td>±3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">September 9–16, 2008<a href="#cite_note-sfgate_ppicsep-184">[184]</a></td> <td>Public Policy Institute of California</td> <td>1,157</td> <td>41%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">55%</td> <td>4%</td> <td>14% con</td> <td>±3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">September 5–14, 2008<a href="#cite_note-sfgate_fieldsep-185">[185]</a></td> <td>The Field Poll</td> <td>830</td> <td>38%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">55%</td> <td>7%</td> <td>17% con</td> <td>±3.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">August 12–19, 2008<a href="#cite_note-ppic-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></td> <td>Public Policy Institute of California</td> <td>1,047</td> <td>40%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">54%</td> <td>6%</td> <td>14% con</td> <td>±3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">July 8–14, 2008<a href="#cite_note-wsj-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a></td> <td>The Field Poll</td> <td>672</td> <td>42%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">51%</td> <td>7%</td> <td>9% con</td> <td>±3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">May 17–26, 2008<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a></td> <td>The Field Poll</td> <td>1,052</td> <td>42%</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-no">51%</td> <td>7%</td> <td>9% con</td> <td>±3.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;">May 22, 2008<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>/<a href="/wiki/KTLA" title="KTLA">KTLA</a></td> <td>705</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;" class="table-yes">54%</td> <td>35%</td> <td>11%</td> <td>19% pro</td> <td>±4% </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg/330px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg/495px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg/660px-2008_California_Proposition_8_results_map_by_county.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">County Results</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1216972533"><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> For <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70%–80% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60%–70% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50%–60% </div> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> Against <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  70%–80% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  60%–70% </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  50%–60% </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-right: 1em; background: #f9f9f9;"> <caption style="background-color:#f2f2f2;margin-bottom:-1px;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:.2em .4em">Proposition 8<a href="#cite_note-statementofvote-191">[191]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width: 210px">Choice </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 70px">Votes </th> <th scope="col" style="width: 50px">% </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Referendum passed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/14px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/21px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg/28px-Check-71-128-204-brightblue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="577" /></a> Yes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,001,084 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">52.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>No </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,401,482 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">47.76 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Valid votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,402,566 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">97.52 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Invalid or blank votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340,611 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.48 </td></tr> <tr class="tfoot" style="background:#f2f2f2;"> <td style="text-align:left;">Total votes </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,743,177 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100.00 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table style="width:650px; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Proposition 8 results (excluding invalid votes) </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:52.236892547293%; background:#01387b; color:#fff;">Yes 7,001,084 (52.2%) </td> <td style="width:47.763107452707%; background:#feda00; color:#000;">No 6,401,482 (47.8%) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">▲ 50% </td></tr></tbody></table> On the early morning hours of November 5, 2008, <a href="/wiki/KGO-TV" title="KGO-TV">KGO-TV</a> reported, with 92% of all precincts reporting, and <a href="/wiki/The_Associated_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The Associated Press">The Associated Press</a> (AP) reported, with 95% of all precincts reporting, that Proposition 8 had passed. According to the AP, with some provisional and absentee ballots were yet to be counted, but based on trends and the locations of outstanding votes, that Proposition 8's margin of support was secure.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Amending the California Constitution by voter <a href="/wiki/California_ballot_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="California ballot initiative">initiative</a> requires a <a href="/wiki/Majority" title="Majority">simple majority</a> to be enacted.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Article_18-197">[197]</a> Edison/Mitofsky conducted an <a href="/wiki/Exit_poll" title="Exit poll">exit poll</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/National_Election_Pool" title="National Election Pool">National Election Pool</a> which is the only source of data on voter demographics in California in the 2008 election.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnnpoll-199">[199]</a> The statistical trends from the exit poll of 2,240 voters suggested that an array of voters came out both in opposition to and in support of Proposition 8, with no single <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demographic group</a> making up most of either the Yes or No vote. The National Election Pool poll showed that support for Proposition 8 was strong amongst African American voters, interviewed in the exit poll with 70% in favor, more than any other racial group.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Their support was considered crucial to the proposition's passing, since African Americans made up an unusually larger percentage of voters that year, due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on the ballot.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Polls by both the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> mirrored this data, reporting support among black voters to be at 70%<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> and 75%,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> respectively. A later study by the <a href="/wiki/National_Gay_and_Lesbian_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="National Gay and Lesbian Task Force">National Gay and Lesbian Task Force</a> (NGLTF), examining the black vote only from five counties within the state, suggested that black support was closer to 58%.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino</a> voters also voted for Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> Those who described themselves as religious were the strongest supporters of Prop 8.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> According to the NGLTF study, self-identified <a href="/wiki/Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholics">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> supported Prop 8 by measures of 55% and 66%, respectively,<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> overwhelmingly opposed it, with support at only 17%.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Young voters were more likely to have voted against the ballot measure than older voters, while Republicans were more likely to have supported the measure than were Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="County_breakdown">County breakdown</h3></div> <table style="width:70%;" class="wikitable sortable collapsible collapsed"> <caption>Breakdown of voting by county<a href="#cite_note-statementofvote-191">[191]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightgrey;"> <th style="width:21%;">County </th> <th style="width:10%;">Yes </th> <th style="width:10%;">Votes </th> <th style="width:10%;">No </th> <th style="width:10%;">Votes </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">175,167 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">57,496 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Tulare_County,_California" title="Tulare County, California">Tulare</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">78,578 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26,113 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Modoc_County,_California" title="Modoc County, California">Modoc</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">74.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,279 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,142 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Kings_County,_California" title="Kings County, California">Kings</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25,821 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9,244 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Madera_County,_California" title="Madera County, California">Madera</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30,906 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11,193 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Glenn_County,_California" title="Glenn County, California">Glenn</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">7,235 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,644 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Tehama_County,_California" title="Tehama County, California">Tehama</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">17,777 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6,675 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Colusa_County,_California" title="Colusa County, California">Colusa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,556 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,815 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Lassen_County,_California" title="Lassen County, California">Lassen</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,021 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Merced_County,_California" title="Merced County, California">Merced</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">44,800 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">18,520 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Sutter_County,_California" title="Sutter County, California">Sutter</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">23,032 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">29.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">9,707 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Shasta_County,_California" title="Shasta County, California">Shasta</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">69.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55,698 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24,224 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">69.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27,048 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">30.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11,783 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Fresno_County,_California" title="Fresno County, California">Fresno</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">68.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">185,993 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">31.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">83,122 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Stanislaus_County,_California" title="Stanislaus County, California">Stanislaus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">67.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">108,988 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">51,598 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Yuba_County,_California" title="Yuba County, California">Yuba</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">67.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14,323 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6,868 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">66.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">404,762 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">202,227 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_County,_California" title="San Joaquin County, California">San Joaquin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">65.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">135,728 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">71,747 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Riverside_County,_California" title="Riverside County, California">Riverside</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">417,133 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">228,449 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_County,_California" title="Sierra County, California">Sierra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,273 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">35.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">711 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Amador_County,_California" title="Amador County, California">Amador</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">11,945 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6,725 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Calaveras_County,_California" title="Calaveras County, California">Calaveras</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">63.