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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soil_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soil_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Soil requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soil_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Climate requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seedbed_requirements_&_sowing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seedbed_requirements_&_sowing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Seedbed requirements & sowing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seedbed_requirements_&_sowing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertilization,_field_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilization,_field_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Fertilization, field management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilization,_field_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvest,_storage_and_yield" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvest,_storage_and_yield"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Harvest, storage and yield</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvest,_storage_and_yield-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pests and diseases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fungal_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fungal_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fungal diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fungal_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacterial_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacterial_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bacterial diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacterial_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virus_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virus_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Virus diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virus_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Insect_pests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Insect_pests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Insect pests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Insect_pests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_pests_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_pests_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other pests and diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_pests_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Napa cabbage</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81)" title="برند (ملفوف) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برند (ملفوف)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col_xinesa" title="Col xinesa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Col xinesa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekingsk%C3%A9_zel%C3%AD" title="Pekingské zelí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pekingské zelí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinak%C3%A5l" title="Kinakål – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kinakål" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinakohl" title="Chinakohl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chinakohl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekingi_lehtnaeris" title="Pekingi lehtnaeris – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pekingi lehtnaeris" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AD%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Κινέζικο λάχανο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κινέζικο λάχανο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa_pekinensis" title="Brassica rapa pekinensis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brassica rapa pekinensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekina_brasiko" title="Pekina brasiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pekina brasiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%88%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کاهوی چینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاهوی چینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9-tsa%C3%AF" title="Pé-tsaï – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pé-tsaï" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%B6%94" title="배추 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawi_putih" title="Sawi putih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sawi putih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavolo_di_Pechino" title="Cavolo di Pechino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cavolo di Pechino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawi_putih" title="Sawi putih – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sawi putih" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piche" title="Piche – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Piche" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekininis_kop%C5%ABstas" title="Pekininis kopūstas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pekininis kopūstas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADnai_kel" title="Kínai kel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kínai kel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ملفوف برند – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ملفوف برند" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubis_Cina" title="Kubis Cina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kubis Cina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_kool" title="Chinese kool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chinese kool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4" title="ハクサイ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハクサイ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napak%C3%A5l" title="Napakål – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Napakål" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pekin_karami" title="Pekin karami – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pekin karami" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapusta_w%C5%82a%C5%9Bciwa_peki%C5%84ska" title="Kapusta właściwa pekińska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kapusta właściwa pekińska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Пекинская капуста – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пекинская капуста" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/mamumuway" title="mamumuway – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="mamumuway" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Napa cabbage" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiinankaali" title="Kiinankaali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kiinankaali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinak%C3%A5l" title="Kinakål – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kinakål" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petsay" title="Petsay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Petsay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நபா இலைக்கோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நபா இலைக்கோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ผักกาดขาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ผักกาดขาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87in_lahanas%C4%B1" title="Çin lahanası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çin lahanası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Капуста пекінська – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Капуста пекінська" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%DB%90%D8%B3%D9%89%DB%8B%DB%90%D9%84%DB%95%D9%83" title="يېسىۋېلەك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يېسىۋېلەك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" 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Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hokusai" title="Hokusai">Hokusai</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biota"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above cultivar" style="background:palegreen;">Napa cabbage</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Napa_cabbages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Napa_cabbages.png/220px-Napa_cabbages.