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[o]" accesskey="o"> Hasi saioa</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi">gehiago ikasi</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y">Ekarpenak</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n">Eztabaida</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Historia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erredox_erreakzioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erredox_erreakzioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Erredox erreakzioak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erredox_erreakzioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pila_elektrokimikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pila_elektrokimikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Pila elektrokimikoa </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pila_elektrokimikoa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Erakutsi/ezkutatu Pila elektrokimikoa azpiatal </button> <ul id="toc-Pila_elektrokimikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Daniell_pila" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Daniell_pila"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Daniell pila </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Daniell_pila-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pila_motak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pila_motak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Pila motak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pila_motak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kontzentraziozko_pilak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontzentraziozko_pilak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Kontzentraziozko pilak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontzentraziozko_pilak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difusiozko_pilak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difusiozko_pilak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Difusiozko pilak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difusiozko_pilak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erredukzio-potentzialak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erredukzio-potentzialak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Erredukzio-potentzialak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erredukzio-potentzialak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zelula_elektrokimikoen_termodinamika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zelula_elektrokimikoen_termodinamika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Zelula elektrokimikoen termodinamika </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zelula_elektrokimikoen_termodinamika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nernst-en_ekuazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nernst-en_ekuazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nernst-en ekuazioa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nernst-en_ekuazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oharrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oharrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Oharrak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oharrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Erreferentziak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliografia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Kanpo estekak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Elektrokimika</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 74 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 hizkuntza </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrochemie" title="Elektrochemie – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elektrochemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء كهربائية – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء كهربائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Electroquímica – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Electroquímica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimya" title="Elektrokimya – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Elektrokimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="الکتروشیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الکتروشیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimika" title="Elektrokimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elektrokimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Электрахімія – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Электрахімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Электрахімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Электрахімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Електрохимия – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрохимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="তড়িৎ-রসায়ন – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তড়িৎ-রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohemija" title="Elektrohemija – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Elektrohemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Electroquímica – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Electroquímica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="کیمیای کارەبایی – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیای کارەبایی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrochemie" title="Elektrochemie – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Elektrochemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrocemeg" title="Electrocemeg – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Electrocemeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrochemie" title="Elektrochemie – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elektrochemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ηλεκτροχημεία – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλεκτροχημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Electrochemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokemio" title="Elektrokemio – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektrokemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Electroquímica – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Electroquímica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokeemia" title="Elektrokeemia – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elektrokeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="الکتروشیمی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکتروشیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A4hk%C3%B6kemia" title="Sähkökemia – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sähkökemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lectrochimie" title="Électrochimie – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Électrochimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrogemy" title="Elektrogemy – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elektrogemy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Electroquímica – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Electroquímica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia – gorontaloera" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Elektrokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="gorontaloera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="אלקטרוכימיה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלקטרוכימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="विद्युत्-रसायन – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्युत्-रसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokemija" title="Elektrokemija – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elektrokemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrok%C3%A9mia" title="Elektrokémia – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Elektrokémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Էլեկտրաքիմիա – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլեկտրաքիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elektrokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elettrochimica" title="Elettrochimica – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Elettrochimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B0%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="電気化学 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電気化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Электрохимия – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Электрохимия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="전기화학 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전기화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemia" title="Electrochemia – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Electrochemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrochimie" title="Elektrochimie – luxenburgera" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Elektrochimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxenburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletruchimica" title="Eletruchimica – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Eletruchimica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektro%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Elektroķīmija – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elektroķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Електрохемија – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Електрохемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Цахилгаан хими – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан хими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Elektrokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတုဗေဒ – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrochemie" title="Elektrochemie – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elektrochemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokjemi" title="Elektrokjemi – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Elektrokjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroquimia" title="Electroquimia – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Electroquimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrochemia" title="Elektrochemia – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Elektrochemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eletroqu%C3%ADmica" title="Eletroquímica – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eletroquímica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochimie" title="Electrochimie – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Electrochimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Электрохимия – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрохимия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alittroch%C3%ACmica" title="Alittrochìmica – siziliera" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Alittrochìmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siziliera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Electrochemistry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokemija" title="Elektrokemija – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elektrokemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electrochemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektroch%C3%A9mia" title="Elektrochémia – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Elektrochémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu nabarmenduak"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokemija" title="Elektrokemija – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elektrokemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimia" title="Elektrokimia – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elektrokimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrohemija" title="Elektrohemija – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Elektrohemija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ktrokimia" title="Éléktrokimia – sundanera" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éléktrokimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokemi" title="Elektrokemi – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Elektrokemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்வேதியியல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="ไฟฟ้าเคมี – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไฟฟ้าเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimya" title="Elektrokimya – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elektrokimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Електрохімія – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електрохімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="برقی کیمیاء – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برقی کیمیاء" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimyo" title="Elektrokimyo – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Elektrokimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_h%C3%B3a" title="Điện hóa – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện hóa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrokimika" title="Elektrokimika – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elektrokimika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="电化学 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电化学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="电化学 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电化学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-h%C3%B2a-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Tiān-hòa-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-hòa-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" 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decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SS-faraday.jpg/330px-SS-faraday.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SS-faraday.jpg/440px-SS-faraday.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="1035" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, elektrokimikaren aitatzat hartzen den ingeles kimikaria</figcaption></figure> Elektrokimika <a href="/wiki/Energia_elektriko" title="Energia elektriko">energia elektrikoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Energia_kimiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Energia kimiko">energia kimikoaren</a> arteko konbertsioa ikertzen duen <a href="/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika">kimikaren</a> adarra da. Erreakzio kimikoen bidez elektrizitatea lor daiteke; hori da piletan edo baterietan gertatzen dena. Bestalde, korronte elektriko batek bultza dezake erreakzio kimiko bat; adibidez elektrolisian. Bi kasuetan ematen diren erreakzioek erreakzio elektrokimiko izena hartzen dute. Erreakzio elektrokimiko hauek ioi positiboek negatiboekin duten elkarrekintzan oinarritzen dira: ioi negatiboak ioi positiboak erakarri egiten ditu, korronte elektrikoa sortuz. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historia">Historia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Historia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Historia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/XVIII._mendea" title="XVIII. mendea">XVIII</a>. mende amaieran, <a href="/wiki/Argien_Garaia" title="Argien Garaia">ilustrazio</a> garaian, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> anatomista eta mediku italiarrak definitu zuen lehenengoz elektrokimika kontzeptua modu zientifiko batean igelen hanketatik elektrizitatea pasatzen zela ohartu zenean. Ondorengo ekarpenak <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> fisikari italiarrak egin zituen lehen bateria sortu zuenean. <a href="/wiki/XIX._mendea" title="XIX. mendea">XIX. mende</a> erdialdean <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>-ek eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Daniell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Daniell (sortu gabe)">John Daniell</a>-ek elektrokimikaren azterketa egin eta zenbait kontzeptu argitu zituzten. Mende amaieran elektrokimikak zenbait alorretan eragin zuen, hala nola, elektrolitoen eroankortasunean eta baterien modelatze matematikoan. <a href="/wiki/XX._mendea" title="XX. mendea">XX. mende</a>tik aurrera elektrokimikak zenbait aurkikuntza ekarri zituen, besteak beste, elektroiaren karga aurkitu zen, Bronsted eta Lowry azido eta baseen teoria modernoa ezarri zen eta medikuntza zein biologian gai ugari ikertu ahal izan ziren, esaterako, <a href="/wiki/Elektroforesi" title="Elektroforesi">elektroforesia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erredox_erreakzioak">Erredox erreakzioak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erredox erreakzioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Erredox erreakzioak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Erredox erreakzioak espezie kimikoen arteko <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a>en transferentzian oinarritzen diren erreakzio kimikoak dira. Espezieetako batek elektroiak galduko ditu, hau da, oxidatu egingo da. Elektroien galera horrek bere oxidazio zenbakia positiboagoa izatea eragingo du. Beste espezieak, ordea, irabazi egingo ditu elektroiak: erreduzitu egingo da. Bere oxidazio zenbakia, beraz, negatiboagoa bihurtuko da. Espezie bat oxidatzen deneko erreakzioari oxidazio deritzogu eta espeziea erreduzitu egin bada erredukzio. Honakoa erredox erreakzio baten adibidea da: Cu2+ + Zn <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Zn2+ + Cu Erreakzio totala bi erdierreakziotan bana dezakegu: Cu2+ + 2e- <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Cu (erredukzioa) Zn <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Zn2+ + 2e- (oxidazioa) Kupre katioiak bi elektroi irabazi ditu <a href="/wiki/Kobre" title="Kobre">kupre</a> metalikora pasatzeko eta alderantziz, <a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink">zink</a> metalikoak bi elektroi galdu ditu. Zinkaren oxidazioak kuprearen erredukzioa ahalbideratu duenez, zinkak erreduktore moduan jokatu duela esaten dugu. Bestalde, kuprea oxidatzaile gisa aritu da, zink metalikoaren oxidazioa eragin duelako. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pila_elektrokimikoa">Pila elektrokimikoa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pila elektrokimikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pila elektrokimikoa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Pila elektrokimikoa erreakzio kimikoetatik abiatuz energia elektrikoa lortzea ahalbidetzen duen gailua da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Daniell_pila">Daniell pila</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Daniell pila»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Daniell pila">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Daniell.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Daniell.png/220px-Daniell.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Daniell.png/330px-Daniell.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Daniell.png/440px-Daniell.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="785" /></a><figcaption>Zelula galbanikoaren diagrama eskematikoa. Elektroiak zinkezko elektrodotik kuprezko elektrodora pasatzen dira.</figcaption></figure> Zink metaliko zati bat jartzen badugu CuSO4 disoluzio batean bi erreakzio gertatuko dira: batetik, zink metalikoa disolbatu egingo da Zn2+ katioi moduan, eta bestetik, disoluzioan zeuden Cu2+ ioiak kupre metalikora erreduzituko dira elektrodoan. Erredox errakzio hau bat batekoa izango da: Cu2+ + Zn <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Zn2+ + Cu Denbora pasa ahala, disoluzioaren urdin kolorea argituz joango da. Honen antzera, kupre metalikozko alanbre bat jartzen badugu AgNO3 disoluzio batean, zilar metalikoa sortuko da honen gainean eta disoluzioa urdinduz joango da Cu2+ ioi hidratatuen presentziaren eraginez. Demagun oraingoan zink eta kupre metalikoa jartzen ditugula konpartimentu ezberdinetan. Konpartimentu batean ZnSO4 disoluzioa egongo da eta bestean CuSO4, irudian ikus daitekeen moduan. Disoluzioak gatz zubi batez lotzen dira. Gatz zubia disoluzio elektrolitiko geldoa duen hodi bat da, KCl -zkoa adibidez. Hodiaren ertzak agar-agarra bezalako material likatsu batekin estaltzen dira, disoluzioak nahas ez daitezen. Elektrodoak alanbre metaliko batez lotzen badira, elektroiak zinkezko elektrodotik kuprezko elektrodora pasako dira. Izan ere, zinka oxidatu egingo da ezkerreko konpartimentuan eta Zn2+ ioiak sortuko dira, elektroiekin batera. Elektroi horiek eragiten duten korrontearen bidez, Cu2+ ioiak kupre metalikora erreduzituko dira kuprezko elektrodoan. Oxidatu den elektrodoari, kasu honetan zinkezkoari, anodo deitzen diogu. Erreduzitu denari, berriz, katodoa. Gatz zubiaren helburua zirkuitu elektrikoa osatzea da, elektroien mugimendua ahalbidetzen duelarik. Deskribatutako pila Daniell zelula bezala ezagutzen da eta zelula galbanikoaren edo boltaikoren adibide esanguratsuena da. Zelula galbanikoen funtzionamendua erredox erreakzioetan oinarritzen da. Zink eta kuprezko kasuan, erredox erreakzioak bi erdierreakzio gisa adieraz daitezke: Anodoa: Zn(s) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Katodoa: Cu2+(aq) + 2e- <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Cu(s) Danielen pilaren diagrama honako hau da: Zn(s) | ZnSO4(1.00M) || CuSO4(1.00M) | Cu(s) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pila_motak">Pila motak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Pila motak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Pila motak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Pilak transferentziazkoak eta transferentziarik gabekoak izan daitezke. Transferentziazko piletan pareta porotsu edo gatz-zubia dago bi disoluzioen artean. Transferentziarik gabeko piletan, aldiz, elektrolito amankomuna dute eta pilaerdien artean ez dago banaketarik. Transferentziazko pilen artean, aipagarria da kontzentraziozko pila. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kontzentraziozko_pilak">Kontzentraziozko pilak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kontzentraziozko pilak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Kontzentraziozko pilak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Mota honetako pila baten elektrodoak metal berdinarekin osatutakoak dira eta bi disoluzioetan dauden katioiak berdinak izango dira. Bien arteko diferentzia disoluzioen kontzentrazioa da. Esaterako, ZnSO4 -ren kontzentraziozko pila aztertuko dugu. Zn(s) | ZnSO4(0.10M) || ZnSO4(1.0M) | Zn(s) Katodoan zink metalikoa sortuko da, disoluzioko katioiak kontsumituz. Anodoan, ordea, zink metalikoa oxidatzen denez katioiak areagotzen dira. Bi disoluzio horiek kontzentrazioak berdintzeko joera izango dutenez, katodoan izan beharko dugu katioien kontzentrazio handiena eta anodoan txikiena. Horrela, erredox erreakzioak aurrera doazen heinean katodoko kontzentrazioa txikitu eta anodokoa handituko da, bi kontzentrazioak berdindu arte. Egoera horretara heltzean, pilak ez du lanik egingo. Honakoak dira erdierreakzioak: Anodoa: Zn(s) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Zn2+(0.10M) + 2e- Katodoa: Zn2+(1.0M) + 2e- <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Zn(s) Osoa: Zn2+(1.0M) <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> Zn2+(0.10M) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Difusiozko_pilak">Difusiozko pilak</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Difusiozko pilak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Difusiozko pilak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Difusiozko pilak gai kimikoaren zabalkuntzak katioien eta anioien arteko elkarrekintza ahalbidetzen duenean gertatzen da, anodoaren eta katodoaren arteko orekara heldu arte. Gai kimokoaren kontzentrazioa faktore garrantzitsua da erreakzioan, zabalkuntza eragingo den ala ez. Oraindik asko aplikatzen ez diren pilak dira, eta esperimentazio fasean daude ibilgailu elektrikoetan, baino etorkizun handia dute difusio prozesuak gai kimikoaren pisua arindu egiten duelako. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erredukzio-potentzialak">Erredukzio-potentzialak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erredukzio-potentzialak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Erredukzio-potentzialak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Pila baten potentziala, Epila, bi pilaerdien artean sortzen den potentzial diferentzia da. Potentzial diferentzia hori baldintza estandarretan neurtu denean, potentzial diferentzia estandar deritzogu: E0. Elektrodo bakoitzaren erredukzio potentziala izango bagenu, katodoaren E0 eta anodoaren E0, alegia, bien arteko diferentzia kalkulatuz pila osoaren potentzial estandarra kalkulatuko genuke. Baina pilaerdi isolatu bakoitzaren potentziala ez denez neurgarria, beti beharko ditugu bi elektrodo eta beraien arteko potentzial diferentzia kalkulatuko dugu. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Standard_hydrogen_electrode_2009-02-06.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Standard_hydrogen_electrode_2009-02-06.svg/200px-Standard_hydrogen_electrode_2009-02-06.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Standard_hydrogen_electrode_2009-02-06.svg/300px-Standard_hydrogen_electrode_2009-02-06.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Standard_hydrogen_electrode_2009-02-06.svg/400px-Standard_hydrogen_electrode_2009-02-06.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="627" /></a><figcaption>Hidrogenozko elektrodo estandarra.</figcaption></figure> Arazoa saihesteko, hidrogenoaren elektrodoa erreferentziazko elektrodotzat hartu da eta bere potentzial estandarra 0 izatea erabaki da hitzarmenez. Horrela, edozein pilaerdiren eta hidrogenozko pilaerdiaren artean sortzen den potentzial diferentzia izango da jakin nahi dugun elektrodo isolatu horren erredukzio potentziala. H+(aq) + e- <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a11cfb2fdb143693b1daf78fcb5c11a023cb1c55" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:1.999ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2}}}">H2 (g) E0=0V Hidrogenozko elektrodoan platinozko xafla bat sartzen da disoluzio azido batean eta elektrodoaren gainazalean hidrogeno gaseosoaren korronte bat pasarazten da (1bar). Platinoaren gainazalak gasa adsorbatuko du. Elektrodo baten potentziala jakiteko, beraz, hidrogenozko elektrodoaz baliatuko gara. Gure muntaia neurtu nahi dugun elektrodoaren eta hidrogenoaren arteko pila bat izango da. Pila horretan sortzen den potentzial diferentzia elektrodo ezezagunaren potentzialaren modulua izango da. Hidrogenozko elektrodoak anodo gisa funtzionatzen badu, beste elektrodoan eman da erredukzioa; beraz, hidrogenoa baino erredukzio-ahalmen handiagoa du eta ondorioz, bere erredukzio-potentziala positiboa izango da. Hidrogenoaren elektrodoa katodo gisa aritu bada, ordea, neurtu nahi dugun elektrodoaren potentzialaren balioa negatiboa izango da. Honako taula honetan zenbait elektrodoren erredukzio potentzial estandarrak (E0) ageri dira: <table class="wikitable sortable" cellpadding="10"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" class="unsortable"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erreakzioerdi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erreakzioerdi (sortu gabe)">erreakzioerdi</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">E° (V) </th> <th rowspan="2" class="unsortable noprint">Ref. </th></tr> <tr> <th>Oxidant </th> <th class="unsortable">⇌ </th> <th>Reductant </th></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td>& </td> <td class="noprint">-9 </td></tr> <tr style="display:none"> <td>Zz </td> <td class="noprint">9 </td></tr> <tr class="Unicode"> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio">Sr</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio">Sr</a> </td> <td>−4.101 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ca+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio">Ca</a> </td> <td>−3.8 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio">Pr</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pr2+ </td> <td>−3.1 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 <a href="/wiki/Nitrogeno" title="Nitrogeno">N2</a>(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_azide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen azide (sortu gabe)">HN3</a>(aq) </td> <td>−3.09 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Gre-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">Li</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">Li</a>(s) </td> <td>−3.0401 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-atkinshriver-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_gas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogen gas (sortu gabe)">N2</a>(g) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilamina" title="Hidroxilamina">NH2OH</a>(aq) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−3.04 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Gre-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zesio" title="Zesio">Cs</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zesio" title="Zesio">Cs</a>(s) </td> <td>−3.026 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio_hidroxido" title="Kaltzio hidroxido">Ca(OH)2</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio">Ca</a> + 2 OH− </td> <td>−3.02 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio">Er</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Er2+ </td> <td>−3.0 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bario_hidroxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bario hidroxido (sortu gabe)">Ba(OH)2</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a> + 2 OH− </td> <td>−2.99 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio">Rb</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidio" title="Rubidio">Rb</a>(s) </td> <td>−2.98 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio">K</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potasio" title="Potasio">K</a>(s) </td> <td>−2.931 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bario" title="Bario">Ba</a>(s) </td> <td>−2.912 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">La</a>(OH)3(s) + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">La</a>(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−2.90 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frantzio" title="Frantzio">Fr</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frantzio" title="Frantzio">Fr</a> </td> <td>−2.9 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio">Sr</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio">Sr</a>(s) </td> <td>−2.899 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sr(OH)2 + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sr + 2 OH− </td> <td>−2.88 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio">Ca</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kaltzio" title="Kaltzio">Ca</a>(s) </td> <td>−2.868 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-atkinshriver-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">Li</a>+ + C6(s) + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Litio" title="Litio">LiC6</a>(s) </td> <td>−2.84 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio">Eu</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Eu(s) </td> <td>−2.812 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">Ra</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ra(s) </td> <td>−2.8 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio">Ho</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ho2+ </td> <td>−2.8 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelio" title="Berkelio">Bk</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Bk2+ </td> <td>−2.8 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio">Yb</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Yb </td> <td>−2.76 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodio" title="Sodio">Na</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Na(s) </td> <td>−2.71 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mg </td> <td>−2.70 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio">Nd</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Nd2+ </td> <td>−2.7 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a>(OH)2 + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mg + 2 OH− </td> <td>−2.690 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario">Sm</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sm </td> <td>−2.68 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio">Be</a>2O32− + 3 H2O + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Be + 6 OH− </td> <td>−2.63 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio">Pm</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pm2+ </td> <td>−2.6 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio">Dy</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Dy2+ </td> <td>−2.6 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelio" title="Nobelio">No</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>No </td> <td>−2.50 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio">Hf</a>O(OH)2 + H2O + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Hf + 4 OH− </td> <td>−2.50 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">Th</a>(OH)4 + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Th + 4 OH− </td> <td>−2.48 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevio" title="Mendelevio">Md</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Md </td> <td>−2.40 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio">Tm</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Tm </td> <td>−2.4 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lantano" title="Lantano">La</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>La(s) </td> <td>−2.379 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Itrio" title="Itrio">Y</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Y(s) </td> <td>−2.372 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio">Mg</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mg(s) </td> <td>−2.372 