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title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-特性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 特性 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特性-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关特性子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-特性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-同素異形體" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同素異形體"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 同素異形體 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同素異形體-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-存量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#存量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 存量 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-存量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同位素" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同位素"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 同位素 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同位素-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-星體內部核合成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#星體內部核合成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 星體內部核合成 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-星體內部核合成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-碳循環" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#碳循環"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 碳循環 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-碳循環-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 化合物 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化合物-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关化合物子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-有機化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#有機化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 有機化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-有機化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-無機化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#無機化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 無機化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-無機化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-金屬有機化合物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#金屬有機化合物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 金屬有機化合物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-金屬有機化合物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生產" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生產"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 生產 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生產-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关生產子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-生產-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-石墨" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#石墨"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 石墨 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-石墨-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鑽石" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鑽石"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 鑽石 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鑽石-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 應用 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关應用子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-鑽石_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鑽石_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 鑽石 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鑽石_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-安全" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#安全"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 安全 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-安全-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-碳與各元素鍵合" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#碳與各元素鍵合"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 碳與各元素鍵合 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-碳與各元素鍵合-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參見" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參見"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 參見 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參見-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 参考文献 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">碳</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。203种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-203" aria-hidden="true" > 203种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%A6%E1%8A%95" title="ካርቦን – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ካርቦን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كربون – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কাৰ্বন – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কাৰ্বন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کربون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کربون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ongl%C4%97" title="Onglė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Onglė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Вуглярод – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вуглярод" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Въглерод – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въглерод" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8" title="কার্বন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%97%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="སོལ་རྗས། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སོལ་རྗས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D2%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нүүрһэнтүрэгшэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ng" title="Táng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Táng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%94_%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%B3%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85_%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%97%E1%8E%A8" title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᎦᏔ ᏅᏓᏳᏓᎴᏅ ᏬᏗᎨ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%86%D9%86" title="کاربۆن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کاربۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniu" title="Carboniu – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Carboniu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%D1%80%C4%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%88" title="Кăмрăкамăш – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмрăкамăш" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuglik" title="Wuglik – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Wuglik" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Άνθρακας – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCsinik" title="Süsinik – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süsinik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbono" title="Karbono – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karbono" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کربن – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiili" title="Hiili – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolevni" title="Kolevni – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kolevni" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboon_(element)" title="Karboon (element) – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karboon (element)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koalstof" title="Koalstof – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Koalstof" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B3n" title="Carbón – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Carbón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonn" title="Karbonn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Karbonn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualan" title="Gualan – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Gualan" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatap%E1%BB%B9i" title="Tatapỹi – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tatapỹi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%A8" title="કાર્બન – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કાર્બન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboan" title="Carboan – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Carboan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Than" title="Than – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Than" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalepona" title="Kalepona – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kalepona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="פחמן – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פחמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koila" title="Koila – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Koila" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljik" title="Ugljik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuhlik" title="Wuhlik – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Wuhlik" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kab%C3%B2n" title="Kabòn – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kabòn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9n" title="Szén – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ածխածին – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխածին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Բնածուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բնածուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolefni" title="Kolefni – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%B4%A0" title="炭素 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="炭素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaaban" title="Kaaban – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kaaban" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tabno" title="tabno – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tabno" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ნახშირბადი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნახშირბადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aka%E1%B9%9Bbun" title="Akaṛbun – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Akaṛbun" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C9%A9b%C9%94n%C9%A9" title="Karɩbɔnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Karɩbɔnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96" title="Көміртегі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көміртегі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2" title="ಇಂಗಾಲ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಗಾಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C" title="탄소 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탄소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Шомувтыр – 科米-彼尔米亚克语" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Шомувтыр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="科米-彼尔米亚克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%87%D1%83%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Шомчужысь – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Шомчужысь" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Көмүртек – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көмүртек" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonium" title="Carbonium – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carbonium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuelestoff" title="Kuelestoff – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kuelestoff" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonie" title="Carbonie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Carbonie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboni" title="Carboni – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Carboni" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ຄາບອນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄາບອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglis" title="Anglis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogleklis" title="Ogleklis – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ogleklis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Седель – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Седель" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karb%C3%B4nina" title="Karbônina – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Karbônina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%B1%D0%B9%D0%B4%D3%B1%D2%A5" title="Шӱйдӱҥ – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Шӱйдӱҥ" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waro" title="Waro – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waro" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Јаглерод – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглерод" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA" title="കാർബൺ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%B3%D1%87" title="Нүүрстөрөгч – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нүүрстөрөгч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯀꯥꯔꯕꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 西馬里文" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="西馬里文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbonju" title="Karbonju – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Karbonju" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%97%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ကာဗွန် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာဗွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Седь – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Седь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecolli" title="Tecolli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tecolli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoff" title="Kohlenstoff – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kohlenstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstof" title="Koolstof – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstof" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbo" title="Karbo – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Karbo" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1%C3%A1bin" title="Káábin – 纳瓦霍语" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Káábin" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="纳瓦霍语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiilisuadu" title="Hiilisuadu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Hiilisuadu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboonii" title="Kaarboonii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kaarboonii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95" title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଅଙ୍ଗାରକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Æвзалыгуыр – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æвзалыгуыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਾਰਬਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਰਬਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बोन – 巴利语" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="कार्बोन" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="巴利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99giel_(pierwiastek)" title="Węgiel (pierwiastek) – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węgiel (pierwiastek)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2ni" title="Carbòni – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carbòni" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="کاربون – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاربون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27illimsayaq" title="K'illimsayaq – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'illimsayaq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonu" title="Carbonu – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Carbonu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8" title="कार्बन – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कार्बन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Харыалык – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Харыалык" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carb%C3%B2niu" title="Carbòniu – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Carbòniu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caurbon" title="Caurbon – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Caurbon" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ڪاربان – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڪاربان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugljenik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="කාබන් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කාබන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhl%C3%ADk" title="Uhlík – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Uhlík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljik" title="Ogljik – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Ci%C4%91%C4%91%C3%A2" title="Čiđđâ – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Čiđđâ" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabhoni" title="Kabhoni – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kabhoni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarboon" title="Kaarboon – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kaarboon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboni" title="Karboni – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karboni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Угљеник – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Угљеник" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolestof" title="Koolestof – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Koolestof" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol" title="Kol – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaboni" title="Kaboni – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaboni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கரிமம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிமம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Карбон – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Карбон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="คาร์บอน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คาร์บอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="كاربون – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كاربون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вуглець – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вуглець" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="کاربن – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کاربن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uglerod" title="Uglerod – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Uglerod" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonio" title="Carbonio – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Carbonio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hil%27nik" title="Hil'nik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Hil'nik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbong" title="Carbong – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Carbong" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbin" title="Karbin – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Karbin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbone" title="Carbone – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Carbone" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbono" title="Carbono – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Carbono" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Углерод – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Углерод" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-carbon" title="I-carbon – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-carbon" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%A3" title="קוילנשטאף – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קוילנשטאף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1rb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Kárbọ̀nù – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kárbọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danq" title="Danq – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Danq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵥⵓⵥⵉⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="碳" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a 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mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Carbon" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q623" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-f683ec12" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-f683ec12" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div></div></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  提示：此条目页的主题不是<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD" class="mw-disambig" title="炭">炭</a>。