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Napa_cabbages.png/330px-Napa_cabbages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Napa_cabbages.png/440px-Napa_cabbages.png 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></th><td class="infobox-data binominal" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_rapa" title="Brassica rapa">Brassica rapa</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Cultivar_group" title="Cultivar group">Cultivar group</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">Pekinensis Group</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em; padding-right:0.5em;">Origin</th><td class="infobox-data" style="min-width:50%;line-height:1.3em;">China, before the 15th century</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Napa cabbage</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_rapa" title="Brassica rapa">Brassica rapa</a></i> subsp. <i>pekinensis,</i> or <i>Brassica rapa</i> Pekinensis Group) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">Chinese cabbage</a> originating near the <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> region of China that is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine#East_Asia" title="Asian cuisine">East Asian cuisine</a>. Since the 20th century, it has also become a widespread crop in Europe, the Americas, and Australia. In much of the world, it is referred to as "Chinese cabbage". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Regional names</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese.cabbage-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chinese.cabbage-01.jpg/220px-Chinese.cabbage-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chinese.cabbage-01.jpg/330px-Chinese.cabbage-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Chinese.cabbage-01.jpg/440px-Chinese.cabbage-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Napa cabbages</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C" class="extiw" title="wikt:大白菜">大白菜</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">big white vegetable</td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">dàbáicài</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ta<sup>4</sup>-pai<sup>2</sup>-ts'ai<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Cantonese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">紹菜</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">siuh choi</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">siu<sup>6</sup> coi<sup>3</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">배추</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">baechu</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="McCune–Reischauer transliteration"><i lang="ko-Latn">paech'u</i></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">白菜</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">はくさい</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hepburn_romanization" title="Hepburn romanization">Revised Hepburn</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">hakusai</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word "napa" in the name <b>napa cabbage</b> comes from colloquial and regional Japanese, where <i>nappa</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">菜っ葉</span></span>) refers to the leaves of any vegetable, especially when used as food.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese name for this specific variety of cabbage is <i><b>hakusai</b></i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">白菜</span></span>), a <a href="/wiki/Sino-Japanese_reading" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Japanese reading">Sino-Japanese reading</a> of the Chinese name <i><b>báicài</b></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白菜</span></span>), literally "white vegetable". The Korean name for napa cabbage, <i><b>baechu</b></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">배추</span></span>), is a nativized word from the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Korean_vocabulary" title="Sino-Korean vocabulary">Sino-Korean reading</a>, <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">baekchae</i></span>, of the same Chinese character sets. Today in Mandarin Chinese, napa cabbage is known as <i><b>dàbáicài</b></i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大白菜</span></span>), literally "big white vegetable", as opposed to the "small white vegetable" that is known in English as <a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">bok choy</a>. </p><p>Outside of Asia, this vegetable is also referred to as <b>Chinese cabbage</b> or sometimes <b>celery cabbage</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also known as <b>siu choy</b> (Cantonese <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">紹菜</span></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>wombok</b> in Australia<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>wong bok</b> or <b>won bok</b> in New Zealand, all corruptions of <b>wong ngaa baak</b> (Cantonese <span title="Yue Chinese-language text"><span lang="yue">黃芽白</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United Kingdom this vegetable is known as <b>Chinese leaf</b> or <b>winter cabbage</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the Philippines as <i><b>petsay</b></i> (from <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language text"><span lang="nan">白菜 (pe̍h-tshài)</span></span>) or <i><b>pechay baguio</b></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-AfableInc2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AfableInc2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another name used in English is <b>petsai</b> or <b>pe-tsai</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-prota_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prota-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ukraine it is called <span title="Ukrainian-language text"><i lang="uk-Latn"><b>pekins'ka kapusta</b></i></span> (<span title="Ukrainian-language text"><span lang="uk">пекінська капуста</span></span>), and in Poland - <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><b>kapusta pekińska</b></i></span>, literally "Beijing cabbage".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Sweden it is known as <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><b>salladskål</b></i></span> (salad cabbage) or sometimes <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv"><b>kinakål</b></i></span> (china cabbage). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first records of napa cabbage cultivation date back to the 15th century in the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> region in China. From China it later spread to Korea and Japan. Beginning in the 19th century with the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese diaspora">Chinese diaspora</a>, it was distributed to the rest of Asia, Europe, America as well as Australia. During the 19th century napa cabbage was first introduced to America from Europe and the supply of seed materials from Europe continued until <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After the blockade of the European seed supply, <a href="/wiki/US_government" class="mw-redirect" title="US government">US government</a> research institutes and the seed industry developed new seed stocks for vegetable crops. <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a> and <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> were the cabbage seed production areas during that time.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramchiary_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramchiary-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today it is cultivated and eaten throughout the world. </p><p>Napa cabbage might have originated from natural hybridization between <a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a> (<i>Brassica rapa subsp. rapa</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Pak-choi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pak-choi">pak-choi</a> (<i>Brassica rapa subsp. chinensis</i>). Artificial crosses between these two subspecies, as well as molecular data, strengthen this suggestion.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadowski_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadowski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The leaves, which are the harvested organ, lay side by side densely, are lime green coloured with white leaf veins and have a smooth surface. The vegetable has an oval form and weighs 1 to 3 kg (2.2 to 6.6 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leaves are organized in basal rosettes. The flowers are yellow and have a typical Brassicaceae cross-linked arrangement, hence the name Crucifereae, which means “cross-bearing”. Because the plant is harvested in an earlier stage than flowering, normally the flowers are not visible on the field.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It develops similar to other head-forming leaf vegetables, for example cabbage lettuce. The chronological stages on the BBCH-scale are germination, leaf formation, vegetative growth (head-forming), appearance of the sprout that bears the flowers, flowering, fruit development, seed ripening and senescence.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napa cabbage is an annual plant that reaches the generative period in the first year. It must be consumed in its vegetative period, so there is a challenge in cultivation not to reach the stadium of flowering. The stadium of flowering can be initiated by cold temperatures or the length of the day. Napa cabbage reproduces mainly by allogamy.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napa cabbage produces more leaves, bigger leaves and a higher biomass under long day conditions than under short day conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napa_Cabbage_%26_Tofu_soup_(%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B9%AF).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Napa_Cabbage_%26_Tofu_soup_%28%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B9%AF%29.jpg/220px-Napa_Cabbage_%26_Tofu_soup_%28%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B9%AF%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Napa_Cabbage_%26_Tofu_soup_%28%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B9%AF%29.jpg/330px-Napa_Cabbage_%26_Tofu_soup_%28%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B9%AF%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Napa_Cabbage_%26_Tofu_soup_%28%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B9%AF%29.jpg/440px-Napa_Cabbage_%26_Tofu_soup_%28%E7%99%BD%E8%8F%9C%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90%E6%B9%AF%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>Napa cabbage and tofu soup</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Chinese cabbage, raw</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">68 kJ (16 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">3.2 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">1.2 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.2 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">1.2 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">Vitamin C</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">30%</div> 27 mg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">6%</div> 77 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.31 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 9 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Napa cabbage is a cool season annual vegetable which grows best when the days are short and mild. The plant grows to an oblong shaped head consisting of tightly arranged crinkly, thick, light-green leaves with prominent white veins. Innermost layer leaves feature light yellow color.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napa cabbage belongs to the family <a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a>, commonly called the mustard or cabbage family. As a cruciferous plant it is closely related to species of <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i> like <a href="/wiki/Broccoli" title="Broccoli">broccoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">bok choy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clemson_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clemson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Napa cabbage is widely used in China, Japan, and Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napa cabbage is used as a sign of prosperity in China,<sup id="cite_ref-Klein2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often appears as a symbol in glass and porcelain figures. The <a href="/wiki/Jadeite_Cabbage" title="Jadeite Cabbage">Jadeite Cabbage</a> sculpture of Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/National_Palace_Museum" title="National Palace Museum">National Palace Museum</a> is a carving of a napa cabbage variety. It is also found in North American and Australian cities after Asian immigrants settled in the regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Fermented Napa cabbage (<a href="/wiki/Suan_cai" title="Suan cai">suan cai</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sauerkraut" title="Sauerkraut">sauerkraut</a>) is a traditional food in Northeast China.