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio">Zr</a>O(OH)2(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Zr(s) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−2.36 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van92-3">[3]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio">Pr</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pr </td> <td>−2.353 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zerio_(elementua)" title="Zerio (elementua)">Ce</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ce </td> <td>−2.336 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio">Er</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Er </td> <td>−2.331 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio">Ho</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ho </td> <td>−2.33 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H2<a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">Al</a>O3− + H2O + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Al + 4 OH− </td> <td>−2.33 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio">Nd</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Nd </td> <td>−2.323 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio">Tm</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Tm </td> <td>−2.319 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Al(OH)3(s) + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Al(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−2.31 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samario" title="Samario">Sm</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sm </td> <td>−2.304 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio">Fm</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>−2.30 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerizio" title="Amerizio">Am</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Am2+ </td> <td>−2.3 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio">Dy</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Dy </td> <td>−2.295 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutezio" title="Lutezio">Lu</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Lu </td> <td>−2.28 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbio" title="Terbio">Tb</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Tb </td> <td>−2.28 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinio" title="Gadolinio">Gd</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Gd </td> <td>−2.279 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hidrogeno" title="Hidrogeno">H2</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 H− </td> <td>−2.23 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio">Es</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Es </td> <td>−2.23 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prometio" title="Prometio">Pm</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pm </td> <td>−2.2 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tulio" title="Tulio">Tm</a>3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Tm2+ </td> <td>−2.2 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Disprosio" title="Disprosio">Dy</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Dy </td> <td>−2.2 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aktinio" title="Aktinio">Ac</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ac </td> <td>−2.20 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iterbio" title="Iterbio">Yb</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Yb </td> <td>−2.19 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio">Cf</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>−2.12 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodimio" title="Neodimio">Nd</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Nd </td> <td>−2.1 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmio" title="Holmio">Ho</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ho </td> <td>−2.1 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eskandio" title="Eskandio">Sc</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sc(s) </td> <td>−2.077 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexafluoroaluminate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexafluoroaluminate (sortu gabe)">AlF63−</a> + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium">Al</a> + 6 F− </td> <td>−2.069 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerizio" title="Amerizio">Am</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Am </td> <td>−2.048 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kurio" title="Kurio">Cm</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cm </td> <td>−2.04 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio">Pu</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pu </td> <td>−2.031 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodimio" title="Praseodimio">Pr</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pr </td> <td>−2.0 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbio" title="Erbio">Er</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Er </td> <td>−2.0 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio">Eu</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Eu </td> <td>−1.991 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrentzio" title="Lawrentzio">Lr</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>−1.96 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalifornio" title="Kalifornio">Cf</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>−1.94 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinio" title="Einsteinio">Es</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Es </td> <td>−1.91 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protaktinio" title="Protaktinio">Pa</a>4+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pa3+ </td> <td>−1.9 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amerizio" title="Amerizio">Am</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Am </td> <td>−1.9 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">Th</a>4+ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Th </td> <td>−1.899 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermio" title="Fermio">Fm</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>−1.89 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunio" title="Neptunio">Np</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Np </td> <td>−1.856 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berilio" title="Berilio">Be</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Be </td> <td>−1.847 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H2PO2− + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>P + 2 OH− </td> <td>−1.82 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">U</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>U </td> <td>−1.798 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrontzio" title="Estrontzio">Sr</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amalgam_(chemistry)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amalgam (chemistry) (sortu gabe)">Sr/Hg</a> </td> <td>−1.793 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H2BO3− + H2O + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>B + 4 OH− </td> <td>−1.79 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium dioxide (sortu gabe)">ThO2</a> + 4H+ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Th + 2 H2O </td> <td>−1.789 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnio" title="Hafnio">Hf</a>O2+ + 2 H+ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Hf + H2O </td> <td>−1.724 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>HPO32− + 2 H2O + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>P + 5 OH− </td> <td>−1.71 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">Si</a>O32− + H2O + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Si + 6 OH− </td> <td>−1.697 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminio" title="Aluminio">Al</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Al(s) </td> <td>−1.662 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanio" title="Titanio">Ti</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ti(s) </td> <td>−1.63 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirconio_dioxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zirconio dioxido (sortu gabe)">ZrO2</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Zr(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−1.553 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirkonio" title="Zirkonio">Zr4+</a> + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Zr(s) </td> <td>−1.45 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ti3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ti(s) </td> <td>−1.37 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-si-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanio(II)_oxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanio(II) oxido (sortu gabe)">TiO</a>(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ti(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−1.31 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(III)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(III) oxide (sortu gabe)">Ti2O3</a>(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 TiO(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−1.23 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Zn(OH)42− + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Zn(s) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−1.199 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganeso" title="Manganeso">Mn</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mn(s) </td> <td>−1.185 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">Fe</a>(CN)64− + 6ḥ + 2 e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fe(s) + 6HCN(aq) </td> <td>−1.16 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_fe-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">Te</a>(s) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Te2− </td> <td>−1.143 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banadio" title="Banadio">V</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>V(s) </td> <td>−1.13 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobio" title="Niobio">Nb</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Nb(s) </td> <td>−1.099 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Eztainu" title="Eztainu">Sn</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>SnH4(g) </td> <td>−1.07 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon dioxide (sortu gabe)">SiO</a>2(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Si(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.91 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boric acid (sortu gabe)">B(OH)</a>3(aq) + 3ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>B(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.89 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fe(OH)2(s) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fe(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−0.89 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_fe-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fe2O3(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2Fe(OH)2(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−0.86 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_fe-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2+ + 2ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ti(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.86 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2<a href="/w/index.php?title=Water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water (sortu gabe)">H2O</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H2(g) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−0.8277 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuth (sortu gabe)">Bi</a>(s) + 3ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuthine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuthine (sortu gabe)">BiH3</a> </td> <td>−0.8 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Zn(Hg) </td> <td>−0.7628 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zink" title="Zink">Zn</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Zn(s) </td> <td>−0.7618 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_pentoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum pentoxide (sortu gabe)">Ta2O5</a>(s) + 10ḥ + 10e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum (sortu gabe)">Ta</a>(s) + 5 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.75 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kromo" title="Kromo">Cr</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cr(s) </td> <td>−0.74 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_sulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver sulfide (sortu gabe)">Ag2S</a>(s) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2Ag(s) + <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulphur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulphur (sortu gabe)">S</a>2−(aq) </td> <td>−0.69 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[Au(CN)<a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Sub2" title="Txantiloi:Sub2">Txantiloi:Sub2</a>]− + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a>(s) + 2 CN− </td> <td>−0.60 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ta3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ta(s) </td> <td>−0.6 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PbO(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pb(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−0.58 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 TiO2(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ti2O3(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.56 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Galio" title="Galio">Ga</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ga(s) </td> <td>−0.53 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>U4+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>U3+ </td> <td>−0.52 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypophosphorous_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypophosphorous acid (sortu gabe)">H3PO2</a>(aq) + ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>P(white)<a href="#cite_note-rwP-12">[note 1]</a> + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.508 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H3PO3(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H3PO2(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.499 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorous_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorous acid (sortu gabe)">H3PO3</a>(aq) + 3ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>P(red)<a href="#cite_note-rwP-12">[note 1]</a> + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.454 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Burdina" title="Burdina">Fe</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fe(s) </td> <td>−0.44 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon dioxide (sortu gabe)">CO2</a>(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxalic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxalic acid (sortu gabe)">HOOCCOOH</a>(aq) </td> <td>−0.43 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cr3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cr2+ </td> <td>−0.42 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio">Cd</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cd(s) </td> <td>−0.40 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanium_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanium dioxide (sortu gabe)">GeO2</a>(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>GeO(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.37 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobre(I)_oxido&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kobre(I) oxido (sortu gabe)">Cu2O</a>(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Cu(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>−0.360 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead(II)_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead(II) sulfate (sortu gabe)">PbSO4</a>(s) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead (sortu gabe)">Pb</a>(s) + SO42− </td> <td>−0.3588 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PbSO4(s) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pb(Hg) + SO42− </td> <td>−0.3505 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europio" title="Europio">Eu3+</a> + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Eu2+ </td> <td>−0.35 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indio" title="Indio">In</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>In(s) </td> <td>−0.34 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Talio" title="Talio">Tl</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Tl(s) </td> <td>−0.34 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanio" title="Germanio">Ge</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>GeH4(g) </td> <td>−0.29 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kobalto" title="Kobalto">Co</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Co(s) </td> <td>−0.28 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphoric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphoric acid (sortu gabe)">H3PO4</a>(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H3PO3(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.276 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>V3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>V2+ </td> <td>−0.26 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nikel" title="Nikel">Ni</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ni(s) </td> <td>−0.25 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arseniko" class="mw-redirect" title="Arseniko">As</a>(s) + 3ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsine (sortu gabe)">AsH3</a>(g) </td> <td>−0.23 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_iodide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver iodide (sortu gabe)">AgI</a>(s) + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ag(s) + I− </td> <td>−0.15224 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdenum_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdenum dioxide (sortu gabe)">MoO</a>2(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mo(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.15 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silizio" title="Silizio">Si</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>SiH4(g) </td> <td>−0.14 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sn2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sn(s) </td> <td>−0.13 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxigeno" title="Oxigeno">O</a>2(g) + ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>HO2•(aq) </td> <td>−0.13 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berun" title="Berun">Pb</a>2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pb(s) </td> <td>−0.126 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(IV) oxide (sortu gabe)">WO2</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungsten">W</a>(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.12 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fosforo" title="Fosforo">P</a>(red) + 3ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphine (sortu gabe)">PH3</a>(g) </td> <td>−0.111 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> CO2(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formic acid (sortu gabe)">HCOOH</a>(aq) </td> <td>−0.11 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenio" title="Selenio">Se</a>(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H2Se(g) </td> <td>−0.11 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> CO2(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>CO(g) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.11 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin(II)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin(II) oxide (sortu gabe)">SnO</a>(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sn(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.10 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tin_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tin dioxide (sortu gabe)">SnO2</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>SnO(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.09 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tungsten(VI)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tungsten(VI) oxide (sortu gabe)">WO3</a>(aq) + 6ḥ + 6e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>W(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.09 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphorus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphorus (sortu gabe)">P</a>(white) + 3ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphine (sortu gabe)">PH3</a>(g) </td> <td>−0.063 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fe3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fe(s) </td> <td>−0.04 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_fe-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formic acid (sortu gabe)">HCOOH</a>(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formaldehyde (sortu gabe)">HCHO</a>(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>−0.03 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#d0d0FF; font-weight: bold"> <td> 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H2(g) </td> <td>0.0000 </td> <td class="noprint">= 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver bromide (sortu gabe)">AgBr</a>(s) + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ag(s) + Br− </td> <td>+0.07133 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrathionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrathionate (sortu gabe)">S4O62−</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thiosulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thiosulfate (sortu gabe)">S2O32−</a> </td> <td>+0.08 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetite (sortu gabe)">Fe3O4</a>(s) + 8ḥ + 8e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>3 Fe(s) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.085 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Pou-13">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogen (sortu gabe)">N2</a>(g) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 6ḥ + 6e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonium_hydroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ammonium hydroxide (sortu gabe)">NH4OH</a>(aq) </td> <td>+0.092 