</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74069148">  「Carbon」重定向至此。关于同名的程式語言，请见「<a href="/wiki/Carbon_(%E7%BC%96%E7%A8%8B%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon (编程语言)">Carbon (編程語言)</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r77235331">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td[colspan="2"]>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td[colspan="2"]{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox td[colspan="2"]>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive 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border: none;border-spacing:1px;border-collapse:separate;margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83953186">.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav span{display:block;overflow:hidden;padding:0;color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_nav td{border:none;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#ff6666}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_predicted{background-color:#ffa1a1}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth,.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth .navbox-title{background-color:#ffdead}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth_predicted{background-color:#ffecd3}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide{background-color:#ffbfff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide{background-color:#ff99cc}.mw-parser-output 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.Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block{background-color:#ff6699}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_s_block_predicted{background-color:#FBD}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block{background-color:#99ccff}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_p_block_predicted{background-color:#CEF}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block{background-color:#ccff99}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_d_block_predicted{background-color:#DFC}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block{background-color:#90ffb0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_ds_block_predicted{background-color:#C7FFD7}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block{background-color:#66ffcc}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_f_block_predicted{background-color:#BFE}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block{background-color:#ffcc66}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_g_block_predicted{background-color:#FDA}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block{background-color:#F0908C}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_h_block_predicted{background-color:#F0B6B4}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown{background-color:#e8e8e8}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_error_type{background-color:#000000}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_null{background-color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_maybe_not_exist{background-color:white}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_none_type{background-color:#c0c0c0}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_gas{color:green}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_liquid{color:blue}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_solid{color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknow_phase{color:grey}</style><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">鋰（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">鈹（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">碳（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">鈉（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">鎂（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">鋁（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">磷（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">氬（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">鈣（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">鈧（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">鈦（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">釩（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">鉻（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">錳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">鐵（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">鈷（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">鎳（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">銅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">鋅（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">鎵（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">鍺（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">砷（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">硒（非金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">溴（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">氪（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">銣（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">鍶（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">釔（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">鋯（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">鈮（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">鉬（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">鎝（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">釕（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">銠（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">鈀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">銀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">鎘（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">銦（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">錫（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">銻（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">碲（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">碘（鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">氙（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">銫（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">鋇（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">鑭（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">鈰（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">鐠（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">釹（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">鉕（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">釤（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">銪（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">釓（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">鋱（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">鏑（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">鈥（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">鉺（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">銩（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">鐿（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">鎦（鑭系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">鉿（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">鉭（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">鎢（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">錸（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">鋨（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">銥（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">鉑（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">汞（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">鉈（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">鉛（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">鉍（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">釙（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">砈（類金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">氡（惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">鍅（鹼金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">鐳（鹼土金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">錒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">釷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">鏷（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">鈾（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">錼（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">鈽（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">鋂（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">鋦（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">鉳（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">鉲（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">鑀（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">鐨（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">鍆（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">鍩（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">鐒（錒系元素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">鑪（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">𨧀（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">𨭎（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">𨨏（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">𨭆（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">䥑（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">鐽（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">錀（預測為過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">鎶（過渡金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">鉨（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇（貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">鏌（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">鉝（預測為貧金屬）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">鿬（預測為鹵素）</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">鿫（預測為惰性氣體）</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;">－ ↑ 碳 ↓ <a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">矽</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">硼</a> ← 碳 → <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">外觀</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">透明（鑽石）或黑色（石墨） <a href="/wiki/File:Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg/250px-Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg/375px-Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg/500px-Diamond-and-graphite-with-scale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a> 鑽石（左）和石墨（右）是碳最常見的兩種同素異形體。</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">概況</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">名稱·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">符號</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B0" title="原子序数">序數</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">碳（Carbon）·C·6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">元素類別</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="非金屬">非金屬</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8F_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="族 (化学)">族</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" title="元素周期">週期</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="元素分区">區</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/14%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="14族元素">14</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a>·<a href="/wiki/P%E5%8C%BA%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="P区元素">p</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">標準原子質量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[12.0096, 12.0116]<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8E%92%E5%B8%83" title="电子排布">电子排布</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">[He] 2s2 2p2 2, 4 <div style="border:0; margin:0 auto;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="碳的电子層（2, 4）"><img alt="碳的电子層（2, 4）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg/153px-Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg/230px-Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg/306px-Electron_shell_006_Carbon_-_no_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>碳的电子層（2, 4）</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">歷史</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">發現</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>人和<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="蘇美">蘇美</a>人<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>（公元前3750年）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">確認為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="安東萬·拉瓦節">安東萬·拉瓦節</a><a href="#cite_note-#1-3">[3]</a>（1789年）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">物理性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8_(%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8)" title="相 (物质)">物態</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="固體">固體</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E6%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="室溫">室温</a>） 無定形：<a href="#cite_note-CRC-4">[4]</a>1.8–2.1 <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B" title="克">g</a>·<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3" title="厘米">cm</a>−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">密度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近室温） 鑽石：3.515 g·cm−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">密度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（接近室温） 石墨：2.267 g·cm−3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF%E9%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="昇華點（页面不存在）">昇華點</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3915 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">K</a>，3642 <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">°C</a>，6588 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="华氏温标">°F</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E7%82%B9" title="三相点">三相点</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">4600 K（4327 °C），10800<a href="#cite_note-triple2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-triple3-6">[6]</a> kPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AD" title="熔化热">熔化热</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">117（石墨） <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E7%86%B1%E5%AE%B9" title="比熱容">比熱容</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">6.155（鑽石） 8.517（石墨） J·mol−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">原子性質</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化态</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">4, 3<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>, 2, 1<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%9B" title="甲醛">0</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="碳化物">−1</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E9%86%87" title="甲醇">−2</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E7%83%B7" title="乙烷">−3</a>, −4<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">电负性</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2.55（鲍林标度）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD" title="电离能">电离能</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">第一：1086.5 <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3%E6%AF%8F%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="焦耳每摩尔">kJ·mol−1</a> 第二：2352.6 kJ·mol−1 第三：4620.5 kJ·mol−1 （<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E8%83%BD%E8%A1%A8" title="电离能表">更多</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="共价半径">共价半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">77(sp³), 73(sp²), 69(sp) pm</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%84" title="范德华半径">范德华半径</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">170 pm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/240px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/360px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/480px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure>碳的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B0%B1%E7%BA%BF" title="原子谱线">原子谱线</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">雜項</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="晶体结构">晶体结构</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="钻石结构">钻石</a> <div style="clear:both;"></div>（鑽石，透明） <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="六方晶系">六方</a> <div style="float:right; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="碳具有六方晶体结构"><img alt="碳具有六方晶体结构" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/50px-Hexagonal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/75px-Hexagonal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Hexagonal.svg/100px-Hexagonal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="304" /></a></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div>（石墨，黑色）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81" title="磁">磁序</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="反磁性">反磁性</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">900-2300（鑽石） 119-165（石墨） W·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="">膨脹係數</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（25 °C）0.8（鑽石）<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-11">[11]</a> µm·m−1·K−1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%80%9F" title="音速">聲速</a>（細棒）</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">（20 °C）18350（鑽石） <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%8F%E7%A7%92" title="米每秒">m·s−1</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%B0%8F%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="杨氏模量">杨氏模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1050（鑽石）<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-11">[11]</a> GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AA%E5%88%87%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="剪切模量">剪切模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">478（鑽石）<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-11">[11]</a> GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E7%A7%AF%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="体积模量">体积模量</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">442（鑽石）<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-11">[11]</a> GPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%8A%E6%9D%BE%E6%AF%94" title="泊松比">泊松比</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0.1（鑽石）<a href="#cite_note-ioffe-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" title="莫氏硬度">莫氏硬度</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">10（鑽石） 1-2（石墨）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style=""><a href="/wiki/CAS%E5%8F%B7" title="CAS号">CAS号</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7440-44-0">7440-44-0</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="text-align:center; color:#000000;;">同位素<div style="float:right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_carbon_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox carbon isotopes"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Infobox_carbon_isotopes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Infobox carbon isotopes（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Infobox_carbon_isotopes" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Infobox carbon isotopes"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碳的同位素">碳的同位素</a> <div> <table class="wikitable" cellpadding="0" style="text-align:center;width:100%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0; padding:0;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="丰度">丰度</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>（t1/2） </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7#衰变" title="放射性">衰變</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="衰變方式">方式</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E8%83%BD" title="衰变能">能量</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>） </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="衰变产物">產物</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-11" title="碳-11">11C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%80%A0%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="人造放射性同位素">人造</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">20.3402 <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%92%9F" title="分钟">分钟</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="正电子发射">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.960 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC-11" class="mw-redirect" title="硼-11">11B</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">12C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">98.94% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定</a>，帶6粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">13C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">1.06% </td> <td colspan="5" style="text-align:center;">穩定，帶7粒<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">14C</a> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%95%E9%87%8F%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="痕量同位素">痕量</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;">5700 <a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B4" title="年">年</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E5%8F%98#β-衰变" title="Β衰变">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;">0.156 </td> <td style="text-align:right; vertical-align:middle;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE-14" title="氮-14">14N</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table> 碳（英語：Carbon；<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>：Carbonium，意為「<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="煤炭">煤炭</a>」），是一種<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="化學符號">化學符號</a>为C，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="原子序數">原子序數</a>为6，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>為7001120110000000000♠12.011 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="原子质量单位">u</a>，位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="元素週期表">元素週期表</a>中的<a href="/wiki/14%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="14族元素">IV A族</a>，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="非金屬">非金屬</a>。每個碳原子有四顆能夠進行鍵合的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>，因此其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E4%BB%B7" title="化合价">化合價</a>通常為4。自然產生的碳由三種<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>組成：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">12C</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">13C</a>為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="稳定同位素">穩定同位素</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">14C</a>則具<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性</a>，其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>約為5730年。<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-12">[12]</a>碳是少數幾個自遠古就被發現的元素之一（見<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">化學元素發現年表</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-D2-13">[13]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" title="碳的同素異形體">碳的同素異形體</a>有數種，最常見的包括：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E7%A2%B3" title="无定形碳">無定形碳</a>。<a href="#cite_note-therm_prop-14">[14]</a>這些同素異形體之間的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8" title="物理性质">物理性質</a>，包括外表、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="硬度">硬度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="電導率">電導率</a>等等，都具有極大的差異。在正常條件下，鑽石、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="碳納米管">碳納米管</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E7%83%AF" title="石墨烯">石墨烯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a>是已知材質中最高的。 所有碳的同素異形體在一般條件下都呈<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81" class="mw-redirect" title="固态">固态</a>，其中石墨的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡">熱力學穩定性</a>最高。它們不易受化學侵蝕，甚至連<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>都要在高溫下才可與其反應。碳在<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="無機化合物">無機化合物</a>中最常見的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%80%81" title="氧化态">氧化態</a>為+4，並在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="過渡金屬">過渡金屬</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="金屬羰基配合物">羰基配合物</a>中呈+2態。無機碳主要來自<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="石灰石">石灰石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E7%9F%B3" title="白云石">白雲石</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>，但也大量出現在<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%82%AD" title="泥炭">泥炭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7%E6%B0%B4%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="甲烷水合物">甲烷水合物</a>等有機礦藏中。碳是所有元素中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>种类最多的，目前有近一千萬種已記錄的純<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a>，但這只是理論上可以存在的化合物中的冰山一角。<a href="#cite_note-lanl-15">[15]</a> 碳的豐度在地球地殼中排列第15（见<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地球的地殼元素豐度列表">地球的地殼元素豐度列表</a>），並在全宇宙中排列第4（见<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6" title="化學元素豐度">化學元素豐度</a>），名列<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>之下。由於碳元素極為充沛，再加上它在地球環境下所能產生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>種類極為繁多，因此碳是地球上所有生物的化學根本。<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特性">特性</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：特性">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png/220px-Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png/330px-Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png/440px-Carbon_basic_phase_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="509" /></a><figcaption>經理論推測的碳<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%9B%BE" title="相图">相圖</a></figcaption></figure> 碳的各種同素異形體的物理特性差異極大，例如<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>是最堅硬的天然物質，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>則是最柔軟的物質之一。碳可以和眾多較小<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>（包括碳原子）產生多個<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>，因此碳化合物的總數是各個元素中最高的，已发现的有近一千萬種，佔所有已知<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a>的絕大多數。<a href="#cite_note-lanl-15">[15]</a>碳的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%87%E8%8F%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="昇華">昇華點</a>是所有元素中最高的。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%A3%93" class="mw-redirect" title="標準大氣壓">標準大氣壓</a>下，碳沒有熔點，因為它的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9B%B8%E9%BB%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="三相點">三相點</a>位於<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 10.8\pm 0.2}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>10.8</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>0.2</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 10.8\pm 0.2}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01d3457a73397730dbed52be10870321fc9156e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.946ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 10.8\pm 0.2}">MPa、<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 4600\pm 300}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>4600</mn> <mo>±</mo> <mn>300</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 4600\pm 300}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0dd02804cf1ea3a02830ec03b0f68f67d86c8cc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.978ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 4600\pm 300}">K（約4,330°C），<a href="#cite_note-triple2-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-triple3-6">[6]</a>而是會在3,900K左右昇華。<a href="#cite_note-triple-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>因此所有碳同素異形體的固體溫度上限比熔點最高的金屬還要高，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="鎢">鎢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%95" class="mw-redirect" title="釕">釕</a>。雖然碳能夠進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96" title="氧化">氧化</a>反應，但它的耐氧化性比<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%85" class="mw-redirect" title="銅">銅</a>等元素都強。 碳化合物是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>上所有生物的化學基礎。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a>反應是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>以及其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a>內部部分能量的來源。雖然碳擁有上千萬種化合物，但碳在一般條件下的化學性質並不活躍。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%8E%8B%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="标准温度和压力">標準溫度和壓力</a>下，碳能夠抵抗幾乎所有的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化劑">氧化劑</a>，並只會與最強的氧化劑反應。無論是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB%E9%85%B8" title="硫酸">硫酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%90%E9%85%B8" title="盐酸">盐酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">氯</a>還是任何<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼">鹼</a>，都無法侵蝕碳。在高溫条件下，碳會和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>反應形成碳氧化物（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">CO</a>、<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3ed885c7553085f5d3a2bb0a63616656248699d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}">），也會把金屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氧化物">氧化物</a>還原為純金屬，例如将<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="氧化鐵">氧化鐵</a>还原为游离态铁。這一<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%83%AD%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="放热反应">放熱反應</a>應用於鋼鐵工業中，用以控制<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鋼鐵">鋼鐵</a>的碳含量： <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3O4 + 4C -> 3Fe + 4CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>Fe</mtext> <mo>+</mo> <mn>4</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3O4 + 4C -> 3Fe + 4CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c4e6af3f384370643ba03f76a1bbc08620f9410" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:29.607ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {Fe3O4 + 4C -> 3Fe + 4CO}}}"></dd></dl> 碳能和某些金屬在高溫下形成碳化物，如鋼鐵中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%89%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="碳化三鐵">Fe 3C</a>及用作製造堅硬鑽頭<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E6%96%99" title="磨料">磨料</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E9%8E%A2" title="碳化鎢">碳化鎢</a>等。 截至2009年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E7%83%AF" title="石墨烯">石墨烯</a>是所有已知物質中最堅固的。<a href="#cite_note-lee-19">[19]</a>然而從<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>中分離出石墨烯的過程需要更進一步的完善才能在工業中應用。<a href="#cite_note-nypost-20">[20]</a> 碳的各種同素異形體有著兩極化的異常特性： <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 50%;">人造<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%A3%92" title="聚合钻石纳米棒">鑽石納米晶體</a>是最堅硬的物質。<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> </td> <td>石墨是最柔軟的物質之一。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>鑽石是極佳的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%A8%E6%96%99" title="磨料">磨料</a>。 </td> <td>石墨是極佳的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A6%E6%BB%91%E5%89%82" title="润滑剂">潤滑劑</a>，甚至具<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%B6%A6%E6%BB%91" title="超润滑">超潤滑</a>性。<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>鑽石是高<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94" title="絕緣體">絕緣體</a>。<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </td> <td>石墨是高<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8E%E9%9B%BB%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="導電體">導電體</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>鑽石是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BC%E7%83%AD%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="导热率">導熱率</a>最高的物質之一。 </td> <td>石墨可用作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E7%B5%95%E7%B7%A3%E9%AB%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱絕緣體（页面不存在）">熱絕緣體</a>。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>鑽石透明。 </td> <td>石墨為不透明黑色。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>鑽石晶體結構屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="立方晶系">立方晶系</a>。 </td> <td>石墨晶體結構屬於<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="六方晶系">六方晶系</a>。<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>無定形碳具<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%90%91%E5%90%8C%E6%80%A7" title="各向同性">各向同性</a>。 </td> <td>碳納米管是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%84%E5%90%91%E5%BC%82%E6%80%A7" title="各向异性">各向異性</a>最強的物質之一。 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同素異形體">同素異形體</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：同素異形體">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" title="碳的同素異形體">碳的同素異形體</a></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單原子碳（页面不存在）">單原子碳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_carbon" class="extiw" title="en:Atomic carbon">Atomic_carbon</a>）的存活時間極短，因此碳一般以多原子形態穩定存在，這些碳原子的不同排布方式稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="同素異形體">同素異形體</a>。最常見的三種碳同素異形體為<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E7%A2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="無定形碳">無定形碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="富勒烯">富勒烯</a>曾經是新發現的奇異物質，但今天已大量生產，受到了科學家的深入研究。富勒烯共包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="巴基球">巴基球</a>、<a href="#cite_note-buckyballs-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-nanotubes-27">[27]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="碳納米管">碳納米管</a>、<a href="#cite_note-nanotubes2-28">[28]</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E8%8A%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳納米芽（页面不存在）">碳納米芽</a><a href="#cite_note-nanobuds-29">[29]</a>及<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳納米纖維（页面不存在）">碳納米纖維</a>等。<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>其他同素異形體還有：<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%B5%B2%E9%BB%9B%E7%88%BE%E7%9F%B3" title="藍絲黛爾石">藍絲黛爾石</a>、<a href="#cite_note-lonsdaletite-32">[32]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E7%A2%B3" title="玻璃碳">玻璃碳</a>、<a href="#cite_note-glassy_carbon-33">[33]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="碳納米泡沫">碳納米泡沫</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%93%BE%E4%B9%99%E7%82%94%E7%A2%B3" title="直链乙炔碳">直鏈乙炔碳</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-LAC-35">[35]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graphite.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Graphite.gif/200px-Graphite.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Graphite.gif/300px-Graphite.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Graphite.gif/400px-Graphite.gif 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>[（双层）石墨的旋转视图</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C60_Buckyball.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/C60_Buckyball.gif/200px-C60_Buckyball.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/C60_Buckyball.gif/300px-C60_Buckyball.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/C60_Buckyball.gif/400px-C60_Buckyball.gif 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="422" /></a><figcaption>C60的旋转视图</figcaption></figure> 碳的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="無定形體">無定形體</a>是碳原子以非晶體形式不規則排列時形成的玻璃態物質，也就是不具備宏觀晶體結構的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>。無定形碳呈粉末狀，是<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%82%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="煤炭">煤炭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%85%99" title="煤煙">煤煙</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E9%BB%91" title="炭黑">炭黑</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%82%AD" title="活性炭">活性炭</a>的主要成份。在正常壓力下，碳以石墨的形式存在，其中每個碳原子都和另外三個碳原子鍵合，形成平面<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AD%E9%82%8A%E5%BD%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="六邊形">六邊形</a>環平鋪結構。<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>這一種網狀平面結構能夠層疊起來，每層間有弱<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%8A%9B" title="范德华力">范德華力</a>。因此石墨性質柔軟，也可作潤滑劑（因為層與層間能輕易平行滑動）。由於石墨中每個碳原子都有一顆外層<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%A2%E5%9F%9F%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="離域電子">離域電子</a>，共同形成遍佈整個平面的π-雲，所以電能順著石墨的每個共價鍵合平面上傳導。因此碳的整體<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="電導率">電導率</a>低於大部分<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬">金屬</a>。由於含有離域電子，因此在標準條件下石墨比鑽石更加穩定。 <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg/300px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg/450px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg/600px-Eight_Allotropes_of_Carbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>碳的一些同素異形體結構：<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>（a）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>（b）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%B5%B2%E9%BB%9B%E7%88%BE%E7%9F%B3" title="藍絲黛爾石">藍絲黛爾石</a>（c）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="富勒烯">富勒烯</a>（C60（d）、C540（e）、C70（f））<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E7%A2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="無定形碳">無定形碳</a>（g）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="碳納米管">碳納米管</a>（h）</figcaption></figure> 在極高壓力下，碳會形成原子排布更緊密的<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>，其密度幾乎為石墨的兩倍。