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<span>Macpherson's project</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macpherson's_project-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_Milton_Friedman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_Milton_Friedman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>On Milton Friedman</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_Milton_Friedman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input 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B. Macpherson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian political scientist (1911–1987)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">C. B. Macpherson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">OC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Crawford Brough Macpherson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1911-11-18</span>)</span>18 November 1911<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">22 July 1987<span style="display:none">(1987-07-22)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Toronto, Ontario, Canada</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kay_Macpherson" title="Kay Macpherson">Kay Macpherson</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1943)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">T. H. Green</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay2014311_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay2014311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Leonard Hobhouse</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay2014311_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay2014311-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198889_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198889-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Mill" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Mill">J. S. Mill</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198889,_108McKay2014311_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198889,_108McKay2014311-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Otto B. van der Sprenkel<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198825–26_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198825–26-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._H._Tawney" title="R. H. Tawney">R. H. Tawney</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198827McKay2014311_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198827McKay2014311-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">Political science</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sub-discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">Political economy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Avishai" title="Bernard Avishai">Bernard Avishai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Broadbent" title="Ed Broadbent">Ed Broadbent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism</i> (1962)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable ideas</th><td class="infobox-data">Possessive individualism</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Crawford Brough Macpherson</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">OC</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Historical Society">FRHistS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Canada" title="Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada">FRSC</a></span></span> (11 November 1911 – 22 July 1987) was an influential Canadian <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> who taught <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macpherson was born on 18 November 1911 in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>. After graduating from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto_Schools" title="University of Toronto Schools">University of Toronto Schools</a>, he received his undergraduate degree from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a> in 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then earned a <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">Master of Science</a> degree in <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> where he studied under the supervision of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Laski" title="Harold Laski">Harold Laski</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he joined the faculty of the University of Toronto in 1935. At that time a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Doctor of Philosophy</a> degree in the social sciences was uncommon, but some twenty years later he submitted a collection of sixteen published papers to the London School of Economics and was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> degree in economics. These papers were then published in 1953 edition as the book, <i>Democracy in Alberta: The Theory and Practice of a Quasi-Party System</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956 he became a professor of Political Economy at the University of Toronto. </p><p>He took several sabbaticals on fellowships which were often spent at English universities including an Overseas Fellowship at <a href="/wiki/Churchill_College,_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a>. </p><p>Macpherson gave the annual <a href="/wiki/Massey_Lectures" title="Massey Lectures">Massey Lectures</a> in 1964. He was made an Officer of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a>, Canada's highest civilian honour, in 1976. </p><p>Following his death, a two-part documentary on his life and work aired on <a href="/wiki/CBC_Radio" title="CBC Radio">CBC Radio</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_(radio_show)" title="Ideas (radio show)">Ideas</a></i> program. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Political_Science_Association" title="Canadian Political Science Association">Canadian Political Science Association</a> presents an annual C. B. Macpherson Prize for the best book on political theory written by a Canadian. </p><p>Macpherson died on 22 July 1987. He was survived by his wife, noted Canadian feminist <a href="/wiki/Kay_Macpherson" title="Kay Macpherson">Kathleen "Kay" Macpherson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Macpherson's_project"><span id="Macpherson.27s_project"></span>Macpherson's project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Macpherson's project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1976, Macpherson was criticized from some on both the <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">left</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a>. In response, he claimed that what he had always been trying to do was to "work out a revision of liberal-democratic theory, a revision that clearly owed a great deal to [Karl] Marx, in the hope of making that theory more democratic while rescuing that valuable part of the liberal tradition which is submerged when liberalism is identified as synonymous with capitalist market relations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Robert Meynell, Macpherson's combination of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Political_economy" title="Political economy">political economy</a> with <a href="/wiki/T._H._Green" title="T. H. Green">T. H. Green</a>'s ethical <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> is best understood as left-leaning <a href="/wiki/Neo-Hegelian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Hegelian">neo-Hegelian</a> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_idealism" title="Canadian idealism">Canadian idealism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeynell2011_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeynell2011-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialism</a> seemed to be in retreat with the rise of <a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New