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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-同位素與核種" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素與核種"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>同位素與核種</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素與核種-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-命名法及符號" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#命名法及符號"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>命名法及符號</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-命名法及符號-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穩定性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穩定性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>穩定性</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-穩定性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关穩定性子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-穩定性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-質子數的奇偶性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#質子數的奇偶性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>質子數的奇偶性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-質子數的奇偶性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-存在及來源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#存在及來源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>存在及來源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-存在及來源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位素與原子量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素與原子量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>同位素與原子量</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素與原子量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-放射性同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#放射性同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>放射性同位素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-放射性同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-穩定同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#穩定同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>穩定同位素</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-穩定同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用途" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用途"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>用途</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-用途-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关用途子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-用途-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-同位素純化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素純化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>同位素純化</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素純化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化學和生物特性的利用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學和生物特性的利用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>化學和生物特性的利用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學和生物特性的利用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核特性的利用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核特性的利用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>核特性的利用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核特性的利用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参閱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参閱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参閱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参閱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">同位素</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。119种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-119" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">119种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="نظير (كيمياء) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظير (كيمياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%BE" title="إيزوطوپ – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيزوطوپ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topu" title="Isótopu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Isótopu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zotop" title="İzotop – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İzotop" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Ізатоп – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ізатоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Ізатоп – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ізатоп" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="आइसोटोप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आइसोटोप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="আইসোটোপ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আইসোটোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B2top" title="Isòtop – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Isòtop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF" title="Ισότοπο – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισότοπο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopo" title="Izotopo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Izotopo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isótopo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE" title="ایزوتوپ – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایزوتوپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotooppi" title="Isotooppi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Isotooppi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopar" title="Isotopar – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Isotopar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iseat%C3%B3p" title="Iseatóp – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iseatóp" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Isótopo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4" title="איזוטופ – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איזוטופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="समस्थानिक – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समस्थानिक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izot%C3%B2p" title="Izotòp – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Izotòp" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izot%C3%B3p" title="Izotóp – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izotóp" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իզոտոպներ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իզոտոպներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopo" title="Izotopo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Izotopo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sams%C3%A6ta" title="Samsæta – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samsæta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E4%BD%93" title="同位体 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同位体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იზოტოპები – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იზოტოპები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyat" title="Anyat – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Anyat" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Изотоптар – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Изотоптар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸಮಸ್ಥಾನಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸಮಸ್ಥಾನಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%9C%84_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="동위 원소 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동위 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ezotop" title="Îzotop – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îzotop" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Изотоптор – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Изотоптор" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopus" title="Isotopus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Isotopus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopas" title="Izotopas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Izotopas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotops" title="Izotops – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izotops" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miratoerana" title="Miratoerana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Miratoerana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="ഐസോടോപ്പ് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐസോടോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87" title="समस्थानिके – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समस्थानिके" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA" title="အိုင်ဆိုတုပ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်ဆိုတုပ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="समस्थानिक – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="समस्थानिक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="आइसोटोप – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="आइसोटोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoop" title="Isotoop – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Isotoop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isot%C3%B2p" title="Isotòp – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Isotòp" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AA" title="ਆਈਸੋਟੋਪ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਈਸੋਟੋਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopy" title="Izotopy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izotopy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="آئیسوٹوپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آئیسوٹوپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is%C3%B3topo" title="Isótopo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Isótopo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B" title="Изотопы – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Изотопы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="ھمزاد – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھمزاد" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A" title="සමස්ථානික – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සමස්ථානික" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%88%D9%BE" title="آئسوٹوپ – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آئسوٹوپ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzanhara" title="Enzanhara – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Enzanhara" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotopi" title="Izotopi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Izotopi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Изотоп – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Изотоп" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotop" title="Isotop – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Isotop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopi" title="Isotopi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Isotopi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%93%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஓரிடத்தான் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஓரிடத்தான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఐసోటోపులు – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐసోటోపులు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B" title="ไอโซโทป – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไอโซโทป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isotope" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zotop" title="İzotop – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İzotop" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8" title="Ізотопи – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ізотопи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7" title="ہم جا – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہم جا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotoplar" title="Izotoplar – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Izotoplar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ix%C3%B2topo" title="Ixòtopo – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ixòtopo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Izotop" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_v%E1%BB%8B" title="Đồng vị – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đồng vị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopo" title="Isotopo – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Isotopo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A4" title="איזאטאפ – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איזאטאפ" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ds%C3%B3t%C3%B2p%C3%B9" title="Ísótòpù – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ísótòpù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doengzvihsuq" title="Doengzvihsuq – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Doengzvihsuq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4ng-%C5%ABi-s%C3%B2%CD%98" title="Tông-ūi-sò͘ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tông-ūi-sò͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="同位素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IChembe" title="IChembe – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IChembe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25276#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&oldid=82373604" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&id=82373604&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2590%258C%25E4%25BD%258D%25E7%25B4%25A0"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E5%2590%258C%25E4%25BD%258D%25E7%25B4%25A0"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Isotopes" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiversity mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikiversity.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" hreflang="zh"><span>维基学院</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q25276" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-fbde7bb6" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope" class="extiw" title="en:Isotope">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年4月</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="noteTA-fbde7bb6" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="核能"></div></div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg/300px-Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg/450px-Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg/600px-Hydrogen_Deuterium_Tritium_Nuclei_Schmatic-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>元素的三種<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="天然同位素">天然同位素</a>。三種同位素都有一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>，因此它們都是氫原子。由左至右的同位素分別為具有0個<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="氕">氕</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">1<br /></span>H<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）、具有1個中子的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">2<br /></span>D<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）和具有2個中子的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">3<br /></span>T<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>同位素</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Isotope</span>），又稱<b>同位素核種</b><sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（英語：<span lang="en">Isotopic nuclides</span><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>），是指同一<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>之下的不同<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="核種">核種</a>。同一種元素的所有同位素都具有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>數目（即<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>），但<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>數目不同，故<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="質量數">質量數</a>不同。由於這些核種屬於同一種化學元素，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="化學元素週期表">化學元素週期表</a>佔有同一個位置，因此得名。<sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>例如自然界的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>元素由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="氕">氕</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">1<br /></span>H<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">2<br /></span>D<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a>（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">3<br /></span>T<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）三種核種組成，它們<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>中都有1個質子，但是它們的原子核中分別有0個中子、1個中子及2個中子，質量數分別為1、2、3，所以它們三者互為同位素。 </p><p>同一元素的所有同位素之化學性質幾乎相同，但它們彼此的核穩定性各不相同，物理性質也有些微差異。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>同位素的英文isotope是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>詞根isos（ἴσος ，意為“相同”）和topos（τόπος，意為“地方”）組成，意思是“同一個地方”。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>該詞由<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a>醫生兼作家<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑪格麗特·托德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Margaret Todd (doctor)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪格麗特·托德（页面不存在）">瑪格麗特·托德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Todd_(doctor)" class="extiw" title="en:Margaret Todd (doctor)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Margaret Todd (doctor)</span></a></span>）</span></span>於1913年創造並在與<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>化學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E8%BF%AA" title="弗雷德里克·索迪">弗雷德里克·索迪</a>談話時提出。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同位素與核種"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.B4.A0.E8.88.87.E6.A0.B8.E7.A8.AE"></span>同位素與核種</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：同位素與核種"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="核種">核種</a>是指<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>的種類，由原子核內質子及中子的數量及核的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="能階">能態</a>作區分<sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">碳-13</a>是具有6個質子和7個中子的核種。核種在概念上較強調原子的核性質而非化學性質，而同位素的概念則是將所有原子依其所屬元素進行分類（由原子核中的質子數界定），因此更加強調原子的化學性質。中子數對原子的核性質有很大的影響，但對大多數原子的化學性質之影響可忽略不計。儘管對於較輕的元素，其核內中子數與質子數之比在同位素之間變化較大，對其化學性質的影響通常也十分微小。 </p><p>同位素一詞最初主要用於比較，概念上較強調質子數相同而質量數/中子數不同的原子類別，例如<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">12<br />6</span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">13<br />6</span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">14<br />6</span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>的質子數皆為6，彼此互為同位素<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，而<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">40<br />18</span>Ar<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">40<br />19</span>K<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">40<br />20</span>Ca<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>的質量數皆為40，互為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8F%E7%B4%A0" title="同量素">同量素</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（又稱同量素），<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">38<br />18</span>Ar<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">39<br />19</span>K<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">40<br />20</span>Ca<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>的中子數皆為20，互為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%A0" title="同中子素">同中子素</a>（又稱同中子異位素）。