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<a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Wiktionary</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">International Phonetic Alphabet</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wiktionary, the free dictionary</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Jump to navigation</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Jump to search</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="interproject-box sister-wikipedia sister-project noprint floatright"><div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/44px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/66px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/88px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"/></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left: 60px;">English <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> has an article on:<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b class="Latn" lang="en"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></b></div></div><span class="interProject"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">Wikipedia </a></span></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81571951">.mw-parser-output .interproject-box{font-size:90%;width:250px;padding:4px;text-align:left;background:var(--wikt-palette-paleblue,#f9f9f9);border:var(--border-color-base,#aaa)1px solid}@media screen and (max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .interproject-box{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:1.5;width:100%;max-width:100%}}</style> <div class="noprint plainlinks shortcut-box"><a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Shortcut" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiktionary:Shortcut">Shortcut</a>:<br/><code><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:IPA&redirect=no">WT:IPA</a></code></div> <p>The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonemic and phonetic representation of all spoken languages. </p><p>This page gives a general overview of the symbols used in the IPA. As it is used for all languages, it would be impractical to explain to English speakers how to pronounce all of the sounds. Therefore, the symbols are grouped based on the features they have, or the parts of the mouth used to pronounce them. A dental consonant, for example, is pronounced using the teeth, while a bilabial consonant uses both lips. </p><p>Pages explaining the pronunciation of individual languages can be found in <a href="/wiki/Category:Pronunciation_by_language" title="Category:Pronunciation by language">Category:Pronunciation by language</a>. General guidance for the presentation of pronunciations on Wiktionary is at <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary:Pronunciation" title="Wiktionary:Pronunciation">Wiktionary:Pronunciation</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Brackets"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Brackets</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Consonants_(pulmonic)"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants (pulmonic)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Consonants_(non-pulmonic)"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Consonants (non-pulmonic)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Vowels"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Vowels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Co-articulated_consonants"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Co-articulated consonants</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Suprasegmentals"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Suprasegmentals</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Tones_and_word_accents"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Tones and word accents</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Diacritics"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Diacritics</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Brackets" data-mw-thread-id="h-Brackets"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Brackets"></span>Brackets<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Brackets"></span></h2></div> <p>There are two types of <a href="/wiki/bracket" title="bracket">brackets</a>. </p><p>[ ... ] is for real pronunciations. </p><p>/ ... / is for <a href="/wiki/allophone" title="allophone">allophones</a> in a certain language. </p><p>For example, the pronunciations of "pin" and "spin" can be written as /ˈpɪn/ and /ˈspɪn/ since their "p"s are recognised as a same sound for English speakers. But their real sounds are different like [pʰɪn] and [spɪn]. </p><p>So we use / ... / for simple when we talk about only one language. But we usually need [ ... ] to describe the real sounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Consonants_(pulmonic)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consonants_(pulmonic)"><span id="Consonants_.28pulmonic.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consonants_(pulmonic)"></span>Consonants (<a href="/wiki/pulmonic" title="pulmonic">pulmonic</a>)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consonants_(pulmonic)"></span></h2></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px"> <tbody><tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)" valign="top" align="center"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/bilabial" title="bilabial">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/labiodental" title="labiodental">Labiodental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/linguolabial" title="linguolabial">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/dental" title="dental">Dental</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/alveolar" title="alveolar">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/postalveolar" title="postalveolar">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/retroflex" title="retroflex">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/palatal" title="palatal">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/velar" title="velar">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/uvular" title="uvular">Uvular</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/pharyngeal" title="pharyngeal">Pharyngeal</a>/<br/><a