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury(II)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury(II) oxide (sortu gabe)">HgO</a>(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Hg(l) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>+0.0977 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cu(NH3)42+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cu(NH3)2+ + 2 NH3 </td> <td>+0.10 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruthenium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruthenium (sortu gabe)">Ru(NH3)63+</a> + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ru(NH3)62+ </td> <td>+0.10 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrazine (sortu gabe)">N2H4</a>(aq) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 NH4+ + 4 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>+0.11 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Gre-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molybdic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molybdic acid (sortu gabe)">H2MoO4</a>(aq) + 6ḥ + 6e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mo(s) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.11 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ge4+ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ge(s) </td> <td>+0.12 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon (sortu gabe)">C</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methane (sortu gabe)">CH4</a>(g) </td> <td>+0.13 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formaldehyde (sortu gabe)">HCHO</a>(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methanol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methanol (sortu gabe)">CH3OH</a>(aq) </td> <td>+0.13 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfur (sortu gabe)">S</a>(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H2S(g) </td> <td>+0.14 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sn4+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sn2+ </td> <td>+0.15 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper (sortu gabe)">Cu</a>2+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cu+ </td> <td>+0.159 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> HSO4− + 3ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>SO2(aq) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.16 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uranyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uranyl (sortu gabe)">UO22+</a> + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>UO2+ </td> <td>+0.163 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> SO42− + 4ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>SO2(aq) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.17 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>TiO2+ + 2ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ti3+ +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.19 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>SbO+ + 2ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Sb(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.20 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver_chloride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver chloride (sortu gabe)">AgCl</a>(s) + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ag(s) + Cl− </td> <td>+0.22233 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> H3AsO3(aq) + 3ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>As(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.24 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>GeO(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ge(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.26 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>UO2+ + 4ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>U4+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.273 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenium (sortu gabe)">Re</a>3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Re(s) </td> <td>+0.300 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bi3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Bi(s) </td> <td>+0.308 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cu2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cu(s) </td> <td>+0.337 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>VO2+ + 2ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>V3+ +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.34 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> [Fe(CN)6]3− + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>[Fe(CN)6]4− </td> <td>+0.36 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrocene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrocene (sortu gabe)">Fc</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fc(s) </td> <td>+0.4 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O2(g) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>4 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a>(aq) </td> <td>+0.401 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> H2MoO4 + 6ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mo3+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.43 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> CH3OH(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>CH4(g) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.50 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> SO2(aq) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>S(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.50 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cu+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cu(s) </td> <td>+0.520 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carbon_monoxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carbon monoxide (sortu gabe)">CO</a>(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>C(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.52 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>I3− + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>3 I− </td> <td>+0.53 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodine (sortu gabe)">I</a>2(s) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 I− </td> <td>+0.54 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> [AuI4]− + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) + 4 I− </td> <td>+0.56 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> H3AsO4(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H3AsO3(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.56 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> [AuI<a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Sub2" title="Txantiloi:Sub2">Txantiloi:Sub2</a>]− + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) + 2 I− </td> <td>+0.58 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MnO4− + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>MnO2(s) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>1.692 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>S2O32 − + 6ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 S(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.60 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> H2MoO4(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>MoO2(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.65 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2<a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Fe2O3</a>(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetite (sortu gabe)">Fe3O4</a>(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.66 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Pang2007-15">[14]</a>:p.100 </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/P-Benzoquinone" title="P-Benzoquinone"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1%2C4-Benzochinon.svg/70px-1%2C4-Benzochinon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1%2C4-Benzochinon.svg/105px-1%2C4-Benzochinon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1%2C4-Benzochinon.svg/140px-1%2C4-Benzochinon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="50" /></a> + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hydrochinon2.svg/110px-Hydrochinon2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hydrochinon2.svg/165px-Hydrochinon2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Hydrochinon2.svg/220px-Hydrochinon2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="80" /></a> </td> <td>+0.6992 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O2(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_Peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen Peroxide (sortu gabe)">H2O2</a>(aq) </td> <td>+0.70 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tl3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Tl(s) </td> <td>+0.72 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PtCl62− + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>PtCl42− + 2 Cl− </td> <td>+0.726 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> H2SeO3(aq) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Se(s) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.74 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>PtCl42− + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pt(s) + 4 Cl− </td> <td>+0.758 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fe3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fe2+ </td> <td>+0.77 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silver&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silver (sortu gabe)">Ag</a>+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ag(s) </td> <td>+0.7996 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(element)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (element) (sortu gabe)">Hg</a>22+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Hg(l) </td> <td>+0.80 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrate (sortu gabe)">NO3−</a>(aq) + 2ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogen dioxide (sortu gabe)">NO2</a>(g) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.80 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrate (sortu gabe)">FeO42−</a> + 5 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 6e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fe2O3(s) + 10  <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>+0.81 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_fe-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> [AuBr4]− + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) + 4 Br− </td> <td>+0.85 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hg2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Hg(l) </td> <td>+0.85 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> [IrCl6]2− + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>[IrCl6]3− </td> <td>+0.87 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-atkinshriver-4">[4]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MnO4− + ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>HMnO4− </td> <td>+0.90 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Hg2+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Hg22+ </td> <td>+0.91 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium">Pd2+</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pd(s) </td> <td>+0.915 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> [AuCl4]− + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) + 4 Cl− </td> <td>+0.93 