CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"dd8ca40d-ec87-46ea-b026-c59a60313a49","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics","wgTitle":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","wgCurRevisionId":1239893217,"wgRevisionId":1239893217,"wgArticleId":13969948,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","1987 non-fiction books","2008 non-fiction books","Economics books","1987 in economic history","Palgrave Macmillan books"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics","wgRelevantArticleId":13969948, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7753704","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics rootpage-The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span><i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle <i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Reviews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_remarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_remarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>General remarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_remarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics_and_contemporary_economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics_and_contemporary_economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Mathematics and contemporary economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics_and_contemporary_economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exclusion_of_empirical_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusion_of_empirical_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Exclusion of empirical material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusion_of_empirical_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticisms_of_undue_weight_for_heterodox_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticisms_of_undue_weight_for_heterodox_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.4</span> <span>Criticisms of undue weight for heterodox approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticisms_of_undue_weight_for_heterodox_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_2nd_edition_(2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_2nd_edition_(2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The 2nd edition (2008)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_2nd_edition_(2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earlier_editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earlier_editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Earlier editions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earlier_editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 4 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-4" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">4 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B2:_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Новый Палгрейв: словарь по экономике – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Новый Палгрейв: словарь по экономике" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%AB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="新帕尔格雷夫经济学词典 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="新帕尔格雷夫经济学词典" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7753704#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&oldid=1239893217" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&id=1239893217&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7753704" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Specialist encyclopedia</div> <p> <i><b>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</b></i> (2018), 3rd ed., is a twenty-volume reference work on <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> published by <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. It contains around 3,000 entries, including many classic essays from the original Inglis Palgrave Dictionary, and a significant increase in new entries from the previous editions by the most prominent economists in the field, among them 36 winners of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Articles are classified according to <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Literature" title="Journal of Economic Literature">Journal of Economic Literature</a></i> <a href="/wiki/JEL_classification_codes" title="JEL classification codes">(<i>JEL</i>) classification codes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The New Palgrave</i> is also available in a <a href="/wiki/Hyperlink" title="Hyperlink">hyperlinked</a> online version. Online content is added to the 2018 edition, and a 4th edition under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/J._Barkley_Rosser_Jr." title="J. Barkley Rosser Jr.">J. Barkley Rosser Jr.</a>, Esteban Pérez Caldentey, and Matías Vernengo will be published in the future. The first edition was titled <i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i> (1987), was and edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Eatwell" class="mw-redirect" title="John Eatwell">John Eatwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Milgate" title="Murray Milgate">Murray Milgate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenneth_Newman" title="Peter Kenneth Newman">Peter Newman</a>, as a way of recovering the legacy of Inglis Palgrave famous dictionary. It was published in four volumes, while the second edition was under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Steven_N._Durlauf" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven N. Durlauf">Steven N. Durlauf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Blume" title="Lawrence E. Blume">Lawrence E. Blume</a> and was published in eight volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-NewPalgrave1987_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewPalgrave1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both are discussed in a section below. </p><p>Access to full-text articles (for all editions and post-2018 updates) are available online by subscription, whether of an organization, a person, or a person through an organization.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_New_Palgrave:_A_Dictionary_of_Economics"><i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><b>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</b></i> (1987) is the title of the first <i>New Palgrave</i> edition. It is a four-volume reference edited by <a href="/wiki/John_Eatwell,_Baron_Eatwell" title="John Eatwell, Baron Eatwell">John Eatwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murray_Milgate" title="Murray Milgate">Murray Milgate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenneth_Newman" title="Peter Kenneth Newman">Peter Newman</a>. It has 4,000 pages of entries, including 1,300 subject entries (with 4,000 cross-references), and 655 biographies. There were 927 contributors, including 13 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Laureates in Economics</a> at the time of first publication. It includes about 50 articles from <i>Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy</i> (1925–1927).