至於核種一詞則可用於稱呼任何原子核構造或所處能態不同的原子種類，如質子數或中子數不同的原子，皆視為不同的核種。<sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>然而，由於同位素一詞在學界中使用歷史較為悠久，比核種一詞更廣為人知，如今在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="核技術">核技術</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核醫學</a>等許多領域中仍常用「同位素」指代任何具有特定質子數及中子數的原子種類，儘管在概念及語意上使用「核種」更為合適。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="命名法及符號"><span id=".E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D.E6.B3.95.E5.8F.8A.E7.AC.A6.E8.99.9F"></span>命名法及符號</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：命名法及符號"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>同位素/核種的名稱通常以其所屬元素加上其質量數來表示，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-3" title="氦-3">氦-3</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-4" title="氦-4">氦-4</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">碳-12</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235">鈾-235</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a>等。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>當使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>表示同位素時，通常使用<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle _{Z}^{A}E_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msubsup> <mi></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>Z</mi> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle _{Z}^{A}E_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0e6725d9e9eb76881ade4ef2a6d851bf7e010ea7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.872ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle _{Z}^{A}E_{N}}"></span>的形式，其中E為該同位素所屬元素的化學符號（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a>這二種同位素有自己的符號）；Z為該同位素的質子數（即原子序數）；A為該同位素的質量數（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>數，質子數和中子數之和）；N為該同位素的中子數（一般情况下不標出），例如<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">3<br />2</span>He<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">4<br />2</span>He<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">12<br />6</span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">14<br />6</span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">235<br />92</span>U<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">238<br />92</span>U<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>。由於從同位素的所屬元素便可推知其質子數，因此以符號表示同位素時通常只會註明其上標的質量數，而省略下標的質子數，如<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">3<br /></span>He<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">4<br /></span>He<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">12<br /></span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">14<br /></span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">235<br /></span>U<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">238<br /></span>U<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>。若在同位素符號的質量數後加上字母m，則表示其為該同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%A0%B8%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同核異構體">同核異構體</a>，其原子核處於較高<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="能階">能階</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A8%B3%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="亚稳态">亞穩態</a>，但半衰期比一般的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E7%99%BC%E6%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="激發態">激發態</a>原子核要長（通常達到100~1000倍的時間），例如<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">99m<br /></span>Tc<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D-99m" title="鎝-99m">鎝-99m</a>）、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">180m<br /></span>Ta<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>（鉭-180m）等。當一同位素存在多個不同能階的同核異構體時，則使用m1、m2、m3等，按照其激發能量從低到高進行標記，如<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">177m2<br /></span>Hf<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>（鉿-177m2）等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="穩定性"><span id=".E7.A9.A9.E5.AE.9A.E6.80.A7"></span>穩定性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：穩定性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>每一種元素都有著多種同位素，由於原子核中不同數目的質子和中子的組合會影響其穩定性，因此每種同位素的核穩定性各不相同。 </p><p>目前已知的大多數同位素原子核皆不穩定，具有<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>，會自發性地放出<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">游離輻射</a>並衰變成其他核種，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a>，例如氚、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE-40" title="钾-40">鉀-40</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7-60" title="鈷-60">鈷-60</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98-131" title="碘-131">碘-131</a>等。若某元素的所有同位素都具有放射性，則該元素會被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="放射性元素">放射性元素</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐳">鐳</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡</a>等。每種放射性同位素的核穩定性各不相同，因此發生衰變的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F#物理學" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>也有長有短，原子核越不穩定的同位素半衰期越短，放射性越強。目前已發現的放射性同位素超過3000種<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，其中大部分不存在於自然界，只能藉由人工合成的方式生成，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="人造放射性同位素">人造放射性同位素</a>。至於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="天然放射性同位素">天然存在的放射性同位素</a>則包括半衰期極長的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primordial nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始核種（页面不存在）">原始放射性核種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Primordial nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primordial nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>、原始放射性核種衰變生成的次生天然放射性核種以及天然核反應產生的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宇生核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cosmogenic nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇生核種（页面不存在）">宇生放射性核種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmogenic nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cosmogenic nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>及<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="核生成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nucleogenic"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核生成（页面不存在）">核生成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleogenic" class="extiw" title="en:Nucleogenic"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nucleogenic</span></a></span>）</span></span>放射性核種。 </p><p>原子核穩定、不會發生放射性衰變的同位素則稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定同位素</a>，共有251種，皆自然存在於地球上。原子序小於83（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鉍">鉍</a>之前）的元素中，除了<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="鎝">鎝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95" class="mw-redirect" title="鉕">鉕</a>外，都具有至少一種穩定的同位素，其中只有一種穩定同位素的元素被稱作<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="单一同位素元素">單一同位素元素</a>，其他的元素則有超過一種的穩定同位素，其中<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="錫">錫</a>有10種穩定同位素，是具有最多種穩定同位素的元素。穩定同位素由於不會衰變成其他同位素，自<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a>過程誕生後能以穩定的量恆久存在，因此構成了現今自然界中絕大多數的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="物質">物質</a>，大多數元素在地球和太陽系中同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="豐度">豐度</a>比例往往也是穩定同位素占絕大部分或全部。不過自然界中有三種元素（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="銦">銦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="錸">錸</a>）雖然有著穩定同位素，但其豐度最高的同位素卻是壽命極長的放射性同位素。 </p><p>理論計算顯示，許多表面上為“穩定”的同位素實際上應具有放射性，但半衰期極長（不考慮<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="質子衰變">質子衰變</a>的可能性，因為這將使所有同位素皆屬不穩定）。理論上，一些穩定的同位素在能量上容易受到一些已知衰變形式的影響，例如<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%CE%B2%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="雙β衰變">雙β衰變</a>，然而目前尚未觀察到任何它們發生衰變的現象，因此這些同位素被認為是“觀測上穩定”的同位素。這些同位素的預測半衰期往往遠超<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙年齡">宇宙的估計年齡</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="質子數的奇偶性"><span id=".E8.B3.AA.E5.AD.90.E6.95.B8.E7.9A.84.E5.A5.87.E5.81.B6.E6.80.A7"></span>質子數的奇偶性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：質子數的奇偶性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>質子數為<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E6%95%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="偶数">偶數</a>（尤其是2、8、20、28、50、82及126等<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%95%B0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="幻数 (物理学)">幻數</a>）的同位素通常具有較高的穩定性，所含的穩定核種較多。50（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="錫">錫</a>）是具有最多穩定同位素的質子數目，有10種穩定核種都具有50個質子。而4（<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="鈹">鈹</a>）是唯一一個只有1種穩定同位素的偶數質子數目，故鈹是所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E4%B8%80%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="单一同位素元素">單一同位素元素</a>中唯一原子序數為偶數的元素。 </p><p>質子數<83且為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="奇數">奇數</a>的同位素中所含的穩定核種數量大多只有1種，且最多不超過2種，故大多數原子序數<83且為奇數的元素都是單一同位素元素。 </p><p>沒有穩定核種的質子數目為43（<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="鎝">鎝</a>）、61（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95" class="mw-redirect" title="鉕">鉕</a>）和83（<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鉍">鉍</a>）以上的數目。至於沒有穩定核種的中子數目包括19、21、35、39、45、61、89、115、123和127以上的數目。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="存在及來源"><span id=".E5.AD.98.E5.9C.A8.E5.8F.8A.E4.BE.86.E6.BA.90"></span>存在及來源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：存在及來源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>地球上大約有339種自然存在的同位素<sup id="cite_ref-lindsay_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，分屬於94種化學元素（1號的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>至94號的<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="鈽">鈽</a>），其中有251種為穩定同位素，其餘則是不穩定的放射性同位素。 </p><p>在這339種<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="天然同位素">天然同位素</a>中，有286種是自太陽系形成以來便已經存在的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primordial nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始核種（页面不存在）">原始同位素</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Primordial nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primordial nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>。原始同位素包括251種穩定同位素，以及35種半衰期極長（大多超過<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙年齡">宇宙年齡</a>）的放射性同位素。<sup id="cite_ref-lindsay_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lindsay-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>由於這些放射性同位素的半衰期非常長，衰變速率緩慢，因此它們的原子從形成之初經歷數十億年後仍得以相當的量存留到現在，其中最重的三種原始放射性同位素在地殼中的衰變過程組成了現今自然界中三條最主要的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a>，分別是以<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a>（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=4.49×10<sup>9</sup>年）為母體的<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="铀衰变链">鈾系</a>、以<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235">鈾-235</a>（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=7.13×10<sup>8</sup>年）為母體的<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="锕衰变链">錒系</a>和以<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7-232" class="mw-redirect" title="釷-232">釷-232</a>（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=1.39×10<sup>10</sup>年）為母體的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E9%93%BE" title="钍衰变链">釷系</a>。除了前述三者外，還有約32種原始放射性同位素並不屬於上述三大衰變鏈之内，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE-40" title="钾-40">鉀-40</a>（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=1.2×10<sup>9</sup>年）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="銣">銣</a>-87（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=6.0×10<sup>10</sup>年）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="銦">銦</a>-115（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=6×10<sup>14</sup>年）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="鑭">鑭</a>-138（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=1.2×10<sup>11</sup>年）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="釤">釤</a>-147（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=2.5×10<sup>11</sup>年）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="鎦">鎦</a>-176（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=2.4×10<sup>10</sup>年）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="錸">錸</a>-187（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=4×10<sup>12</sup>年）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B-209" title="铋-209">鉍-209</a>（<i>t</i><sub>1⁄2</sub>=2.01×10<sup>19</sup>年）等。 </p><p>除了286種原始同位素外，自然界中還存在著50餘種半衰期較短的放射性同位素。這些壽命較短的天然放射性同位素中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>等質量數較小者大多是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82" title="宇宙射線散裂">宇宙射線散裂</a>產生的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宇生核種" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cosmogenic nuclide"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E7%94%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇生核種（页面不存在）">宇生放射性核種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogenic_nuclide" class="extiw" title="en:Cosmogenic nuclide"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cosmogenic nuclide</span></a></span>）</span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-222" title="氡-222">氡-222</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B-210" title="钋-210">釙-210</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD-226" class="mw-redirect" title="镭-226">鐳-226</a>等質量數超過200的同位素則大多是<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="釷">釷</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">衰變產物</a>。 </p><p>還有約3000種放射性同位素不存在於現今的自然界中，只能藉由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A0%E9%80%9F%E5%99%A8" title="粒子加速器">粒子加速器</a>人工合成，這些<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造同位素">人造同位素</a>大多半衰期極短，即使在地球形成的初期曾經存在，也早已全部衰變殆盡。不過許多在地球上不天然存在的短壽命同位素卻可在宇宙的光譜中觀測到，它們是在恆星或超新星中自然產生的，例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鋁-26" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aluminium-26"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D-26" class="mw-redirect" title="铝-26">鋁-26</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium-26" class="extiw" title="en:Aluminium-26"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aluminium-26</span></a></span>）</span></span>在自然界中極為罕見，僅有<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射線">宇宙射線</a>作用產生的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a>存在，但其在宇宙中的含量卻達到天文規模。 </p><p>現時普遍接受的宇宙學理論認為只有幾種最輕元素的同位素（包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>，以及痕量<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鋰">鋰</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="鈹">鈹</a>，可能還有極少量的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼</a>）是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a>時的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%88%9D%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="太初核合成">太初核合成</a>過程中產生的，而所有其他更重元素的同位素都是在後來的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E7%88%86%E5%8F%91" class="mw-redirect" title="超新星爆发">超新星爆發</a>中合成的，或是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射線">宇宙射線</a>等高能粒子與舊有的同位素相互作用所產生。地球上各同位素的豐度取決於它們在這些過程中所形成的量、它們在<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="銀河系">銀河系</a>中的散播程度以及其原子核穩定性（影響其衰變速率）。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>中不同<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>的同位素組成略有不同。可依此追踪隕石的起源。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同位素與原子量"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.B4.A0.E8.88.87.E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E9.87.8F"></span>同位素與原子量</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：同位素與原子量"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>（<i>m</i><sub>a</sub>）主要由其質量數（即其原子核中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a>數）決定，再根據原子核的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">結合能</a>、質子和中子間質量的微小差異以及原子之電子質量做微調。 </p><p>質量數是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%9B%A0%E6%AC%A1%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="無因次量">無因次量</a>，而原子量則是以<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">碳-12</a>的原子量作為基準計量的，單位為<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="道爾頓">道爾頓</a>（Da），或稱統一原子質量單位（u）。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>中各元素的原子量是平均值，說明了自然界的元素存在多種質量不同的同位素。在發現同位素之前，元素的原子量是由科學家們憑實驗結果所估計，其非整數值讓當時的人們感到困惑。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>樣品含有75.8%的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF-35&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯-35（页面不存在）">氯-35</a>和24.2%的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="氯-37" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chlorine-37"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%AF-37&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="氯-37（页面不存在）">氯-37</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorine-37" class="extiw" title="en:Chlorine-37"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chlorine-37</span></a></span>）</span></span>，故自然界中氯元素的平均原子量為35.5原子質量單位。 </p><p>元素的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="標準原子量" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Standard atomic weight"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="標準原子量（页面不存在）">標準原子量</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" class="extiw" title="en:Standard atomic weight"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Standard atomic weight</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2ff7af0c1f7e457540951dffb2849aaa199ec16b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.257ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}}"></span>）是由該元素各<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="天然同位素">天然同位素</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="豐度">豐度</a>比例所決定。當一元素含有N個天然同位素時，其標準原子量以下式表示： </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}=m_{1}x_{1}+m_{2}x_{2}+...+m_{N}x_{N}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>m</mi> <mo accent="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>a</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>+</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>.</mo> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}=m_{1}x_{1}+m_{2}x_{2}+...+m_{N}x_{N}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab8fff0ab5c50e3f7d2c91322d1b0f46cd28d47a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:33.624ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\overline {m}}_{a}=m_{1}x_{1}+m_{2}x_{2}+...+m_{N}x_{N}}"></span> </p><p>其中<i>m</i><sub>1</sub>、<i>m</i><sub>2</sub>、...、<i>m</i><sub><i>N</i></sub>是該元素每個天然同位素的原子量，<i>x</i><sub>1</sub>、...、<i>x</i><sub><i>N</i></sub>是這些同位素的相對豐度。 </p><p>例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>元素有三種天然同位素：碳-12（豐度98.93％）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">碳-13</a>（豐度1.07％）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>（僅<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a>存在），而碳-12的原子量為12<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">amu</a>，碳-13的原子量約為13.003355amu，按照這些同位素的存量比例即可計算出天然碳的標準原子量（碳-14含量太少，可忽略不計）： </p> <dl><dd>12 × 98.93％ + 13.0034 × 1.07％＝ 12.01amu</dd></dl> <p>由於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="人造元素">人造元素</a>的同位素完全由人工合成產生，天然同位素的豐度對其沒有任何意義，故它們的標準原子量使用其最穩定（即半衰期最長）的同位素之<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="質量數">質量數</a>來表示。