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a>, napa cabbage is the main ingredient of <i><a href="/wiki/Baechu-kimchi" title="Baechu-kimchi">baechu-kimchi</a></i>, the most common type of <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">kimchi</a>, but is also eaten raw as a wrap for pork or oysters, dipped in <a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">gochujang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vongerichten2011_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vongerichten2011-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outer, tougher leaves are used in soups. It can be used in <a href="/wiki/Stir-fry" class="mw-redirect" title="Stir-fry">stir-fry</a> with other ingredients, such as <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, mushroom and <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a>. It is also eaten with <a href="/wiki/Hot_pot" title="Hot pot">hot pot</a> meals. Napa cabbage is particularly popular in South Korea's northern <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Gangwon Province</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2012_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In European, American and Australian kitchens, it is more common to eat it cooked or raw as salad.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vegetable is rich in <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a> (26 mg/100g) and has a fair amount of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (40 mg/100g).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It tastes mildly aromatic.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napa cabbage can be cultivated in many different areas of the world, the main area of diversification represents Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Clemson_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clemson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soil_requirements">Soil requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Soil requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napa cabbage requires deeply loosened medium heavy soil. There must not be any compaction due to <a href="/wiki/Plowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Plowing">plowing</a>. The crop achieves particularly high yields on sandy loam. Extremely sandy or claylike soils are not suitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The crop prefers a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> range from 6.0 to 6.2, a high organic matter content and good moisture holding capacity of the soil. Lower pH or droughty soil can lead to calcium or magnesium deficiency and internal quality defects.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_requirements">Climate requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napa cabbage needs much water during the whole growth period.<sup id="cite_ref-Baggaley_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baggaley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often an irrigation system is needed, especially for August and September.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The required amount of water depends on the stage of crop growth, weather conditions, and soil type. The most critical stage after establishment is when the head is forming. Inadequate water at this time will result in reduced uptake of calcium. This condition causes dead leaf tips within the head which makes it unmarketable. During head formation, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>25 to 40 mm (1 to <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) of water per week is needed to maintain sustained growth rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Temperature requirements are low. Temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) are tolerated for short time periods; persistent frosts below −5 °C (23 °F) are not endured.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Too low temperature can induce premature bolting. The plants perform best under temperatures between 13 and 21 °C (55 and 70 °F), but depending on the cultivar.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seedbed_requirements_&_sowing"><span id="Seedbed_requirements_.26_sowing"></span>Seedbed requirements & sowing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Seedbed requirements & sowing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napa cabbage has very small seeds with a thousand kernel weight of about 2.5 to 2.8 g. For professional cultivation it is recommended to use disinfected seeds to prevent onset diseases. With the single-grain sowing technique, about 400 to 500 g of seeds per <a href="/wiki/Hectare" title="Hectare">hectare</a> is required; with the normal sowing technique, about 1 kg per hectare. If the normal sowing technique is used, the seedlings must be thinned out after two to four weeks. The seeds should be deposited 1 to 2 cm (0.39 to 0.79 in) deep, with a row width of 40 to 45 cm (16 to 18 in) and 25 to 30 cm (9.8 to 11.8 in) distance between the seeds.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The seedlings can be grown in the <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">greenhouse</a> and then transplanted into the field after two to three weeks. Earlier harvest can be achieved with this method. Seventy thousand to 80,000 seedlings per hectare are required.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baggaley_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baggaley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transplanting method is normally used for the spring crop and the seeding technique for the fall crop.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilization,_field_management"><span id="Fertilization.2C_field_management"></span>Fertilization, field management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fertilization, field management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nutrient removal of napa cabbage is high:<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>150–200 kg N per hectare</li> <li>80–120 kg P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> per hectare</li> <li>180–250 kg K<sub>2</sub>O per hectare</li> <li>110–150 kg Ca per hectare</li> <li>20–40 kg Mg per hectare</li></ul> <p>Fertilizer recommendations are in the range of the nutrient removal.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Baggaley_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baggaley-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organic fertilizer must be applied before sowing due to the short cultivation time of napa cabbage and the slow availability of organic fertilizers. Synthetic N fertilizer should be applied in three equal doses. The last application must happen before two thirds of the cultivation time is over to avoid quality losses during storage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Weeds should be controlled mechanically or chemically.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvest,_storage_and_yield"><span id="Harvest.2C_storage_and_yield"></span>Harvest, storage and yield</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Harvest, storage and yield"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonghai_Xian_-_Gaoda_Daizu_Yizu_Xiang_-_P1360659.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tonghai_Xian_-_Gaoda_Daizu_Yizu_Xiang_-_P1360659.JPG/220px-Tonghai_Xian_-_Gaoda_Daizu_Yizu_Xiang_-_P1360659.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tonghai_Xian_-_Gaoda_Daizu_Yizu_Xiang_-_P1360659.JPG/330px-Tonghai_Xian_-_Gaoda_Daizu_Yizu_Xiang_-_P1360659.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Tonghai_Xian_-_Gaoda_Daizu_Yizu_Xiang_-_P1360659.JPG/440px-Tonghai_Xian_-_Gaoda_Daizu_Yizu_Xiang_-_P1360659.