href="/wiki/epiglottal" title="epiglottal">Epiglottal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/glottal" title="glottal">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/wiki/plosive" title="plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/p#Symbol" title="p">p</a> <a href="/wiki/b#Symbol" title="b">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/p%CC%AA" title="p̪">p̪</a> <a href="/wiki/b%CC%AA" title="b̪">b̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/t%CC%BC" title="t̼">t̼</a> <a href="/wiki/d%CC%BC" title="d̼">d̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/t%CC%AA" title="t̪">t̪</a> <a href="/wiki/d%CC%AA" title="d̪">d̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/t#Symbol" title="t">t</a> <a href="/wiki/d#Symbol" title="d">d</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%88" title="ʈ">ʈ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C9%96" title="ɖ">ɖ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/c#Symbol" title="c">c</a> <a href="/wiki/%C9%9F" title="ɟ">ɟ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/k#Symbol" title="k">k</a> <a href="/wiki/%C9%A1" title="ɡ">ɡ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/q#Symbol" title="q">q</a> <a href="/wiki/%C9%A2" title="ɢ">ɢ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%A1" title="ʡ">ʡ</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%94" title="ʔ">ʔ</a> </td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/wiki/nasal" title="nasal">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/m#Symbol" title="m">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%B1" title="ɱ">ɱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/n%CC%BC" title="n̼">n̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/n%CC%AA" title="n̪">n̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/n#Symbol" title="n">n</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%B3" title="ɳ">ɳ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%B2" title="ɲ">ɲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%8B" title="ŋ">ŋ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%B4" title="ɴ">ɴ</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/wiki/trill" title="trill">Trill</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%99" title="ʙ">ʙ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=r%CC%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="r̼ (page does not exist)">r̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=r%CC%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="r̪ (page does not exist)">r̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/r#Symbol" title="r">r</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%80" title="ʀ">ʀ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%CA%9C" title="ʜ">ʜ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%A2" title="ʢ">ʢ</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/wiki/tap" title="tap">Tap</a> or <a href="/wiki/flap" title="flap">Flap</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%B1%CC%9F" title="ⱱ̟">ⱱ̟</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E2%B1%B1" title="ⱱ">ⱱ</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C9%BE%CC%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ɾ̼ (page does not exist)">ɾ̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C9%BE%CC%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ɾ̪ (page does not exist)">ɾ̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%BE" title="ɾ">ɾ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%BD" title="ɽ">ɽ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%A2%CC%86" title="ɢ̆">ɢ̆</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=lateral_tap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="lateral tap (page does not exist)">Lateral Tap</a> or <a href="/w/index.php?title=lateral_flap&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="lateral flap (page does not exist)">Flap</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%BA" title="ɺ">ɺ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%F0%9D%BC%88" title="𝼈">𝼈</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%8E%CC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ʎ̯">ʎ̯</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%9F%CC%86" title="ʟ̆">ʟ̆</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/wiki/fricative" title="fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%B8" title="ɸ">ɸ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CE%B2#Symbol" title="β">β</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/f#Symbol" title="f">f</a> <a href="/wiki/v#Symbol" title="v">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%B8%CC%BC" title="θ̼">θ̼</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%B0%CC%BC" title="ð̼">ð̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%B8" title="θ">θ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%B0" title="ð">ð</a><br/><a href="/wiki/s%CC%AA" title="s̪">s̪</a> <a href="/wiki/z%CC%AA" title="z̪">z̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/s#Symbol" title="s">s</a> <a href="/wiki/z#Symbol" title="z">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%83" title="ʃ">ʃ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%92" title="ʒ">ʒ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%82" title="ʂ">ʂ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%90" title="ʐ">ʐ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%A7" title="ç">ç</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%9D" title="ʝ">ʝ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/x#Symbol" title="x">x</a> <a href="/wiki/%C9%A3" title="ɣ">ɣ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CF%87" title="χ">χ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%81" title="ʁ">ʁ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%C4%A7" title="ħ">ħ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%95" title="ʕ">ʕ</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/h#Symbol" title="h">h</a> <a