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="放射性同位素"><span id=".E6.94.BE.E5.B0.84.E6.80.A7.E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.B4.A0"></span>放射性同位素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：放射性同位素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1912年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E8%BF%AA" title="弗雷德里克·索迪">弗雷德里克·索迪</a>基於對放射性重元素<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a>的研究，首次提出同位素的存在<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。該研究發現，<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>之間存在著約40種核性質不同的放射性元素，但週期表中鉛和鈾之間只存在11個元素的位置。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ley196610_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196610-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>當時許多科學家嘗試使用化學方法分離鈾、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="釷">釷</a>等重元素衰變產生的新放射性元素，但都以失敗告終。<sup id="cite_ref-Scerri_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1910年，索迪證明新釷（mesothorium，後來證實為<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">228<br /></span>Ra<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）、鐳（radium，即<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">226<br /></span>Ra<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鐳">鐳</a>元素最長壽的同位素）和釷X（thorium X，即<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">224<br /></span>Ra<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）這三種放射性元素是無法分離的。<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在嘗試將這些放射性元素放入元素週期表後，索迪和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8F%9A%E6%96%AF" title="卡西米爾·法揚斯">卡西米爾·法揚斯</a>在1913年各自獨立提出了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="索迪-法揚斯放射位移定律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E8%BF%AA-%E6%B3%95%E6%8F%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索迪-法揚斯放射位移定律（页面不存在）">放射位移定律</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_displacement_law_of_Fajans_and_Soddy" class="extiw" title="en:Radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Radioactive displacement law of Fajans and Soddy</span></a></span>）</span></span>，其大意為：元素發生<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Α衰變">α衰變</a>後會形成其在週期表中左側二格位置的元素，而<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>則會產生其在週期表中右側一格位置的元素。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>索迪意識到，當元素先發射一個<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>，接著發射兩個<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a>後，會導致形成一種化學性質與初始元素相同的元素，但其質量輕了四個單位，並且具有不同的核衰變性質。 </p><p>索迪提出，幾種放射性性質不同但化學性質相同的原子應可以填入週期表中的同一位置。<sup id="cite_ref-ley196610_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196610-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>例如，<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235">鈾-235</a> α衰變形成的釷-231和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92" class="mw-redirect" title="錒">錒</a>-230 β衰變形成的釷-230，儘管核衰變性質和半衰期不同，但應屬於同一元素。<sup id="cite_ref-Scerri_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>“同位素”（isotope）一詞是索迪的世交、<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD" title="蘇格蘭">蘇格蘭</a>醫生<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑪格麗特·托德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Margaret Todd (doctor)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E6%A0%BC%E9%BA%97%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪格麗特·托德（页面不存在）">瑪格麗特·托德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Todd_(doctor)" class="extiw" title="en:Margaret Todd (doctor)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Margaret Todd (doctor)</span></a></span>）</span></span>在一次談話中向他提出的<sup id="cite_ref-Nagel_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nagel-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16134128_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16134128-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘文">希臘文</a>中意為“在同一地點”。<sup id="cite_ref-ley196610_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ley196610-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>索迪因在同位素方面的研究成果而獲得1921年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-soddynobel_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soddynobel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1914年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="西奥多·理查兹">西奧多·理查茲</a>發現來自不同礦物的鉛之原子量存在差異，這是由於三大衰變鏈的最終產物皆為鉛元素的不同同位素，礦物中放射性元素的組成不同會導致其所含鉛同位素的比例有所差異。<sup id="cite_ref-Scerri_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scerri-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-soddynobel_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soddynobel-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="穩定同位素"><span id=".E7.A9.A9.E5.AE.9A.E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.B4.A0"></span>穩定同位素</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：穩定同位素"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/300px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/450px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/600px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>約瑟夫·湯姆森的感光底片右下角標記了兩種<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖</a>同位素：氖-20（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">20<br /></span>Ne<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）和氖-22（<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">22<br /></span>Ne<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>）。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="約瑟夫·湯姆森">約瑟夫·湯姆森</a>在1913年首次發現穩定元素（即非放射性元素）存在同位素的證據。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>湯姆森通過平行的磁場和電場引導<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖</a>離子流，通過在路徑中放置感光底片來測量這些離子的偏轉，並使用下述方法計算它們的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%B4%A8%E6%AF%94" title="荷质比">荷質比</a>：每股離子流撞擊的地方都會在底片上形成一個發光的斑塊，湯姆森在感光底片上觀察到兩個獨立的拋物線光斑，這表明存在兩種荷質比不同的原子核。該方法後來被稱作湯姆森拋物線法。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="弗朗西斯·阿斯顿">弗朗西斯·阿斯頓</a>隨後使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E8%AD%9C%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="質譜儀">質譜儀</a>發現了許多元素的多種穩定同位素。1919年，阿斯頓以高<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="解析度 (質譜法)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Resolution (mass spectrometry)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A7%A3%E6%9E%90%E5%BA%A6_(%E8%B3%AA%E8%AD%9C%E6%B3%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="解析度 (質譜法)（页面不存在）">解析度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(mass_spectrometry)" class="extiw" title="en:Resolution (mass spectrometry)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Resolution (mass spectrometry)</span></a></span>）</span></span>研究氖，發現兩個氖同位素的質量非常接近整數20和22，且都不同於氖的已知<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E8%80%B3%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="莫耳質量">莫耳質量</a>20.2。這是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="整數法則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Whole number rule"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E6%95%B0%E6%B3%95%E5%88%99" title="整数法则">阿斯頓整數法則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_number_rule" class="extiw" title="en:Whole number rule"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Whole number rule</span></a></span>）</span></span>的一個例子，該法則指出部分元素的莫耳質量與整數呈現較大偏差，主要是由於該元素是多種同位素的混合物所致。同樣地，阿斯頓在1920年證明氯的莫耳質量35.45是由兩種同位素<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">35<br /></span>Cl<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>和<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">37<br /></span>Cl<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>的近乎整數的原子量加權平均後得來。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="用途"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E9.80.94"></span>用途</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：用途"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同位素純化"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E4.BD.8D.E7.B4.A0.E7.B4.94.E5.8C.96"></span>同位素純化</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：同位素純化"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="同位素分离">同位素分離</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E8%A1%93" class="mw-redirect" title="核技術">核技術</a>等領域需要使用到某些元素的特定同位素的特性，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="鈽">鈽</a>等重元素的同位素。同位素分離是一項重大的技術挑戰。<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鋰">鋰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>等較輕的元素通常是藉由其化合物（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%AE" title="一氧化氮">一氧化氮</a>等）的氣體擴散來進行分離。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a>的分離則十分特別，是基於化學性質的差異進行分離，而不是物理性質，例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Girdler硫化物法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Girdler sulfide process"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Girdler%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Girdler硫化物法（页面不存在）">Girdler硫化物法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girdler_sulfide_process" class="extiw" title="en:Girdler sulfide process"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Girdler sulfide process</span></a></span>）</span></span>等。鈾的同位素則可通過氣體擴散、氣體離心、雷射電離分離或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="质谱法">質譜法</a>（在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A0%93%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83" class="mw-redirect" title="曼哈頓計劃">曼哈頓計劃</a>中）等物理方法進行批量分離。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學和生物特性的利用"><span id=".E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E5.92.8C.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7.E7.9A.84.E5.88.A9.E7.94.A8"></span>化學和生物特性的利用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：化學和生物特性的利用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="同位素分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Isotope analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同位素分析（页面不存在）">同位素分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Isotope analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Isotope analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span>：透過質譜法分析樣本中特定元素（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>等）的不同同位素之間的比例（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="同位素訊號" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Isotopic signature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E8%A8%8A%E8%99%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同位素訊號（页面不存在）">同位素訊號</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopic_signature" class="extiw" title="en:Isotopic signature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Isotopic signature</span></a></span>）</span></span>），可以了解<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="食物網">食物網</a>的能量流動、重建過去的環境和氣候條件、檢測食品是否摻假<sup id="cite_ref-Jamin_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamin-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、檢測樣本的地理來源等，在各種<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="地球科學">地球科學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="環境科學">環境科學</a>的研究中具有廣泛的應用。<sup id="cite_ref-hermes_2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hermes_2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>同位素置換（Isotopic substitution）可藉由<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="動力學同位素效應" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kinetic isotope effect"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E6%95%88%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動力學同位素效應（页面不存在）">動力學同位素效應</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_isotope_effect" class="extiw" title="en:Kinetic isotope effect"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kinetic isotope effect</span></a></span>）</span></span>來確定化學反應的機制。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0" title="同位素标记">同位素標記</a>：在化學反應中使用特別的罕見同位素作為示蹤劑或標記物<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，可用於追蹤特定物質在某個物理作用過程、化學反應、代謝通路、或細胞定位中的路徑和去向。一般來說，目標元素的原子彼此並無法區分，然而，使用不同質量數的同位素原子則可對目標元素的去向進行追蹤。若使用放射性同位素進行標記，則可以通過其發出的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E9%9B%A2%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="游離輻射">輻射</a>來檢測它們（稱作<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%A4%BA%E8%B9%A4%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性示蹤劑">放射性示蹤劑</a>）。若使用的是非放射性的穩定同位素，也可以通過質譜或紅外光譜來區分。例如“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="細胞培養穩定同位素胺基酸標記" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E5%9F%B9%E9%A4%8A%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E6%A8%99%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="細胞培養穩定同位素胺基酸標記（页面不存在）">細胞培養穩定同位素胺基酸標記</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable_isotope_labeling_by_amino_acids_in_cell_culture" class="extiw" title="en:Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture</span></a></span>）</span></span>（SILAC）”技術中使用穩定同位素定量<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>。</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="同位素稀釋法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Isotope dilution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E7%A8%80%E9%87%8B%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同位素稀釋法（页面不存在）">同位素稀釋法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_dilution" class="extiw" title="en:Isotope dilution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Isotope dilution</span></a></span>）</span></span>中使用同位素<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9A%E9%87%8F%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="定量分析">定量分析</a>各種元素或物質的濃度，方法是將已知量且使用特定同位素取代的化合物與待測樣品混合，再通過質譜法測定所得混合物的同位素訊號。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="核特性的利用"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E7.89.B9.E6.80.A7.E7.9A.84.E5.88.A9.E7.94.A8"></span>核特性的利用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：核特性的利用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%83%BD%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="核能發電">核能發電</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AD%A6%E5%99%A8" title="核武器">核武器</a>的研製需要消耗相對大量的特定同位素，例如<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">235<br /></span>U<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">239<br /></span>Pu<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>等<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="可分裂物質">可分裂物質</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" title="核電池">核電池</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5%E6%B1%A0" title="射线电池">射線電池</a>利用<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">238<br /></span>Pu<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">242<br /></span>Cm<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">147<br /></span>Pm<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">3<br /></span>T<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>等放射性同位素衰變釋放的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%83%BD" title="热能">熱能</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射能">辐射能</a>來產生電力，可用於一些需長時間運作又難以更換電池的儀器及設備上，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E5%8F%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="氣象台">氣象台</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="太空船">太空船</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E8%A1%9B%E6%98%9F" title="人造衛星">人造衛星</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E5%BF%83%E8%87%9F" title="人工心臟">人工心臟</a>等。<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="核医学">核醫學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="放射治療">放射腫瘤學</a>中利用放射性同位素進行診斷和治療。</li> <li>放射性同位素釋放的輻射可用於醫療器材滅菌、食物保鮮、品種改良、高分子聚合、處理廢氣、廢水和汙泥等。常用的同位素有<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">60<br /></span>Co<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">137<br /></span>Cs<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>等之密封放射源。<sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>工廠中使用<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">210<br /></span>Po<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">241<br /></span>Am<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">90<br /></span>Sr<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>等放射性同位素釋放的輻射來消除<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%99%E5%BC%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="紙張">紙張</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E8%86%A0" title="橡膠">橡膠</a>薄片、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E8%86%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="塑膠">塑膠</a>薄片、絲線等<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="絕緣體">絕緣體</a>相互摩擦時產生的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="靜電">靜電</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性定年法">放射性定年法</a>：藉由測定樣本中某些放射性同位素與其衰變產物的比率，可以該放射性同位素之<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>來推算該樣本的存在年代。最廣為人知的例子是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%A2%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性碳定年法">放射性碳定年法</a>，用於測定化石等生物性有機物的年代。</li> <li>某些形式的光譜學必須依賴特定同位素的獨特核性質，包括一些放射性同位素和穩定同位素。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>（NMR）光譜只能用於核自旋非零的同位素，其最常用的同位素有<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">1<br /></span>H<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">2<br /></span>D<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">15<br /></span>N<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>、<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">13<br /></span>C<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>和<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">31<br /></span>P<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="穆斯堡爾譜學">穆斯堡爾譜學</a>依賴於特定同位素的核躍遷，例如<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:right">57<br /></span>Fe<span style="line-height:1.2em;text-indent:0em;display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:0.8em;font-size:85%;text-align:left"><br /></span></span>等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参閱"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E9.96.B1"></span>参閱</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参閱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/32px-Radioactive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/48px-Radioactive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Radioactive.svg/64px-Radioactive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="446" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%A0%B8%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="Portal:核技术">核技术主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:物理学">物理学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="同位素列表">同位素列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="同位素丰度">同位素豐度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="核種">核種</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="核種列表">核種列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%A0" title="同中子素">同中子素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8F%E7%B4%A0" title="同量素">同量素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="天然同位素">天然同位素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定同位素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="天然放射性同位素">天然放射性同位素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="人造放射性同位素">人造放射性同位素</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 35em; -webkit-column-width: 35em; column-width: 35em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-radiochemistry-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-2"><sup><b>1.