鑽石中的每個碳原子以<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94" title="四面體">四面體</a>狀與另外四個碳原子鍵合，形成一個三維密鋪網狀結構。鑽石晶體屬<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E6%96%B9%E6%99%B6%E7%B3%BB" title="立方晶系">立方晶系</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="矽">矽</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="鍺">鍺</a>相同。由於碳－碳共價鍵非常強，因此鑽石是<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B0%8F%E7%A1%AC%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="摩氏硬度">最抗刮損的</a>天然材質。雖然民間有「鑽石是永恆的」一說，但實際上鑽石在標準環境下並不具備熱力學穩定性，而且會轉變為石墨。<a href="#cite_note-therm_prop-14">[14]</a>然而由於轉變需要較高的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96%E8%83%BD" title="活化能">活化能</a>，所以該過程極為緩慢，肉眼無法觀察。碳在某些情況下會結晶成<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%B5%B2%E9%BB%9B%E7%88%BE%E7%9F%B3" title="藍絲黛爾石">藍絲黛爾石</a>。這一形態為六方晶體，所有碳原子間都以共價鍵鍵合。因此藍絲黛爾石與鑽石特性相近。<a href="#cite_note-lonsdaletite-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="富勒烯">富勒烯</a>的結構與石墨相似，但除了六角碳原子環以外，它還含有五角環和七角環。這些環鑲嵌成平面，卷縮成球體、橢球體和圓柱體等形狀。各種富勒烯（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="巴基球">巴基球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="碳納米管">碳納米管</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E8%8A%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳納米芽（页面不存在）">碳納米芽</a>）的特性仍尚待研究，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="納米材料">納米材料</a>科學的範疇。「富勒烯」（Fullerene）和「巴基球」（Buckyball）是以推廣<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%B2%E6%A0%BC%E7%90%83%E9%A0%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="網格球頂（页面不存在）">網格球頂</a>作為建築結構的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89%E5%B8%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="建築師">建築師</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%95%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92" title="巴克敏斯特·富勒">巴克敏斯特·富勒</a>（Buckminster Fuller）命名的，而網格球頂與富勒烯的幾何結構相似。巴基球是較大的純碳單質分子，每個碳原子與三個碳原子鍵合，形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A2%E7%90%83%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="橢球體">橢球體</a>（最簡單的一種為足球形的<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C60}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>60</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C60}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1032877db3724fbf31d85071a0cfbb35c3d7c6d7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.554ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C60}}}">，亦即<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="巴克明斯特富勒烯">巴克敏斯特富勒烯</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-buckyballs-26">[26]</a>碳納米管則是碳原子六角形密鋪平面所卷縮而成的管狀（<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%86%E6%9F%B1%E4%BD%93" title="圆柱体">圓柱體</a>）分子。<a href="#cite_note-nanotubes-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-nanotubes2-28">[28]</a>2007年，科學家首次宣佈發現碳納米芽，一種巴基球和碳納米管的混合體（巴基球鍵合在碳納米管壁上）。碳納米芽同時具有巴基球和碳納米管的屬性。<a href="#cite_note-nanobuds-29">[29]</a> 其他同素異形體還有<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="碳納米泡沫">碳納米泡沫</a>，發現於1997年，具<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵磁性">鐵磁性</a>。碳納米泡沫由眾多碳原子低密度聚集而成，每個原子與三個碳原子鍵合，形成由六角或七角環串聯而成的鬆散三維網格。它是已知最輕的固體之一，密度約為2kg/m3。<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a>同樣，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E7%A2%B3" title="玻璃碳">玻璃碳</a>也含有大量的內部氣孔。<a href="#cite_note-glassy_carbon-33">[33]</a>但與普通石墨不同，其每一層並不平行層疊，而是以相對隨機的方式排布。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%93%BE%E4%B9%99%E7%82%94%E7%A2%B3" title="直链乙炔碳">直鏈乙炔碳</a><a href="#cite_note-LAC-35">[35]</a>的化學結構為<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {-(C:::C)n-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo>:::</mo> <mtext>C</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mtext>n</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {-(C:::C)n-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e271962bfcdae6941e9b77ce2c6332bc91ce76da" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.008ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {-(C:::C)n-}}}"><a href="#cite_note-LAC-35">[35]</a>。這一分子呈直鏈型，具有sp<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E6%88%90%E8%BB%8C%E5%9F%9F" title="混成軌域">混成軌域</a>，是一種在三鍵和單鍵之間交替的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>。其<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%B0%8F%E6%A8%A1%E9%87%8F" title="杨氏模量">楊氏模量</a>是世\，因此在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="納米科技">納米科技</a>中有相當的研究空間。<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="存量">存量</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：存量">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg/220px-GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg/330px-GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg/440px-GraphiteOreUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>石墨礦石</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rough_diamond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/220px-Rough_diamond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg/330px-Rough_diamond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Rough_diamond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>原始鑽石晶體</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_(GLODAP).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/220px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/330px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png/440px-Annual_mean_sea_surface_dissolved_inorganic_carbon_for_the_1990s_%28GLODAP%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>1990年海面水溶無機碳存量（取自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E6%95%B8%E6%93%9A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="全球海洋數據分析計劃（页面不存在）">全球海洋數據分析計劃</a>）</figcaption></figure> 碳在全宇宙各元素中總質量<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6" title="化學元素豐度">排列第四</a>，位於氫、氦和氧之後。碳大量存在於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%97%E6%98%9F" title="彗星">彗星</a>、大部分<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>大氣層、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>以及其他<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星">恒星</a>中。一些<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%95%E7%9F%B3" title="隕石">隕石</a>含有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>還處於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="原行星盤">原行星盤</a>時所遺留下來的微鑽石。隕石撞擊時的巨大溫度和壓力也會在撞擊坑處形成微鑽石。<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> 碳與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>結合成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>，大量存在於地球大氣中（當中約有8100億噸碳）並溶解在所有水體中（約有36萬億噸碳）。整個<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%88" title="生物圈">生物圈</a>共含有約1.9萬億噸碳。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AB%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳氫化合物">碳氫化合物</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天然氣">天然氣</a>）同樣含有碳：煤礦儲備共有約9000億噸碳，石油儲備有約1500億噸碳，而天然氣則有約1050億噸碳，但仍不包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%81%E5%B2%A9%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="頁岩氣">頁岩氣</a>等非常規天然氣源（含有5400億噸碳）。<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>碳也封存在地球兩極和海底的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7%E6%B0%B4%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="甲烷水合物">甲烷水合物</a>中，碳含量估計共有5千億至2萬5千億噸，<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a>另有研究估計含量為3萬億噸。<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>過去的碳氫化合物含量比今天要多。從1751年至2008年有大約3470億噸碳在化石燃料燃燒過程中以二氧化碳的形式釋放到大氣層中。<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="碳酸鹽">碳酸鹽</a>岩石（<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="石灰石">石灰石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BA%91%E7%9F%B3" title="白云石">白雲石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="大理石">大理石</a>等等）中含有大量的碳。最大的碳礦石來源是<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>，佔化石燃料的80%。<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> 若以個別同素異形體計算，則石墨主要位於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>（以<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約州">紐約州</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德克薩斯州">德克薩斯州</a>為主）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%99%B5%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="格陵蘭">格陵蘭</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>。天然鑽石主要出現在古<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山">火山</a>的「頸部管道」部分的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="金伯利岩">金伯利岩</a>內。大部分鑽石礦藏都位於<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>，其中以<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="納米比亞">納米比亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="博茨瓦納">博茨瓦納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="剛果共和國">剛果共和國</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%E6%98%82" class="mw-redirect" title="塞拉里昂">塞拉里昂</a>居多。其他礦藏地點包括美國<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E8%89%B2%E5%B7%9E" title="阿肯色州">阿肯色州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%A5%B5%E5%9C%88" title="北極圈">北極圈</a>內、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>以及西<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E6%9C%9B%E8%A7%92" title="好望角">好望角</a>對出的洋底也有進行鑽石的開採。雖然自然界中存在著不少鑽石，但是在美國有30%的工業用鑽石都是人工合成的。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射線">宇宙射線</a>會在海拔9至15公里的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="平流層">平流層</a>處產生碳-14。<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>這一反應中，<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="热中子">熱中子</a>撞擊氮-14原子核，形成碳-14原子核及一顆<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="同位素">同位素</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：同位素">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="碳的同位素">碳的同位素</a></div> 所有碳<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="同位素">同位素</a>的原子都有6顆<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>，但<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" title="中子">中子</a>數各異（從2到16顆不等）。碳有兩個自然存在的穩定同位素：<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-12">[12]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">碳-12</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^12C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>12</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^12C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d6934474b3aaa5a1913cb513992fdc3d368e8c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^12C}}}">）佔地球上碳的98.93%，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-13" title="碳-13">碳-13</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>13</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d76a1b3d48ef82809c80a0f8327f848fdcebd601" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}">）則佔剩餘的1.07%。<a href="#cite_note-isotopes-12">[12]</a>生物體中<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^12C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>12</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^12C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8d6934474b3aaa5a1913cb513992fdc3d368e8c7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^12C}}}">同位素的比率更高，因為生物化學反應會選擇性地消除<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>13</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d76a1b3d48ef82809c80a0f8327f848fdcebd601" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}">。<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>1961年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E7%B4%94%E7%B2%B9%E8%88%87%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國際純粹與應用化學聯合會">國際純粹與應用化學聯合會</a>（IUPAC）決定以碳-12同位素作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%87%8F" title="原子量">原子量</a>單位的定義標準。<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>所探測的就是<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>13</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d76a1b3d48ef82809c80a0f8327f848fdcebd601" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13C}}}">。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-14" title="碳-14">碳-14</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^14C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>14</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^14C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7d8a6cf1910c1dfb9bbf8d9841bb4d92c75e4163" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^14C}}}">）是自然產生的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="放射性同位素">放射性同位素</a>，在地球上的豐度為一萬億分之一（0.0000000001%），主要存在於大氣層和地表礦藏中，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A5%E7%82%AD" title="泥炭">泥炭</a>及其他有機物質等。<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>碳-14以0.158 <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">MeV</a>能量進行<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β−衰變</a>。由於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E8%A1%B0%E6%9C%9F" title="半衰期">半衰期</a>只有5730年，所以該同位素在古老岩石中幾乎絕跡，但會在大氣高層（低<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="平流層">平流層</a>及高<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>）中經<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙射線">宇宙射線</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>間的反應而不斷產生。<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>14C在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣層">大氣層</a>及生物體中的豐度幾乎守恆，但在生物體死亡後有規律地衰減，這就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E7%A2%B3%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性碳定年法">放射性碳定年法</a>的原理。該定年法可測量年齡在4萬年以下的含碳物質。<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> 碳有15種已知同位素，其中半衰期最短的是<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^8C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>8</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^8C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d1839cdc19f2a7d43f0278f30e494cb78e3a9f9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.674ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^8C}}}">，它會進行<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%91%E5%B0%84" title="质子发射">質子發射</a>，半衰期為3.5×10-21秒。<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-52">[52]</a>同位素<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^19C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>C</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>19</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^19C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c6abbd28a137afff08416c7125e878621b72a42" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.496ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^19C}}}">有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E6%9A%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核暈（页面不存在）">核暈</a>效應，即其半徑比<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>均勻的正常球體<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>高得多。<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="星體內部核合成">星體內部核合成</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：星體內部核合成">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a></div> 碳原子核的合成需要在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="巨星">巨星</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星">超巨星</a>內部，通過3顆<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>原子核）幾乎同時互相撞擊而形成，稱為<a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a>。進一步與氫或氦融合後分別產生的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0-5" class="mw-redirect" title="鋰-5">鋰-5</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9-8" title="鈹-8">鈹-8</a>都很不穩定，因此會迅速衰變回較小的原子核。<a href="#cite_note-Audi-54">[54]</a>這種情況下的溫度達到1億<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="開爾文">開爾文</a>，所需的氦濃度極高。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8" title="大爆炸">大爆炸</a>後的宇宙迅速膨脹、冷卻，因此大爆炸沒有產生大量的碳元素。<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>中的水平分支恒星則具備3氦過程的所需條件，可以大量生成碳。<a href="#cite_note-Ostlie-55">[55]</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>爆炸再將這些恒星內部的碳散佈到太空中，這些含碳的塵埃聚合形成第二代、第三代恒星及其行星。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽系">太陽系</a>屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%87%8F" title="金屬量">第三代</a>恒星系統，因此地球生物所賴以為生的碳元素，最初也是在巨大恒星的內部合成的。<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>另外，通過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a>過程，碳作為聚變反應的<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="催化劑">催化劑</a>，為恒星提供了絕大部分的能量。 亞毫米波天文學能夠探測到含不同碳同位素的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>間的循環轉換（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^12CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>CO</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>12</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^12CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3195f6d94be214d254afbbf720ab2c06de9085b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^12CO}}}">、<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mmultiscripts> <mtext>CO</mtext> <none /> <none /> <mprescripts /> <none /> <mn>13</mn> </mmultiscripts> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {^13CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ccac5004af276031b5e5165ac2ffbe6f98a6afc8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.304ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {^13CO}}}">及<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C^18O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>18</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C^18O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/86aa1a7a883d3b8ecccc76ae7a817abcb486358c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.362ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C^18O}}}">），這可用於研究<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" title="分子雲">分子雲</a>中<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">剛剛形成</a>的恒星。<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="碳循環">碳循環</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：碳循環">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳循環">碳循環</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-zh-Hans.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-zh-Hans.jpeg/300px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-zh-Hans.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-zh-Hans.jpeg/450px-Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-zh-Hans.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Carbon_cycle-cute_diagram-zh-Hans.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption>碳循環示意圖。黑色數字表示各種碳礦藏儲備，紫色數字表示各種儲備間碳的轉移，以十億噸碳每年為單位（GtC）。圖中的沉澱物數字不包括約7000萬GtC的碳酸鹽岩石和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E6%AF%8D%E8%B3%AA" title="油母質">油母質</a>。</figcaption></figure> 在地球上並不容易發生元素間的轉變，因此地球上的碳基本上是守恆的。任何使用到碳的物理及化學過程都必須從一處取得碳，並在過程後轉移到另一處。環境中碳所遵循的路徑稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳循環">碳循環</a>。例如，植物從周圍環境中吸取<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>，用以增加自身質量。動物可能會進食一部分植物體，並再以二氧化碳把碳還原到環境中。整個碳循環實際上複雜得多，比如一些二氧化碳會溶解在海洋中，動植物死亡後也會成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4" title="煤">煤</a>，再經焚燒把碳還原到大氣中。