href="/wiki/%C9%A6" title="ɦ">ɦ</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/wiki/approximant" title="approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/%CE%B2%CC%9E" title="β̞">β̞</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%8B" title="ʋ">ʋ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%B0%CC%9E" title="ð̞">ð̞</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%B9" title="ɹ">ɹ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%BB" title="ɻ">ɻ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/j#Symbol" title="j">j</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%B0" title="ɰ">ɰ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/wiki/lateral_fricative" title="lateral fricative">Lateral Fricative</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C9%AC%CC%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ɬ̪ (page does not exist)">ɬ̪</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C9%AE%CC%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ɮ̪ (page does not exist)">ɮ̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%AC" title="ɬ">ɬ</a> <a href="/wiki/%C9%AE" title="ɮ">ɮ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%EA%9E%8E" title="ꞎ">ꞎ</a> <a href="/wiki/%F0%9D%BC%85" title="𝼅">𝼅</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%F0%9D%BC%86" title="𝼆">𝼆</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%8E%CC%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʎ̝ (page does not exist)">ʎ̝</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9D%BC%86%CC%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𝼆̬ (page does not exist)">𝼆̬</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%F0%9D%BC%84" title="𝼄">𝼄</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CA%9F%CC%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ʟ̝ (page does not exist)">ʟ̝</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%F0%9D%BC%84%CC%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="𝼄̬ (page does not exist)">𝼄̬</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="middle" align="center"> <th style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=lateral_approximant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="lateral approximant (page does not exist)">Lateral Approximant</a> </th> <td colspan="2" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/l%CC%BC" title="l̼">l̼</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/l%CC%AA" title="l̪">l̪</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/l#Symbol" title="l">l</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C9%AD" title="ɭ">ɭ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%8E" title="ʎ">ʎ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%CA%9F" title="ʟ">ʟ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightgrey, #D4D4D4)"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.</li> <li>Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Consonants_(non-pulmonic)" data-mw-thread-id="h-Consonants_(non-pulmonic)"><span id="Consonants_.28non-pulmonic.29"></span><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Consonants_(non-pulmonic)"></span>Consonants (non-pulmonic)<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Consonants_(non-pulmonic)"></span></h2></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px"> <tbody><tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB)" valign="top" align="center"> <td colspan="2">Clicks</td> <td colspan="2">Voiced implosives</td> <td colspan="2">Ejectives </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%98" title="ʘ">ʘ</a></td> <td>Bilabial click release</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%93" title="ɓ">ɓ</a></td> <td>Bilabial voiced implosive</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #D0EBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%BC" title="ʼ">ʼ</a></td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #D0EBBE)"><i>For example:</i> </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C7%80" title="ǀ">ǀ</a></td> <td>Dental click release</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%97" title="ɗ">ɗ</a></td> <td>Alveolar voiced implosive</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)">pʼ</td> <td>Bilabial ejective stop </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C7%83" title="ǃ">ǃ</a></td> <td>(Post)alveolar click release</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%E1%B6%91" title="ᶑ">ᶑ</a></td> <td>Retroflex voiced implosive</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)">tʼ</td> <td>Alveolar ejective stop </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C7%82" title="ǂ">ǂ</a></td> <td>Palatal click release</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%84" title="ʄ">ʄ</a></td> <td>Palatal voiced implosive</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)">kʼ</td> <td>Velar ejective stop </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%F0%9D%BC%8A" title="𝼊">𝼊</a></td> <td>Retroflex click release</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A0" title="ɠ">ɠ</a></td> <td>Velar voiced implosive</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)">sʼ</td> <td>Alveolar ejective fricative </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C7%81" title="ǁ">ǁ</a></td> <td>Lateral click release</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%9B" title="ʛ">ʛ</a></td> <td>Uvular voiced implosive</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)">t͡ʃʼ</td> <td>Post-alveolar ejective affricate </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Vowels" data-mw-thread-id="h-Vowels"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Vowels"></span>Vowels<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Vowels"></span></h2></div> <div style="background: transparent;"> <table cellspacing="2px" style="text-align: center; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align: center; font-size: smaller; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"> <td style="width: 80px; text-align: right;"> </td> <td style="width: 50px;"><b>Front</b> </td> <td style="width: 50px;"><b>N.-front</b> </td> <td style="width: 50px;"><b>Central</b> </td> <td style="width: 50px;"><b>N.