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-3"><sup><b>1.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-4"><sup><b>1.4</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-5"><sup><b>1.5</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-radiochemistry_1-6"><sup><b>1.6</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite class="citation book">葉錫溶蔡長書. 放射化學（第二版）. 台灣台北縣: 新文京開發出版股份有限公司. 2008-03-26. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-150-830-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-150-830-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-150-830-6</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span 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Encyclopedia Britannica. 2 June 2020 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230724142708/https://www.britannica.com/science/isotope">存档</a>于2023-07-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.aufirst=Gregory+F.&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.btitle=Isotope&rft.date=2020-06-02&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fisotope&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Soddy, Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/soddy-lecture.pdf">The origins of the conceptions of isotopes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Nobelprize.org: 393. 12 December 1922 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2019]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190110014527/https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/06/soddy-lecture.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-01-10）. <q>Thus the chemically identical elements - or isotopes, as I called them for the first time in this letter to Nature, because they occupy the same place in the Periodic Table ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+the+conceptions+of+isotopes&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.aulast=Soddy&rft.date=1922-12-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nobelprize.org&rft.pages=393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F06%2Fsoddy-lecture.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/isotope">isotope—Origin and meaning</a>. www.etymonline.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">21 October</span> 2021]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230709192452/https://www.etymonline.com/word/isotope">存档</a>于2023-07-09） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=isotope%E2%80%94Origin+and+meaning&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fisotope&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03331.html">IUPAC Gold Book</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-07-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509024110/http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03331.html">存档</a>于2019-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.btitle=IUPAC+Gold+Book&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2Fhtml%2FI%2FI03331.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03263.html">IUPAC Gold Book</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-07-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181013092954/http://goldbook.iupac.org/html/I/I03263.html">存档</a>于2018-10-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.btitle=IUPAC+Gold+Book&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2Fhtml%2FI%2FI03263.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a> (Connelly, N. G.; Damhus, T.; Hartshorn, R. M.; and Hutton, A. T.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf"><i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry – IUPAC Recommendations 2005</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20191212225258/http://old.iupac.org/publications/books/rbook/Red_Book_2005.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2005; IUPAC (McCleverty, J. A.; and Connelly, N. G.), <i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry II. Recommendations 2000</i>, The Royal Society of Chemistry, 2001; IUPAC (Leigh, G. J.), <i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (recommendations 1990)</i>, Blackwell Science, 1990; IUPAC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1971/pdf/2801x0001.pdf"><i>Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Second Edition</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171046/http://pac.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/1971/pdf/2801x0001.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2016-03-03., 1970; probably in the 1958 first edition as well</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223072754/http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/help/index.jsp">NuDat 2 Description</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/help/index.jsp">原始内容</a>存档于2016-12-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.btitle=NuDat+2+Description&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fnudat2%2Fhelp%2Findex.jsp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lindsay-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lindsay_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lindsay_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.don-lindsay-archive.org/creation/isotope_list.html">Radioactives Missing From The Earth</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.btitle=Radioactives+Missing+From+The+Earth&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.don-lindsay-archive.org%2Fcreation%2Fisotope_list.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2023年6月失效">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Liljenzin, Jan-Olov; Rydberg, Jan; Choppin, Gregory R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31433875">Radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry</a> 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1995: 3–5. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7506-2300-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-7506-2300-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7506-2300-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/31433875"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 31433875</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.au=Choppin%2C+Gregory+R.&rft.au=Rydberg%2C+Jan&rft.aufirst=Jan-Olov&rft.aulast=Liljenzin&rft.btitle=Radiochemistry+and+nuclear+chemistry&rft.date=1995&rft.edition=2nd+ed&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7506-2300-4&rft.pages=3-5&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F31433875&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31433875&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Strömholm, D.; Svedberg, The. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/zaac.19090610126">Untersuchungen über die Chemie der radioaktiven Grundstoffe. I</a>. Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie. 1909-02-14, <b>61</b> (1). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.19090610126"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1002/zaac.19090610126</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Untersuchungen+%C3%BCber+die+Chemie+der+radioaktiven+Grundstoffe.+I&rft.au=Svedberg%2C+The&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Str%C3%B6mholm&rft.date=1909-02-14&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+anorganische+Chemie&rft.volume=61&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19090610126&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fzaac.19090610126&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Cameron, Alexander Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books/about?id=deVIAAAAIAAJ">Radium and Radioactivity</a>. Society for promoting Christian knowledge. 1912 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.aufirst=Alexander+Thomas&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.btitle=Radium+and+Radioactivity&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Society+for+promoting+Christian+knowledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fabout%3Fid%3DdeVIAAAAIAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Choppin, G.; Liljenzin, J. O. and Rydberg, J.　（1995） <i>Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry</i> (2nd ed.) Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Others had also suggested the possibility of isotopes; for example: <ul><li>Strömholm, Daniel and Svedberg, Theodor (1909) "Untersuchungen über die Chemie der radioactiven Grundstoffe II." (Investigations into the chemistry of the radioactive elements, part 2), <i>Zeitschrift für anorganischen Chemie</i>, <b>63</b>: 197–206; see especially page 206.</li> <li>Alexander Thomas Cameron, <i>Radiochemistry</i> (London, England: J. M. Dent & Sons, 1910), p. 141. (Cameron also anticipated the displacement law.)</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-ley196610-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ley196610_16-0"><sup><b>16.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ley196610_16-1"><sup><b>16.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ley196610_16-2"><sup><b>16.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine">Ley, Willy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v25n01_1966-10#page/n115/mode/2up">The Delayed Discovery</a>. For Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. October 1966: 116–127.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=The+Delayed+Discovery&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft.aulast=Ley&rft.date=1966-10&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=116-127&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FGalaxy_v25n01_1966-10%23page%2Fn115%2Fmode%2F2up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scerri-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scerri_17-2"><sup><b>17.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, Eric R. (2007) <i>The Periodic Table</i> Oxford University Press, pp. 176–179 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-530573-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-530573-6">0-19-530573-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nagel-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nagel_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Nagel, Miriam C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-chemical-education_1982-09_59_9/page/739">Frederick Soddy: From Alchemy to Isotopes</a>. Journal of Chemical Education. 1982, <b>59</b> (9): 739–740. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982JChEd..59..739N"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1982JChEd..59..739N</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed059p739"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/ed059p739</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Frederick+Soddy%3A+From+Alchemy+to+Isotopes&rft.au=Nagel%2C+Miriam+C.&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.pages=739-740&rft.volume=59&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-chemical-education_1982-09_59_9%2Fpage%2F739&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982JChEd..59..739N&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed059p739&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kasimir Fajans (1913) "Über eine Beziehung zwischen der Art einer radioaktiven Umwandlung und dem elektrochemischen Verhalten der betreffenden Radioelemente" (On a relation between the type of radioactive transformation and the electrochemical behavior of the relevant radioactive elements), <i>Physikalische Zeitschrift</i>, <b>14</b>: 131–136.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soddy announced his "displacement law" in: <cite class="citation journal">Soddy, Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1429562">The Radio-Elements and the Periodic Law</a>. Nature. 1913, <b>91</b> (2264): 57–58 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913Natur..91...57S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1913Natur..91...57S</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3975657"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 3975657</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F091057a0"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/091057a0</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230807203656/https://zenodo.org/record/1429562">存档</a>于2023-08-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=The+Radio-Elements+and+the+Periodic+Law&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.aulast=Soddy&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2264&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=57-58&rft.volume=91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3975657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1429562&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1913Natur..91...57S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F091057a0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soddy elaborated his displacement law in: Soddy, Frederick (1913) "Radioactivity," <i>Chemical Society Annual Report</i>, <b>10</b>: 262–288.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Smith Russell (1888–1972) also published a displacement law: Russell, Alexander S. (1913) "The periodic system and the radio-elements," <i>Chemical News and Journal of Industrial Science</i>, <b>107</b>: 49–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soddy first used the word "isotope" in: <cite class="citation journal">Soddy, Frederick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/soddy/index.html">Intra-atomic charge</a>. Nature. 1913, <b>92</b> (2301): 399–400 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913Natur..92..399S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1913Natur..92..399S</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3965303"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 3965303</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F092399c0"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/092399c0</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004213325/http://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/soddy/index.html">存档</a>于2015-10-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Intra-atomic+charge&rft.au=Soddy%2C+Frederick&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2301&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=399-400&rft.volume=92&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fphysics%2Flooking-back%2Fsoddy%2Findex.html&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3965303&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1913Natur..92..399S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F092399c0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Fleck, Alexander. Frederick Soddy. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1957, <b>3</b>: 203–216. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1957.0014"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1098/rsbm.1957.0014</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <q>p. 208: Up to 1913 we used the phrase 'radio elements chemically non-separable' and at that time the word isotope was suggested in a drawing-room discussion with Dr. Margaret Todd in the home of Soddy's father-in-law, Sir <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Beilby&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George Beilby（页面不存在）">George Beilby</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Frederick+Soddy&rft.au=Fleck%2C+Alexander&rft.date=1957&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.pages=203-216&rft.volume=3&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1957.0014&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid16134128-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid16134128_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Budzikiewicz H, Grigsby RD. Mass spectrometry and isotopes: a century of research and discussion. Mass Spectrometry Reviews. 2006, <b>25</b> (1): 146–57. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006MSRv...25..146B"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2006MSRv...25..146B</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16134128"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 16134128</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fmas.20061"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1002/mas.20061</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Mass+spectrometry+and+isotopes%3A+a+century+of+research+and+discussion&rft.au=Grigsby%2C+RD&rft.aufirst=H&rft.aulast=Budzikiewicz&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Mass+Spectrometry+Reviews&rft.pages=146-57&rft.volume=25&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006MSRv...25..146B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fmas.20061&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16134128&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scerri, Eric R. (2007) <i>The Periodic Table</i>, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-530573-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-530573-6">0-19-530573-6</a>, Ch. 6, note 44 (p. 312) citing <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Fleck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alexander Fleck（页面不存在）">Alexander Fleck</a>, described as a former student of Soddy's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In his 1893 book, William T. Preyer also used the word "isotope" to denote similarities among elements. From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8zDsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA9">p. 9</a> of William T. Preyer, <i>Das genetische System der chemischen Elemente</i> [The genetic system of the chemical elements] (Berlin, Germany: R. Friedländer & Sohn, 1893): "Die ersteren habe ich der Kürze wegen isotope Elemente genannt, weil sie in jedem der sieben Stämmme der gleichen Ort, nämlich dieselbe Stuffe, einnehmen." (For the sake of brevity, I have named the former "isotopic" elements, because they occupy the same place in each of the seven families [i.e., columns of the periodic table], namely the same step [i.e., row of the periodic table].)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-soddynobel-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-soddynobel_28-0"><sup><b>28.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-soddynobel_28-1"><sup><b>28.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-lecture.html">The origins of the conceptions of isotopes</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171213210337/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1921/soddy-lecture.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Frederick Soddy, Nobel prize lecture</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomson, J.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786440808637325">XIX. Further experiments on positive rays</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1912-08, <b>24</b> (140). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1941-5982</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440808637325"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/14786440808637325</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=XIX.+Further+experiments+on+positive+rays&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.date=1912-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1941-5982&rft.issue=140&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.volume=24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14786440808637325&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440808637325&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomson, J.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14786441008636962">LXXXIII. Rays of positive electricity</a>. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science. 1910-10, <b>20</b> (118). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1941-5982"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1941-5982</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786441008636962"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/14786441008636962</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=LXXXIII.+Rays+of+positive+electricity&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.date=1910-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1941-5982&rft.issue=118&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.volume=20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F14786441008636962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786441008636962&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Aston, F. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1531300">Isotopes and Atomic Weights</a>. Nature. 1920, <b>105</b> (2646): 617–619 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-08-07</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4267919"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 4267919</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F105617a0"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/105617a0</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429195711/https://zenodo.org/record/1531300">存档</a>于2023-04-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Isotopes+and+Atomic+Weights&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.date=1920&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2646&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=617-619&rft.volume=105&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4267919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1531300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F105617a0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/aston-lecture.html">Mass spectra and isotopes</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171017202329/https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1922/aston-lecture.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Francis W. Aston, Nobel prize lecture 1922</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamin-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jamin_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Jamin, Eric; Guérin, Régis; Rétif, Mélinda; Lees, Michèle; Martin, Gérard J. Improved Detection of Added Water in Orange Juice by Simultaneous Determination of the Oxygen-18/Oxygen-16 Isotope Ratios of Water and Ethanol Derived from Sugars. <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Agric._Food_Chem.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Agric. Food Chem.（页面不存在）">J. Agric. Food Chem.</a> 2003, <b>51</b> (18): 5202–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12926859"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 12926859</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf030167m"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1021/jf030167m</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Improved+Detection+of+Added+Water+in+Orange+Juice+by+Simultaneous+Determination+of+the+Oxygen-18%2FOxygen-16+Isotope+Ratios+of+Water+and+Ethanol+Derived+from+Sugars&rft.au=Gu%C3%A9rin%2C+R%C3%A9gis&rft.au=Lees%2C+Mich%C3%A8le&rft.au=Martin%2C+G%C3%A9rard+J.&rft.au=R%C3%A9tif%2C+M%C3%A9linda&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Jamin&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=J.+Agric.+Food+Chem.&rft.pages=5202-6&rft.volume=51&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf030167m&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12926859&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hermes_2018-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hermes_2018_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Hermes, Taylor R.; Frachetti, Michael D.; Bullion, Elissa A.; Maksudov, Farhod; Mustafokulov, Samariddin; Makarewicz, Cheryl A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5979964">Urban and nomadic isotopic niches reveal dietary connectivities along Central Asia's Silk Roads</a>. Scientific Reports. 26 March 2018, <b>8</b> (1): 596. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.5177H"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2018NatSR...8.5177H</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 2045-2322</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5979964"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 5979964</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29581431"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 29581431</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-22995-2"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22995-2</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Urban+and+nomadic+isotopic+niches+reveal+dietary+connectivities+along+Central+Asia%27s+Silk+Roads&rft.au=Bullion%2C+Elissa+A.&rft.au=Frachetti%2C+Michael+D.&rft.au=Makarewicz%2C+Cheryl+A.&rft.au=Maksudov%2C+Farhod&rft.au=Mustafokulov%2C+Samariddin&rft.aufirst=Taylor+R.&rft.aulast=Hermes&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.pages=596&rft.volume=8&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5979964&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5979964&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.5177H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-22995-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29581431&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Deegan, Frances M.; Troll, Valentin R.; Whitehouse, Martin J.; Jolis, Ester M.; Freda, Carmela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4973271">Boron isotope fractionation in magma via crustal carbonate dissolution</a>. Scientific Reports. 2016-08-04, <b>6</b> (1): 30774. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...630774D"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2016NatSR...630774D</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 2045-2322</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4973271"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 4973271</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27488228"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 27488228</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep30774"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1038/srep30774</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0&rft.atitle=Boron+isotope+fractionation+in+magma+via+crustal+carbonate+dissolution&rft.au=Freda%2C+Carmela&rft.au=Jolis%2C+Ester+M.&rft.au=Troll%2C+Valentin+R.&rft.au=Whitehouse%2C+Martin+J.&rft.aufirst=Frances+M.&rft.aulast=Deegan&rft.date=2016-08-04&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.pages=30774&rft.volume=6&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4973271&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4973271&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...630774D&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep30774&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27488228&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gizmag.com/smaller-nuclear-battery/13076/">"A nuclear battery the size and thickness of a penny."</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110923175027/http://www.gizmag.com/smaller-nuclear-battery/13076/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>Gizmag</i>, 9 October 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8297934.stm">"Tiny 'nuclear batteries' unveiled."</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712160842/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8297934.stm">存檔</a>，存档日期2012-07-12 <i>BBC News</i>, Thursday 8 October 2009</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="原子核">原子核</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%AD%90" title="核子">核子</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">n</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="质子">p</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8A%9B" title="核力">核力</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原子核结构" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nuclear structure"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原子核结构（页面不存在）">原子核结构</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_structure" class="extiw" title="en:Nuclear structure"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nuclear structure</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="核反应">核反应</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">核模型</a>和稳定性</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%B2%E6%BB%B4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="液滴模型">液滴模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="核殼層模型">核殼層模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%93%E5%90%88%E8%83%BD" title="核结合能">核结合能</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中子-质子比率" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neutron–proton ratio"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90-%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E6%AF%94%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中子-质子比率（页面不存在）">中子-质子比率</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio" class="extiw" title="en:Neutron–proton ratio"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neutron–proton ratio</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E6%BB%B4%E7%BA%BF" title="原子核滴线">原子核滴线</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%B2%9B" title="稳定岛">稳定岛</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CNO_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-160px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-240px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-320px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素">核素</a>分类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">同位素</a>（有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">質子數</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%87%8F%E7%B4%A0" title="同量素">同量素</a>（有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%95%B8" title="質量數">質量數</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%B4%A0" title="同中子素">同中子素</a>（有相同的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%95%B8" title="中子數">中子數</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E8%83%BD%E7%B4%A0" title="核同质异能素">核同质异能素</a>（有相同的質子數及中子數，但<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%9A%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="能階">核能態</a>不同）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="镜像核" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mirror nuclei"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%9C%E5%83%8F%E6%A0%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镜像核（页面不存在）">镜像核</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_nuclei" class="extiw" title="en:Mirror nuclei"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mirror nuclei</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性衰變">衰變過程</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">尋常衰變</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Α衰变">α衰变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="Β衰变">β衰变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="正电子发射">正电子发射</a>（β<sup>+</sup>衰变）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">电子俘获</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%91%AA%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="伽瑪衰變">γ衰变</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="伽马射线">γ射线</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特殊衰變</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BC%E5%B0%84" title="中子發射">中子發射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="质子发射">质子发射</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%CE%B2%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="雙β衰變">雙β衰變</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="双电子俘获" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Double electron capture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8C%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="双电子俘获（页面不存在）">双电子俘获</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_electron_capture" class="extiw" title="en:Double electron capture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Double electron capture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%87%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98" title="簇衰变">簇衰变</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內转换" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internal conversion"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內转换（页面不存在）">內转换</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conversion" class="extiw" title="en:Internal conversion"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internal conversion</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%B4%A8%E5%BC%82%E8%83%BD%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="同质异能跃迁">同质异能跃迁</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E9%8F%88" title="衰變鏈">衰變鏈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">衰变产物</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">捕獲過程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="电子俘获">电子俘获</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7" title="中子俘获">中子俘获</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="质子俘获" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proton capture"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E4%BF%98%E8%8E%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="质子俘获（页面不存在）">质子俘获</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton_capture" class="extiw" title="en:Proton capture"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proton capture</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="R過程">r過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="S過程">s過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="P過程">p過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rp%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="Rp過程">rp過程</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A3%82%E5%8F%98" title="核裂变">分裂</a>過程</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%99%BC%E8%A3%82%E8%AE%8A" title="自發裂變">自發分裂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="散裂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Spallation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="散裂（页面不存在）">散裂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spallation" class="extiw" title="en:Spallation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Spallation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E6%95%A3%E8%A3%82" title="宇宙射線散裂">宇宙射線散裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%87%B4%E8%9B%BB%E8%AE%8A" title="光致蛻變">光致蛻變</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="核合成">核合成</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%88%9D%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="太初核合成">太初核合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E2%80%94%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="質子—質子鏈反應">質子—質子鏈反應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="氦融合">氦融合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E6%A0%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="氦核作用">氦核作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="碳聚变">碳燃燒過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氖燃燒過程">氖燃燒過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氧燃燒過程">氧燃燒過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">矽燃燒過程</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="超新星核合成">超新星核合成</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千新星核合成（页面不存在）">千新星核合成</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%A0%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:核物理學家">核物理學家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·贝特">汉斯·贝特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="亨利·貝克勒">亨利·贝可勒尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E5%AD%99" title="克林顿·戴维孙">克林顿·戴维孙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">玛丽·居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃尔·居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里">弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里</a></li> <li><a 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#5b8dd6}.mw-parser-output .mcBlau .mcPestanya{color:inherit;background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#f0f8ff);border-color:#3379de #88abde #88abde #3379de}.mw-parser-output .mcGroc .mcBoto{background-color:#fff1a4;border-color:#fef4bc #ffe977 #ffe147 #fef4bc}.mw-parser-output .mcGroc .mcBoto a,.mw-parser-output .mcGroc .mcBoto strong{color:#ffd813!important;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .mcGroc .mcBoto a:hover .mcGroc .mcBoto strong:hover{color:black!important;text-decoration:underline}.mw-parser-output .mcGroc .mcBotoSel{background-color:#ffe147;border-color:#ffe977 #ffd813 #ffe147 #ffe977}.mw-parser-output .mcGroc .mcContingut{background-color:#fffce8;border-color:#ffe147 #ffd813 #ffd813 #ffe147}.mw-parser-output .mcGroc .mcPestanya{background-color:#fffce8;border-color:#ffd813 #88abde #88abde #ffd813}.mw-parser-output .mcTaronja .mcBoto{background-color:#ffbd7f;border-color:#ffd0a4 #ffac5d #ff9d42 #ffd0a4}.mw-parser-output .mcTaronja .mcBoto a,.mw-parser-output .mcTaronja .mcBoto strong{color:#ff820e!important;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .mcTaronja .mcBoto a:hover .mcTaronja .mcBoto strong:hover{color:black!important;text-decoration:underline}.mw-parser-output .mcTaronja .mcBotoSel{background-color:#ff9d42;border-color:#ffac5d #ff820e #ff9d42 #ffac5d}.mw-parser-output .mcTaronja .mcContingut{background-color:#ffeedd;border-color:#ff9d42 #ff820e #ff820e #ff9d42}.mw-parser-output .mcTaronja .mcPestanya{background-color:#ffeedd;border-color:#ff820e #ffac5d #ffac5d #ff820e}</style><div id="mc0" class="mcBlau"> <div class="skin-invert"> <div id="mc0bt1" class="mcBotoSel"><a href="#彩色">彩色</a></div><div id="mc0bt2" class="mcBoto"><a href="#通用色彩">通用色彩</a></div></div><div class="mcContingut"> <div id="mc0ps1" class="mcPestanya" style="display:block;visibility:visible;"> <table style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="33"> </td> <td rowspan="9"> <table style="border:1px solid #ffffff; font-size:smaller; width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" rules="all" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_stable_9">穩定<sup>9個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_stable_6">穩定<sup>6個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_stable_5">穩定<sup>5個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_stable_4">穩定<sup>4個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_stable_3">穩定<sup>3個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_stable_2">穩定<sup>2個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_stable_1">穩定<sup>1個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_100My">1億年〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky">1万年〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_10y">10年〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_100d">100日〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_1d">1日〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_1h">1時〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_10m">10分〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_1m">1分〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_10s">10秒〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_1s">1秒〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s">不到1秒 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_magicnumber" style="background-color:#FFF;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%95%B0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="幻数 (物理学)">幻數</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <td colspan="31" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="半衰期約10.18分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約10.18分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/0%E8%99%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="0號元素">0</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="中子的同位素">n</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">自由中子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="雙中子">雙中子</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">1</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氫的同位素">H</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="氫原子">氕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB-4" title="氫-4">氫-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB-5" title="氫-5">氫-5</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2 Isotope_nav_magicnumber"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">2</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氦的同位素">He</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="雙質子">氦-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-3" title="氦-3">氦-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-4" title="氦-4">氦-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-5" title="氦-5">氦-5</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">3</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋰的同位素">Li</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0-3" title="鋰-3">鋰-3</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">4</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈹的同位素">Be</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9-8" title="鈹-8">鈹-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9-10" title="鈹-10">鈹-10</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">5</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硼的同位素">B</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">6</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碳的同位素">C</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-11" title="碳-11">碳-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">碳-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">碳-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">7</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氮的同位素">N</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE-13" title="氮-13">氮-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE-14" title="氮-14">氮-14</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_3 Isotope_nav_magicnumber"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">8</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氧的同位素">O</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7-16" title="氧-16">氧-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7-17" title="氧-17">氧-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7-18" title="氧-18">氧-18</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">9</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氟的同位素">F</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F-18" title="氟-18">氟-18</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">10</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氖的同位素">Ne</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">11</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈉的同位素">Na</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0-23" class="mw-redirect" title="钠-23">鈉-23</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">12</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%82%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎂的同位素">Mg</a></span> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">13</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋁的同位素">Al</a></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">14</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="矽的同位素">Si</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">15</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="磷的同位素">P</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7-30" title="磷-30">磷-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7-32" title="磷-32">磷-32</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">16</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硫的同位素">S</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">17</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氯的同位素">Cl</a></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">18</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氬的同位素">Ar</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">19</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉀的同位素">K</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE-40" title="钾-40">鉀-40</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5 Isotope_nav_magicnumber"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">20</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈣的同位素">Ca</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99-48" title="钙-48">鈣-48</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">21</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈧的同位素">Sc</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">22</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈦的同位素">Ti</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">23</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釩的同位素">V</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">24</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉻的同位素">Cr</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">25</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錳的同位素">Mn</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">26</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐵的同位素">Fe</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5-56" title="鐵-56">鐵-56</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">27</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈷的同位素">Co</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7-60" title="鈷-60">鈷-60</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5 Isotope_nav_magicnumber"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">28</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎳的同位素">Ni</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3-62" title="鎳-62">鎳-62</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">29</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銅的同位素">Cu</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">30</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋅的同位素">Zn</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">31</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎵的同位素">Ga</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">32</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鍺的同位素">Ge</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">33</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="砷的同位素">As</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">34</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硒的同位素">Se</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">35</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="溴的同位素">Br</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">36</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氪的同位素">Kr</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">37</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銣的同位素">Rb</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">38</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鍶的同位素">Sr</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%B6-90" title="鍶-90">鍶-90</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">39</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釔的同位素">Y</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">40</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋯的同位素">Zr</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">41</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈮的同位素">Nb</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">42</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉬的同位素">Mo</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約421.00萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約421.00萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">43</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎝的同位素">Tc</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D-99m" title="鎝-99m">鎝-99m</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">44</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%95%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釕的同位素">Ru</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">45</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銠的同位素">Rh</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">46</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈀的同位素">Pd</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">47</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銀的同位素">Ag</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">48</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%98%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎘的同位素">Cd</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89-113m" title="镉-113m">鎘-113m</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">49</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銦的同位素">In</a></span> </td> <td title="10個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_9 Isotope_nav_magicnumber"><span title="10個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_9"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">50</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錫的同位素">Sn</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1-121m" title="锡-121m">錫-121m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1-121m1" title="锡-121m1">錫-121m1</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">51</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銻的同位素">Sb</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">52</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碲的同位素">Te</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">53</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碘的同位素">I</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98-131" title="碘-131">碘-131</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">54</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氙的同位素">Xe</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">55</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銫的同位素">Cs</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AB-137" title="銫-137">銫-137</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">56</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋇的同位素">Ba</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">57</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鑭的同位素">La</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4" width="3.125%"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">58</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈰的同位素">Ce</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">59</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐠的同位素">Pr</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">60</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釹的同位素">Nd</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約17.70年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10y" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約17.70年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">61</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉕的同位素">Pm</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">62</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釤的同位素">Sm</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">63</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銪的同位素">Eu</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">64</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%93%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釓的同位素">Gd</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">65</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋱的同位素">Tb</a></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">66</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="镝的同位素">Dy</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">67</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈥的同位素">Ho</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">68</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="铒的同位素">Er</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">69</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銩的同位素">Tm</a></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">70</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐿的同位素">Yb</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">71</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎦的同位素">Lu</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">72</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉿的同位素">Hf</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2" width="3.125%"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">73</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉭的同位素">Ta</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4" width="3.125%"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">74</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎢的同位素">W</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">75</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錸的同位素">Re</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">76</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋨的同位素">Os</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2" width="3.125%"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">77</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銥的同位素">Ir</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">78</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉑的同位素">Pt</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">79</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="金的同位素">Au</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91-198" title="金-198">金-198</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">80</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="汞的同位素">Hg</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_2" width="3.125%"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">81</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%88%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉈的同位素">Tl</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_stable_4 Isotope_nav_magicnumber" width="3.125%"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">82</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉛的同位素">Pb</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約2.01×10^19年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_100My" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約2.01×10^19年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_100My"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">83</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉍的同位素">Bi</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B-209" title="铋-209">鉍-209</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約125.20年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10y" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約125.20年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">84</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%99%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釙的同位素">Po</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B-210" title="钋-210">釙-210</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8.10小時" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1h" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約8.10小時" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1h"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">85</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%88%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="砈的同位素">At</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約3.82天" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1d" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約3.82天" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1d"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">86</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氡的同位素">Rn</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-222" title="氡-222">氡-222</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="半衰期約22.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約22.