<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化合物">化合物</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：化合物">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="有機化合物">有機化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：有機化合物">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有機化合物">有機化合物</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methane-2D-stereo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/150px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/225px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Methane-2D-stereo.svg/300px-Methane-2D-stereo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>最簡單有機化合物<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E7%83%B7" title="甲烷">甲烷</a>的結構式</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Auto-and_heterotrophs_(zh-cn).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Auto-and_heterotrophs_%28zh-cn%29.svg/300px-Auto-and_heterotrophs_%28zh-cn%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Auto-and_heterotrophs_%28zh-cn%29.svg/450px-Auto-and_heterotrophs_%28zh-cn%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Auto-and_heterotrophs_%28zh-cn%29.svg/600px-Auto-and_heterotrophs_%28zh-cn%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>碳循環與有機化合物形成的關係。植物進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>時，二氧化碳和水會形成有機化合物，再被其他動植物所用。</figcaption></figure> 碳能夠形成串連的<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C-C}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mtext>C</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C-C}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f401b0de3633492ce914adc184707c1c157d919" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.164ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C-C}}}">鍵，形成很長的分子鏈，這種特性叫做<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E9%8F%88" title="成鏈">成鏈</a>。碳－碳鍵強而穩定。因此，碳可以形成幾乎無限種不同的化合物。其實，碳化合物的數量比其他所有元素的化合物加起來還要多（除氫以外，因為大部分碳化合物都含有氫）。 最簡單的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="有机分子">有機分子</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AB%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="碳氫化合物">碳氫化合物</a>。這些化合物以一條碳鏈為主幹，並有氫原子鍵合在碳鏈上。鏈長、支鏈及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%83%BD%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="官能團">官能團</a>等都會影響有機化合物的物理及化學特性。 所有生物體中都含有碳，並以碳作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="有機化學">有機化學</a>的基礎。碳氫化合物在工業上可用作<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%BD%E5%86%B7%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="製冷劑">製冷劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A6%E6%BB%91%E5%89%82" title="润滑剂">潤滑劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B6%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="溶劑">溶劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E6%96%99" title="塑料">塑料</a>的製造原料、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="化石燃料">化石燃料</a>等等。 碳與氧和氫結合後，會形成眾多必不可少的生物化合物，包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96" title="糖">糖</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%A8%E9%85%AF%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="木酯素（页面不存在）">木酯素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%AE%BC%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="甲殼素">甲殼素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%87" title="醇">醇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82" class="mw-redirect" title="脂">脂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯">酯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E8%83%A1%E8%98%BF%E8%94%94%E7%B4%A0" title="類胡蘿蔔素">類胡蘿蔔素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%9C%E7%83%AF" title="萜烯">萜烯</a>等等。碳與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">氮</a>結合會形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%B9%BC" title="生物鹼">生物鹼</a>，再加上<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>後會形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="抗生素">抗生素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%A1%E8%86%A0" title="橡膠">橡膠</a>等等。最後加入磷，會形成生命所需的化學編碼分子<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>及<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>，以及生物細胞用以傳遞能量的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">三磷酸腺苷</a>（ATP）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="無機化合物">無機化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：無機化合物">编辑</a>]</div> 礦石中的含碳物質以及不含氫或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">氟</a>的碳化合物一般不歸於有機化合物中，但這種定義並不是絕對的。這些無機化合物包括最簡單的各種氧化碳，其中最重要的就是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3ed885c7553085f5d3a2bb0a63616656248699d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO2}}}">）。二氧化碳曾是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="古大氣層">古大氣層</a>的主要成份，但今天則只佔<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="地球大氣層">地球大氣層</a>中的極小一部分。<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>當二氧化碳溶於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4" title="水">水</a>後，會形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8" title="碳酸">碳酸</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2CO3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {H2CO3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/62f8647d65c3fbac93aa64cae051635af164efb7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:7.338ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {H2CO3}}}">）。但由於有多個氧原子以單鍵連結到一顆碳原子上，所以它並不穩定。<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>然而通過這一中繼狀態，因<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="共振 (化學)">共振</a>而穩定的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%B9%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="碳酸鹽">碳酸鹽</a>離子得以形成。一些重要的岩石都含有碳酸鹽，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="石灰岩">石灰岩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%A0%8A%E5%B2%A9" title="白堊岩">白堊岩</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%90%86%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="大理石">大理石</a>等。 另一常見的碳氧化物是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化碳">一氧化碳</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>CO</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bf2a888c2c193ddb2937e2c7e85aadaa0a4e9513" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.486ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO}}}">），一種在不完全燃燒後產生的無色、無味的氣體。一氧化碳分子中有一個三鍵，而且<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="極性">極性</a>非常強，所以會不可逆轉地與<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%B4%85%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="血紅蛋白">血紅蛋白</a>分子結合，使得親和力較低的氧無法經血紅蛋白傳輸。<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氰化物">氰化物</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CN-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>CN</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CN-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c5bd2c6221a86b16515c2b9dd35074e69d3c58f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.932ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CN-}}}">）的結構相似，但其特性更類似於<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>離子（<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="擬鹵素">擬鹵素</a>）。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B0" title="氰">氰</a>分子（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {(CN)2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mtext>CN</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {(CN)2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b9ae99af956f2188507b1e1d78ca3b06b4ae9582" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.285ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {(CN)2}}}">）與雙原子<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%B5%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="鹵素">鹵素</a>相似。其他較罕見的氧化物包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%89%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化三碳">二氧化三碳</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C3O2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C3O2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/94367ca3f8431b8dd4a5fd18969d1185ed8799eb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.595ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C3O2}}}">）、<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>不穩定的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%8C%E7%A2%B3" title="一氧化二碳">一氧化二碳</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5f264221e6f22d64d73db89cc3b36f376eb42475" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2O}}}">）、<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="三氧化碳">三氧化碳</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO3}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>CO</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CO3}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c899141c79827f505ea5a37e91577800dc7661e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.54ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CO3}}}">）<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E6%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E9%85%AE" title="环戊五酮">環戊五酮</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C5O5}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>5</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C5O5}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e949c08830d50fa6d04352b56c5124b43e759f7c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.595ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C5O5}}}">）、<a href="#cite_note-fatiadi-69">[69]</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%B7%B1%E5%85%AD%E9%85%AE" title="环己六酮">環己六酮</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C6O6}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C6O6}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/25069b5fdc11eff580d844c138cecb03ff36875d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:5.595ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C6O6}}}">）<a href="#cite_note-fatiadi-69">[69]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2%E9%85%B8%E9%85%90" title="苯六甲酸酐">苯六甲酸酐</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C12O9}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>12</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>9</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C12O9}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a7fc67d573031fa7a27ad495fc541254ca37a7ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:6.417ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C12O9}}}">）。 當碳遇到如<a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="鎢">鎢</a>等活性較強的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="金屬">金屬</a>時，會形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="碳化物">碳化物</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C^4-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C^4-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4f4a3406f3c6a6a2576c7a3cccc4678d8958f0b4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.011ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C^4-}}}">）或<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%99%E7%82%94%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乙炔化物（页面不存在）">乙炔化物</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2^2-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>C</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {C2^2-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/56f71b13af55755146bc73ef1800cf6aa4677bd3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.011ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {C2^2-}}}">），大大提高這些合金的熔點。碳的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E8%B4%9F%E6%80%A7" title="电负性">電負性</a>為2.5，<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>所以會主要形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>。碳有幾種共價鍵晶格化合物，如結構與<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>相近的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="碳化硅">碳化矽</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiC}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>SiC</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {SiC}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c04e14f7eaf72ba84a5a83e91b4da1832eb897f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.617ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {SiC}}}">）。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="金屬有機化合物">金屬有機化合物</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：金屬有機化合物">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机金属化学">有機金屬化學</a></div> 金屬有機化合物是任何具有碳－金屬鍵的化合物。金屬有機化合物類別繁多，主要分為烷基金屬化合物（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E4%B9%99%E5%9F%BA%E9%89%9B" title="四乙基鉛">四乙基鉛</a>）、η2烯烴化合物（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%9B%90" title="蔡斯盐">蔡斯鹽</a>）和η3烯丙基化合物（如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E7%83%AF%E4%B8%99%E5%9F%BA%E9%88%80%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E7%89%A9" title="氯化烯丙基鈀二聚物">氯化烯丙基鈀二聚物</a>）；含<a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E6%88%8A%E4%BA%8C%E7%83%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="環戊二烯">環戊二烯</a>配位體的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%82%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="茂金属">茂金屬</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%8C%82%E9%93%81" title="二茂铁">二茂鐵</a>）；以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B8%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E5%AE%BE%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="过渡金属卡宾配合物">過渡金屬卡賓配合物</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="金屬羰基配合物">金屬羰基配合物</a>有很多種，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BE%B0%E5%9F%BA%E9%95%8D" title="四羰基镍">四羰基鎳</a>等。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/170px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/255px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>年輕時的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="安東萬·拉瓦節">安東萬·拉瓦節</a></figcaption></figure> 中文的「碳」字為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%81%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="形聲">形聲</a>字，以石部表示固體非金屬，並以「炭」旁表示碳元素源自木炭或煤炭等物質。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="韓文">韓文</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="日文">日文</a>中碳的漢字寫法均為「炭素」。<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="英文">英文</a>中，carbon來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>的carbo，即煤炭和木炭；<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="法文">法文</a>中的charbon同樣也是木炭的意思。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="德文">德文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭文">荷蘭文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="丹麥文">丹麥文</a>中碳分別寫作Kohlenstoff、koolstof和kulstof，都是「炭物質」的意思。 最早的人類文明就已在<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E7%85%99" title="煤煙">煤煙</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%82%AD" title="木炭">木炭</a>中發現了碳。中國人早在公元前2500年就發現了鑽石。人們在古羅馬時代就開始通過在無氧環境下加熱木材製造木炭。<a href="#cite_note-ancient_China-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/170px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/255px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png/340px-Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele_from_Familj-Journalen1874.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒">卡爾·威廉·舍勒</a></figcaption></figure> 1722年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85-%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E7%BB%8D%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E5%A5%A5%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" title="勒内-安托万·费尔绍·德·列奥米尔">勒内·列奥米尔</a>發現鐵在轉變為鋼的過程中會吸收一種物質，今天人們知道這就是碳。<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>1772年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="安東萬·拉瓦節">安東萬·拉瓦節</a>證明鑽石是完全由碳組成的。他燃燒了木炭和鑽石，發現兩者都沒有產生水，而且形成的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3" title="二氧化碳">二氧化碳</a>質量相同。<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>人們曾以為石墨是<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛">鉛</a>的一種形態，但<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%88%8D%E5%8B%92" title="卡尔·威廉·舍勒">卡爾·威廉·舍勒</a>在1779年證明了它和木炭相同，但混有小量鐵，並會經<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%9D%E9%85%B8" title="硝酸">硝酸</a>氧化之後釋放二氧化碳。<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>1786年，法國科學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%E8%8E%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="克劳德·贝托莱">克勞德·貝托萊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E6%97%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="加斯帕·蒙日">加斯帕·蒙日</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%99%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沙爾·奧古斯丁·范德蒙（页面不存在）">沙爾·奧古斯丁·范德蒙</a>以拉瓦節對鑽石所用的方法證明，石墨同樣主要由碳組成。<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>石墨在燃燒後同樣留下了鐵，因此他們以為鐵在石墨結構中是必要的。拉瓦節在他1789年的教科書中將碳列為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a>。<a href="#cite_note-#1-3">[3]</a> 1985年，科學家發現了一種新的碳單質<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="富勒烯">富勒烯</a>，<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="巴基球">巴基球</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B4%8D%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="碳納米管">碳納米管</a>等等。<a href="#cite_note-buckyballs-26">[26]</a>發現者<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E5%B0%94" title="罗伯特·柯尔">羅伯特·柯爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E6%89%98" title="哈罗德·克罗托">哈羅德·克羅托</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9" title="理查德·斯莫利">理查德·斯莫利</a>因此獲得了1996年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="諾貝爾化學獎">諾貝爾化學獎</a>。<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>其他奇特的碳同素異形體也被陸續發現了，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E7%A2%B3" title="玻璃碳">玻璃碳</a>。<a href="#cite_note-glassy_carbon-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生產">生產</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：生產">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="石墨">石墨</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：石墨">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a></div> 大量天然石墨礦藏分佈在世界各地，其中主要出產國為<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD" title="朝鲜民主主义人民共和国">朝鮮</a>。石墨礦石都是<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E8%B3%AA%E5%B2%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="變質岩">變質岩</a>，與<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8B%B1" title="石英">石英</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%B2%A9" title="片岩">片岩</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%91%E6%AF%8D" title="云母">雲母</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="長石">長石</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E9%BA%BB%E5%B2%A9" title="片麻岩">片麻岩</a>及變質<a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%82%E5%B2%A9" title="砂岩">砂岩</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E7%81%B0%E5%B2%A9" title="石灰岩">石灰岩</a>一同出現，呈透鏡狀或葉脈狀，厚度可達1米多。位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E4%BC%AF%E8%98%AD" title="坎伯蘭">坎伯蘭</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E7%BE%85%E6%88%B4%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博羅戴爾（页面不存在）">博羅戴爾</a>（Borrowdale）的石墨礦藏巨大且純度高，直到19世紀，人們都直接鋸下石墨塊，削成條狀後包在木條中，作<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%AD%86" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛筆">鉛筆</a>出售。今天，要從較小的石墨礦中提取石墨，需要把礦石壓碎後，用水浮出較輕的石墨。