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14,624 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,588 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">62.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">16,964 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">37.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10,163 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Mariposa_County,_California" title="Mariposa County, California">Mariposa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">62.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,961 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">37.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,640 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County,_California" title="Inyo County, California">Inyo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,116 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">39.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,334 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Del_Norte_County,_California" title="Del Norte County, California">Del Norte</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">5,658 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">39.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,770 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Siskiyou_County,_California" title="Siskiyou County, California">Siskiyou</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12,668 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,475 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Plumas_County,_California" title="Plumas County, California">Plumas</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">6,576 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">4,401 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Placer_County,_California" title="Placer County, California">Placer</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">59.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">102,977 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">40.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">69,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/El_Dorado_County,_California" title="El Dorado County, California">El Dorado</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">58.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">53,837 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">38,534 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">57.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">659,037 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">42.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">484,015 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_County,_California" title="Trinity County, California">Trinity</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">56.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,563 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">43.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,785 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Butte_County,_California" title="Butte County, California">Butte</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">56.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">54,822 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">43.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">43,045 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Solano_County,_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">89,292 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">44.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">70,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/San_Benito_County,_California" title="San Benito County, California">San Benito</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">54.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">10,657 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">45.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">8,794 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">53.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">289,378 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">248,444 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">53.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">655,625 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">565,054 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Ventura_County,_California" title="Ventura County, California">Ventura</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">52.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">178,719 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">47.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">159,284 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Lake_County,_California" title="Lake County, California">Lake</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">52.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">13,036 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">48.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">12,080 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">51.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">67,304 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">48.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">64,555 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,624,672 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">49.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">1,622,287 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#c8ffc8;"><a href="/wiki/Nevada_County,_California" title="Nevada County, California">Nevada</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">50.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27,617 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">49.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">27,614 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Monterey_County,_California" title="Monterey County, California">Monterey</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">48.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">62,251 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">51.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">66,191 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">80,117 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">53.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">92,305 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Contra_Costa_County,_California" title="Contra Costa County, California">Contra Costa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">44.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">198,713 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">246,753 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Napa_County,_California" title="Napa County, California">Napa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">44.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">26,227 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32,742 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Mono_County,_California" title="Mono County, California">Mono</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">44.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">2,425 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">3,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_County,_California" title="Santa Clara County, California">Santa Clara</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">44.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">291,347 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">55.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">367,053 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Alpine_County,_California" title="Alpine County, California">Alpine</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">43.6% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">293 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">56.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">379 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">41.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">32,816 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">56.4% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">46,537 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_County,_California" title="Humboldt County, California">Humboldt</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">39.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25,296 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">60.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">37,963 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/San_Mateo_County,_California" title="San Mateo County, California">San Mateo</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">38.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">114,695 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">61.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">185,127 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Alameda_County,_California" title="Alameda County, California">Alameda</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">38.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">232,923 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">62.0% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">378,692 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Mendocino_County,_California" title="Mendocino County, California">Mendocino</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36.8% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">14,649 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">63.2% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">25,072 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County,_California" title="Sonoma County, California">Sonoma</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">33.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">76,143 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">66.5% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">150,763 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_California" title="Santa Cruz County, California">Santa Cruz</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">28.7% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">36,163 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.3% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">89,793 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/Marin_County,_California" title="Marin County, California">Marin</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;">24.9% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">34,324 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.1% </td> <td style="text-align:center;">103,341 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="background:#ffc8c8;"><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> </td> <td>24.8% </td> <td>92,536 </td> <td>75.2% </td> <td>280,491 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-election_events">Post-election events</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Proposition_8_supporters" title="Protests against Proposition 8 supporters">Protests against Proposition 8 supporters</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immediate_response">Immediate response</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prop_8_Protest_Nov_9_2008_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Prop_8_Protest_Nov_9_2008_1.jpg/220px-Prop_8_Protest_Nov_9_2008_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Prop_8_Protest_Nov_9_2008_1.jpg/330px-Prop_8_Protest_Nov_9_2008_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Prop_8_Protest_Nov_9_2008_1.jpg/440px-Prop_8_Protest_Nov_9_2008_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2388" /></a><figcaption>A post Prop 8 demonstration at the State Capitol</figcaption></figure> In California, a constitutional amendment passed by the electorate takes effect the day after the election.<a href="#cite_note-Constitution_Article_18-197">[197]</a> On the evening of November 4 the "Yes on 8" campaign issued a statement by Ron Prentice, the chairman of ProtectMarriage.com, saying "The people of California stood up for traditional marriage and reclaimed this great institution."<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The organizers of the "No on Prop 8" campaign issued a statement on November 6 saying, "Tuesday's vote was deeply disappointing to all who believe in equal treatment under the law."<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> The counties of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_County,_California" title="Los Angeles County, California">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco County, California">San Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yolo_County,_California" title="Yolo County, California">Yolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kern_County,_California" title="Kern County, California">Kern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara_County,_California" title="Santa Barbara County, California">Santa Barbara</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Obispo_County,_California" title="San Luis Obispo County, California">San Luis Obispo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoma County">Sonoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego_County,_California" title="San Diego County, California">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino_County,_California" title="San Bernardino County, California">San Bernardino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento_County,_California" title="Sacramento County, California">Sacramento</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_County,_California" title="Tuolumne County, California">Tuolumne</a> stopped issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples the day after the election.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fines">Fines</h3></div> Following an audit by the <a href="/wiki/California_Franchise_Tax_Board" title="California Franchise Tax Board">California Franchise Tax Board</a>, the proponents of Proposition 8 faced a fine of $49,000 for violating California campaign finance disclosure laws, by failing to report $1,169,292 in contributions under the timelines required by state law.