Right</a>–inspired governments that challenged and undermined the <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646–647_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646–647-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_theories">Political theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Macpherson's best-known contribution to political philosophy is the theory of "possessive individualism", in which an individual is conceived as the sole proprietor of his or her skills and owes nothing to society for them. These skills (and those of others) are a commodity to be bought and sold on the open market, and in such a society is demonstrated a selfish and unending thirst for consumption which is considered the crucial core of human nature. Macpherson spent most of his career battling these premises, but perhaps the greatest single exposition of this view can be found in <i>The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism</i>, where Macpherson examines the function of this particular kind of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">James Harrington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (and several writers in between, including the <a href="/wiki/Levellers" title="Levellers">Levellers</a>) and its resulting pervasiveness throughout most liberal literature of the period. An avowed <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a>, he believed that this culture of possessive individualism prevented individuals from developing their powers of rationality, moral judgment, contemplation and even friendship and love. These were the "truly human powers", Macpherson claimed.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His thesis that Hobbes gave birth to the culture of possessive individualism has been challenged in different ways by <a href="/wiki/Keith_Thomas_(historian)" title="Keith Thomas (historian)">Keith Thomas</a><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_1965_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_1965-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and David Lay Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_2021_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams_2021-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="On_Milton_Friedman">On Milton Friedman</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: On Milton Friedman"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Essay VII of the <i>Essays in Retrieval</i> was titled "Elegant Tombstones: A Note on Friedman's Freedom" and was a direct challenge to certain assumptions of "<a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">freedom</a>" made by <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom">Capitalism and Freedom</a></i>. For Macpherson, <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> was discordant with freedom. Part of the disagreement can be found in the differing interpretations of "freedom". For self-described "<a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">classical liberals</a>" like Friedman, <a href="/wiki/Negative_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative freedom">freedom is negative</a> and is seen as an absence of constraints or freedom of choice. Following a tradition that began with <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">G. W. F. Hegel</a>, Macpherson viewed freedom as positive and defined it as the freedom to develop one's fullest human potential. </p><p>Friedman shows great disdain for <a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">positive freedom</a>, associating it with <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>; he uses the term <i>liberal</i> with derision when referring to socialists, while contesting that he was a true liberal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman19626_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman19626-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macpherson's criticisms of Friedman rest on three claims: (1) an "error" that tarnishes Friedman's attempt to demonstrate that capitalism organizes the economic activities of society without coercion; (2) the "inadequacy" of his assertion that capitalism is a necessary component of freedom, and that socialism is inconsistent with freedom; and (3) the "fallacy" of his evidence that capitalism is an ethically sound principle of distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973145_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973145-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macpherson contends that the coercion in capitalism is that one cannot choose not to be subjected to capitalist economic relations in a capitalist society. One can, of course, choose to change jobs, but one cannot choose <i>not</i> to work. For the exchange to be truly voluntary "the proviso that is needed is whether to enter into any exchange at all."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973147_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973147-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The workers need money but cannot barter; therefore, they are coerced into the monetary system.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Friedman, <a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">economic freedom</a> needed to be protected because it ensured political freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman19625_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman19625-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Friedman appeals to historical examples that demonstrate where the largest amount of political freedom is found the economic model has been capitalist. In Friedman's words, "history suggests...that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman196210_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman196210-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macpherson counters that the 19th-century examples that Friedman uses actually show that political freedom came first and those who gained this freedom, mainly property owning elites, used this new political freedom for their own best interests which meant to open the doors to unrestrained capitalism. It follows then, that capitalism will only be maintained as long as those who have political freedom deem it worthwhile. As the 19th century progressed and suffrage was expanded, there were corresponding restraints placed upon capitalism which indicates that political freedom and capitalism are at odds with one another. "At any rate", Macpherson contends, this "historical correlation scarcely suggests that capitalism is a necessary condition for political freedom."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973148_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973148-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Friedman also contended that where socialism links economics with politics, economics cannot act as a check on political power within a socialist society, as it can in a capitalist society. Macpherson countered that there is little evidence that economics does check political power. In fact, in many cases political power becomes subservient to economic power in the capitalist system. In this regard, socialism allows a better check on economic power toward political power than the converse under capitalism. Macpherson accuses Friedman of supplanting a communist society for a socialist one; at the very least Friedman does not differentiate between the two. </p><p>Friedman believed that if most of the regulatory and welfare activities of Western states were discontinued, freedom would be advanced. This may be true on a negative conception of freedom, but not on Macpherson's positive conception. According to Macpherson, Friedman does not include any "ethical claims of equality" into his demand for what amounts to freedom of markets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973156_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973156-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macpherson argues that most of the "classical liberals" of previous centuries, which Friedman claims to represent, would have rejected this idea outright. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Democracy in Alberta: The Theory and Practice of a Quasi-Party System</i> (1953)</li> <li><i>The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism: From Hobbes to Locke</i> (1962)</li> <li><i>The Real World of Democracy</i> (1965)</li> <li><i>Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval</i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Life_and_Times_of_Liberal_Democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy (page does not exist)">The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i>Burke</i> (Past Masters series) (1980)</li> <li>Introduction and editor of <i>Second Treatise of Government</i> by John Locke, Hackett Publishing Company (1980)</li> <li>Foreword to <i>Leviathan</i> by Thomas Hobbes, Penguin Classics Paperback (1982)</li> <li><i>The Rise and Fall of Economic Justice</i> (1984)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Idealism" title="Idealism">Idealism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">His master's thesis was titled <i>Voluntary Associations Within the State, 1900–1934, with Special Reference to the Place of Trade Unions in Relation to the State in Great Britain</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198828_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198828-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For further information, see <a href="#CITEREFLeiss1988">Leiss 1988</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKay2014311-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay2014311_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKay2014311_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKay2014">McKay 2014</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198889-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198889_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeiss1988">Leiss 1988</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198889,_108McKay2014311-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198889,_108McKay2014311_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeiss1988">Leiss 1988</a>, pp. 89, 108; <a href="#CITEREFMcKay2014">McKay 2014</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198825–26-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198825–26_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeiss1988">Leiss 1988</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198827McKay2014311-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198827McKay2014311_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeiss1988">Leiss 1988</a>, p. 27; <a href="#CITEREFMcKay2014">McKay 2014</a>, p. 311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"C. B. Macpherson: Eminent professor," <i>Toronto Star</i>, Jul. 23, 1987, A12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeiss198828-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeiss198828_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeiss1988">Leiss 1988</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrice1994">Morrice 1994</a>, p. 646.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeynell2011-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeynell2011_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMeynell2011">Meynell 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646–647-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorrice1994646–647_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorrice1994">Morrice 1994</a>, pp. 646–647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCunningham2004" class="citation web cs1">Cunningham, Frank (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://individual.utoronto.ca/frankcunningham/papers/UTFA.pdf">"C. B. Macpherson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Toronto: University of Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070117152344/http://individual.utoronto.ca/frankcunningham/papers/UTFA.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on January 17, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C.+B.+Macpherson&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findividual.utoronto.ca%2Ffrankcunningham%2Fpapers%2FUTFA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_1965-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_1965_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Thomas 1965</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams_2021-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Williams_2021_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Williams 2021</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman19626-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman19626_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1962">Friedman 1962</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973145-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973145_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacpherson1973">Macpherson 1973</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973147-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973147_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacpherson1973">Macpherson 1973</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sibley, Angus. (2020). What's wrong with Milton Friedman's economics?. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340923828_What's_wrong_with_Milton_Friedman's_economics">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340923828_What's_wrong_with_Milton_Friedman's_economics</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman19625-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman19625_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1962">Friedman 1962</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriedman196210-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriedman196210_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFriedman1962">Friedman 1962</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973148-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973148_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacpherson1973">Macpherson 1973</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973156-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacpherson1973156_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMacpherson1973">Macpherson 1973</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman1962" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman, Milton</a> (1962). <a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Freedom" title="Capitalism and Freedom"><i>Capitalism and Freedom</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiss1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Leiss" title="William Leiss">Leiss, William</a> (1988). <i>C. B. Macpherson: Dilemmas of Liberalism and Socialism</i>. Montreal: New World Perspectives. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1828%2F7123">1828/7123</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-920393-41-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-920393-41-3"><bdi>978-0-920393-41-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.+B.