<a href="#cite_note-USGS-81">[81]</a> 天然石墨以三種形式出現：無定形態、薄片狀或結晶薄片狀以及葉脈狀或塊狀。無定形石墨的質量最低，但也最常見，一般被用於生產價值最低的產品。在工業中「無定形」指的是晶體細小，而非科學中所指的完全缺乏晶體結構。無定形石墨大量出現在位於中國、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%A5%BF%E5%93%A5" title="墨西哥">墨西哥</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>的大型礦藏中。薄片狀石墨的價值更高，也較少見，通常出現在變質岩中。質量較高的薄片石墨價格可以是無定形石墨的4倍，可製成一膨脹性石墨，用作<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BB%E7%87%83%E5%89%82" title="阻燃剂">阻燃劑</a>等。薄片石墨出產於巴西、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、中國、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="馬達加斯加">馬達加斯加</a>。葉脈狀或塊狀石墨最為罕見，是天然石墨中質量與價格最高的一種。這種石墨整塊出現在岩石與岩石之間，目前只有<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a>出產。<a href="#cite_note-USGS-81">[81]</a> 根據<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E8%AA%BF%E6%9F%A5%E5%B1%80" title="美國地質調查局">美國地質調查局</a>的數據，2010年全球石墨產量為1100萬噸，其中中國佔了80萬噸，印度13萬噸，巴西7.6萬噸，朝鮮3萬噸，加拿大2.5萬噸。美國沒有開採自然石墨，但2009年共生產了11.8萬噸合成石墨，估計總值9.98億美元。<a href="#cite_note-USGS-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鑽石">鑽石</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：鑽石">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a></div> 全球的鑽石生產由少數大型企業控制，而鑽石礦藏也只分佈在地球的少數地區。 鑽石礦石中只有極小部分是鑽石。在最初壓碎礦石時須避免損傷大塊鑽石，壓碎後再以密度分開各種粒子。今天，人們利用<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%8D%A7%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E4%BB%AA" title="X射线荧光光谱仪">X射線熒光光譜儀</a>能夠預先找到鑽石含量較高的部分，接著的分類過程則由人工進行。在<a href="/wiki/X%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="X光">X光</a>科技普及之前，人們用塗上油脂的運輸帶提取鑽石。鑽石比礦石中其他的礦物更容易粘在油脂上。<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> 歷史上只有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="南印度">南印度</a>出產鑽石。<a href="#cite_note-Catelle1-83">[83]</a>自公元前9世紀左右至<a href="#cite_note-Ball-84">[84]</a>公元18世紀中葉，印度都是世界唯一的鑽石產國。18世紀末，印度的礦藏已經衰減了許多，因此巴西1725年發現鑽石後，成為了印度以外的首個鑽石產地。<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> 1870年代人們發現了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9D%9E" title="南非">南非</a>的鑽石礦場，才開始了對主要礦藏（金伯利岩及鉀鎂煌斑岩）的開採。產量不斷提高，截至2007年一共已有45億<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89_(%E9%87%8D%E9%87%8F)" class="mw-redirect" title="卡拉 (重量)">卡拉</a>鑽石從當地開採出來。<a href="#cite_note-giasummer2007-86">[86]</a>鑽石在美國主要分佈在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%82%AF%E8%89%B2%E5%B7%9E" title="阿肯色州">阿肯色州</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A%E5%B7%9E" title="科羅拉多州">科羅拉多州</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A4%A7%E6%8B%BF%E5%B7%9E" title="蒙大拿州">蒙大拿州</a>。<a href="#cite_note-DGemGLorenz-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> 今天經濟效益最高的鑽石產國有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="俄羅斯">俄羅斯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E8%8C%A8%E7%93%A6%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="博茨瓦納">博茨瓦納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%9B%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="剛果共和國">剛果共和國</a>。<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>俄羅斯的鑽石產量為全球的五分之一。澳洲擁有鑽石含量最高的礦藏，其年產量在1990年代達到4200萬噸的頂峰。<a href="#cite_note-DGemGLorenz-87">[87]</a>其他的商業鑽石礦場位於加拿大<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80_(%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7)" class="mw-redirect" title="西北地區 (加拿大)">加拿大</a>、俄羅斯<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西伯利亞">西伯利亞</a>（大部分在<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="薩哈共和國">雅庫特地區</a>）、巴西以及澳洲北部和西部。 根据贝恩公司的报告，全球2018年钻石产量为1.47亿克拉，预计2019年产量为1.42亿克拉。<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="應用">應用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：應用">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/220px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/330px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg/440px-Mechanical_pencil_lead_spilling_out_051907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption>由<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>組成的鉛筆筆芯（一般混有粘土或人造黏合劑）</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/220px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/330px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg/440px-Charcoal_sticks_051907.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>條狀的壓縮<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%82%AD" title="木炭">木炭</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg/220px-Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg/330px-Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg/440px-Kohlenstofffasermatte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>碳絲織成的布料</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiC_p1390066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/220px-SiC_p1390066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/330px-SiC_p1390066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/SiC_p1390066.jpg/440px-SiC_p1390066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="碳化硅">碳化矽</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E6%99%B6" title="单晶">單晶</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG/220px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG/330px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG/440px-C60-Fulleren-kristallin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>C60富勒烯晶體</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungsten_carbide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tungsten_carbide.jpg/220px-Tungsten_carbide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tungsten_carbide.jpg/330px-Tungsten_carbide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Tungsten_carbide.jpg/440px-Tungsten_carbide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E9%8E%A2" title="碳化鎢">碳化鎢</a>銑磨鑽頭</figcaption></figure> 所有生物都依賴碳。如果沒有碳，我們所知的生物形態都不可能存在（見<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="假定性生物化學">假定性生物化學</a>）。除了作食物和木材以外，碳的最大用途是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="化石燃料">化石燃料</a>上（以碳氫化合物的形式），如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%84%B6%E6%B0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="天然氣">天然氣</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9" title="石油">石油</a>等。石油化學工業利用<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%89%E6%B2%B9%E5%BB%A0" title="煉油廠">煉油廠</a>把原油<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B8%E9%A4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="蒸餾">蒸餾</a>成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9" title="汽油">汽油</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E6%B2%B9" title="柴油">柴油</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="纖維素">纖維素</a>是一種植物製造的碳聚合物，出現在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%89%E8%8A%B1" title="棉花">棉花</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4" title="麻纤维">麻</a>中。植物中的纖維素主要有支撐結構的作用。動物來源的碳聚合物有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E6%AF%9B" title="羊毛">羊毛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8A%E7%BB%92" title="羊绒">羊絨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢">絲綢</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%91%E6%96%99" title="塑料">塑料</a>是人工合成的碳聚合物，一般在分子鏈中含有固定間隔的氧和氮原子。塑料的製造原料都可以從石油加工而成。 碳及其化合物的應用非常廣泛。碳可以和<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E9%87%91" title="合金">合金</a>，亦即<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="鋼">鋼</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%98%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="粘土">粘土</a>混合後可製成<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E7%AD%86" class="mw-redirect" title="鉛筆">鉛筆</a>芯，用於書寫和繪畫。石墨還能用作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%A6%E6%BB%91%E5%89%82" title="润滑剂">潤滑劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="颜料">顏料</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83" title="玻璃">玻璃</a>生產過程中的鑄模材料、亁<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E6%B1%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="電池">電池</a>中或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%8D%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="電鍍">電鍍</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E9%93%B8" title="电铸">電鑄</a>過程中的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%9E%81" title="电极">電極</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="電動機">電動機</a>中的碳刷以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E7%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="核反應爐">核反應爐</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%B8%9B%E9%80%9F%E5%8A%91" class="mw-redirect" title="中子減速劑">中子減速劑</a>等等。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%82%AD" title="木炭">木炭</a>可用於繪畫、<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%92%E7%83%A4" title="燒烤">燒烤</a>、煉鐵等等。木材、煤炭和石油都可用作<a href="/wiki/%E7%87%83%E6%96%99" title="燃料">燃料</a>，用以發電或保暖。高質量<a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>被用作首飾，而工業用鑽石則可在金屬或石頭上進行鑽孔、切割和磨光。化石燃料中的碳氫化合物能加工成塑料。<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E9%85%AF" title="聚酯">聚酯</a>纖維<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%82%E8%A7%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="裂解">裂解</a>後形成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="碳纖維">碳纖維</a>可以為塑料加固，產生輕盈的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99" class="mw-redirect" title="複合材料">複合材料</a>。碳纖維的製造原料為經拉伸過的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E4%B8%99%E7%83%AF%E8%85%88" title="聚丙烯腈">聚丙烯腈</a>（PAN）以及其他有機物質，其最終的晶體結構和力學屬性取決於初始原料和製作工序。由PAN做成的碳纖維結構與細長的石墨絲相似，而經過熱處理後，結構就會變成連續的一張薄片。這種纖維的拉伸<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%BC%BA%E5%BA%A6" title="比强度">比強度</a>比鋼還要高。<a href="#cite_note-cantwell-91">[91]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E9%BB%91" title="炭黑">炭黑</a>的應用包括：黑色顔料、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷">印刷</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E6%B0%B4" title="墨水">墨水</a>、藝術油墨和水彩、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%BC%8F%E8%A4%87%E5%AF%AB%E7%B4%99" title="碳式複寫紙">碳式複寫紙</a>、汽車油漆、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8" title="墨">墨</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E6%89%93%E5%8D%B0%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="激光打印機">激光打印機</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="碳粉">碳粉</a>。炭黑還可以用作橡膠和塑料的填充劑。<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%82%AD" title="活性炭">活性炭</a>可吸附、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%BF%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="過濾">過濾</a>物質，其應用範圍包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B2%E6%AF%92%E9%9D%A2%E5%85%B7" title="防毒面具">防毒面具</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B7%A8%E5%8C%96" title="水淨化">水淨化</a>、廚房<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E6%B2%B9%E7%85%99%E6%A9%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="吸油煙機">吸油煙機</a>等，也可從<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="消化系統">消化系統</a>中吸收毒物或氣體作醫學治療。碳在高溫下可以進行<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="还原反应">還原反應</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E7%82%AD" title="焦炭">焦炭</a>可將鐵礦石轉化為鐵金屬。鋼與碳粉末一起加熱後，可以達到<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A1%AC%E5%8C%96" title="表面硬化">表面硬化</a>的作用。<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%85" title="碳化硅">碳化矽</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E9%8E%A2" title="碳化鎢">碳化鎢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%A1%BC" title="碳化硼">碳化硼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E9%92%9B" title="碳化钛">碳化鈦</a>都是超硬材料，在切割和碾磨時被用作磨料。幾乎所有衣料都由碳化合物組成，如人造<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A1%E7%B9%94%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="紡織品">紡織品</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%9D%A9" title="皮革">皮革</a>等。不同形式的碳是有希望的催化剂或催化剂载体<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>和电极材料<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鑽石_2">鑽石</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：鑽石">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鑽石">鑽石</a>工業可基本分為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B6%E7%9F%B3" title="寶石">寶石</a>級和工業級鑽石的生產和加工，兩種市場的運作方式截然不同。 寶石級鑽石交易市場巨大。但與<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">金</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%91" class="mw-redirect" title="鉑">鉑</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%B4%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" title="貴金屬">貴金屬</a>不同，鑽石寶石的交易並不像<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E7%94%A8%E5%93%81" class="mw-redirect" title="日用品">日用品</a>：其利潤幅度很高，二手市場也不大。 工業用鑽石市場主要注重鑽石的硬度和<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a>，而幾乎忽略鑽石的清澈度和顔色。因此開採出來的鑽石中，有80%（即1億卡拉、20噸）無法用作寶石，需要轉到工業用途上。<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>1950年人工鑽石被發明之後，馬上就有了工業用途，年產量共有30億卡拉（600噸）。<a href="#cite_note-usgs-98">[98]</a>鑽石在工業中主要被用於切割、鑽孔、碾磨和磨光等，一般大小不需要太大。大部分寶石級鑽石都可以用在工業上。鑽石可以鑲嵌在鑽頭或鋸子上，或磨成粉末後進行碾磨和磨光。<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>在專門用途上，鑽石可以作高壓實驗的器材（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%91%BD%E7%9F%B3%E5%B0%8D%E9%A0%82%E7%A0%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鑽石對頂砧（页面不存在）">鑽石對頂砧</a>）、高效<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%B8%E6%89%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="軸承">軸承</a>以及特殊窗戶等。<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>在人工鑽石生產技術的發展下，更多應用將在未來實現，如作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="集成電路">集成電路</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%B0%8E%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="半導體">半導體</a>或電子產品中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E7%83%AD%E7%89%87" title="散热片">散熱片</a>等。<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="安全">安全</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：安全">编辑</a>]</div> 純碳對人類的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%92%E6%80%A7" title="毒性">毒性</a>很低，甚至可以以石墨或木炭的形式直接安全進食。碳可以抵抗化學侵蝕，包括消化道中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B8" title="酸">酸</a>。因此當進入人體組織後，碳會長時間存留。<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E9%BB%91" title="炭黑">炭黑</a>有可能是第一種被用作<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%8B%E8%BA%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="紋身">紋身</a>的顔料。<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E4%BA%BA%E5%A5%A7%E8%8C%A8" title="冰人奧茨">冰人奧茨</a>的身上有碳刺青，一直保留到他死後5200年後的今天。<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>然而，大量吸入煤灰或煤煙卻會刺激<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="肺部">肺部</a>，並造成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A4%E5%B7%A5%E5%A1%B5%E8%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="煤工塵肺（页面不存在）">煤工塵肺</a>等阻塞性肺病。作磨料用的鑽石粉末在進食或吸入後同樣會造成危險。柴油引擎排煙中含有碳微粒，這些微粒會在肺部積聚。<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>如果進入身體的含碳物質還有其他的雜質，如有機化合物和重金屬等，就有可能會對身體造成額外的傷害。 碳對大部分地球生物來說毒性都很低，但對某些生物卻有毒。比如，碳納米微塵對<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E8%A0%85%E5%B1%AC" title="果蠅屬">果蠅屬</a>是有毒的。<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> 碳在高溫下能在空氣中劇烈燃燒，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%96%AC%E7%81%AB%E7%81%BD" title="溫斯喬火災">溫斯喬火災</a>就是因加熱的石墨造成的。大量煤炭在無氧狀態下經過數億年後，首次被挖出時，可能會在接觸到空氣後自燃。 碳的眾多化合物中，有著多種劇毒，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="河豚毒素">河豚毒素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%96%E9%BA%BB%E6%AF%92%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="蓖麻毒蛋白">蓖麻毒蛋白</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9" title="氰化物">氰化物</a>（<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {CN-}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msup> <mtext>CN</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {CN-}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c5bd2c6221a86b16515c2b9dd35074e69d3c58f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:4.932ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {CN-}}}">）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E7%A2%B3%E4%B8%AD%E6%AF%92" title="一氧化碳中毒">一氧化碳</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="碳與各元素鍵合">碳與各元素鍵合</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：碳與各元素鍵合">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%90%AB%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Template:含碳化合物"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%90%AB%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Template talk:含碳化合物"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%90%AB%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:含碳化合物"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素周期表中与碳成键所形成的化合物" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">元素周期表中与<a class="mw-selflink selflink">碳</a>成键所形成的化合物</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wikitable" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <table cellpadding="3" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="碳-氢键">CH</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="border:none"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="border:none" rowspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">He </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%82%E8%AF%95%E5%89%82" title="有机锂试剂">CLi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机铍化学">CBe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%BC%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机硼化合物">CB</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-%E7%A2%B3%E9%94%AE" title="碳-碳键">CC</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-%E6%B0%AE%E9%94%AE" title="碳-氮键">CN</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-%E6%B0%A7%E9%94%AE" title="碳-氧键">CO</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机氟化学">CF</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">Ne </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%A0%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钠化学">CNa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机镁化学">CMg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%9D%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机铝化合物">CAl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%85%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机硅化学">CSi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A3%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机磷化合物">CP</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%AB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机硫化学">CS</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机氯化合物">CCl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机氩化学（页面不存在）">CAr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%BE%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钾化学">CK</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钙化学">CCa</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%AA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钪化学（页面不存在）">CSc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%9B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钛化学（页面不存在）">CTi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%92%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钒化学（页面不存在）">CV</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铬化学（页面不存在）">CCr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%B0%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锰化学（页面不存在）">CMn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铁化学（页面不存在）">CFe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钴化学（页面不存在）">CCo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机镍化学">CNi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%8A%85%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有機銅化合物">CCu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%8C%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机锌化合物">CZn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机镓化学">CGa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机锗化学">CGe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A0%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机砷化学">CAs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A1%92%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机硒化合物">CSe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%BA%B4%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机溴化合物">CBr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%AA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机氪化学（页面不存在）">CKr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机铷化学">CRb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%B6%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机锶化学">CSr</a> </td> <td> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钇化学">CY</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锆化学（页面不存在）">CZr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%8C%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铌化学（页面不存在）">CNb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%BC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钼化学">CMo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%9D%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机锝化合物">CTc</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%8C%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钌化学（页面不存在）">CRu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%91%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铑化学（页面不存在）">CRh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钯化学">CPd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%B6%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机银化合物">CAg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%89%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机镉化合物">CCd</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机铟化学">CIn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%A1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机锡化学">CSn</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%91%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机锑化学">CSb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A2%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机碲化合物">CTe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#99bbff"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A2%98%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机碘化合物">CI</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B0%99%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机氙化合物">CXe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机铯化学">CCs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%A1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钡化学">CBa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%A5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镥化学（页面不存在）">CLu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%AA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铪化学（页面不存在）">CHf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钽化学（页面不存在）">CTa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钨化学（页面不存在）">CW</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%BC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铼化学（页面不存在）">CRe</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锇化学（页面不存在）">COs</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铱化学（页面不存在）">CIr</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%82%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铂化学（页面不存在）">CPt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%87%91%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机金化学">CAu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E6%B1%9E%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机汞化合物">CHg</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机铊化学">CTl</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#98FF98"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%85%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机铅化合物">CPb</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机铋化学">CBi</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机钋化学">CPo</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A0%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机砹化学">CAt</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFE4E1"> <td style="background-color:#FFE4E1">Fr </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镭化学（页面不存在）">CRa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white"><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铹化学（页面不存在）">Lr</a> </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%F0%A8%AD%8E%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机𨭎化学（页面不存在）">CSg</a> </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none; line-height:0.7em;">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0DC82"> <td colspan="2" style="border:none; background-color:white"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white"><img alt="1 asterisk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/16px-Asterisks_one.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/24px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Asterisks_one.svg/32px-Asterisks_one.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%A7%E7%B3%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镧系化学（页面不存在）">CLa</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%88%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铈化学（页面不存在）">CCe</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%A8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镨化学（页面不存在）">CPr</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%95%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钕化学（页面不存在）">CNd</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钷化学（页面不存在）">CPm</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钐化学（页面不存在）">CSm</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%95%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铕化学（页面不存在）">CEu</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钆化学（页面不存在）">CGd</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%BD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铽化学（页面不存在）">CTb</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%9D%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镝化学（页面不存在）">CDy</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钬化学（页面不存在）">CHo</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%92%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铒化学（页面不存在）">CEr</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%A5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机铥化学（页面不存在）">CTm</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%B1%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镱化学（页面不存在）">CYb</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#FFE4E1"> <td colspan="2" style="border:none; background-color:white"> </td> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle; background:white;"><img alt="2 asterisks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/16px-Asterisks_two.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/24px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Asterisks_two.svg/32px-Asterisks_two.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="98" /> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%95%E7%B3%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锕系化学（页面不存在）">Ac</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%8D%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钍化学（页面不存在）">CTh</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镤化学（页面不存在）">CPa</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%93%80%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机铀化合物">CU</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%8E%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="有机镎化合物">CNp</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钚化学（页面不存在）">CPu</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%85%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镅化学（页面不存在）">CAm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锔化学（页面不存在）">CCm</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%AB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锫化学（页面不存在）">CBk</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%8E%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锎化学（页面不存在）">CCf</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0DC82"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%BF%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锿化学（页面不存在）">CEs</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%95%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机镄化学（页面不存在）">Fm</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%92%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机钔化学（页面不存在）">Md</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%94%98%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有机锘化学（页面不存在）">No</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">图例</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wikitable" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>与碳所成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%94%AE" title="化学键">化学键</a>系</li><li>有机化学重要研究对象</li><li>有广泛应用的领域</li><li>仅是学术研究的对象</li><li>尚未发现此类键</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見">參見</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：參見">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B2%99%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="碳沙文主義">碳沙文主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%B6%B3%E5%8D%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="碳足印">碳足印</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E7%A2%B3%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="低碳經濟">低碳經濟</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献">参考文献</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：参考文献">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW2021-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW2021_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. 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Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8493-9602-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-8493-9602-6">ISBN 0-8493-9602-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A2%B3&rft.au=Ebbesen%2C+T.+W.&rft.btitle=Carbon+nanotubes%E2%80%94preparation+and+properties&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8493-9602-6&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nanotubes2-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nanotubes2_28-0">28.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nanotubes2_28-1">28.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dresselhaus, M. S.; Dresselhaus, G.; Avouris, Ph. (编). Carbon nanotubes: synthesis, structures, properties and applications. Topics in Applied Physics (Berlin: Springer). 2001, 80. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-540-41086-4" title="Special:网络书源/3-540-41086-4">ISBN 3-540-41086-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A2%B3&rft.atitle=Carbon+nanotubes%3A+synthesis%2C+structures%2C+properties+and+applications&rft.au=Dresselhaus%2C+M.+S.%3B+Dresselhaus%2C+G.%3B+Avouris%2C+Ph.&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=3-540-41086-4&rft.jtitle=Topics+in+Applied+Physics&rft.volume=80&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nanobuds-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nanobuds_29-0">29.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nanobuds_29-1">29.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nasibulin, Albert G.; Pikhitsa, P.V.; Jiang, H.; Brown, D. P.; Krasheninnikov, A.V.; Anisimov, A. S.; Queipo, P.; Moisala, A.; et al. A novel hybrid carbon material. 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Philosophical Magazine. 2004, 84 (29): 3159–3167. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PMag...84.3159H">Bibcode:2004PMag...84.3159H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786430410001720363">doi:10.1080/14786430410001720363</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~powles/PDFs/Harris_2004.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2012-03-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A2%B3&rft.atitle=Fullerene-related+structure+of+commercial+glassy+carbons&rft.au=Harris%2C+PJF&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=29&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.pages=3159-3167&rft.volume=84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.usyd.edu.au%2F~powles%2FPDFs%2FHarris_2004.pdf&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PMag...84.3159H&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786430410001720363&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rode, A. 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Springer. 1999-02-28: 1– [2011-06-06]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7923-5323-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7923-5323-2">ISBN 978-0-7923-5323-2</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153424/http://books.google.com/books?id=swSQZcTmo_4C&pg=PA1">存档</a>于2012-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A2%B3&rft.au=Heimann%2C+Robert+Bertram%3B+Evsyukov%2C+Sergey+E.+and+Kavan%2C+Ladislav&rft.btitle=Carbyne+and+carbynoid+structures&rft.date=1999-02-28&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-5323-2&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DswSQZcTmo_4C%26pg%3DPA1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jenkins, Edgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=XNYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA30">The polymorphism of elements and compounds</a>. Taylor & Francis. 1973: 30 [2011-05-01]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-423-87500-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-423-87500-0">ISBN 0-423-87500-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121123204229/http://books.google.com/books?id=XNYOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA30">存档</a>于2012-11-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A2%B3&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.btitle=The+polymorphism+of+elements+and+compounds&rft.date=1973&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-423-87500-0&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNYOAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA30&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schewe, Phil and Stein, Ben. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/678-1.html">Carbon Nanofoam is the World's First Pure Carbon Magnet</a>. Physics News Update. 2004-03-26, 678 (1) [2013-07-29]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307104655/http://www.aip.org/pnu/2004/split/678-1.html">存档</a>于2012-03-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A2%B3&rft.atitle=Carbon+Nanofoam+is+the+World%27s+First+Pure+Carbon+Magnet&rft.au=Schewe%2C+Phil+and+Stein%2C+Ben&rft.date=2004-03-26&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Physics+News+Update&rft.volume=678&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aip.org%2Fpnu%2F2004%2Fsplit%2F678-1.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Itzhaki, Lior; Altus, Eli; Basch, Harold; Hoz, Shmaryahu. Harder than Diamond: Determining the Cro]tional Area and Young's Modulus of Molecular Rods. Angew. Chem. Int. 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501062703/http://oem.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/58/3/211">存档</a>于2009-05-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A2%B3&rft.atitle=Ultrafine+particles&rft.au=Clouter%2C+A&rft.au=MacNee%2C+W&rft.au=Renwick%2C+L&rft.au=Stone%2C+V&rft.aufirst=K&rft.aulast=Donaldson&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Occupational+and+Environmental+Medicine&rft.pages=211-216&rft.volume=58&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1740105&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foem.bmj.com%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Fextract%2F58%2F3%2F211&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Foem.58.3.211&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11171936&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090807103921.htm">Carbon Nanoparticles Toxic To Adult Fruit Flies But Benign To Young</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170703074243/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/08/090807103921.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） ScienceDaily (Aug. 17, 2009) </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li>元素碳在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/6.shtml">洛斯阿拉莫斯国家实验室</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/C.html">EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 碳</a>（英文）</li> <li>元素<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/006.htm">碳</a>在The Periodic Table of Videos（諾丁漢大學）的介紹（英文）</li> <li>元素碳在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=C">Peter van der Krogt elements site</a>的介紹（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/C/index.html">WebElements.com – 碳</a>（英文）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/006.htm">Carbon</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20130805231523/http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/006.