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protests">Protests</h3></div> Following the passage of Proposition 8, mass protests took place across the state. These included protests outside the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_California_Temple" title="Los Angeles California Temple">Los Angeles California Temple</a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Westwood, Los Angeles, California">Westwood, Los Angeles</a>;<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> a march through <a href="/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles" title="Hollywood, Los Angeles">Hollywood</a> that blocked traffic and elicited police intervention;<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Candlelight_vigil" title="Candlelight vigil">candlelight vigil</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a> Gay and Lesbian Center, along with a protest in front of the California State Capitol.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> In <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, thousands gathered in front of the City Hall to protest the proposition and to perform a candlelit vigil. Speakers who voiced their opinion in opposition of Proposition 8 included state senator <a href="/wiki/Mark_Leno" title="Mark Leno">Mark Leno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_San_Francisco" title="Mayor of San Francisco">Mayor of San Francisco</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Newsom" title="Gavin Newsom">Gavin Newsom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> Outside California, a protest at the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> was addressed by local <a href="/wiki/LGBT_social_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT social movements">gay rights</a> supporters including former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Salt_Lake_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Anderson" title="Rocky Anderson">Rocky Anderson</a> and three gay members of the Utah Legislature: Senator <a href="/wiki/Scott_McCoy" title="Scott McCoy">Scott McCoy</a> and Representatives <a href="/wiki/Christine_Johnson_(Utah_politician)" title="Christine Johnson (Utah politician)">Christine Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Biskupski" title="Jackie Biskupski">Jackie Biskupski</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> On November 12, 2008, more than 10,000 protesters gathered outside the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_New_York_Temple" title="Manhattan New York Temple">Manhattan New York Temple</a> to protest the support of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints for Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> On November 15, 2008, tens of thousands of people in cities around the United States participated in rallies to protest the passage of Proposition 8 and to promote the expansion of civil marriage to same-sex couples throughout the nation.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boycotts">Boycotts</h3></div> The passage of Proposition 8 led to opponents responding by publicly <a href="/wiki/Shame" title="Shame">shaming</a> its supporters as <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">bigots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boycotting" class="mw-redirect" title="Boycotting">boycotting</a> supporters' businesses and employers. On November 7, 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">blogger</a> revealed that Scott Eckern, then <a href="/wiki/Artistic_director" title="Artistic director">Artistic Director</a> of <a href="/wiki/California_Musical_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="California Musical Theatre">California Musical Theatre</a>, had made a personal donation of $1,000 to the "Yes on 8" campaign.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> All campaign contributions of $1,000 or more required a name, home and occupation be listed. On November 10, gay artists condemned Eckern and called for a boycott of California Musical Theatre.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> On November 11, Eckern issued an apology on the online site Playbill stating that a similar donation had been made to a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a> organization that includes gay rights as one of its causes.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> On November 12, Eckern resigned from California Musical Theatre. <a href="/wiki/Executive_producer" title="Executive producer">Executive producer</a> of the CMT Richard Lewis stated that Eckern was not forced to resign but did so of his own accord.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Richard Raddon, Director of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles Film Festival">Los Angeles Film Festival</a>, also resigned due to boycotts by the <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Protests in California were marred by racial incidents. Due to their support of Proposition 8, reported as high as 70 percent, some <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> attending events were allegedly subjected to <a href="/wiki/Racism_in_united_states#Racism_against_African_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Racism in united states">racial epithets and felt threatened.</a> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_California_State_Assembly" title="Speaker of the California State Assembly">California Assembly Speaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Bass" title="Karen Bass">Karen Bass</a> stated she was disturbed by the treatment of African Americans in the aftermath of the passage of the proposition. In reaction to the racial incidents, <a href="/wiki/Evan_Wolfson" title="Evan Wolfson">Evan Wolfson</a> said, "In any fight, there will be people who say things they shouldn't say, but that shouldn't divert attention from what the vast majority are saying against this, that it's a terrible injustice."<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> To protest the passage of Proposition 8, <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> composer <a href="/wiki/Marc_Shaiman" title="Marc Shaiman">Marc Shaiman</a> wrote a satiric mini-musical called "Prop 8 — The Musical".<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> The three-minute video was distributed on the internet at <a href="/wiki/Funny_or_Die" title="Funny or Die">FunnyOrDie.com</a>. The cast includes <a href="/wiki/Jack_Black" title="Jack Black">Jack Black</a> (who plays <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Parker" title="Nicole Parker">Nicole Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neil_Patrick_Harris" title="Neil Patrick Harris">Neil Patrick Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Reilly" title="John C. Reilly">John C. Reilly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allison_Janney" title="Allison Janney">Allison Janney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Richter" title="Andy Richter">Andy Richter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_Rudolph" title="Maya Rudolph">Maya Rudolph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cho" title="Margaret Cho">Margaret Cho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashida_Jones" title="Rashida Jones">Rashida Jones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kathy_Najimy" title="Kathy Najimy">Kathy Najimy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Chalke" title="Sarah Chalke">Sarah Chalke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenifer_Lewis" title="Jenifer Lewis">Jennifer Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Hill_(actor)" title="John Hill (actor)">John Hill</a> and other celebrities. It was directed by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Shankman" title="Adam Shankman">Adam Shankman</a>. The video satirizes <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian churches</a> that selectively <a href="/wiki/Cafeteria_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafeteria Christianity">pick and choose</a> biblical doctrines to follow.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> It received 1.2 million internet hits in its first day,<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> won the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Webby_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Webby Award">Webby Award</a> category Comedy: Individual Short or Episode,<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and won a <a href="/wiki/GLAAD" title="GLAAD">GLAAD</a> media award.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/8:_The_Mormon_Proposition" title="8: The Mormon Proposition">8: The Mormon Proposition</a>, a documentary alleging the involvement of <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> in the passage of Proposition 8. Written by <a href="/wiki/Reed_Cowan" title="Reed Cowan">Reed Cowan</a> and narrated by <a href="/wiki/Dustin_Lance_Black" title="Dustin Lance Black">Dustin Lance Black</a>, the film divided critics over a perceived heavy-handed approach to the church's involvement; it won the 2011 <a href="/wiki/GLAAD_Media_Award_for_Outstanding_Documentary" title="GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary">GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Documentary</a>. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/8_(play)" title="8 (play)">8</a>, a play re-enacting the proceedings of <a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Brown">Perry v. Brown</a> in a condensed manner of <a href="/wiki/Documentary_theatre" title="Documentary theatre">documentary theatre</a>, was premiered on Broadway. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_about_campaign_financing_and_donations">Controversies about campaign financing and donations</h2></div> On November 13, 2008, Fred Karger of the group Californians Against Hate filed a complaint with the <a href="/wiki/California_Fair_Political_Practices_Commission" title="California Fair Political Practices Commission">California Fair Political Practices Commission</a> that <a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance" title="Campaign finance">campaign finance</a> reports filed by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints under-reported its actual Proposition 8 campaign expenses as $2,078.97.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Karger charged that the Church's failure to report "non-monetary contributions" placed it in violation of California's Political <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform Act">Reform Act</a>. Church spokesman Scott Trotter denied the charges, saying the church had "fully complied with the reporting requirements" and a "further report will be filed on or before [...the] due date, Jan. 30, 2009."<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> In a report filed with the California Secretary of State's office January 30, 2009, the LDS Church reported its non-monetary expenditures as $189,903.58.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> On January 31, the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a> stated, "While the deadline for the report, which covers the period from July 1 to Dec. 31, is [February 2], many campaign contributions by major donors and independent committees must be reported within days after they're made." The article further stated that the executive director of the FPPC stated that the LDS church was still under investigation, and "In general, however, 'cases like these hinge over what had to be reported and when it had to be reported.' A late report covering disputed filings 'wouldn't remove the obligation to file on time' but would be considered by investigators."<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Boston_Herald" title="Boston Herald">Boston Herald</a> reported on February 2, 2009:<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">While many church members had donated directly to the Yes on 8 campaign—some estimates of Mormon giving range as high as $20 million—the church itself had previously reported little direct campaign activity. But in the filing made Friday, the Mormon church reported thousands in travel expenses, such as <a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">airline tickets</a>, hotel rooms and <a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">car rentals</a> for the campaign. The church also reported $96,849.31 worth of 'compensated staff time'—hours that church employees spent working to pass the same-sex marriage ban.</blockquote> In a statement issued February 2, 2009, the LDS Church responded to "erroneous news reports", saying its subsequent disclosure was "in no way prompted by an investigation by the California Fair Political Practices Commission," that "We believe we have complied with California law," and that the report's <a href="/wiki/Filing_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Filing date">filing date</a> met the January 31, 2009 deadline:<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Church, like other organizations on both sides of the ballot issue, was required to publicly file these donations by the 31 January deadline. The Church has been filing required contribution reports throughout the campaign. Those earlier donations 'initially stated' were filed for specific time periods prior to this last reporting period, as required by law. Other groups are also filing their final contribution reports to meet the same deadline.</blockquote> On January 7, 2009, supporters of Proposition 8 filed a federal lawsuit to block public disclosure of their donations. Alleging threats against their lives as well as other forms of harassment, the lawsuit also requested a <a href="/wiki/Injunction" title="Injunction">preliminary injunction</a> that ordered the California Secretary of State to remove information about donations posted on its website. Opponents of Proposition 8 called it "hypocritical" that its supporters would refer to their support of the measure as the "will of the people" while seeking to overturn voter-approved campaign disclosure laws.