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">87</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%85%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鍅的同位素">Fr</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1600.00年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約1600.00年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">88</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐳的同位素">Ra</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約21.77年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約21.77年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">89</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錒的同位素">Ac</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92-225" title="錒-225">錒-225</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約140.50億年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_100My"><span title="半衰期約140.50億年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_100My"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">90</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釷的同位素">Th</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7-230" title="釷-230">釷-230</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約3.28萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約3.28萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">91</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鏷的同位素">Pa</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約44.68億年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_100My"><span title="半衰期約44.68億年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_100My"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">92</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈾的同位素">U</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-232" title="鈾-232">鈾-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-233" title="鈾-233">鈾-233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235">鈾-235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約214.40萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約214.40萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">93</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錼的同位素">Np</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8080.00萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約8080.00萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">94</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈽的同位素">Pu</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD-238" title="鈽-238">鈽-238</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約7369.99年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約7369.99年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">95</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%82%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋂的同位素">Am</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%87-241" title="鎇-241">鋂-241</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1560.00萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約1560.00萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">96</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋦的同位素">Cm</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1380.00年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約1380.00年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">97</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="锫的同位素">Bk</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約898.00年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約898.00年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">98</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="锎的同位素">Cf</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1.29年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_100d"><span title="半衰期約1.29年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_100d"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">99</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鑀的同位素">Es</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約3.35個月" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_100d"><span title="半衰期約3.35個月" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_100d"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">100</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐨的同位素">Fm</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1.71個月" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1d"><span title="半衰期約1.71個月" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1d"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">101</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="钔的同位素">Md</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約58.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約58.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">102</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="锘的同位素">No</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約11.00小時" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1h"><span title="半衰期約11.00小時" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1h"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">103</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐒的同位素">Lr</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約48.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約48.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">104</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鑪的同位素">Rf</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約16.00小時" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1h"><span title="半衰期約16.00小時" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1h"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">105</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨧀的同位素">Db</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約9.80分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1m"><span title="半衰期約9.80分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1m"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">106</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨭎的同位素">Sg</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約2.40分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1m"><span title="半衰期約2.40分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1m"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">107</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨨏的同位素">Bh</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約46.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10s"><span title="半衰期約46.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10s"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">108</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨭆的同位素">Hs</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1s"><span title="半衰期約8.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1s"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">109</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="䥑的同位素">Mt</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約14.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10s"><span title="半衰期約14.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">110</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐽的同位素">Ds</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約2.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1m"><span title="半衰期約2.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">111</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錀的同位素">Rg</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約30.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_10s"><span title="半衰期約30.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_10s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">112</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎶的同位素">Cn</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1s"><span title="半衰期約8.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">113</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉨的同位素">Nh</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1.90秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_1s"><span title="半衰期約1.90秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">114</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈇的同位素">Fl</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約0.65秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約0.65秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">115</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鏌的同位素">Mc</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約53.00毫秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約53.00毫秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">116</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉝的同位素">Lv</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約51.00毫秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約51.00毫秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">117</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鿬的同位素">Ts</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約7.00×10^-4秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約7.00×10^-4秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">118</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鿫的同位素">Og</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: both;"></div></div><div id="mc0ps2" class="mcPestanya" style="display:none;visibility:hidden;"> <table style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="33"> </td> <td rowspan="9"> <table style="border:1px solid #ffffff; font-size:smaller; width:100%; text-align:center; white-space:nowrap" rules="all" cellpadding="1"> <tbody><tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_9">穩定<sup>9個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6">穩定<sup>6個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5">穩定<sup>5個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4">穩定<sup>4個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3">穩定<sup>3個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2">穩定<sup>2個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1">穩定<sup>1個</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100My">1億年〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky">1万年〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y">10年〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100d">100日〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1d">1日〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1h">1時〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m">10分〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1m">1分〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10s">10秒〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1s">1秒〜 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s">不到1秒 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="Isotope_nav_color_universal_magicnumber" style="background-color:#FFF;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BB%E6%95%B0_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="幻数 (物理学)">幻數</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;width:100%"> <td colspan="31" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="半衰期約10.18分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約10.18分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/0%E8%99%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="0號元素">0</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="中子的同位素">n</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">自由中子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="雙中子">雙中子</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">1</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氫的同位素">H</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="氫原子">氕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">氘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9A" title="氚">氚</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB-4" title="氫-4">氫-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB-5" title="氫-5">氫-5</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2 Isotope_nav_color_universal_magicnumber"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">2</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氦的同位素">He</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="雙質子">氦-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-3" title="氦-3">氦-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-4" title="氦-4">氦-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-5" title="氦-5">氦-5</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">3</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋰的同位素">Li</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0-3" title="鋰-3">鋰-3</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">4</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈹的同位素">Be</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9-8" title="鈹-8">鈹-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9-10" title="鈹-10">鈹-10</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">5</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硼的同位素">B</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">6</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碳的同位素">C</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-11" title="碳-11">碳-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">碳-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">碳-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">7</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氮的同位素">N</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE-13" title="氮-13">氮-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE-14" title="氮-14">氮-14</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3 Isotope_nav_color_universal_magicnumber"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">8</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氧的同位素">O</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7-16" title="氧-16">氧-16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7-17" title="氧-17">氧-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7-18" title="氧-18">氧-18</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">9</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氟的同位素">F</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F-18" title="氟-18">氟-18</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">10</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氖的同位素">Ne</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">11</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%89%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈉的同位素">Na</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0-23" class="mw-redirect" title="钠-23">鈉-23</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">12</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%82%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎂的同位素">Mg</a></span> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">13</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%81%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋁的同位素">Al</a></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">14</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="矽的同位素">Si</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">15</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="磷的同位素">P</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7-30" title="磷-30">磷-30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7-32" title="磷-32">磷-32</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">16</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硫的同位素">S</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">17</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氯的同位素">Cl</a></span> </td> <td title="3個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><span title="3個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">18</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氬的同位素">Ar</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">19</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉀的同位素">K</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE-40" title="钾-40">鉀-40</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5 Isotope_nav_color_universal_magicnumber"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">20</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈣的同位素">Ca</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99-48" title="钙-48">鈣-48</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">21</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈧的同位素">Sc</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">22</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈦的同位素">Ti</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">23</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釩的同位素">V</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">24</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉻的同位素">Cr</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">25</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錳的同位素">Mn</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">26</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐵的同位素">Fe</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5-56" title="鐵-56">鐵-56</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">27</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈷的同位素">Co</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B7-60" title="鈷-60">鈷-60</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5 Isotope_nav_color_universal_magicnumber"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">28</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎳的同位素">Ni</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B3-62" title="鎳-62">鎳-62</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">29</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銅的同位素">Cu</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">30</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%85%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋅的同位素">Zn</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">31</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎵的同位素">Ga</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">32</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鍺的同位素">Ge</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">33</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="砷的同位素">As</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">34</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="硒的同位素">Se</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">35</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="溴的同位素">Br</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">36</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氪的同位素">Kr</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">37</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銣的同位素">Rb</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">38</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鍶的同位素">Sr</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%B6-90" title="鍶-90">鍶-90</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">39</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%94%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釔的同位素">Y</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">40</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%AF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋯的同位素">Zr</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">41</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%AE%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈮的同位素">Nb</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">42</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉬的同位素">Mo</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約421.00萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約421.00萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">43</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎝的同位素">Tc</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%9D-99m" title="鎝-99m">鎝-99m</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">44</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%95%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釕的同位素">Ru</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">45</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銠的同位素">Rh</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">46</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈀的同位素">Pd</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">47</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銀的同位素">Ag</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">48</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%98%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎘的同位素">Cd</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89-113m" title="镉-113m">鎘-113m</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">49</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銦的同位素">In</a></span> </td> <td