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Harvested napa cabbage being loaded on a truck in <a href="/wiki/Tonghai_County" title="Tonghai County">Tonghai County</a>, Yunnan</figcaption></figure> <p>Napa cabbage can be harvested 8–12 weeks after sowing. The harvest work is mostly done by hand. The plant is cut 2.5 cm (0.98 in) above the ground. It is usual to harvest several times per field to achieve consistent cabbage quality. Cabbages will keep in good condition for three to four months in cool stores at 0–1 °C (32–34 °F) and 85 to 90 percent relative humidity.<sup id="cite_ref-Buschbaum_14-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buschbaum-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napa cabbage achieves a yield of 4 to 5 kg/m<sup>2</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clemson_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clemson-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Brassica rapa</i> species are diploid and have 10 chromosomes. A challenge for breeding of napa cabbage is the variable self-incompatibility. The self-incompatibility activity was reported to change by temperature and humidity. In vitro pollination with 98% relative humidity proved to be the most reliable as compared to greenhouse pollination.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A lot of work has already been done on breeding of napa cabbage. In the 21st century, 880 varieties of Napa cabbage were registered by the Korea Seed and Variety Service.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadowski_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadowski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Breeding of napa cabbage was started by the Korean government research station of horticultural demonstration in 1906 to overcome starvation. As napa cabbage and radish are the main vegetables for kimchi, research focused on increasing yield. The most important person for this process was <a href="/wiki/Dr._Woo_Jang-choon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. Woo Jang-choon">Dr. Woo Jang-choon</a> who bred hybrid cultivars with self-incompatibility and contributed to commercial breeding by developing valuable materials and educating students. The main purpose of the hybrid cultivar was high yield and year-round production of napa cabbage after 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadowski_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadowski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To enable year round production of napa cabbage, it has to be modified to tolerate high and low temperatures. Normally, sowing in the late summer and harvesting in late autumn can produce high quality vegetables. As an example, a summer cultivar called “Nae-Seo-beak-ro” was developed 1973 by a commercial seed company. It tolerates high temperatures, could endure high humidity in the monsoon, and showed resistance to viral disease, soft rot and downy mildew. The low temperature in early spring reduces the quality of the vegetable and it cannot be used for kimchi. In the 1970s the developing of winter cultivars started. The majority of new cultivars could not endure the cold winter conditions and disappeared. The cultivar “Dong-Pung” (meaning “east wind”) was developed in 1992 and showed a high resistance to cold temperature. It is mostly used in Korea, where fresh napa cabbage is nowadays cultivated year round.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramchiary_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramchiary-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1970s, one seed company developed the rose-shape heading variety while other seed companies focused on the semi-folded heading type. As a result of continuous breeding in the commercial seed companies and the government research stations, farmers could now select what they wanted from among various high quality hybrids of Chinese cabbage.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadowski_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadowski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall season cultivar 'Yuki', with white ribs and tight leaf folding, gained the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society" title="Royal Horticultural Society">RHS</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit" title="Award of Garden Merit">Award of Garden Merit</a> (AGM) in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-RHSveg_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHSveg-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988, the first cultivar with yellow inner leaf was introduced. This trait has prevailed until today.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadowski_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadowski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A very important breeding aim is to get varieties with resistance to pests and diseases. There exist varieties with resistance to turnip mosaic virus but as mentioned above, there exist numerous other diseases. There have been attempts to breed varieties with clubroot resistance or powdery mildew resistance but the varieties failed due to bad leaf texture traits or broken resistances.<sup id="cite_ref-Sadowski_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sadowski-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests_and_diseases">Pests and diseases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fungal_diseases">Fungal diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fungal diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Alternaria</i> diseases are caused by the organisms <i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_brassicae" title="Alternaria brassicae">Alternaria brassicae</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_brassicicola" title="Alternaria brassicicola">Alternaria brassicicola</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria_japonica" title="Alternaria japonica">Alternaria japonica</a></i>. Their English names are black spot (not to be confused with midrib 'pepper spots' which are physiological in origin and often result from improper storage), pod spot, gray leaf spot, dark leaf spot or <i>Alternaria</i> blight. The symptoms can be seen on all aboveground plant parts as dark spots. The infected plants are shrivelled and smaller than normal. Alternaria diseases infect almost all brassica plants, the most important hosts are oilseed brassicas. The fungus is a facultative parasite, what means that it can survive on living hosts as well as on dead plant tissue. Infected plant debris is in most circumstances the primary source of inoculum. The spores can be dispersed by wind to host plants in the field or to neighbouring brassica crops. This is why cross infections often occur in areas where different brassica crops are cultivated in close proximity. The disease spreads especially fast when the weather is wet and the plants have reached maturity. <i>Alternaria brassicae</i> is well adapted to temperate regions while <i>Alternaria brassicicola</i> occurs primarily in warmer parts of the world. Temperature requirement for <i>Alternaria japonica</i> is intermediate.