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">U.S. District Judge</a> Morrison England Jr. denied that request on January 29; he said that the public had the right to know about donors of political causes, that he did not agree that the plaintiffs had a probability of success in court, and that they had not proven they would suffer "irreparable injury" if he did not grant the preliminary injunction.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litigation">Litigation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_Supreme_Court_cases">California Supreme Court cases</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prop_8_Rally_in_Market_St.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Prop_8_Rally_in_Market_St.jpg/180px-Prop_8_Rally_in_Market_St.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Prop_8_Rally_in_Market_St.jpg/270px-Prop_8_Rally_in_Market_St.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Prop_8_Rally_in_Market_St.jpg/360px-Prop_8_Rally_in_Market_St.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Protesters at the "Day of Decision" rally marched up <a href="/wiki/Market_Street_(San_Francisco)" title="Market Street (San Francisco)">Market Street</a> in downtown <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> following the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> ruling.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CACourt_protest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CACourt_protest.jpg/180px-CACourt_protest.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CACourt_protest.jpg/270px-CACourt_protest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/CACourt_protest.jpg/360px-CACourt_protest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="2524" /></a><figcaption>Pro and Anti-Proposition 8 protesters rally in front of the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_City_Hall" title="San Francisco City Hall">San Francisco City Hall</a> on the day of the <a href="/wiki/Lawsuits_to_overturn_Proposition_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawsuits to overturn Proposition 8">Supreme Court hearings</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a></div> After the passage of Proposition 8, a number of lawsuits were filed by against the state and state officials with the intent of overturning the measure and arguing that Proposition 8 should not have retroactive effect on existing same-sex marriages. On November 13, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> asked California Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> for an opinion on whether the Court should accept these cases for review and whether the measure should be suspended while they decide the case. On November 19, the Court accepted three lawsuits challenging Proposition 8 but denied the requests to stay its enforcement.<a href="#cite_note-S168047-250">[250]</a> The Court asked for final briefs by January 5, 2009. <a href="/wiki/Oral_argument" title="Oral argument">Oral arguments</a> were held on March 5, 2009. On Tuesday May 26 the court ruled that "The Amendment to the State Constitution referred to as Proposition 8 is valid and enforceable from the moment it was passed."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The court also held that "Proposition 8 must be understood as creating a limited exception to the state equal protection clause."<a href="#cite_note-CSC-2009-05-26-251">[251]</a> Justice Moreno in his lone dissenting opinion, argued that such a change to the Constitution should only be implemented "by a constitutional revision to modify the equal protection clause to protect some, rather than all, similarly situated persons" and not by a simple majority vote. The Court did rule that their decision cannot be applied to retroactively annul marriages that were transacted while the practice was legal in the state of California.<a href="#cite_note-courtrule-252">[252]</a> Proposition 8 has no <a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">retroactive</a> effect. The <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> ruled unanimously on May 26, 2009, that the approximately 18,000 <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> that had occurred prior to Proposition 8's passage would still be valid and must continue to be recognized in the state, since the amendment does not state explicitly that it would nullify the <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">same-sex marriages</a> performed before it took effect.<a href="#cite_note-courtrule-252">[252]</a> Later legislation clarified that same-sex couples who married out-of-state within the window of legality would also retain their legal marriage rights. The bill was signed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> on October 11, 2009.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_challenges">Federal challenges</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Smelt_v._United_States">Smelt v. United States</h4></div> Immediately following the passage of Proposition 8, Arthur Smelt and Christopher Hammer filed suit in the Southern Division of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Central_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Central District of California">United States District Court for the Central District of California</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_California" title="Orange County, California">Orange County</a>. In the case, Smelt v. United States, the couple argued that Proposition 8 and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Defense_of_Marriage_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Defense of Marriage Act">Federal Defense of Marriage Act</a> violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> of the American <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Justice_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Justice Department">United States Justice Department</a> filed a <a href="/wiki/Motion_(legal)" title="Motion (legal)">motion to dismiss</a> the case because the "plaintiffs are married, and their challenge to the federal <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a> ("DOMA") poses a different set of questions."<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> On July 15, 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">District Judge</a> Carter dismissed the part of Smelt that challenged Proposition 8, finding that the fact that the plaintiffs were already legally married in California meant they had no standing to challenge Proposition 8. The challenge to the Defense of Marriage Act, however, remained intact.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> The remainder of the case was heard on August 3, 2009, in an Orange County district court.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> The lawsuit was thrown out because the two men had filed suit against the federal government in a state court, a technicality which meant the suit needed to be re-filed.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perry_v._Schwarzenegger">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Schwarzenegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Schwarzenegger">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</a></div> On the day of <a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a>'s decision, the <a href="/wiki/American_Foundation_for_Equal_Rights" title="American Foundation for Equal Rights">American Foundation for Equal Rights</a> (AFER) filed suit in U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California to challenge the validity of Proposition 8. <a href="/wiki/Lambda_Legal" title="Lambda Legal">Lambda Legal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Lesbian_Rights" title="National Center for Lesbian Rights">National Center for Lesbian Rights</a> have since announced their support for the lawsuit.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> filed a motion to and was granted intervenor status in the case, saying that their work in <a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a> provided them with "extensive evidence and proposed findings on <a href="/wiki/Strict_scrutiny" title="Strict scrutiny">strict scrutiny</a> factors and factual rebuttals to long claimed justifications for marriage discrimination".<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> California Attorney General, and former and later again Governor <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> backed the lawsuit, saying that Proposition 8 violates the U.S. Constitution and should be struck down.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> took a more neutral path,<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> saying that he supported the lawsuit because the Proposition 8 conflict asks "important constitutional questions that require and warrant judicial determination." Because this means that the Californian government will not defend the law in court,<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> the proponents of Proposition 8's campaign were granted the right to intervene as defendants.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The case was first heard on July 2, 2009, in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>, Judge <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_R._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughn R. Walker">Vaughn R. Walker</a> presiding.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> In an act unprecedented in California history both the Governor and Attorney General refused to defend a constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In August, Judge Walker heard further requests for intervenor status and ordered a trial set for January 2010. On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Chief Judge Vaughn R. Walker ruled Proposition 8 unconstitutional, but at the same time temporarily provided for a suspension of the ruling while he considered whether to grant an indefinite suspension pending appeal.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> Walker lifted the stay on August 12, 2010, thus allowing same-sex marriages to be performed as of August 18, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> On August 16, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> imposed a stay of all new same-sex marriages in the State of California. It also scheduled an accelerated time table for hearing an appeal of Judge Walker's ruling.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> Before the appeal trial begins, there will be a December 6, 2010[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] hearing on who has <a href="/wiki/Legal_standing" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal standing">legal standing</a> to appeal the District Court's decision and whether the proposition violates equal protection rights.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_challenges">Legal challenges</h2></div> Following the passing of Proposition 8 in 2008, and the subsequent mass protests, several lawsuits were filed in both the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">State Supreme Court</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal District Court">Federal District Court</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_court:_Strauss_v._Horton">State court: Strauss v. Horton</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a></div> In considering the cases within the state courts, on November 13, 2008, the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> asked California Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brown" title="Jerry Brown">Jerry Brown</a> for an opinion on whether the Court should accept these cases for review and whether the measure should be suspended while they decide the case. On November 19, the Court accepted three lawsuits challenging Proposition 8, which consolidated into <a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> The Court rendered its decision on May 26, 2009. The majority decision was that Proposition 8 "carved out a limited [or 'narrow'] exception to the state equal protection clause"; <a href="/wiki/Carlos_R._Moreno" title="Carlos R. Moreno">Justice Moreno</a> dissented that exceptions to the <a href="/wiki/Equal_protection_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Equal protection clause">equal protection clause</a> could not be made by any majority since its whole purpose was to protect minorities against the will of a majority. Until overturned by <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a> (below), the ruling established that Proposition 8 was valid as voted, but that marriages performed before it went into effect would remain valid. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_court">Federal court</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perry_v._Schwarzenegger_2">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</h4></div> After the California Supreme Court upheld the voter initiative, a suit, <a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Schwarzenegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Schwarzenegger">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</a> (later Hollingsworth v. Perry), was filed in a <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">Federal District Court</a> in San Francisco. On August 4, 2010, U.S. District Chief Judge <a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Walker" title="Vaughn Walker">Vaughn Walker</a> overturned Proposition 8, stating it is "...unconstitutional under the <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process Clause</a> because no compelling state interest justifies denying same-sex couples the fundamental right to marry."<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> The court also determined that "Proposition 8 violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a> because there is no rational basis for limiting the designation of 'marriage' to opposite-sex couples."<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> The court also <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stayed</a> the ruling; the voter initiative was to remain in effect pending appeal.