-back</b> </td> <td style="width: 50px;"><b>Back</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 28px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"><b>Close</b> </td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);" colspan="5" rowspan="7"><div style="position: relative;"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/300px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/450px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/600px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"/></a></span><div style="background: transparent; position: absolute; top: 0px; left: 0px;"> <table style="position: relative; width: 300px; height: 210px; text-align: center; background: transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 300px; height: 210px; text-align: center; background: transparent;"> <div style="position: absolute; left: 4%; width: 2em; top: 2%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"> <a href="/wiki/i#Symbol" title="i">i</a>•<a href="/wiki/y#Symbol" title="y">y</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 45%; width: 2.33em; top: 2%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A8" title="ɨ">ɨ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%CA%89" title="ʉ">ʉ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 83%; width: 2.66em; top: 2%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%AF" title="ɯ">ɯ</a>•<a href="/wiki/u#Symbol" title="u">u</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 29%; width: 2.33em; top: 16%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%AA" title="ɪ">ɪ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%CA%8F" title="ʏ">ʏ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 69%; width: 1em; top: 16%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%CA%8A" title="ʊ">ʊ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 17%; width: 2.33em; top: 30%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/e#Symbol" title="e">e</a>•<a href="/wiki/%C3%B8#Symbol" title="ø">ø</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 51%; width: 2.33em; top: 30%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%98" title="ɘ">ɘ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%C9%B5" title="ɵ">ɵ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.33em; top: 30%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A4" title="ɤ">ɤ</a>•<a href="/wiki/o#Symbol" title="o">o</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 1em; top: 44%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%99#Symbol" title="ə">ə</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 31%; width: 2.66em; top: 58%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%9B" title="ɛ">ɛ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%C5%93" title="œ">œ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 57%; width: 2.33em; top: 58%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%9C" title="ɜ">ɜ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%C9%9E" title="ɞ">ɞ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.33em; top: 58%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%CA%8C" title="ʌ">ʌ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%C9%94" title="ɔ">ɔ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 33%; width: 1.33em; top: 73%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C3%A6#Symbol" title="æ">æ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 64%; width: 1em; top: 73%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%90" title="ɐ">ɐ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 44%; width: 2.66em; top: 86%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/a#Symbol" title="a">a</a>•<a href="/wiki/%C9%B6" title="ɶ">ɶ</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; left: 84%; width: 2.33em; top: 86%; height: 1.33em; font-size: 120%; background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE);"><a href="/wiki/%C9%91" title="ɑ">ɑ</a>•<a href="/wiki/%C9%92" title="ɒ">ɒ</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 28px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"><b>Near-close</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 28px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"><b>Close-mid</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 28px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"><b>Mid</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 28px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"><b>Open-mid</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 28px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"><b>Near-open</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="height: 28px; font-size: smaller; text-align: right; background: var(--wikt-palette-lightblue, #BECFEB);"><b>Open</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <ul><li>Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Co-articulated_consonants" data-mw-thread-id="h-Co-articulated_consonants"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Co-articulated_consonants"></span>Co-articulated consonants<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Co-articulated_consonants"></span></h2></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px"> <tbody><tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%8D" title="ʍ">ʍ</a></td> <td>Voiceless labial-velar fricative </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/w#Symbol" title="w">w</a></td> <td>Voiced labial-velar approximant </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A5" title="ɥ">ɥ</a></td> <td>Voiced labial-palatal approximant </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%95" title="ɕ">ɕ</a> <a href="/wiki/%CA%91" title="ʑ">ʑ</a></td> <td>Alveolo-palatal fricatives </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C9%A7" title="ɧ">ɧ</a></td> <td>Simultaneous <b>ʃ</b> and <b>x</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary: <div style="font-family:'Lucida Sans Unicode'">k͡p t͡s</div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Suprasegmentals" data-mw-thread-id="h-Suprasegmentals"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Suprasegmentals"></span>Suprasegmentals<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Suprasegmentals"></span></h2></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px"> <tbody><tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%88" title="ˈ">ˈ</a></td> <td>Primary stress (indicated before the stressed element) </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%8C" title="ˌ">ˌ</a></td> <td>Secondary stress (indicated before the stressed element) </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%90" title="ː">ː</a></td> <td>Long </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%91" title="ˑ">ˑ</a></td> <td>Half-long </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%98" title="˘">˘</a></td> <td>Extra-short </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/Unsupported_titles/Full_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsupported titles/Full stop">.