<sup id="cite_ref-NewPalgrave1987_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewPalgrave1987-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was roughly twice the length of its predecessor and differed further in excluding most subjects not on economics or closely related to its practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStigler1988_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStigler1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was developed as a modern version of the old Inglis Palgrave dictionary, with entries written by prominent economists for a highly specialized public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reviews">Reviews</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reviews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="General_remarks">General remarks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General remarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reviewing the 1987 edition for the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Solow" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> concluded that "this is a dictionary only in a very special sense. There are excellent survey articles, in various sizes, on various subjects. But the best of them are written by professionals for professionals." According to Solow, graduate students in economics would find the dictionary useful, but most of the articles would be inaccessible to non-economists, even undergraduate students of the liberal arts. For economists, however, the dictionary provided many excellent overviews of contemporary research.<sup id="cite_ref-Solow_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, editor <a href="#CITEREFMilgate1992">Milgate (1992)</a> confirmed that the articles were written for an audience of <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professional</a> economists, and so neither for the general <a href="/wiki/Reading_public" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading public">reading public</a> nor for <a href="/wiki/Expert" title="Expert">specialist</a> economists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mathematics_and_contemporary_economics">Mathematics and contemporary economics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mathematics and contemporary economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Milgate, <i>New Palgrave</i> downplayed mathematics, in comparison to leading economic journals. Only 24% of the columns <i>contained</i> "any mathematics" (and so required expensive hand-typesetting), while only 25% of the most recent issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Review" title="American Economic Review">American Economic Review</a></i> (<i>AER</i>) in fact <i>lacked</i> mathematics, according to Milgate, who averred that the <i>AER</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> mathematical usage was typical of leading contemporary journals: The <i>New Palgrave</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s usage of mathematics was the reciprocal of the contemporary profession's. (<a href="#CITEREFMilgate1992">Milgate 1992</a>, p. 299) "It must be concluded that the <i>New Palgrave</i> actually under-represented the mathematical element in modern economics; and under-represented it to a significant degree", wrote <a href="#CITEREFMilgate1992">Milgate (1992</a>, p. 300). </p><p>Commenting on contemporary economics, Solow described technical economics as its essential "<a href="/wiki/Infrastructure" title="Infrastructure">infrastructure</a>": </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is a lesson in the fate of <i>Palgrave</i>. Economics is no longer a fit conversation piece for ladies and gentlemen. It has become a technical subject. Like any technical subject it attracts some people who are more interested in the technique than the subject. That is too bad, but it may be inevitable. In any case, do not kid yourself: the technical core of economics is indispensable infrastructure for the political economy. That is why, if you consult <i>Palgrave</i> looking for enlightenment about the world today, you will be led to technical economics, or history, or nothing at all.<sup id="cite_ref-Solow_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>More advanced mathematics was implicit in some of the articles, many of which were well written and reasonably accessible. Solow recommended the "broad and deep" article on <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Aumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Aumann">Robert J. Aumann</a> for well-equipped graduate students, along with <a href="/wiki/John_Harsanyi" title="John Harsanyi">John Harsanyi</a>'s article on <a href="/wiki/Bargaining_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bargaining theory">bargaining theory</a>. The articles on <a href="/wiki/Financial_economics" title="Financial economics">financial economics</a> were "written by the best people—<a href="/wiki/Stephen_Ross_(economist)" title="Stephen Ross (economist)">Stephen Ross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert Merton</a>, and others—and they show it"; however, they were too difficult for the average investor. Complimenting the article on <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a>, Solow added a <i><a href="/wiki/Caveat_lector" class="mw-redirect" title="Caveat lector">caveat lector</a></i>: "But God forbid that" a reader without knowledge of economics should try to understand <a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>, by consulting the <i>New Palgrave</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solow_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his review, <a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">George Stigler</a> commended the dictionary's non-technical and conceptually rich article on <a href="/wiki/Social_choice" class="mw-redirect" title="Social choice">social choice</a>, which was written by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a>, among "numerous" excellent articles. However, Stigler criticized the inclusion of "dozens" of articles in <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical economics</a>, which failed to provide intuitive introductions to the problem, how it was solved, and what the solution is: "These articles were written, not for a tolerably competent economist, but exclusively for fellow specialists."