<a href="#cite_note-SFChron_strikes_down-22">[22]</a> On August 12, Walker announced his decision to lift the <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay</a> (which would have allowed same-sex marriages to be performed) as of August 18, 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_California_Proposition_8&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> However, on August 16, 2010, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> indefinitely extended the District Court's stay, stopping new same-sex marriages in the state of California pending appeal. It also scheduled an accelerated time table for hearing an appeal of Walker's ruling.<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perry_v._Brown_(on_appeal)">Perry v. Brown (on appeal)</h4></div> As the State of California chose not to appeal the ruling, an appeal was sought by two parties—the initiative proponents, and Imperial County (via its deputy clerk). The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> considered the question of <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> first. On January 4, 2011, the Ninth Circuit ruled that <a href="/wiki/Imperial_County,_California" title="Imperial County, California">Imperial County</a> did not have <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> to intervene in the lawsuit (by now called Perry v. Brown)—the formal reason being the county's appeal had been "untimely", but also that the appellant was the county's deputy clerk, and precedent existed in other cases that a deputy clerk could not 'represent' a county. To address the question whether the initiative proponents had particularized standing (that is, standing either via personal interest, or standing to represent the State's interest), the Ninth Circuit <a href="/wiki/Certified_question" title="Certified question">certified a question</a> to the <a href="/wiki/California_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="California Supreme Court">California Supreme Court</a> on January 4, 2011, asking that court to rule whether, under the California Constitution or otherwise under California law, non-governmental proponents of an <a href="/wiki/Initiatives_and_referendums_in_the_United_States" title="Initiatives and referendums in the United States">initiative</a> have standing to appeal when the State is no longer willing to defend it.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> On February 16, 2011, the California Supreme Court unanimously agreed to address the Ninth Circuit's request.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> The court set an expedited schedule for the <a href="/wiki/Hearing_(law)" title="Hearing (law)">hearing</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> and heard <a href="/wiki/Oral_argument_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral argument in the United States">oral arguments</a> on September 6, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> On November 17, 2011, the California Supreme Court issued an <a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion#United_States" title="Advisory opinion">advisory opinion</a> that the proponents of Proposition 8 did have <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>, and could defend it.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ninth_Circuit_ruling">Ninth Circuit ruling</h5></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg/400px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Seal of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</figcaption></figure> On February 7, 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_panel" title="Judicial panel">three-judge panel</a> on the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a 2–1 <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinion</a> affirming the judgment in <a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Schwarzenegger" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Schwarzenegger">Perry v. Schwarzenegger</a>, which declared Proposition 8 unconstitutional, saying it violated the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection Clause</a>. The opinion, written by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Reinhardt" title="Stephen Reinhardt">Judge Stephen Reinhardt</a> and joined by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Daly_Hawkins" title="Michael Daly Hawkins">Judge Michael Hawkins</a>, states that Proposition 8 did nothing more than lessen the status and dignity of gays and lesbians, and classify their relationships and families as inferior to those of opposite-sex couples.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The court found that the people of California, by using their initiative power to target a <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">minority group</a> and withdraw the right to marry they once possessed under the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="California State Constitution">California State Constitution</a>, violated the federal Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> The court concluded that the trial court had correctly found Proposition 8 to have no purpose other than to impose the majority's private <a href="/wiki/Disapproval_voting" title="Disapproval voting">disapproval</a> of gays, lesbians, and their relationships through the <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a>, and to take away from them the designation of <a href="/wiki/Civil_marriage" title="Civil marriage">marriage</a> and its recognized societal status.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Perry_v._Brown#Findings_of_fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Perry v. Brown">findings of fact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expert_witness" title="Expert witness">expert witness</a> testimony in <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">District Court</a> played an important role in this appellate decision, emphasizing that it is unreasonable to believe Proposition 8 was enacted to: promote <a href="/wiki/Childrearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrearing">childrearing</a> by biological parents, encourage procreation, be cautious in <a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">social change</a>, protect <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">religious liberty</a>, or control children's education.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The court declared that it is "implausible to think that denying two men or two women the right to call themselves married could somehow bolster the stability of families headed by one man and one woman".<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> The dissenting judge, <a href="/wiki/N._Randy_Smith" title="N. Randy Smith">Judge N. Randy Smith</a>, noted in his dissent that states do legitimately prohibit sexual relationships condemned by society such as <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">incest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bigamy" title="Bigamy">bigamy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bestiality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bestiality">bestiality</a>, and impose age limits for marriage without violating constitutional rights.<a href="#cite_note-LATsmithdissent-289">[289]</a> He stated that "gays and lesbians are not a suspect or quasi-suspect class" and are thus not entitled to the courts' increased scrutiny of laws that affect them.<a href="#cite_note-LATsmithdissent-289">[289]</a> He wrote, "The family structure of two committed biological parents—one man and one woman—is the optimal partnership for raising children." He also said that governments have a legitimate interest in "a responsible procreation theory, justifying the inducement of marital recognition only for opposite-sex couples" because only they can have children.<a href="#cite_note-LATsmithdissent-289">[289]</a> He urged <a href="/wiki/Judicial_restraint" title="Judicial restraint">judicial restraint</a>, that the justices should refrain from striking down Proposition 8.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="En_banc_review_denied">En banc review denied</h5></div> On February 21, 2012, proponents requested to have to the case reviewed <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a> by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.<a href="#cite_note-proponentsEnBanc-291">[291]</a> If granted, en banc review could have taken a year or more, which would have delayed possible U.S. Supreme Court review.<a href="#cite_note-proponentsEnBanc-291">[291]</a> Pending the appeal, a <a href="/wiki/Stay_of_execution" title="Stay of execution">stay</a> was continued, barring any marriages from taking place.<a href="#cite_note-guardian120207-292">[292]</a> On June 5, 2012, the full Ninth Circuit refused to rehear the case; the stay would remain in place pending final action by the Supreme Court.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> The Ninth Court's ruling was subsequently vacated (withdrawn) although it affirmed the district court ruling, since the Supreme Court later determined that the proponents of Proposition 8 had not had <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a> to appeal the district court's ruling. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hollingsworth_v._Perry_(U.S._Supreme_Court)">Hollingsworth v. Perry (U.S. Supreme Court)</h4></div> The proposition's proponents filed a petition for <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a> with the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> on July 30, 2012, requesting that the Supreme Court review the case.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Briefs in opposition both from the individual respondents and from the City and County of San Francisco were filed August 24, and the petitioners replied on September 4.<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS_docket_12-144-295">[295]</a> On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court granted the proponents' petition for certiorari<a href="#cite_note-news.yahoo.com-296">[296]</a> and asked to be briefed for arguments concerning the petitioners' Article III <a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)" title="Standing (law)">standing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a> amid considerable anticipation of a finding of a lack of justiciability in order to avoid a holding on the merits.<a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> Oral arguments were heard on March 26, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-oral-26">[26]</a> Parties who lodged <a href="/wiki/Amicus_brief" class="mw-redirect" title="Amicus brief">amicus briefs</a> with the court included: Judge Georg Ress and the Marriage Law Foundation; <a href="/wiki/William_Eskridge" title="William Eskridge">William N. Eskridge Jr.</a>, et al.; the Center for Constitutional Jurisprudence; the <a href="/wiki/Public_Advocate_of_the_United_States" title="Public Advocate of the United States">Public Advocate of the United States</a>, et al.; the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Evangelicals" title="National Association of Evangelicals">National Association of Evangelicals</a>, et al.; the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Union" title="American Civil Rights Union">American Civil Rights Union</a>; <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">Judicial Watch</a>, Inc., et al.; the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a> Education & Legal Defense Fund, Inc.; the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a>; and the state of <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, et al.<a href="#cite_note-SCOTUS_docket_12-144-295">[295]</a> The Supreme Court issued a 5–4 decision on June 26, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-sctruling-299">[299]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a> wrote for the majority, and was joined by <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Justices</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Breyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Kagan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sctruling-299">[299]</a> Justices <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sotomayor</a> were in the minority.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> The Court found the proponents did not have standing to appeal in federal court. To have standing, they "must have suffered an injury in fact, thus giving [them] a sufficiently concrete interest in the outcome of the issue in dispute".<a href="#cite_note-nytbetweenlines-12">[12]</a> Because no injury had been shown, the appeal to the Ninth Circuit should have been dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. (This only applied to the Ninth Circuit and Supreme Court cases.) The Court returned the case to the Ninth Circuit with instructions to dismiss the appeal. This left the district court's ruling overturning Proposition 8 as the final ruling in the case. Because the appeal was decided on the question of standing, the Supreme Court did not examine nor rule on whether in their view Proposition 8 had violated the U.S. Constitution. Justice <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a>, writing for the minority, said the views of the California Supreme Court on the proponents' standing should have been respected,<a href="#cite_note-nytbetweenlines-12">[12]</a> because "the basic premise of the initiative process [and] the essence of democracy is that the right to make law rests in the people and flows to the government, not the other way around".<a href="#cite_note-scopinion-8">[8]</a>: 13  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kristin_Perry_and_Sandra_Stier,_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two women sitting on the top of the back seat of an open-top automobile waving to a crowd." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kristin_Perry_and_Sandra_Stier%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg/220px-Kristin_Perry_and_Sandra_Stier%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kristin_Perry_and_Sandra_Stier%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg/330px-Kristin_Perry_and_Sandra_Stier%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Kristin_Perry_and_Sandra_Stier%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg/440px-Kristin_Perry_and_Sandra_Stier%2C_San_Francisco_Pride_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Plaintiffs Perry and Stier at the June 30, 2013, Pride Parade in San Francisco after their marriage</figcaption></figure> On June 28, 2013, the Ninth Circuit lifted its stay of the district court's ruling, enabling same-sex marriages to resume;<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-13">[13]</a> minutes afterward, plaintiffs Perry and Stier became the first couple in California to legally wed under state law since the enactment of Proposition 8 in 2008, doing so at San Francisco City Hall at 4:45 PDT, with California's Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> officiating at the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> There were two legal challenges made to the implementation of the ruling, both subsequently denied: Federal court legal challenge to removal of stay <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">On June 29, 2013, the proponents of Proposition 8 filed an emergency motion with the U.S. Supreme Court to vacate the Ninth Circuit's lifting of its stay, claiming it had been "premature".<a href="#cite_note-lifting_of_stay-302">[302]</a> The next day, June 30, 2013, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy, responsible for overseeing the Ninth Circuit, denied the motion without comment.<a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a></div> State court legal challenges to statewide implementation of ruling <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r996643573"><div class="block-indent">Even before the Ninth Circuit lifted its stay, Proposition 8 proponents had expressed the intent to fight on, by asserting that the ruling only applies to the persons or counties involved and would be unlawful for other couples or counties to comply with it.<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_6-27-304">[304]</a> Two petitions to this effect were filed with the California Supreme Court, by proponents (Hollingsworth v. O'Connell and Brown, July 12, 2013) and—against county policy—by a <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a> County Clerk (Dronenburg, July 19, 2013: dropped August 2 as duplicative). The proponents' petition challenged the state and county clerk responses to the ruling in Perry, asserting that, in their view, only two counties were affected by the ruling and other counties had no legal capacity to discretionally do likewise; that the plaintiffs, not representing a <a href="/wiki/Class_action" title="Class action">class</a>, had their relief while others who were not plaintiffs had no change to their position within the law; and that county clerks were not in fact covered by the ruling and were therefore bound to comply with the law as it stood. This position was rejected by California's governor, who on legal advice<a href="#cite_note-sfgate_07-12-305">[305]</a> ordered the change to license issuance, according to the ruling.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> California's Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> noted that "state officials are obligated to govern marriage equally in all counties and that [United States District Court for the Northern District of California Chief Judge Vaughn] Walker's ruling specifically covers those officials."<a href="#cite_note-LA_Times_6-27-304">[304]</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>'s city attorney stated that it was "the most basic concepts of American law ... that a state court will not overrule the federal judiciary".<a href="#cite_note-sfgate_07-12-305">[305]</a> Twenty-four <a href="/wiki/County_Clerk" class="mw-redirect" title="County Clerk">County Clerks</a> stated, through their lawyer, that their role was "ultimately state supervised" and it would be unfeasible to have a "patchwork" of different marriage criteria varying between the counties of a single state.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> On July 15, the California Supreme Court unanimously declined the request to order an immediate halt to same-sex marriages in the state pending a decision on the petition. The court requested arguments from the parties on the points raised in their petition.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a> On August 14, 2013, the California Supreme Court unanimously rejected the challenge by Proposition 8 proponents.<a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repeal_of_Proposition_8">Repeal of Proposition 8</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009-2022">2009-2022</h3></div> On April 30, 2009, the members of 'Yes! on Equality' submitted a ballot initiative dubbed "California Marriage Equality Act" to the <a href="/wiki/California_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="California Attorney General">Attorney General</a>'s office, requesting a title and summary. The text of the ballot would repeal Article I; Section 7.5 of the Californian Constitution as well as clarifying that no school curriculum will be changed and no <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> will be forced to perform any "service or duty incongruent with their faith". Yes! on Equality had until August 17, 2009, to gather 694,354 signatures in order to qualify for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions_2010%E2%80%932019#June_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="List of California ballot propositions 2010–2019">June 2010 ballot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a> A petition for initiative for the <a href="/wiki/List_of_California_ballot_propositions_2010%E2%80%932019#November_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="List of California ballot propositions 2010–2019">November 2010 ballot</a> also failed to obtain enough signatures.<a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> Several LGBTQ groups of color (including API Equality-LA, HONOR PAC, and the Jordan/Rustin Coalition) published a statement "Prepare to Prevail,"<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> in which they argue that the ballot repeal effort should be delayed until 2012. As of February 2012, the repeal effort was canceled in light of victorious court cases.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_repeal">2024 repeal</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_3" title="2024 California Proposition 3">2024 California Proposition 3</a></div> On February 14, 2023, following comments by <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> in the U.S. Supreme Court decision <a href="/wiki/Dobbs_v._Jackson_Women%27s_Health_Organization" title="Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization">Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization</a> that called for the court to review <a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a>, lawmaker <a href="/wiki/Evan_Low" title="Evan Low">Evan Low</a> introduced ACA-5 into the California legislature.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Legislative_referral" title="Legislative referral">legislatively referred</a> constitutional amendment repealing the ban on same-sex marriage was proposed for the <a href="/wiki/2024_California_elections" title="2024 California elections">2024 California elections</a>; activists stated that 2024 would be the appropriate time for a ballot measure to prevent public competition for attention with <a href="/wiki/2022_California_Proposition_1" title="2022 California Proposition 1">2022 California Proposition 1</a>.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> In June 2023, the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a> passed ACA-5 in a unanimous vote, and the following month another unanimous vote took place in the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Senate" title="California State Senate">California State Senate</a>, therefore placing the proposal to repeal Proposition 8 on the ballot in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> The measure was approved by over 61% of voters. The text of the Constitution was changed to read: "the right to marry is a fundamental right".<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_LGBT_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:LGBTQ" title="Portal:LGBTQ">LGBTQ portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/26px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/39px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/52px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/32px-Flag_of_California.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/48px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_California.svg/64px-Flag_of_California.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:California" title="Portal:California">California portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_22" title="2000 California Proposition 22">Proposition 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briggs_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Briggs Initiative">Briggs Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Texas_Proposition_1,_2015" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston, Texas Proposition 1, 2015">Houston Proposition 1 (2015)</a>—a veto referendum which led to the repealing of an ordinance protecting LGBTQ rights.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_California" title="LGBTQ rights in California">LGBTQ rights in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions_by_type" class="mw-redirect" title="List of former U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type">List of former U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions by type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obergefell_v._Hodges" title="Obergefell v. Hodges">Obergefell v. Hodges</a>—a 2015 U.S. Supreme Court case holding that the right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_2004_same-sex_weddings" title="San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings">San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings</a>—a prior controversy that sparked <a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a> and led to Proposition 8</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SaveCalifornia.com" title="SaveCalifornia.com">SaveCalifornia.com</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Windsor" title="United States v. Windsor">United States v. Windsor</a>—a 2013 U.S. Supreme Court case, decided along with Hollingsworth v. Perry, that struck down Section 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Marriage_Act" title="Defense of Marriage Act">Defense of Marriage Act</a>, thereby granting federal benefits to same sex couple who are married under state law</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_(play)" title="8 (play)">8 (or 8 the Play)</a>—an American play that portrays the closing arguments of Perry v. Schwarzenegger, the federal trial that led to the overturn of Proposition 8</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2008-general/ssov/10-ballot-measures-statewide-summary-by-county.pdf">2008 Election in California</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov/sov/2008-general/3_voter_part_stats_by_county.pdf">VOTER PARTICIPATION STATISTICS BY COUNTY</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianpost.com/news/pro-family-group-says-effort-to-ban-calif-gay-marriage-looks-strong-31814/">"Pro-Family Group Says Effort to Ban Calif. Gay 'Marriage' Looks 'Strong'"</a>. Christianpost.com. 2008-04-05. 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikinews has news related to: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Proposition_8" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Category:Proposition 8">Proposition 8</a> </div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111123014544/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/MSNBC/Sections/TVNews/MSNBC%20TV/Maddow/Blog/2010/07/prop8ruling.pdf">The District Court's decision in Perry v Schwarzenegger (Prop 8 Unconstitutional)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/80680002/10-16696-398-Decision">The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals Decision Affirming Perry v Schwarzenegger (Prop 8 Unconstitutional)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W7n8HlxMfx4">Video—Ninth Circuit Appeals Court Trial on the Merits</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V5dIUOCWslU">Video—Ninth Circuit Appeals Court Trial on Recusal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010125329/http://www.protectmarriage.com/">ProtectMarriage.com</a>: Organizational sponsor of Proposition 8</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noonprop8.com/">No On Prop. 8</a>: Organizational opponent to Proposition 8</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430043558/http://voterguide.sos.ca.gov/past/2008/general/title-sum/prop8-title-sum.htm">California Official Voter Information Guide on Proposition 8</a>, Title and summary, analysis, arguments and rebuttals, and the text of the proposition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150425203101/http://ag.ca.gov/cms_pdfs/initiatives/i737_07-0068_Initiative.pdf">Scan of Initiative</a> from <a href="/wiki/California_Attorney_General" class="mw-redirect" title="California Attorney General">California Attorney General</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.followthemoney.org/research/institute-reports/the-money-behind-the-2008-same-sex-partnership-ballot-measures">The Money Behind the 2008 Same-Sex Partnership Ballot Measures—OpenSecrets</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS/state.php?fips=6&year=2008&f=0&off=67&elect=0">Proposition 8 map</a> a detailed hyper-linked map on David Leips election atlas.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/hollingsworth-v-perry/">Hollingsworth v. 