title="10個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_9 Isotope_nav_color_universal_magicnumber"><span title="10個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_9"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">50</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錫的同位素">Sn</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1-121m" title="锡-121m">錫-121m</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1-121m1" title="锡-121m1">錫-121m1</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">51</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%BB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銻的同位素">Sb</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">52</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碲的同位素">Te</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">53</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碘的同位素">I</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98-131" title="碘-131">碘-131</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">54</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氙的同位素">Xe</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">55</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銫的同位素">Cs</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AB-137" title="銫-137">銫-137</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">56</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋇的同位素">Ba</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">57</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鑭的同位素">La</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4" width="3.125%"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">58</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈰的同位素">Ce</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">59</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A0%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐠的同位素">Pr</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">60</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釹的同位素">Nd</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約17.70年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約17.70年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">61</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%95%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉕的同位素">Pm</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">62</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%A4%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釤的同位素">Sm</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">63</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銪的同位素">Eu</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">64</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%93%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釓的同位素">Gd</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">65</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B1%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋱的同位素">Tb</a></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">66</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="镝的同位素">Dy</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">67</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈥的同位素">Ho</a></span> </td> <td title="6個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="6個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">68</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="铒的同位素">Er</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">69</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銩的同位素">Tm</a></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">70</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐿的同位素">Yb</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">71</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎦的同位素">Lu</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">72</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BF%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉿的同位素">Hf</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2" width="3.125%"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">73</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉭的同位素">Ta</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4" width="3.125%"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">74</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎢的同位素">W</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">75</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%B8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錸的同位素">Re</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">76</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋨的同位素">Os</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2" width="3.125%"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">77</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%A5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="銥的同位素">Ir</a></span> </td> <td title="5個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5" width="3.125%"><span title="5個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_5"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">78</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉑的同位素">Pt</a></span> </td> <td title="1個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1" width="3.125%"><span title="1個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_1"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">79</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="金的同位素">Au</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91-198" title="金-198">金-198</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="7個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6" width="3.125%"><span title="7個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_6"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">80</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="汞的同位素">Hg</a></span> </td> <td title="2個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2" width="3.125%"><span title="2個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_2"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">81</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%88%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉈的同位素">Tl</a></span> </td> <td title="4個穩定同位素" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4 Isotope_nav_color_universal_magicnumber" width="3.125%"><span title="4個穩定同位素" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_stable_4"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">82</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉛的同位素">Pb</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約2.01×10^19年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100My" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約2.01×10^19年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100My"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">83</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉍的同位素">Bi</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B-209" title="铋-209">鉍-209</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約125.20年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約125.20年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">84</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%99%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釙的同位素">Po</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B-210" title="钋-210">釙-210</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8.10小時" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1h" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約8.10小時" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1h"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">85</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%88%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="砈的同位素">At</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約3.82天" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1d" width="3.125%"><span title="半衰期約3.82天" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1d"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">86</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="氡的同位素">Rn</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1-222" title="氡-222">氡-222</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td title="半衰期約22.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約22.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">87</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%85%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鍅的同位素">Fr</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1600.00年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約1600.00年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">88</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐳的同位素">Ra</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約21.77年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約21.77年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">89</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錒的同位素">Ac</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92-225" title="錒-225">錒-225</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約140.50億年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100My"><span title="半衰期約140.50億年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100My"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">90</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="釷的同位素">Th</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%B7-230" title="釷-230">釷-230</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約3.28萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約3.28萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">91</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鏷的同位素">Pa</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約44.68億年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100My"><span title="半衰期約44.68億年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100My"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">92</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈾的同位素">U</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-232" title="鈾-232">鈾-232</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-233" title="鈾-233">鈾-233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-235" title="鈾-235">鈾-235</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE-238" title="鈾-238">鈾-238</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約214.40萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約214.40萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">93</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%BC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錼的同位素">Np</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8080.00萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約8080.00萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">94</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈽的同位素">Pu</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BD-238" title="鈽-238">鈽-238</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約7369.99年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約7369.99年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">95</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%82%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋂的同位素">Am</a><div class="vector-menu-content isotope-menu-content"><ul class="menu vector-menu-content-list" style="padding-left: 0px;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%87-241" title="鎇-241">鋂-241</a></li></ul> </ul></div></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1560.00萬年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><span title="半衰期約1560.00萬年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10Ky"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">96</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鋦的同位素">Cm</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1380.00年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約1380.00年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">97</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="锫的同位素">Bk</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約898.00年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><span title="半衰期約898.00年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10y"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">98</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="锎的同位素">Cf</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1.29年" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100d"><span title="半衰期約1.29年" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100d"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">99</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鑀的同位素">Es</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約3.35個月" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100d"><span title="半衰期約3.35個月" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_100d"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">100</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐨的同位素">Fm</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1.71個月" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1d"><span title="半衰期約1.71個月" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1d"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">101</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="钔的同位素">Md</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約58.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約58.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">102</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="锘的同位素">No</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約11.00小時" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1h"><span title="半衰期約11.00小時" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1h"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">103</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐒的同位素">Lr</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約48.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><span title="半衰期約48.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">104</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鑪的同位素">Rf</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約16.00小時" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1h"><span title="半衰期約16.00小時" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1h"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">105</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨧀的同位素">Db</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約9.80分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1m"><span title="半衰期約9.80分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1m"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">106</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨭎的同位素">Sg</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約2.40分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1m"><span title="半衰期約2.40分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1m"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">107</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨨏的同位素">Bh</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約46.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10s"><span title="半衰期約46.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10s"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">108</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="𨭆的同位素">Hs</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1s"><span title="半衰期約8.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1s"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">109</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="䥑的同位素">Mt</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約14.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10s"><span title="半衰期約14.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">110</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐽的同位素">Ds</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約2.00分鐘" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1m"><span title="半衰期約2.00分鐘" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1m"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">111</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="錀的同位素">Rg</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約30.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10s"><span title="半衰期約30.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_10s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">112</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鎶的同位素">Cn</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約8.00秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1s"><span title="半衰期約8.00秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">113</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉨的同位素">Nh</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約1.90秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1s"><span title="半衰期約1.90秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">114</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鈇的同位素">Fl</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約0.65秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約0.65秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">115</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%8F%8C%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鏌的同位素">Mc</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約53.00毫秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約53.00毫秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">116</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鉝的同位素">Lv</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約51.00毫秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約51.00毫秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">117</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鿬的同位素">Ts</a></span> </td> <td title="半衰期約7.00×10^-4秒" class="isotope-menu-td Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><span title="半衰期約7.00×10^-4秒" style="width:82%;height:82%;float:none;" class="vector-menu isotope-menu vector-menu-dropdown isotope-menu-dropdown Isotope_nav_color_universal_halflife_L1s"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">118</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鿫的同位素">Og</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear: 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