<sup id="cite_ref-Stigler1732_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigler1732-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Exclusion_of_empirical_material">Exclusion of empirical material</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Exclusion of empirical material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Whitaker wrote, "Readers to whom economics is nothing if not a science based on empirical inquiry may be dismayed by the lack of attention to empirical studies and factual matters".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stigler criticized the <i>New Palgrave</i> for largely ignoring empirical economics—economic data, summary statistics, and econometric investigations. According to Stigler, the empirical investigation of consumption and production functions has profoundly influenced microeconomic theory, while the empirical investigation of price levels has profoundly influenced monetary economics: The <i>New Palgrave'</i>s neglect of empirical economics also weakened its treatment of economic theory and the history of economic thought. Furthermore, the editors failed to explain their neglect of empirical economics, while they gave large space to treatments of "technical economics", especially <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_economics" title="Mathematical economics">mathematical economics</a>, and faddish topics, wrote Stigler.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigler1731_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigler1731-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"The article on 'Profit and profit theory' does not contain a single number for what profits are or ever have been, in the United States or any other country, or any reference to any source that might provide such a number", wrote <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Stein" title="Herbert Stein">Herbert Stein</a>, who complained "There are articles about elasticities of this or that but no estimate of the elasticity of anything."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reviewing the critics of the over-emphasis on theoretical and "doctrinal" economics, editor Milgate admitted that the <i>New Palgrave</i> was flawed by its neglect of empirical economics.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticisms_of_undue_weight_for_heterodox_approaches">Criticisms of undue weight for heterodox approaches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Criticisms of undue weight for heterodox approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Solow" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Solow">Robert M. Solow</a> criticized the 1987 edition for slighting <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a> by giving excessive space to the "dissenting fringes within academic economics", namely <a href="/wiki/Marxist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist economics">Marxist economics</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Austrian_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian economics">"Austrian persuasion"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-Keynesian_economics" title="Post-Keynesian economics">Post-Keynesians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">neo-Ricardian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Solow_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nevertheless, there is usually a definite consensus—there is one now—and an accurate picture of the discipline would make that clear. It would have to give dissent a fair shake. It would have to treat mainstream ideas critically. But it should keep the various "paradigms" in proportion. I do not think <i>The New Palgrave</i> has managed to do that. </p><p> The most obvious, though not the most important, manifestation of imbalance is the large number of items devoted to Marxist themes, from "abstract and concrete labor" to "vulgar economy." Some of the articles are informative, some are mystifying; but that is not the point. Marx was an important and influential thinker, and Marxism has been a doctrine with intellectual and practical influence. The fact is, however, that most serious English-speaking economists regard Marxist economics as an irrelevant dead end. <i>The New Palgrave</i> does not take up the issue head on, but I think it gives a false impression of the state of play by this deadpan statement. It is rather as if a medical dictionary were to intersperse articles on mainstream orthopedics, written by orthopedists, with articles on osteopathy, written by osteopaths, and were to leave it at that.<sup id="cite_ref-Solow_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solow-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The 1987 dictionary's discussion of <a href="/wiki/Heterodox_economics" title="Heterodox economics">heterodox approaches</a> was also criticized by George Stigler, who complained that these articles were written by sympathetic editors in a partisan manner: </p> <blockquote> <p>The selection of sympathetic writers ... is in fact a general practice in <i>Palgrave II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Kirzner" title="Israel Kirzner">Israel Kirzner</a>'s essay on the Austrian economists does not hint at the existence of error, misrepresentation of critics, or tasteless attacks upon the German Historical School, and Klaus Henning (<i>sic.</i>) did little better with <a href="/wiki/Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Böhm-Bawerk</a>. An ersatz Austrian is apparently more loyal than the genuine article.