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Perry</a> from the <a href="/wiki/City_Attorney_of_San_Francisco" title="City Attorney of San Francisco">City Attorney of San Francisco</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="U.S._same-sex_unions_ballot_measures217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._same-sex_unions_ballot_measures" title="Template:U.S. same-sex unions ballot measures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._same-sex_unions_ballot_measures" title="Template talk:U.S. same-sex unions ballot measures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._same-sex_unions_ballot_measures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. same-sex unions ballot measures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._same-sex_unions_ballot_measures217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">U.S. same-sex unions ballot measures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_Alaska_Measure_2" title="1998 Alaska Measure 2">Alaska Ballot Measure 2</a> (1998, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_Hawaii_Amendment_2" title="1998 Hawaii Amendment 2">Hawaii Constitutional Amendment 2</a> (1998, see note1)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_22" title="2000 California Proposition 22">California Proposition 22</a> (2000, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Initiative_416" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebraska Initiative 416">Nebraska Initiative 416</a> (2000, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Nevada_Question_2" title="2002 Nevada Question 2">Nevada Ballot Question 2</a> (2000 & 2002, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Missouri_Amendment_2" title="2004 Missouri Amendment 2">Missouri Constitutional Amendment 2</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Louisiana_Amendment_1" title="2004 Louisiana Amendment 1">Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Georgia_Amendment_1" title="2004 Georgia Amendment 1">Georgia Constitutional Amendment 1</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Kentucky_Amendment_1" title="2004 Kentucky Amendment 1">Kentucky Constitutional Amendment 1</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Ohio_Issue_1" title="2004 Ohio Issue 1">Ohio State Issue 1</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Mississippi_Amendment_1" title="2004 Mississippi Amendment 1">Mississippi Amendment 1</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Oklahoma_State_Question_711" title="2004 Oklahoma State Question 711">Oklahoma State Question 711</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Arkansas_Amendment_3" title="2004 Arkansas Amendment 3">Arkansas Constitutional Amendment 3</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Michigan_Proposal_04-2" title="2004 Michigan Proposal 04-2">Michigan Proposal 04-2</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Montana_Initiative_96" title="2004 Montana Initiative 96">Montana Initiative 96</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Constitutional_Amendment_3" title="Utah Constitutional Amendment 3">Utah Constitutional Amendment 3</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Constitutional_Measure_1" title="North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1">North Dakota Constitutional Measure 1</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Oregon_Ballot_Measure_36" title="2004 Oregon Ballot Measure 36">Oregon Ballot Measure 36</a> (2004, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Kansas_Amendment_1" title="2005 Kansas Amendment 1">Kansas Amendment 1</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Texas_Proposition_2" title="2005 Texas Proposition 2">Texas Proposition 2</a> (2005, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Alabama_Amendment_774" title="2006 Alabama Amendment 774">Alabama Amendment 774</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Amendment_1" title="South Carolina Amendment 1">South Carolina Amendment 1</a> (2006, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Virginia_Question_1" title="2006 Virginia Question 1">Virginia Question 1</a> (2006, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Tennessee_Amendment_1" title="2006 Tennessee Amendment 1">Tennessee Amendment 1</a> (2006, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Wisconsin_Referendum_1" title="2006 Wisconsin Referendum 1">Wisconsin Referendum 1</a> (2006, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Arizona_Proposition_107" title="2006 Arizona Proposition 107">Arizona Proposition 107</a> (2006, constitutional ban defeated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Colorado_Amendment_43" title="2006 Colorado Amendment 43">Colorado Amendment 43</a> (2006, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_South_Dakota_Amendment_C" title="2006 South Dakota Amendment C">South Dakota Amendment C</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Idaho_Amendment_2" title="2006 Idaho Amendment 2">Idaho Amendment 2</a> (2006, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Florida_Amendment_2" title="2008 Florida Amendment 2">Florida Amendment 2</a> (2008, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Arizona_Proposition_102" title="2008 Arizona Proposition 102">Arizona Proposition 102</a> (2008, ban)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">California Proposition 8</a> (2008, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Maine_Question_1" title="2009 Maine Question 1">Maine Question 1</a> (2009, legalizing legislation defeated)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Amendment_1" title="North Carolina Amendment 1">North Carolina Amendment 1</a> (2012, ban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Question_1,_2012" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Question 1, 2012">Maine Question 1</a> (2012, legalization)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Question_6" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Question 6">Maryland Question 6</a> (2012, legalization)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota_Amendment_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Minnesota Amendment 1">Minnesota Amendment 1</a> (2012, proposed ban defeated)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Referendum_74" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Referendum 74">Washington Referendum 74</a> (2012, legalization)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nevada_Question_2" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Nevada Question 2">Nevada Question 2</a> (2020, legalization)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_3" title="2024 California Proposition 3">California Proposition 3</a> (2024, legalization)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Colorado_Amendment_J" title="2024 Colorado Amendment J">Colorado Amendment J</a> (2024, legalization)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Hawaii_Amendment_1" title="2024 Hawaii Amendment 1">Hawaii Amendment 1</a> (2024, legalization)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>1: De facto ban, granted Legislature authority to ban same-sex marriage. Reversed in 2013 by the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Marriage_Equality_Act" title="Hawaii Marriage Equality Act">Hawaii Marriage Equality Act</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="LGBTQ_in_California276" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:LGBTQ_in_California" title="Template:LGBTQ in California"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:LGBTQ_in_California" title="Template talk:LGBTQ in California"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ_in_California" title="Special:EditPage/Template:LGBTQ in California"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="LGBTQ_in_California276" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_California" title="LGBTQ rights in California">LGBTQ in California</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Pride" title="San Francisco Pride">San Francisco Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At_the_Beach_LA" title="At the Beach LA">At the Beach LA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in California">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compton%27s_Cafeteria_riot" title="Compton's Cafeteria riot">Compton's Cafeteria riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscone%E2%80%93Milk_assassinations" title="Moscone–Milk assassinations">Moscone–Milk assassinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Night_riots" title="White Night riots">White Night riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castro_Sweep" title="Castro Sweep">Castro Sweep</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in California">Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1978_California_Proposition_6" title="1978 California Proposition 6">1978 California Proposition 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consenting_Adult_Sex_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Consenting Adult Sex Bill">Consenting Adult Sex Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_Education_Act" title="FAIR Education Act">FAIR Education Act</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Success_and_Opportunity_Act" title="School Success and Opportunity Act">School Success and Opportunity Act</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_Act_(California_law)" title="Safety Act (California law)">Safety Act</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger_and_LGBT_rights" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights">Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Same-sex_marriage_and_domestic_partnership121" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_California" title="Same-sex marriage in California">Same-sex marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_California" title="Domestic partnership in California">domestic partnership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_Partner_Task_Force" title="Domestic Partner Task Force">Domestic Partner Task Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_California_Proposition_22" title="2000 California Proposition 22">2000 California Proposition 22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_2004_same-sex_weddings" title="San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings">San Francisco 2004 same-sex weddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_re_Marriage_Cases" title="In re Marriage Cases">In re Marriage Cases</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">2008 California Proposition 8</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Post-election_events">Post-election events</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Protests">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_against_Proposition_8_supporters" title="Protests against Proposition 8 supporters">Other protests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss_v._Horton" title="Strauss v. Horton">Strauss v. Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollingsworth_v._Perry" title="Hollingsworth v. Perry">Hollingsworth v. Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golinski_v._Office_of_Personnel_Management" title="Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management">Golinski v. Office of Personnel Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_California_Proposition_3" title="2024 California Proposition 3">2024 California Proposition 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_DeFrank_Lesbian,_Gay,_Bisexual_and_Transgender_Community_Center" title="Billy DeFrank Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community Center">Billy DeFrank LGBT Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLBT_Historical_Society" title="GLBT Historical Society">GLBT Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_LGBT_Center" title="Los Angeles LGBT Center">Los Angeles LGBT Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONE_National_Gay_%26_Lesbian_Archives" title="ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives">ONE National Gay & Lesbian Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Archives_of_San_Diego" title="Lambda Archives of San Diego">Lambda Archives of San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Center_for_Human_Growth" title="Pacific Center for Human Growth">Pacific Center for Human Growth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Berkeley,_California" title="Berkeley, California">Berkeley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_LGBT_Community_Center" title="San Francisco LGBT Community Center">San Francisco LGBT Community Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Advocate_(magazine)" title="The Advocate (magazine)">The Advocate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Reporter" title="Bay Area Reporter">Bay Area Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Times" title="San Francisco Bay Times">San Francisco Bay Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Sentinel" title="San Francisco Sentinel">San Francisco Sentinel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:LGBTQ_in_California" title="Category:LGBTQ in California">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States465" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Same-sex unions in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Same-sex unions in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Same-sex unions in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States465" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex unions in the United States">Same-sex unions in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_responsibilities_of_marriages_in_the_United_States" title="Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States">Rights and responsibilities of marriages in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state_constitutional_amendments_banning_same-sex_unions" title="U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions">U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_state8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Colorado" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado">Recognition of same-sex unions in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas">Recognition of same-sex unions in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida">Recognition of same-sex unions in Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States">Marriage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="History of same-sex marriage in the United States">History of same-sex marriage in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of same-sex marriage in the United States">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_opinion_of_same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States" title="Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States">Public opinion of same-sex