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） at The Periodic Table of Videos（諾丁漢大學）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80956/carbon-group-element">大英百科全書：碳</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080511013824/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-80956/carbon-group-element">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011109080742/http://electrochem.cwru.edu/ed/encycl/art-c01-carbon.htm">碳在電化學中的應用</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="元素周期表" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Template:元素週期表"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Template talk:元素週期表"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E9%80%B1%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:元素週期表"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="元素周期表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="wraplinks" style="width: 100%;"> <tbody><tr> <td>  </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83953186"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱金属">IA 1</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9C%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="碱土金属">IIA 2</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="3族元素">IIIB 3</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/4%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="4族元素">IVB 4</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/5%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="5族元素">VB 5</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/6%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="6族元素">VIB 6</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="7族元素">VIIB 7</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/8%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="8族元素">VIIIB 8</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/9%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="9族元素">VIIIB 9</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/10%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="10族元素">VIIIB 10</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/11%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="11族元素">IB 11</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/12%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="12族元素">IIB 12</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="硼族元素">IIIA 13</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">IVA 14</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氮族元素">VA 15</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="氧族元素">VIA 16</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A4%E7%B4%A0" title="卤素">VIIA 17</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E6%9C%89%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93" title="稀有气体">VIIIA 18</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC1%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第1周期元素">1</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第2周期元素">2</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%82" title="锂">Li</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8D" title="铍">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%BC" title="硼">B</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AE" title="氮">N</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">O</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%9F" title="氟">F</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC3%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第3周期元素">3</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A0" title="钠">Na</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9D" title="铝">Al</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">Si</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7" title="磷">P</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">S</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AF" title="氯">Cl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A9" title="氩">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC4%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第4周期元素">4</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">K</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%99" title="钙">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AA" title="钪">Sc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9B" title="钛">Ti</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%92" title="钒">V</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AC" title="铬">Cr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B0" title="锰">Mn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%81" title="铁">Fe</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B4" title="钴">Co</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8D" title="镍">Ni</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9C" title="铜">Cu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8C" title="锌">Zn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%93" title="镓">Ga</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">Ge</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B7" title="砷">As</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_reactive_nonmetal" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%92" title="硒">Se</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4" title="溴">Br</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AA" title="氪">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC5%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第5周期元素">5</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B7" title="铷">Rb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%B6" title="锶">Sr</a> </td> <td style="border:none; width:0;padding:0;"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="border:none">  </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%87" title="钇">Y</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%86" title="锆">Zr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8C" title="铌">Nb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BC" title="钼">Mo</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%9D" title="锝">Tc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8C" title="钌">Ru</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%91" title="铑">Rh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AF" title="钯">Pd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80" title="銀">Ag</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%89" title="镉">Cd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%9F" title="铟">In</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">Sn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%91" title="锑">Sb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B2" title="碲">Te</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_halogen" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%98" title="碘">I</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%99" title="氙">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC6%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第6周期元素">6</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AF" title="铯">Cs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A1" title="钡">Ba</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A7" title="镧">La</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%88" title="铈">Ce</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A8" title="镨">Pr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%95" title="钕">Nd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B7" title="钷">Pm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%90" title="钐">Sm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%95" title="铕">Eu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%86" title="钆">Gd</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BD" title="铽">Tb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%9D" title="镝">Dy</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AC" title="钬">Ho</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%92" title="铒">Er</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%A5" title="铥">Tm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B1" title="镱">Yb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_lanthanide" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A5" title="镥">Lu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%AA" title="铪">Hf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BD" title="钽">Ta</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A8" title="钨">W</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%BC" title="铼">Re</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%87" title="锇">Os</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B1" title="铱">Ir</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%82" title="铂">Pt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91" title="金">Au</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E" title="汞">Hg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8A" title="铊">Tl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">Pb</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%8B" title="铋">Bi</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8B" title="钋">Po</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_metalloid" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B9" title="砹">At</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_noble_gas" width="3.125%" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A1" title="氡">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC7%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第7周期元素">7</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫">Fr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_alkali_earth" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%AD" title="镭">Ra</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%95" title="锕">Ac</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%8D" title="钍">Th</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%A4" title="镤">Pa</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%BE" title="鈾">U</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%8E" title="镎">Np</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%9A" title="钚">Pu</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%85" title="镅">Am</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%94" title="锔">Cm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%AB" title="锫">Bk</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%8E" title="锎">Cf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%BF" title="锿">Es</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%84" title="镄">Fm</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%94" title="钔">Md</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%98" title="锘">No</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_actinide" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%92" title="鐒">Lr</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%91%AA" title="鑪">Rf</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A7%80" title="𨧀">Db</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%8E" title="𨭎">Sg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%A8%8F" title="𨨏">Bh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%F0%A8%AD%86" title="𨭆">Hs</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%A5%91" title="䥑">Mt</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%BD" title="鐽">Ds</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%80" title="錀">Rg</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%B6" title="鎶">Cn</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A8" title="鉨">Nh</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_post_transition" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">Fl</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%86" title="镆">Mc</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9D" title="鉝">Lv</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AC" title="鿬">Ts</a> </td> <td class="Yuansuzhouqibiao_unknown" style="border:none;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BF%AB" title="鿫">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="相關項目" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相關項目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/0%E8%99%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="0號元素">0號元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%A9%E5%B1%95%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="扩展元素周期表">扩展元素周期表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="同位素列表">同位素列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E6%AE%BC%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="地球的地殼元素豐度列表">地球的地殼元素豐度列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="元素列表">元素列表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="碳族元素" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Template:碳族元素"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:碳族元素（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:碳族元素"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="碳族元素" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素">碳族元素</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">碳</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%88%9A%E7%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="金刚石">金刚石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="碳同素异形体">其它同素异形体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85" title="硅">硅</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E7%83%AF_(%E5%8D%95%E8%B4%A8)" title="硅烯 (单质)">硅烯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%85%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硅的同素异形体（页面不存在）">同素异形体</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_silicon" class="extiw" title="en:Allotropes of silicon">Allotropes of silicon</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%97" title="锗">锗</a> <ul><li>α型</li> <li>β型</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1" title="锡">锡</a> <ul><li>α型</li> <li>β型</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%93%85" title="铅">铅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%88%87" title="鈇">鈇</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="碳的同素异形体" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:Silver"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="Template:碳的同素异形体"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="Template talk:碳的同素异形体"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:碳的同素异形体"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="碳的同素异形体" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">碳</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" title="碳的同素異形體">同素异形体</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGray">sp3<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="杂化">杂化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3" title="钻石">金刚石</a>（立方晶系）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%B5%B2%E9%BB%9B%E7%88%BE%E7%9F%B3" title="藍絲黛爾石">藍絲黛爾石</a>（六方晶系金刚石）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGray">sp2杂化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8" title="石墨">石墨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E7%83%AF" title="石墨烯">石墨烯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="富勒烯">富勒烯</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF#种类" title="富勒烯">巴基球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF#C70" title="富勒烯">碳70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%A2%B3%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="高碳富勒烯">高碳富勒烯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF" title="富勒烯">低碳富勒烯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E7%AE%A1" title="碳纳米管">碳纳米管</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E8%8A%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳纳米芽（页面不存在）">碳纳米芽</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_nanobud" class="extiw" title="en:Carbon nanobud">Carbon nanobud</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E7%92%83%E7%A2%B3" title="玻璃碳">碳玻璃</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGray">sp杂化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%93%BE%E4%B9%99%E7%82%94%E7%A2%B3" title="直链乙炔碳">直链乙炔碳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%EF%BC%BB18%EF%BC%BD%E7%A2%B3" title="环［18］碳">环［18］碳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGray">sp3/sp2杂化混合</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E5%AE%9A%E5%BD%A2%E7%A2%B3" title="无定形碳">无定形碳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%B3%E5%8C%96%E7%89%A9%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="碳化物衍生碳（页面不存在）">碳化物衍生碳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbide-derived_carbon" class="extiw" title="en:Carbide-derived carbon">Carbide-derived carbon</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%B3%A1%E6%B2%AB" title="碳纳米泡沫">碳纳米泡沫</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGray">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原子碳（页面不存在）">原子碳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_carbon" class="extiw" title="en:Atomic carbon">Atomic carbon</a>）(C 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%A2%B3" title="双原子碳">双原子碳</a>(C 2)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%A2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三原子碳（页面不存在）">三原子碳</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricarbon" class="extiw" title="en:Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a>）(C 3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGray">假想形态</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E4%B8%99%E4%B8%89%E7%83%AF" title="环丙三烯">环丙三烯</a>(C 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%EF%BC%BB6%EF%BC%BD%E7%A2%B3" title="环［6］碳">苯三炔</a>(C 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B38" class="mw-redirect" title="碳8">碳8</a>(C 8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%9F%E7%9F%B3" title="蠟石">蠟石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E7%A2%B3" title="海克爾碳">海克爾碳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" title="碳的同素異形體">立方碳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E7%95%B0%E5%BD%A2%E9%AB%94" title="碳的同素異形體">金属碳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E9%82%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%A2%A8%E7%83%AF" title="五邊石墨烯">五邊石墨烯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: LightGray">相关</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E7%82%AD" title="木炭">木炭</a> （<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%82%AD" title="生物炭">生物炭</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E7%82%AD" title="活性炭">活性炭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E9%BB%91" title="炭黑">碳煙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%BA%96%E7%B6%AD" title="碳纖維">碳纖維</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%92%BB%E7%9F%B3%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E6%A3%92" title="聚合钻石纳米棒">聚合钻石纳米棒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q623#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526055">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300264720">AAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638575">NARA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=碳&oldid=84854311">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=碳&oldid=84854311</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A2%B3" title="Category:碳">碳</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Category:化学元素">化学元素</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%AC%AC2%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Category:第2周期元素">第2周期元素</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Category:碳族元素">碳族元素</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A2%B3%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E7%B4%A0%E5%BC%82%E5%BD%A2%E4%BD%93" title="Category:碳的同素异形体">碳的同素异形体</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E6%80%A7%E9%9D%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Category:反应性非金属元素">反应性非金属元素</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%9A%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%9D%9E%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="Category:多原子非金属元素">多原子非金属元素</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%A4%A6%E7%89%A9" title="Category:自然元素礦物">自然元素礦物</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%82" title="Category:还原剂">还原剂</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90_(en)" title="Category:CS1英语来源 (en)">CS1英语来源 (en)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%BF%87%E6%97%B6%E5%8F%82%E6%95%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有过时参数的引用的页面">含有过时参数的引用的页面</a></li><li><a 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