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigler1732_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigler1732-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [Italics added] </p> </blockquote><p>Stigler complained about the extensive and biased articles on Marxist economics, including "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Ricardianism" title="Neo-Ricardianism">neo-Ricardian</a>" economists (who follow <a href="/wiki/Piero_Sraffa" title="Piero Sraffa">Piero Sraffa</a>): "A nonprofessional reader would never guess from these volumes that economists working in the Marxian-Sraffian tradition represent a small minority of modern economists, and that their writings have virtually no impact upon the professional work of most economists in major English-language universities." Stigler provided a table of articles that were biased by Marxist orthodoxy and also criticized some authors by name, especially a "violently pro-Marxist" entry by <a href="/wiki/C._B._Macpherson" title="C. B. Macpherson">C. B. Macpherson</a> on <i>individualism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stigler1732_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stigler1732-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_2nd_edition_(2008)"><span id="The_2nd_edition_.282008.29"></span>The 2nd edition (2008)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The 2nd edition (2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The General Editors were <a href="/wiki/Steven_N._Durlauf" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven N. Durlauf">Steven N. Durlauf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Blume" title="Lawrence E. Blume">Lawrence E. Blume</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It added considerably on the previous edition, and maintained the general conception of the dictionary as written for advanced specialists. The list of Nobel laureates increased to 25, and the number of volumes also doubled. Perhaps as a result of already being an established institution there were a considerably smaller number of reviews. Declan Trott argued that the Dictionary is not properly a dictionary or an encyclopedia and that the quality and depth of the entries are very uneven, comparing it with Wikipedia as a source for information on economics.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earlier_editions">Earlier editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Earlier editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Inglis_Palgrave" title="Inglis Palgrave">R. H. Inglis Palgrave</a>'s <i>Dictionary of Political Economy</i> (1894–1899), 3 v., was the forerunner of <i>The New Palgrave</i>. The initial contractual agreement between Palgrave and the publisher Macmillan & Co. is dated 1888. Serial installments in 1891–92 had disappointing sales. An appendix was added to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhsNAQAAIAAJ">Volume III</a> in 1908, so completing publication of the set. The <i>Dictionary</i> was wide-ranging and sometimes idiosyncratic. It included for example a comprehensive treatment of laws on property and commercial transactions. Professional reaction has been described as generally favorable and unsurprising, "given that almost all economists of any repute had already endorsed the enterprise by agreeing to contribute."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStigler1988_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStigler1988-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly thirty years after the first volume appeared, <i>Palgrave's Dictionary of Political Economy</i> (1923–1926), edited by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Higgs" title="Henry Higgs">Henry Higgs</a>, appeared with Palgrave's name added to the title but few changes in structure or contents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concise_Encyclopedia_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise Encyclopedia of Economics">Concise Encyclopedia of Economics</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_handbooks" title="Economics handbooks">Economics handbooks</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/International_Encyclopedia_of_the_Social_%26_Behavioral_Sciences" title="International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences">International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_encyclopedias_by_branch_of_knowledge" title="List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge">List of encyclopedias by branch of knowledge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDurlaufBlume2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_N._Durlauf" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven N. Durlauf">Durlauf, Steven N.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Blume" title="Lawrence E. Blume">Blume, Lawrence E.</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newpalgravedicti0001unse_m7k9"><i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (8 volume set)</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333786765" title="Special:BookSources/9780333786765"><bdi>9780333786765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics+%288+volume+set%29&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780333786765&rft.aulast=Durlauf&rft.aufirst=Steven+N.&rft.au=Blume%2C+Lawrence+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewpalgravedicti0001unse_m7k9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurlaufBlume2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_N._Durlauf" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven N. Durlauf">Durlauf, Steven N.</a>; Blume, Lawrence E., eds. (2008). "Appendix IV – subject index". <i>The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics</i> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 854–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333786765" title="Special:BookSources/9780333786765"><bdi>9780333786765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+IV+%E2%80%93+subject+index&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+New+York&rft.pages=854-69&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780333786765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewPalgrave1987-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewPalgrave1987_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewPalgrave1987_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellMilgateNewman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eatwell,_Baron_Eatwell" title="John Eatwell, Baron Eatwell">Eatwell, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Murray_Milgate" title="Murray Milgate">Milgate, Murray</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenneth_Newman" title="Peter Kenneth Newman">Newman, Peter K.