marriage in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_legislation_in_the_United_States" title="Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States">Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_territory(laws)82" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory (<a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_territory" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by territory">laws</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_status_in_the_United_States_by_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage status in the United States by state">State</a> (<a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_law_in_the_United_States_by_state" title="Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state">laws</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Alabama" title="Same-sex marriage in Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Alaska" title="Same-sex marriage in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Arizona" title="Same-sex marriage in Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Arkansas" title="Same-sex marriage in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_California" title="Same-sex marriage in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Colorado" title="Same-sex marriage in Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Connecticut" title="Same-sex marriage in Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Delaware" title="Same-sex marriage in Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Florida" title="Same-sex marriage in Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Same-sex marriage in Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Hawaii" title="Same-sex marriage in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Idaho" title="Same-sex marriage in Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Illinois" title="Same-sex marriage in Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Indiana" title="Same-sex marriage in Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Iowa" title="Same-sex marriage in Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Kansas" title="Same-sex marriage in Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Kentucky" title="Same-sex marriage in Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Louisiana" title="Same-sex marriage in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Maine" title="Same-sex marriage in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Maryland" title="Same-sex marriage in Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Massachusetts" title="Same-sex marriage in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Michigan" title="Same-sex marriage in Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Minnesota" title="Same-sex marriage in Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Mississippi" title="Same-sex marriage in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Missouri" title="Same-sex marriage in Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Montana" title="Same-sex marriage in Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Nebraska" title="Same-sex marriage in Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Nevada" title="Same-sex marriage in Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_Hampshire" title="Same-sex marriage in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_Jersey" title="Same-sex marriage in New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_Mexico" title="Same-sex marriage in New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_New_York" title="Same-sex marriage in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_North_Carolina" title="Same-sex marriage in North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_North_Dakota" title="Same-sex marriage in North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Ohio" title="Same-sex marriage in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Oklahoma" title="Same-sex marriage in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Oregon" title="Same-sex marriage in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Pennsylvania" title="Same-sex marriage in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Rhode_Island" title="Same-sex marriage in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_South_Carolina" title="Same-sex marriage in South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_South_Dakota" title="Same-sex marriage in South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Tennessee" title="Same-sex marriage in Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Texas" title="Same-sex marriage in Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Utah" title="Same-sex marriage in Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Vermont" title="Same-sex marriage in Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Virginia" title="Same-sex marriage in Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Washington_(state)" title="Same-sex marriage in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_West_Virginia" title="Same-sex marriage in West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Wisconsin" title="Same-sex marriage in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Wyoming" title="Same-sex marriage in Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_under_United_States_tribal_jurisdictions" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage under United States tribal jurisdictions">Tribal nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Navajo_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in the Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_by_Circuit_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage by Circuit Court">Circuit Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Fourth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in the Fourth Circuit">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Sixth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in the Sixth Circuit">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Seventh_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in the Seventh Circuit">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Ninth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in the Ninth Circuit">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Tenth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Same-sex marriage in the Tenth Circuit">Tenth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_American_Samoa" title="Same-sex marriage in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Same-sex marriage in the District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Guam" title="Same-sex marriage in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Same-sex marriage in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Same-sex marriage in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Same-sex marriage in the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Civil_unions_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil unions in the United States">Civil unions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic partnership in the United States">domestic partnerships</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cities_and_counties_in_the_United_States_offering_a_domestic_partnership_registry" title="Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry">Cities and counties in the United States offering a domestic partnership registry</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_state8" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_California" title="Domestic partnership in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_beneficiary_relationships_in_Hawaii" title="Reciprocal beneficiary relationships in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_Maine" title="Domestic partnership in Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_Ohio" title="Domestic partnership in Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_Oregon" title="Domestic partnership in Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_Washington_(state)" title="Domestic partnership in Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_partnership_in_Wisconsin" title="Domestic partnership in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Recognition_of_same-sex_relationships_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Recognition of same-sex relationships in the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(2007_←)_2008_California_elections_(→_2009)353" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2008_California_elections" title="Template:2008 California elections"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2008_California_elections" title="Template talk:2008 California elections"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2008_California_elections" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2008 California elections"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(2007_←)_2008_California_elections_(→_2009)353" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/Template:2007_California_elections" title="Template:2007 California elections">2007 ←</a>) 2008 California elections (<a href="/wiki/Template:2009_California_elections" title="Template:2009 California elections">→ 2009</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/February_2008_California_state_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="February 2008 California state elections">February primary election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Democratic_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 California Democratic primary">Democratic presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_Republican_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 California Republican primary">Republican presidential primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">Propositions</a>: <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_91" title="2008 California Proposition 91">91</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_92" title="2008 California Proposition 92">92</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_93" title="2008 California Proposition 93">93</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Propositions_94,_95,_96,_and_97" title="2008 California Propositions 94, 95, 96, and 97">94, 95, 96, and 97</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/June_2008_California_elections" title="June 2008 California elections">June primary election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">Propositions</a>: <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Propositions_98_and_99" title="2008 California Propositions 98 and 99">98 and 99</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/November_2008_California_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="November 2008 California elections">November general election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election_in_California" title="2008 United States presidential election in California">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_California" title="2008 United States House of Representatives elections in California">United States House of Representatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_State_Senate_election" title="2008 California State Senate election">State Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California_State_Assembly_election" title="2008 California State Assembly election">State Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_ballot_proposition" title="California ballot proposition">Propositions</a>: <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_1A" title="2008 California Proposition 1A">1A</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_2" title="2008 California Proposition 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_3" title="2008 California Proposition 3">3</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_4" title="2008 California Proposition 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_5" title="2008 California Proposition 5">5</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_6" title="2008 California Proposition 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_7" title="2008 California Proposition 7">7</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">8</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsy%27s_Law" title="Marsy's Law">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_10" title="2008 California Proposition 10">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_11" title="2008 California Proposition 11">11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2008_California_Proposition_12" title="2008 California Proposition 12">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_California_elections#55th_State_Assembly_district_special_election" title="February 2008 California elections">55th State Assembly district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_California%27s_12th_congressional_district_special_election" title="2008 California's 12th congressional district special election">12th congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_California_elections#12th_State_Senate_district_recall_election" title="June 2008 California elections">12th State Senate district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="February 2008 San Francisco general election">San Francisco general (February)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="June 2008 San Francisco general election">San Francisco general (June)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_2008_San_Francisco_general_election" title="November 2008 San Francisco general election">San Francisco general (November)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election" title="2008 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election">San Francisco Board of Supervisors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_R" class="mw-redirect" title="Measure R">Los Angeles Measure R</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_California_Proposition_8&oldid=1276223247">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2008_California_Proposition_8&oldid=1276223247</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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