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Fe2O3</a>(s) + 6ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrous (sortu gabe)">Fe2+</a> + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.94 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Pang2007-15">[14]</a>:p.100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MnO2(s) + 4ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mn3+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+0.95 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrate (sortu gabe)">NO3−</a>(aq) + 4ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogen oxide (sortu gabe)">NO</a>(g) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a>(l) </td> <td>+0.958 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[AuBr<a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Sub2" title="Txantiloi:Sub2">Txantiloi:Sub2</a>]− + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) + 2 Br− </td> <td>+0.96 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[HXeO6]3− + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 2e− + </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>[HXeO4]− + 4  <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>+0.99 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_xe-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[VO2]+(aq) + 2ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadyl_ion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadyl ion (sortu gabe)">[VO]2+</a>(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.0 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-17">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telluric_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telluric acid (sortu gabe)">H6TeO6</a>(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>TeO2(s) + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.02 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Cotton-17">[16]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Br2(l) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Br− </td> <td>+1.066 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Br2(aq) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Br− </td> <td>+1.0873 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetite (sortu gabe)">Fe3O4</a>(s) + 8ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>3<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrous&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrous (sortu gabe)">Fe2+</a> + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.09 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Pang2007-15">[14]</a>:p.100 </td></tr> <tr> <td> IO3− + 5ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>HIO(aq) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.13 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> [AuCl<a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Sub2" title="Txantiloi:Sub2">Txantiloi:Sub2</a>]− + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) + 2 Cl− </td> <td>+1.15 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> HSeO4− + 3ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>H2SeO3(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.15 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ag2O(s) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Ag(s) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.17 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ClO3− + 2ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>ClO2(g) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.18 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[HXeO6]3− + 5 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 8 e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Xe(g) + 11 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>+1.18 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_xe-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinum (sortu gabe)">Pt2+</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pt(s) </td> <td>+1.188 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ClO2(g) + ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>HClO2(aq) </td> <td>+1.19 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2 IO3− + 12ḥ + 10e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>I2(s) + 6 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.20 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ClO4− + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>ClO3− +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.20 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>O2(g) + 4ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.229 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MnO2(s) + 4ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mn2+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.23 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>[HXeO4]− + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> + 6 e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Xe(g) + 7 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>+1.24 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_xe-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tl3+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Tl+ </td> <td>+1.25 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cr2O72− + 14ḥ + 6e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Cr3+ + 7 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.33 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cl2(g) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Cl− </td> <td>+1.36 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CoO2(s) + 4ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Co3+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.42 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydroxylamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydroxylamine (sortu gabe)">NH3OH+</a> + ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrazine (sortu gabe)">N2H5+</a> + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.42 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Gre-2">[2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2 HIO(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>I2(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.44 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BrO3− + 5ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>HBrO(aq) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.45 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lead_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lead dioxide (sortu gabe)">β-PbO2</a>(s) + 4ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pb2+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.460 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> α-PbO2(s) + 4ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pb2+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.468 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2 BrO3− + 12ḥ + 10e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Br2(l) + 6 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.48 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2ClO3− + 12ḥ + 10e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cl2(g) + 6 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.49 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> HClO(aq) + ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cl−(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.49 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-CRC-1">[1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MnO4− + 8ḥ + 5e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Mn2+ + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.51 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> HO2• + ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a>2(aq) </td> <td>+1.51 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Au3+ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) </td> <td>+1.52 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NiO2(s) + 4ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ni2+ + 2 <a href="/wiki/Hidroxilo" title="Hidroxilo">OH−</a> </td> <td>+1.59 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ce4+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ce3+ </td> <td>+1.61 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> 2 HClO(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Cl2(g) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.63 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ag2O3(s) + 6ḥ + 4e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 Ag+ + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.67 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> HClO2(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>HClO(aq) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.67 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pb4+ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Pb2+ </td> <td>+1.69 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Permanganate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Permanganate (sortu gabe)">MnO4−</a> + 4ḥ + 3e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manganese(IV)_oxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manganese(IV) oxide (sortu gabe)">MnO2</a>(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.70 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>AgO(s) + 2ḥ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ag+ +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.77 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_peroxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen peroxide (sortu gabe)">H2O2</a>(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.78 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Co3+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Co2+ </td> <td>+1.82 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Au+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Au(s) </td> <td>+1.83 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>BrO4− + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>BrO3− +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+1.85 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ag2+ + e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Ag+ </td> <td>+1.98 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peroxodisulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peroxodisulfate (sortu gabe)">S2O82−</a> + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulfate (sortu gabe)">SO42−</a> </td> <td>+2.010 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-van-7">[7]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ozono" title="Ozono">O3</a>(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>O2(g) +  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+2.075 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar2-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td> HMnO4− + 3ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>MnO2(s) + 2 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+2.09 </td> <td class="noprint"> </td></tr> <tr> <td>XeO3(aq) + 6ḥ + 6 e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Xe(g) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+2.12 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_xe-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H4XeO6(aq) + 8ḥ + 8 e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Xe(g) + 