</a></td> <td>Syllable break </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C7%80" title="ǀ">ǀ</a></td> <td>Minor (foot) group </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%C7%81" title="ǁ">ǁ</a></td> <td>Major (intonation) group </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%E2%80%BF" title="‿">‿</a></td> <td>Linking (absence of a break) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Tones_and_word_accents" data-mw-thread-id="h-Tones_and_word_accents"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Tones_and_word_accents"></span>Tones and word accents<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Tones_and_word_accents"></span></h2></div> <table border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px"> <tbody><tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%A5" title="˥">˥</a></td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%92" title="꜒">꜒</a></td> <td>Extra-high (top) tone </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%A6" title="˦">˦</a></td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%93" title="꜓">꜓</a></td> <td>Mid-high tone </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%A7" title="˧">˧</a></td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%94" title="꜔">꜔</a></td> <td>Mid tone </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%A8" title="˨">˨</a></td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%95" title="꜕">꜕</a></td> <td>Mid-low tone </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%A9" title="˩">˩</a></td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%96" title="꜖">꜖</a></td> <td>Extra-low (bottom) tone </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%9B" title="ꜛ">ꜛ</a></td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%EA%9C%9C" title="ꜜ">ꜜ</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/upstep" title="upstep">Upstep</a> and <a href="/wiki/downstep" title="downstep">downstep</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tone letters may come before or after a word or syllable. In the IPA <i>Handbook</i>, they come before to indicate prosodic pitch in Portuguese, and after to indicate lexical tone in Cantonese. </p><p>They may also face left or right. The distinction is used for <a href="/wiki/tone_sandhi" title="tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a>. </p><p>Upstep and downstep always come before the syllable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Diacritics" data-mw-thread-id="h-Diacritics"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Diacritics"></span>Diacritics<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Diacritics"></span></h2></div> <p>Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊. </p> <table border="0" cellspacing="2px" cellpadding="2px"> <tbody><tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="̥"> ̥ </a></td> <td>Voiceless</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="̤"> ̤ </a></td> <td>Breathy voiced</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="̪"> ̪ </a></td> <td>Dental </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="̬"> ̬ </a></td> <td>Voiced</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="̰"> ̰ </a></td> <td>Creaky voiced</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="̺"> ̺ </a></td> <td>Apical </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%B0" title="ʰ"> ʰ </a></td> <td>Aspirated</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="̼"> ̼ </a></td> <td>Linguolabial</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="̻"> ̻ </a></td> <td>Laminal </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="̹"> ̹ </a></td> <td>More rounded</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ʷ"> ʷ </a></td> <td>Labialized</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%83" class="mw-redirect" title="̃"> ̃ </a></td> <td>Nasalized </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="̜"> ̜ </a></td> <td>Less rounded</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ʲ"> ʲ </a></td> <td>Palatalized</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%E2%81%BF" title="ⁿ"> ⁿ </a></td> <td>Nasal release </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="̟"> ̟ </a></td> <td>Advanced</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%A0" title="ˠ"> ˠ </a></td> <td>Velarized</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%A1" title="ˡ"> ˡ </a></td> <td>Lateral release </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="̠"> ̠ </a></td> <td>Retracted</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="ˁ"> ˁ </a></td> <td>Pharyngealized</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="̚"> ̚ </a></td> <td>No audible release </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%88" class="mw-redirect" title="̈"> ̈ </a></td> <td>Centralized</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="̴"> ̴ </a></td> <td colspan="3">Velarized or pharyngealized </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="̽"> ̽ </a></td> <td>Mid-centralized</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="̝"> ̝ </a></td> <td colspan="3">Raised (<b>ɹ̝</b> = voiced alveolar fricative) </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="̩"> ̩ </a></td> <td>Syllabic</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="̞"> ̞ </a></td> <td colspan="3">Lowered (<b>β̞</b> = voiced bilabial approximant) </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="̯"> ̯ </a></td> <td>Non-syllabic</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="̘"> ̘ </a></td> <td colspan="3">Advanced tongue root </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="˞"> ˞ </a></td> <td>Rhoticity</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%99" class="mw-redirect" title="̙"> ̙ </a></td> <td colspan="3">Retracted tongue root </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="͍"> ͍ </a></td> <td>Labial spreading</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%88" class="mw-redirect" title="͈"> ͈ </a></td> <td>Strong articulation</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="͊"> ͊ </a></td> <td>Denasal </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%86" class="mw-redirect" title="͆"> ͆ </a></td> <td>Dentolabial</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="͉"> ͉ </a></td> <td>Weak articulation</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="͋"> ͋ </a></td> <td>Nasal escape </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CC%AA%CD%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="̪͆ (page does not exist)"> ̪͆ </a></td> <td>Interdental/Bidental</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%5C" title="\"> \ </a></td> <td>Reiterated articulation</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="͌"> ͌ </a></td> <td>Velopharyngeal friction </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%87" class="mw-redirect" title="͇"> ͇ </a></td> <td>Alveolar</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="͎"> ͎ </a></td> <td>Whistled articulation</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%E2%86%93" title="↓"> ↓ </a></td> <td>Ingressive airflow </td></tr> <tr style="background: var(--wikt-palette-palegreen, #E7F5DE)" valign="top" align="center"> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CC%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="̼"> ̼ </a></td> <td>Linguolabial</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%CD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="͢"> ͢ </a></td> <td>Sliding articulation</td> <td style="background: var(--wikt-palette-mint, #CFEBBE)"><a href="/wiki/%E2%86%91" title="↑"> ↑ </a></td> <td>Egressive airflow </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2></div> <ul><li>Wiktionary: <code style="white-space:pre-wrap">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:IPA#top" title="Template:IPA">IPA</a>}}</code></li> <li>Wiktionary: <a href="/wiki/Help:Audio_pronunciations" title="Help:Audio pronunciations">Help:Audio pronunciations</a></li> <li>Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="extiw" title="w:International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li>Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" class="extiw" title="w:Pronunciation respelling for English">pronunciation respelling for English</a></li> <li>Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhotic" class="extiw" title="w:Rhotic">rhotic and non-rhotic dialects</a></li> <li>Wikipedia: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/long_vowel" class="extiw" title="w:long vowel">long vowels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishtools.org/en/type-ipa-international-phonetic-alphabet">IPA keyboard.</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet&oldid=82106423">https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=Wiktionary:International_Phonetic_Alphabet&oldid=82106423</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In other languages</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:IPA" title="Wiktionary:IPA – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wiktionary:IPA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikiwurdboek:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Wikiwurdboek:International Phonetic Alphabet – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wikiwurdboek:International Phonetic Alphabet" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikis%C5%82ownik:Mjezynarodny_fonetiski_alfabet" title="Wikisłownik:Mjezynarodny fonetiski alfabet – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wikisłownik:Mjezynarodny fonetiski alfabet" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikikamus:Alfabet_Fonetik_Internasional" title="Wikikamus:Alfabet Fonetik Internasional – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wikikamus:Alfabet Fonetik Internasional" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B3:%E1%80%82%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B6%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ:ဂကောံအက္ခရ်ဗွဟ်ရမျာင် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဝိက်ရှေန်နရဳ:ဂကောံအက္ခရ်ဗွဟ်ရမျာင်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wikikamus:Abjad_Fonetik_Antarabangsa" title="Wikikamus:Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wikikamus:Abjad Fonetik Antarabangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE:%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%90%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%92%E1%80%B9%E1%80%92%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ဝစ်ရှင်နရီ:နိုင်ငံတကာ သဒ္ဒဗေဒအက္ခရာ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝစ်ရှင်နရီ:နိုင်ငံတကာ သဒ္ဒဗေဒအက္ခရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wiktionary.org/wiki/WikiWoordenboek:IPA" title="WikiWoordenboek:IPA – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="WikiWoordenboek:IPA" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wik%C8%9Bionar:Alfabetul_Fonetic_Interna%C8%9Bional" title="Wikționar:Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wikționar:Alfabetul Fonetic Internațional" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="වික්ෂනරි:International Phonetic Alphabet – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වික්ෂනරි:International Phonetic Alphabet" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AD%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87:International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="ဝိၵ်ႇသျိၼ်ႇၼရီႇ:International Phonetic Alphabet – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ဝိၵ်ႇသျိၼ်ႇၼရီႇ:International Phonetic Alphabet" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wiktionary.org/wiki/Vikis%C3%B6zl%C3%BCk:Uluslararas%C4%B1_Fonetik_Alfabe" title="Vikisözlük:Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vikisözlük:Uluslararası Fonetik Alfabe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:IPA" title="Wiktionary:IPA – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wiktionary:IPA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://yue.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="維基辭典:國際音標 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="維基辭典:國際音標" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Wiktionary:%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Wiktionary:國際音標 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Wiktionary:國際音標" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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