+Macpherson%3A+Dilemmas+of+Liberalism+and+Socialism&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=New+World+Perspectives&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1828%2F7123&rft.isbn=978-0-920393-41-3&rft.aulast=Leiss&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacpherson1973" class="citation book cs1">Macpherson, C. B. (1973). <i>Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Democratic+Theory%3A+Essays+in+Retrieval&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Macpherson&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_McKay_(historian)" title="Ian McKay (historian)">McKay, Ian</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1032806ar">"A Half-Century of Possessive Individualism: C.B. Macpherson and the Twenty-First-Century Prospects of Liberalism"</a>. <i>Journal of the Canadian Historical Association</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 307–340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1032806ar">10.7202/1032806ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1712-6274">1712-6274</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Canadian+Historical+Association&rft.atitle=A+Half-Century+of+Possessive+Individualism%3A+C.B.+Macpherson+and+the+Twenty-First-Century+Prospects+of+Liberalism&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=307-340&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1032806ar&rft.issn=1712-6274&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1032806ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeynell2011" class="citation book cs1">Meynell, Robert (2011). <i>Canadian Idealism and the Philosophy of Freedom: C.B. Macpherson, George Grant, and Charles Taylor</i>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3798-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-3798-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt815fz">j.ctt815fz</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Idealism+and+the+Philosophy+of+Freedom%3A+C.B.+Macpherson%2C+George+Grant%2C+and+Charles+Taylor&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt815fz%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3798-9&rft.aulast=Meynell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrice1994" class="citation journal cs1">Morrice, David (1994). "C. B. Macpherson's Critique of Liberal Democracy and Capitalism". <i>Political Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 646–661. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.1994.tb00303.x">10.1111/j.1467-9248.1994.tb00303.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1467-9248">1467-9248</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145706861">145706861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=C.+B.+Macpherson%27s+Critique+of+Liberal+Democracy+and+Capitalism&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=646-661&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145706861%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1467-9248&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.1994.tb00303.x&rft.aulast=Morrice&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas1965" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Keith (1965). "C. B. The Social Origins of Hobbes's Political Thought". <i>Hobbes Studies</i>: 185–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hobbes+Studies&rft.atitle=C.+B.+The+Social+Origins+of+Hobbes%27s+Political+Thought&rft.pages=185-236&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2021" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, David Lay (2021). "Hobbes on Wealth, Poverty, and Economic Inequality". <i>Hobbes Studies</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 9–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hobbes+Studies&rft.atitle=Hobbes+on+Wealth%2C+Poverty%2C+and+Economic+Inequality&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-57&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=David+Lay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillMansfieldTaylorPateman1979" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Christopher; Mansfield, Harvey C.; Taylor, Charles; Pateman, Carole; Shklar, Judith; Hobsbawm, E. J.; Avineri, Shlomo; Leiss, William; Lukes, Steven (1979). Kontos, Alkis (ed.). <i>Powers, Possessions and Freedom: Essays in Honour of C.B. Macpherson</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-8941-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4875-8941-7"><bdi>978-1-4875-8941-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3138/j.ctt1vxmb1b">10.3138/j.ctt1vxmb1b</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Powers%2C+Possessions+and+Freedom%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+C.B.+Macpherson&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3138%2Fj.ctt1vxmb1b%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4875-8941-7&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Mansfield%2C+Harvey+C.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Charles&rft.au=Pateman%2C+Carole&rft.au=Shklar%2C+Judith&rft.au=Hobsbawm%2C+E.+J.&rft.au=Avineri%2C+Shlomo&rft.au=Leiss%2C+William&rft.au=Lukes%2C+Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AC.+B.+Macpherson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._B._Macpherson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-width:1px; border-color:#E0E0E0; width:20em; background-color:#FFF; margin:0.2em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:1.2em; background-color:#E0E0E0; padding-top:0.2em; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Archives at</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <table class="infobox-subbox"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">University of Toronto Archives & Records Management Services <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711342?uselang=en#P485" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:33%;">Source</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/c-b-macpherson-fonds">C. B. Macpherson fonds</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.4em; padding-bottom:0.4em; border-top:1px solid #E0E0E0;"> <a href="/wiki/Help:Archival_material" title="Help:Archival material">How to use archival material</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080828134157/http://www.iefd.org/articles/real_world_of_democracy.php"><i>The Real World of Democracy</i> (chapter 5)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091113051138/http://www.iefd.org/articles/democratic_theory.php"><i>Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval</i> (excerpt)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/c-b-macpherson-fonds">C. B. Macpherson archival papers</a> held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frank_Underhill" title="Frank Underhill">Frank Underhill</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Massey_Lectures" title="Massey Lectures">Massey Lecturer</a> </b><br />1964 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q711342#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118993836">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80049876">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958816d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11958816d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448452">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Macpherson, Crawford B."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV050989">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0003868&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068592930">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201882913">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsvgfx4mvjnfz">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810563708605606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810606733005606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264846805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513010206706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00534774?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Crawford Brough Macpherson"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/7788ca1a-3b95-45da-b0e6-90b6d93de21b">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118993836">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027577953">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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