</a> (1987). <i>The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics</i> (2nd ed.). London New York Tokyo: Macmillan Stockton Press Maruzen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333740408" title="Special:BookSources/9780333740408"><bdi>9780333740408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave%3A+A+Dictionary+of+Economics&rft.place=London+New+York+Tokyo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Stockton+Press+Maruzen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780333740408&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Milgate%2C+Murray&rft.au=Newman%2C+Peter+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206002901/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/help/">"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online: Help"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/help/">the original</a> on 2015-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics+Online%3A+Help&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionaryofeconomics.com%2Fhelp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206083019/http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/resources/about_online">"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online: About"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/resources/about_online">the original</a> on 2015-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics+Online%3A+About&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionaryofeconomics.com%2Fresources%2Fabout_online&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStigler1988-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStigler1988_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStigler1988_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStigler1988">Stigler (1988)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solow-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solow_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solow_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solow_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solow_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solow_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/20/books/the-wide-wide-world-of-wealth.html?pagewanted=3&src=pm">Robert M. Solow</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> "The Wide, Wide World of Wealth", March 28, 1998</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stigler1732-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stigler1732_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigler1732_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stigler1732_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStigler1988">Stigler (1988)</a>, p. 1732</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitaker1989" class="citation journal cs1">Whitaker, John K. (1989). "Palgrave resurrected: a review article". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Political_Economy" title="Journal of Political Economy">Journal of Political Economy</a></i>. <b>97</b> (2): 484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F261612">10.1086/261612</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1831322">1831322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153914315">153914315</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Palgrave+resurrected%3A+a+review+article&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=484&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153914315%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1831322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F261612&rft.aulast=Whitaker&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stigler1731-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stigler1731_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStigler1988">Stigler (1988)</a>, p. 1731</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stein, Herbert, 1988. "The state of economics", <i>The AEI Economist</i>, January, pp. 1–7, as cited by <a href="#CITEREFMilgate1992">Milgate (1992)</a>, p. 291.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMilgate1992">Milgate (1992)</a>, p. 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaugSturges1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Blaug" title="Mark Blaug">Blaug, Mark</a>; Sturges, Rodney P. (1999). <i>Who's who in economics</i>. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858988863" title="Special:BookSources/9781858988863"><bdi>9781858988863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+who+in+economics&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK+Northampton%2C+MA&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9781858988863&rft.aulast=Blaug&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Sturges%2C+Rodney+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrott2008" class="citation journal cs1">Trott, Declan (2008). "Reviewed Work: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics Online by Steven N. Durlauf, Lawrence E. Blume". <i>Agenda - A Journal of Policy Analysis and Reform</i>. <b>15</b> (4): 61–64. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1322-1833">1322-1833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43199543">43199543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agenda+-+A+Journal+of+Policy+Analysis+and+Reform&rft.atitle=Reviewed+Work%3A+The+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics+Online+by+Steven+N.+Durlauf%2C+Lawrence+E.+Blume&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=61-64&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43199543%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1322-1833&rft.aulast=Trott&rft.aufirst=Declan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellMilgateNewman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eatwell,_Baron_Eatwell" title="John Eatwell, Baron Eatwell">Eatwell, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Murray_Milgate" title="Murray Milgate">Milgate, Murray</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenneth_Newman" title="Peter Kenneth Newman">Newman, Peter K.</a>, eds. (1987). "Palgrave". <i>The New Palgrave: a dictionary of economics</i> (2nd ed.). London New York Tokyo: Macmillan Stockton Press Maruzen. pp. 791–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333740408" title="Special:BookSources/9780333740408"><bdi>9780333740408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palgrave&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave%3A+a+dictionary+of+economics&rft.place=London+New+York+Tokyo&rft.pages=791-92&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Stockton+Press+Maruzen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780333740408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwellMilgateNewman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Eatwell,_Baron_Eatwell" title="John Eatwell, Baron Eatwell">Eatwell, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Murray_Milgate" title="Murray Milgate">Milgate, Murray</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kenneth_Newman" title="Peter Kenneth Newman">Newman, Peter K.