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There exist some wild accessions of <i>Brassica rapa</i> subsp. <i>pekinensis</i> with resistance to <i>Alternaria brassicae</i> but not on commercial cultivars. These resistances should be included to breeding programmes. <i>Alternaria</i> epidemics are best avoided by management practices like at least 3 years non-host crops between brassica crops, incorporation of plant debris into the soil to accelerate decomposition and usage of disease-free seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anhracnose is a brassica disease caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Colletotrichum_higginsianum" title="Colletotrichum higginsianum">Colletotrichum higginsianum</a></i> that is especially damaging on napa cabbage, pak choi, turnip, rutabaga and tender green mustard. The symptoms are dry pale gray to straw spots or lesions on the leaves. The recommended management practices are the same as for <i>Alternaria</i> diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black root is a disease that infects mainly radish, but it also occurs on many other brassica vegetables inclusively napa cabbage. It caused by the fungus <i><a href="/wiki/Aphanomyces_raphani" title="Aphanomyces raphani">Aphanomyces raphani</a></i>. The pathogen can persist for long times in the soil, therefore crop rotations are an essential management tool.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>White leaf spot is found primarily in temperate climate regions and is important on vegetable brassicas and oilseed rape. The causal organism is <i><a href="/wiki/Mycosphaerella_capsellae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosphaerella capsellae">Mycosphaerella capsellae</a></i>. The symptoms are white spots on leaves, stems and pods and can thus easily be confused with those of <a href="/wiki/Downy_mildew" title="Downy mildew">downy mildew</a>. The disease spreads especially fast with rain or moisture and temperature is between 10 and 15 °C (50 and 59 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yellows, also called <a href="/wiki/Fusarium_wilt" title="Fusarium wilt">Fusarium wilt</a>, is another <i>Brassica</i> disease that infects oilseed rape, cabbage, mustards, Napa cabbage and other vegetable brassicas. It is only a problem in regions with warm growing seasons where soil temperatures are in the range of 18 to 32 °C. The causal organism is <i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_oxysporum" title="Fusarium oxysporum">Fusarium oxysporum</a> </i>f. sp.<i> conlutinans</i>. Napa cabbage is relatively tolerant to the disease; mostly the only external symptoms are yellowing of lower, older leaves. The disease is soil borne and can survive for many years in the absence of a host. Most cruciferous weeds can serve as alternate hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Damping-Off" class="mw-redirect" title="Damping-Off">Damping-Off</a> is a disease in temperate areas caused by soil inhabiting <a href="/wiki/Oomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Oomycetes">oomycetes</a> like <i><a href="/wiki/Phytophthora_cactorum" title="Phytophthora cactorum">Phytophthora cactorum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pythium" title="Pythium">Pythium</a></i> spp. The disease concerns seedlings, which often collapse and die.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other diseases that infect napa cabbage: </p> <ul><li>black leg or phoma stem cancer: <i><a href="/wiki/Leptosphaeria_maculans" title="Leptosphaeria maculans">Leptosphaeria maculans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clubroot" title="Clubroot">clubroot</a>: <i>Plasmodiophora brassicae</i></li> <li>Downy mildew: <i><a href="/wiki/Hyaloperonospora_brassicae" title="Hyaloperonospora brassicae">Hyaloperonospora brassicae</a></i></li> <li>Powdery mildew: <i><a href="/wiki/Erysiphe_cruciferarum" title="Erysiphe cruciferarum">Erysiphe cruciferarum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia_solani" title="Rhizoctonia solani">Rhizoctonia solani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sclerotinia_sclerotiorum" title="Sclerotinia sclerotiorum">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial_diseases">Bacterial diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bacterial diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacterial soft rot is considered one of the most important diseases of vegetable brassicas. The disease is particularly damaging in warm humid climate. The causal organisms are <i><a href="/wiki/Erwinia_carotovora" class="mw-redirect" title="Erwinia carotovora">Erwinia carotovora</a></i> var. <i>carotovora</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_marginalis" title="Pseudomonas marginalis">Pseudomonas marginalis</a></i> pv. <i>marginalis</i>. The rot symptoms can occur in the field, on produce transit or in storage. Bacteria survive mainly on plant residues in the soil. They are spread by insects and by cultural practices, such as irrigation water and farm machinery. The disease is tolerant to low temperatures; it can spread in storages close to 0 °C, by direct contact and by dripping onto the plants below. Bacterial soft rot is more severe on crops which have been fertilized too heavily with nitrogen, had late nitrogen applications, or are allowed to become over-mature before harvesting.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black rot, the most important disease of vegetable brassicas, is caused by <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_campestris_pv._campestris" title="Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris"><i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>campestris</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virus_diseases">Virus diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Virus diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>source:<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucumber_mosaic_virus" title="Cucumber mosaic virus">Cucumber mosaic virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radish_mosaic_virus" title="Radish mosaic virus">Radish mosaic virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribgrass_mosaic_virus" title="Ribgrass mosaic virus">Ribgrass mosaic virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip_crinkle_virus" title="Turnip crinkle virus">Turnip crinkle virus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardamine_chlorotic_fleck_virus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardamine chlorotic fleck virus (page does not exist)">Cardamine chlorotic fleck virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip_mosaic_virus" title="Turnip mosaic virus">Turnip mosaic virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip_yellow_mosaic_virus" title="Turnip yellow mosaic virus">Turnip yellow mosaic virus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Insect_pests">Insect pests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Insect pests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>source:<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kirk_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kirk-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>large white butterfly <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pieris_brassicae" title="Pieris brassicae">Pieris brassicae</a>)</i></li> <li>cabbage root fly <i>(<a href="/wiki/Delia_radicum" title="Delia radicum">Delia radicum</a>)</i></li> <li>cabbage seed weevil (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceutorhynchus_assimilis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceutorhynchus assimilis (page does not exist)">Ceutorhynchus assimilis</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage_looper" title="Cabbage looper">cabbage looper</a></li> <li>cabbage beetle (<i><a href="/wiki/Colaphellus_bowringi" title="Colaphellus bowringi">Colaphellus