6  <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+2.18 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_xe-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ferrate (sortu gabe)">FeO42−</a> + 3e− + 8ḥ </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Fe3+ + 4 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+2.20 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-wou-18">[17]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>XeF2(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) </td> <td>+2.32 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_xe-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>H4XeO6(aq) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>XeO3(aq) + 3 <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">H2O</a> </td> <td>+2.42 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-webelements_xe-16">[15]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluorine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluorine (sortu gabe)">F</a>2(g) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 F− </td> <td>+2.87 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-atkinshriver-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atk-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>F2(g) + 2ḥ + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td>2 HF(aq) </td> <td>+3.05 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-10">[10]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krypton_difluoride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krypton difluoride (sortu gabe)">KrF2</a>(aq) + 2e− </td> <td>⇌ </td> <td> Kr(g) + 2 F−(aq) </td> <td>+3.27 </td> <td class="noprint"><a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zelula_elektrokimikoen_termodinamika">Zelula elektrokimikoen termodinamika</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zelula elektrokimikoen termodinamika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Zelula elektrokimikoen termodinamika">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Pila baten potentzial diferentzia erreakzioaren energia askearen aldaketarekin zuzenki lotuta dago, ekuazio honek adierazten duen moduan: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}=-nFE^{0}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msup> <mi>G</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>F</mi> <msup> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}=-nFE^{0}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/85b093fdf93e5f0644243c23080800613fb8b5e5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.707ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta G^{0}=-nFE^{0}}"> n: trukatu den elektroi kopurua. ΔG0: energia askearen aldaketa baldintza estandarretan. F: Faraday konstantea (96485 C/mol) E0: pilaren potentzial estandarra Erreakzio bat presio eta tenperatura konstantepean ematen denean, energia askearen aldaketaren zeinuak adieraziko digu prozesua berezkoa izango den edo ez. Aldaketa horren balioa negatiboa baldin bada erreakzioa berezkoa izango da. F eta n-ren balioak positiboak direla kontutan hartzen badugu, E0 balioak positiboa izan beharko du ΔG0 negatiboa izan dadin. Zelula elektrokimiko bati dagokion energia elektrokimikoa ΔrG duen zelula batekin erlazionatu ahal izateko, zelulak itzulkorra izan behar du. Kanpotik potentzial bat gehituko bagenu zelularen potentzial berekoa baina zeinuz kontrakoa, ez litzateke erreakziorik gertatuko. Aldiz, kanpoko potentzialaren balioa infinitesimalki handitu edota txikituko bagenu zelularen berezko edo alderantzizko erreakzioa gertatuko litzateke. Baldintza hauek betetzen dituen edozein zelula itzulkorra dela esaten da. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nernst-en_ekuazioa">Nernst-en ekuazioa</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Nernst-en ekuazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Nernst-en ekuazioa">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> Nernst-en ekuazioa baldintza estandarretatik (1 M, 1 atm, 25 °C) kanpo dagoen pila baten potentziala kalkulatzeko erabiltzen da. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Nernst" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Nernst">Walther Hermann Nernst</a> kimikari alemaniarrak formulatu zuen 1889. urtean. <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=E_{0}-{\frac {RT}{nF}}lnK_{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>n</mi> <mi>F</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>l</mi> <mi>n</mi> <msub> <mi>K</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=E_{0}-{\frac {RT}{nF}}lnK_{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/25f10f1945a8dda0b087ca6726e2f7ce9d7d727d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:19.883ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=E_{0}-{\frac {RT}{nF}}lnK_{a}}"> E= zehaztutako baldintzetan pilaren potentziala. E0= Baldintza estandarretan pilaren potentziala. R= Gasen konstantea. T= tenperatura Kelvinetan. n= transferitutako elektroi kantitatea. F= Faraday konstantea (96485 C/mol) Ka= Oreka konstante termodinamikoa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oharrak">Oharrak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oharrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Oharrak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CRC-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CRC_1-72">bu</a> Lide, David R., ed. (2006). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. (87. argitaraldia) Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-8493-0487-3" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-8493-0487-3">0-8493-0487-3</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gre-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Gre_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gre_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gre_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gre_2-3">d</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>Gre</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-van92-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van92_3-16">q</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>van92</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-atkinshriver-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-atkinshriver_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atkinshriver_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atkinshriver_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-atkinshriver_4-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-1-42-921820-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-1-42-921820-7">978-1-42-921820-7</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Atk-5">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atk_5-11">l</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>Atk</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> David R. Lide, ed., CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Internet Version 2005, <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724011402/http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/">https://web.archive.org/web/20170724011402/http://www.hbcpnetbase.com/</a>>, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005. </li> <li id="cite_note-van-7">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-van_7-26">aa</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>van</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-si-8"><a href="#cite_ref-si_8-0">↑</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>si</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-webelements_fe-9">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_fe_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_fe_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_fe_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_fe_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_fe_9-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/iron/compounds.html">WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Iron | compounds information</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bar-10">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar_10-18">s</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>Bar</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-Bar2-11">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bar2_11-9">j</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>Bar2</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-Pou-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Pou_13-0">↑</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>Pou</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a>  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr940053x">10.1021/cr940053x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11848774">11848774</a>.. </li> <li id="cite_note-Pang2007-15">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Pang2007_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pang2007_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pang2007_15-2">c</a> Aipuaren errorea: Konpondu beharreko <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Erreferentziak" title="Laguntza:Erreferentziak">erreferentzia kodea</a> dago orri honetan: ez da testurik eman <code>Pang2007</code> izeneko erreferentziarako</li> <li id="cite_note-webelements_xe-16">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_xe_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_xe_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_xe_16-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_xe_16-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_xe_16-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_xe_16-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-webelements_xe_16-6">g</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/xenon/compounds.html">WebElements Periodic Table of the Elements | Xenon | compounds information</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cotton-17">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cotton_17-1">b</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Cotton%26Wilkinson6th&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi:Cotton&Wilkinson6th (sortu gabe)">Txantiloi:Cotton&Wilkinson6th</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-wou-18"><a href="#cite_ref-wou_18-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wou.edu/las/physci/ch412/redox.htm">Redox Reactions, Western Oregon University website</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131107223339/http://acta.chem-soc.si/60/60-3-455.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20131107223339/http://acta.chem-soc.si/60/60-3-455.pdf</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Bibliografia»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> FISICOQUÍMICA para las ciencias químicas y biológicas. Raymond Chang, 2008. ISBN-13: 978-970-10-6652-2 ISBN-10: 970-10-6652-9 Termodinámica química. Juan A. Rodríguez Renuncio, Juan J. Ruiz Sánchez, José S. Urieta Navarro. 1999. ISBN: 84-7738-581-5 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">aldatu</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elektrokimika&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak">aldatu iturburu kodea</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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