</a> (1987). <i>The New Palgrave: a dictionary of economics</i> (2nd ed.). London New York Tokyo: Macmillan Stockton Press Maruzen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333740408" title="Special:BookSources/9780333740408"><bdi>9780333740408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave%3A+a+dictionary+of+economics&rft.place=London+New+York+Tokyo&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Macmillan+Stockton+Press+Maruzen&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780333740408&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Milgate%2C+Murray&rft.au=Newman%2C+Peter+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurlaufBlume2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_N._Durlauf" class="mw-redirect" title="Steven N. Durlauf">Durlauf, Steven N.</a>; Blume, Lawrence E. (2008). <i>The New Palgrave dictionary of economics (8 volume set)</i> (2nd ed.). Basingstoke, Hampshire New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333786765" title="Special:BookSources/9780333786765"><bdi>9780333786765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Palgrave+dictionary+of+economics+%288+volume+set%29&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+Hampshire+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780333786765&rft.aulast=Durlauf&rft.aufirst=Steven+N.&rft.au=Blume%2C+Lawrence+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolow1988" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Solow" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert M. Solow">Solow, Robert M.</a> (20 March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/20/books/the-wide-wide-world-of-wealth.html?scp=1">"The wide, wide world of wealth (review of "The New Palgrave: a dictionary of economics")"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+wide%2C+wide+world+of+wealth+%28review+of+%22The+New+Palgrave%3A+a+dictionary+of+economics%22%29&rft.date=1988-03-20&rft.aulast=Solow&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1988%2F03%2F20%2Fbooks%2Fthe-wide-wide-world-of-wealth.html%3Fscp%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilgate1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Milgate" title="Murray Milgate">Milgate, Murray</a> (1992). "Reviewing the reviews of the <i>New Palgrave</i>". <i>Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales (English Translation of Journal Title: "European Review of Social Sciences")</i>. <b>30</b> (92 (Special issue: "Editing economists and economists as editors"). Librairie Droz: 279–312. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40372983">40372983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+Europ%C3%A9enne+des+Sciences+Sociales+%28English+Translation+of+Journal+Title%3A+%22European+Review+of+Social+Sciences%22%29&rft.atitle=Reviewing+the+reviews+of+the+New+Palgrave&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=92+%28Special+issue%3A+%22Editing+economists+and+economists+as+editors%22&rft.pages=279-312&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40372983%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Milgate&rft.aufirst=Murray&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStigler1988" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Stigler" title="George Stigler">Stigler, George J.</a> (December 1988). "Palgrave's dictionary of economics (book review)". <i>Journal of Economic Literature</i>. <b>26</b> (4). American Economic Association: 1729–36. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2726859">2726859</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Literature&rft.atitle=Palgrave%27s+dictionary+of+economics+%28book+review%29&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1729-36&rft.date=1988-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2726859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stigler&rft.aufirst=George+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+New+Palgrave+Dictionary+of+Economics" class="Z3988"></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&oldid=1239893217">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&oldid=1239893217</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_non-fiction_books" title="Category:1987 non-fiction books">1987 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2008_non-fiction_books" title="Category:2008 non-fiction books">2008 non-fiction books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_books" title="Category:Economics books">Economics books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1987_in_economic_history" title="Category:1987 in economic history">1987 in economic history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palgrave_Macmillan_books" title="Category:Palgrave Macmillan books">Palgrave Macmillan books</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 12 August 2024, at 07:13<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-lns5q","wgBackendResponseTime":126,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.411","walltime":"0.507","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1520,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":32313,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2816,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":9,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":48989,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 457.206 1 -total"," 41.00% 187.445 1 Template:Reflist"," 29.40% 134.402 7 Template:Cite_book"," 18.11% 82.796 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.29% 47.050 2 Template:Pagetype"," 9.41% 43.036 2 Template:Sfnp"," 6.95% 31.769 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 5.72% 26.140 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.32% 24.314 7 Template:Main_other"," 5.21% 23.828 2 Template:Quote"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.243","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6465944,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBlaugSturges1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurlaufBlume2008\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEatwellMilgateNewman1987\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMilgate1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolow1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStigler1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrott2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitaker1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'s\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:New Palgrave\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 2,\n [\"Italic title\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7649cfcddd-h7lqs","timestamp":"20241127121027","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_New_Palgrave_Dictionary_of_Economics","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7753704","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7753704","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-10-29T13:27:39Z","dateModified":"2024-08-12T07:13:18Z","headline":"specialist encyclopedia"}</script> </body> </html>