bowringi</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamondback_moth" title="Diamondback moth">diamondback moth</a></li> <li>small white butterfly <i>(<a href="/wiki/Pieris_rapae" title="Pieris rapae">Pieris rapae</a>)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aphids">aphids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucumber_beetles" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucumber beetles">cucumber beetles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stink_bugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Stink bugs">stink bugs</a></li> <li>Vegetable <a href="/wiki/Weevils" class="mw-redirect" title="Weevils">weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mole_crickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole crickets">Mole crickets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutworms" class="mw-redirect" title="Cutworms">cutworms</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_pests_and_diseases">Other pests and diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other pests and diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Aster_yellows" title="Aster yellows">Aster yellows</a> is a disease caused by a <a href="/wiki/Phytoplasma" title="Phytoplasma">phytoplasm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nematodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Nematodes">Nematodes</a> are disease agents that are often overlooked but they can cause considerable yield losses. The adult nematodes have limited active movement but their eggs contained within cysts (dead females) are readily spread with soil, water, equipment or seedlings.<sup id="cite_ref-Rimmer_29-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rimmer-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parasitic nematode species that cause damage on napa cabbage: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Heterodera_schachtii" title="Heterodera schachtii">Heterodera schachtii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meloidogyne_hapla" class="mw-redirect" title="Meloidogyne hapla">Meloidogyne hapla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacobbus_batatiformis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacobbus batatiformis">Nacobbus batatiformis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rotylenchulus_reniformis" title="Rotylenchulus reniformis">Rotylenchulus reniformis</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabemono" title="Nabemono">Nabemono</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b><small><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/48px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/64px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></small></b></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oed.com">"Oxford English Dictionary nappa, n.2"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary+nappa%2C+n.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foed.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/celery+cabbage">"Chi′nese cab′bage"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chi%E2%80%B2nese+cab%E2%80%B2bage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2Fcelery%2Bcabbage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinesefood.about.com/od/vegetablesrecipes/ig/Chinese-Vegetables-Pictures/Chinese_Cabbage_Photo.htm">"Chinese Cabbage"</a>. <i>chinesefood.about.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=chinesefood.about.com&rft.atitle=Chinese+Cabbage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinesefood.about.com%2Fod%2Fvegetablesrecipes%2Fig%2FChinese-Vegetables-Pictures%2FChinese_Cabbage_Photo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/wombok">"Wombok"</a>. 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wombok&rft.date=2022-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fwombok&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cantonese.sheik.co.uk/dictionary/words/3958/">"黃芽白 (Wong4 ngaa4 baak6 | ) : Napa cabbage; chinese cabbage - CantoDict"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E9%BB%83%E8%8A%BD%E7%99%BD+%28Wong4+ngaa4+baak6+%26%23124%3B+%29+%3A+Napa+cabbage%3B+chinese+cabbage+-+CantoDict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cantonese.sheik.co.uk%2Fdictionary%2Fwords%2F3958%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan,_Terry" class="citation book cs1">Tan, Terry. <i>A Little Chinese Cookbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_Books" title="Chronicle Books">Chronicle Books</a>. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Little+Chinese+Cookbook&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.au=Tan%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AfableInc2004-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AfableInc2004_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAfable2004" class="citation book cs1">Afable, Patricia O. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hCJwAAAAMAAJ"><i>Japanese pioneers in the northern Philippine highlands: a centennial tribute, 1903-2003</i></a>. Filipino-Japanese Foundation of Northern Luzon, Inc. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-92973-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-92973-0-7"><bdi>978-971-92973-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+pioneers+in+the+northern+Philippine+highlands%3A+a+centennial+tribute%2C+1903-2003&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Filipino-Japanese+Foundation+of+Northern+Luzon%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-971-92973-0-7&rft.aulast=Afable&rft.aufirst=Patricia+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhCJwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prota-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prota_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toxopeus, H & Baas, J (2004) Brassica rapa L.. - In: Grubben, G.J.H. & Denton, O.A. 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S., Shattuck, V. I., & Buchwaldt, L. (2007). Compendium of Brassica Diseases. St. Paul: American Phytopathological Society.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ackermann, I., Funk, M., Hintze, C., Joachimi, A., Potzkai, G., Rieger, W., et al. (1993). Feldgemüsebau : Buschbohnen, Chinakohl, Dicke Bohnen, Erbsen, Einlegegurken, Grünkohl, Knollensellerie, Kohlrabi, Kopfkohl, Kopfsalat, Möhren, Porree, Rote Beete, Schälgurken, Spargel, Spinat, Zwiebeln . Münster-Hiltrup: Landwirtschaftsverlag.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RHSveg-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RHSveg_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/207958/i-Brassica-rapa-i-(Pekinensis-Group)-Yuki/Details">"Brassica rapa (Pekinensis Group) 'Yuki'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brassica+rapa+%28Pekinensis+Group%29+%27Yuki%27&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft.date=2018-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2FPlants%2F207958%2Fi-Brassica-rapa-i-%28Pekinensis-Group%29-Yuki%2FDetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirk-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kirk_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk, W. D. (1992). Insects on cabbages and oilseed rape. Richmond Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZhuWangWang2015" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Xiao-Ming; Zhu, Xiu-Yun; Wang, Zhi-Qiang; Wang, Yi; He, Peng; Chen, Geng; Sun, Liang; Deng, Dao-Gui; Zhang, Ya-Nan (2 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667470">"Candidate chemosensory genes identified in Colaphellus bowringi by antennal transcriptome analysis"</a>. <i>BMC Genomics</i>. <b>16</b>: 1028. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12864-015-2236-3">10.1186/s12864-015-2236-3</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4667470">4667470</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26626891">26626891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Genomics&rft.atitle=Candidate+chemosensory+genes+identified+in+Colaphellus+bowringi+by+antennal+transcriptome+analysis&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=1028&rft.date=2015-12-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4667470%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26626891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12864-015-2236-3&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiao-Ming&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xiu-Yun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Zhi-Qiang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yi&rft.au=He%2C+Peng&rft.au=Chen%2C+Geng&rft.au=Sun%2C+Liang&rft.au=Deng%2C+Dao-Gui&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Ya-Nan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4667470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapa+cabbage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napa_cabbage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brassica_rapa_subsp._pekinensis" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis">Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brassica" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brassica" title="Template:Brassica"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brassica" title="Template talk:Brassica"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brassica" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brassica"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brassica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_carinata" title="Brassica carinata">Brassica carinata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_elongata" title="Brassica elongata">Brassica elongata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_fruticulosa" title="Brassica fruticulosa">Brassica fruticulosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_hilarionis" title="Brassica hilarionis">Brassica hilarionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_juncea" title="Brassica juncea">Brassica juncea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_napus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brassica napus">Brassica napus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_oleracea" title="Brassica oleracea">Brassica oleracea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_rapa" title="Brassica rapa">Brassica rapa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brassica_tournefortii" title="Brassica tournefortii">Brassica tournefortii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultivars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bomdong" title="Bomdong">Bomdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canola" class="mw-redirect" title="Canola">Canola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cabbage" title="Chinese cabbage">Chinese cabbage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">Bok choy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Napa cabbage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choy_sum" title="Choy sum">Choy sum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">Collard greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">Kohlrabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">Mustard plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanohana" title="Nanohana">Nanohana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapeseed" title="Rapeseed">Rapeseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapini" title="Rapini">Rapini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutabaga" title="Rutabaga">Rutabaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_greens_(Brassica_oleracea)" title="Spring greens (Brassica oleracea)">Spring greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatsoi" title="Tatsoi">Tatsoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turnip" title="Turnip">Turnip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_of_U" title="Triangle of U">Triangle of U</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brassica" title="Category:Brassica">Brassica</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Brassicaceae" title="Category:Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist" style="font-size:88%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae" title="Brassicaceae">Brassicaceae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables" title="Cruciferous vegetables">Cruciferous vegetables</a>)</b>: <a href="/wiki/Template:Brassica" title="Template:Brassica">Brassica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Cruciferous_Biochemistry" title="Template:Cruciferous Biochemistry">Cruciferous Biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brassicaceae#Genera" title="Brassicaceae">genera (list)</a></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Brassica rapa <span style="font-style:normal;">subsp.</span> pekinensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13360268" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q13360268">Q13360268</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Brassica_rapa_subsp._pekinensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis">Brassica rapa subsp. pekinensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id39224">39224</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3042735">3042735</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=319636">319636</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/953222-1">953222-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=51351">51351</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/6c711304-97f3-417e-b4c7-fb5426b4e5c0">6c711304-97f3-417e-b4c7-fb5426b4e5c0</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=733997">733997</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A953222-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:953222-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=610921">610921</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Sinapis pekinensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50863368" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q50863368">Q50863368</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/3042739">3042739</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=33979">33979</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/289052-1">289052-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/0264a9f7-de68-4ad9-a4c7-077ad524bafc">0264a9f7-de68-4ad9-a4c7-077ad524bafc</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A289052-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:289052-1</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/4102965">4102965</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Flora_Online" title="World Flora Online">WFO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001217506">wfo-0001217506</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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