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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line_broadening_and_shift" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line_broadening_and_shift"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Line broadening and shift</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Line_broadening_and_shift-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Line broadening and shift subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Line_broadening_and_shift-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadening_due_to_local_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadening_due_to_local_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Broadening due to local effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadening_due_to_local_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_broadening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_broadening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Natural broadening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_broadening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thermal_Doppler_broadening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thermal_Doppler_broadening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Thermal Doppler broadening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thermal_Doppler_broadening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_broadening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_broadening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Pressure broadening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_broadening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inhomogeneous_broadening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inhomogeneous_broadening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.4</span> <span>Inhomogeneous broadening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inhomogeneous_broadening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broadening_due_to_non-local_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadening_due_to_non-local_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Broadening due to non-local effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadening_due_to_non-local_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opacity_broadening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opacity_broadening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Opacity broadening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opacity_broadening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macroscopic_Doppler_broadening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macroscopic_Doppler_broadening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Macroscopic Doppler broadening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macroscopic_Doppler_broadening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combined_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combined_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Combined effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combined_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectral_lines_of_chemical_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectral_lines_of_chemical_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Spectral lines of chemical elements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Spectral_lines_of_chemical_elements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Spectral lines of chemical elements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Spectral_lines_of_chemical_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visible_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visible_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Visible light</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visible_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spectral line</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektraallyn" title="Spektraallyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spektraallyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A" title="خط طيفي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خط طيفي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спектрална линия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спектрална линия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%90%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="བསྡུ་ཐིག – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བསྡུ་ཐིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnia_espectral" title="Línia espectral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Línia espectral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%B9%C4%95%D1%80%C4%95" title="Спектр йĕрĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Спектр йĕрĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%A1ra" title="Spektrální čára – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Spektrální čára" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrallinie" title="Spektrallinie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spektrallinie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrijoon" title="Spektrijoon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Spektrijoon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnea_espectral" title="Línea espectral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Línea espectral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektra_linio" title="Spektra linio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Spektra linio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7_%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%81_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خط طیف نوری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خط طیف نوری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raie_spectrale" title="Raie spectrale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raie spectrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%B1a_espectral" title="Liña espectral – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liña espectral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%AE" title="Սպեկտրալ գիծ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպեկտրալ գիծ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्णक्रमीय रेखा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्णक्रमीय रेखा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_spektrum" title="Garis spektrum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garis spektrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linea_spettrale" title="Linea spettrale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Linea spettrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="სპექტრალური ზოლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპექტრალური ზოლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Спектрлік сызық – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Спектрлік сызық" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrallinn" title="Spektrallinn – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Spektrallinn" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Спектрална линија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спектрална линија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garis_spektrum" title="Garis spektrum – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Garis spektrum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectraallijn" title="Spectraallijn – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spectraallijn" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E7%B7%9A" title="スペクトル線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペクトル線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrallinje" title="Spektrallinje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spektrallinje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektrallinje" title="Spektrallinje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spektrallinje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86" title="سپیکٹرل لائن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپیکٹرل لائن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linie_spektralne" title="Linie spektralne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Linie spektralne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raia_espectral" title="Raia espectral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raia espectral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linie_spectral%C4%83" title="Linie spectrală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Linie spectrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Спектральная линия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спектральная линия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnia_ispetrale" title="Línia ispetrale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Línia ispetrale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Spectral line" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektr%C3%A1lna_%C4%8Diara" title="Spektrálna čiara – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spektrálna čiara" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektralna_%C4%8Drta" title="Spektralna črta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spektralna črta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spektriviiva" title="Spektriviiva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Spektriviiva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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.multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:324px;max-width:324px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectral-lines-continuous.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Continuous spectrum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Spectral-lines-continuous.svg/320px-Spectral-lines-continuous.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Spectral-lines-continuous.svg/480px-Spectral-lines-continuous.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Spectral-lines-continuous.svg/640px-Spectral-lines-continuous.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Continuous spectrum</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectral-lines-emission.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Emission lines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spectral-lines-emission.svg/320px-Spectral-lines-emission.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spectral-lines-emission.svg/480px-Spectral-lines-emission.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Spectral-lines-emission.svg/640px-Spectral-lines-emission.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">Emission lines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discrete_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete spectrum">discrete spectrum</a>)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectral-lines-absorption.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Absorption lines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spectral-lines-absorption.svg/320px-Spectral-lines-absorption.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spectral-lines-absorption.svg/480px-Spectral-lines-absorption.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Spectral-lines-absorption.svg/640px-Spectral-lines-absorption.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="40" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectroscopy#Absorption_spectrum" title="Absorption spectroscopy">Absorption spectrum</a> with <a href="/wiki/Absorption_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption lines">Absorption lines</a> (discrete spectrum)</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrum_of_blue_sky.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spectrum_of_blue_sky.svg/320px-Spectrum_of_blue_sky.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spectrum_of_blue_sky.svg/480px-Spectrum_of_blue_sky.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Spectrum_of_blue_sky.svg/640px-Spectrum_of_blue_sky.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Absorption lines for air, under indirect illumination, so that the gas is not directly between source and detector. Here, <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_lines" title="Fraunhofer lines">Fraunhofer lines</a> in sunlight and <a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_scattering" title="Rayleigh scattering">Rayleigh scattering</a> of this sunlight is the "source." This is the spectrum of a blue sky somewhat close to the horizon, looking east with the sun to the west at around 3–4 pm on a clear day.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>spectral line</b> is a weaker or stronger region in an otherwise uniform and <a href="/wiki/Continuous_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous spectrum">continuous spectrum</a>. It may result from <a href="/wiki/Emission_(electromagnetic_radiation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Emission (electromagnetic radiation)">emission</a> or <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(electromagnetic_radiation)" title="Absorption (electromagnetic radiation)">absorption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a> in a narrow <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> range, compared with the nearby frequencies. Spectral lines are often used to identify <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>. These "fingerprints" can be compared to the previously collected ones of atoms<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and molecules,<sup id="cite_ref-RothmanGordon2013_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RothmanGordon2013-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are thus used to identify the atomic and molecular components of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a>, which would otherwise be impossible. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_line_spectra">Types of line spectra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types of line spectra"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simple_spectroscope.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Simple_spectroscope.jpg/300px-Simple_spectroscope.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="478" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Simple_spectroscope.jpg/450px-Simple_spectroscope.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Simple_spectroscope.jpg/600px-Simple_spectroscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="3185" /></a><figcaption>Continuous spectrum of an <a href="/wiki/Incandescent_light_bulb" title="Incandescent light bulb">incandescent lamp</a> (mid) and discrete spectrum lines of a <a href="/wiki/Compact_fluorescent_lamp" title="Compact fluorescent lamp">fluorescent lamp</a> (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>Spectral lines are the result of interaction between a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum system</a> (usually <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a>, but sometimes <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">atomic nuclei</a>) and a single <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a>. When a photon has about the right amount of <a href="/wiki/Photon_energy" title="Photon energy">energy</a> (which is connected to its frequency)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to allow a change in the energy state of the system (in the case of an atom this is usually an <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> changing <a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">orbitals</a>), the photon is absorbed. Then the energy will be spontaneously re-emitted, either as one photon at the same frequency as the original one or in a cascade, where the sum of the energies of the photons emitted will be equal to the energy of the one absorbed (assuming the system returns to its original state). </p><p>A spectral line may be observed either as an <i>emission line</i> or an <i>absorption line</i>. Which type of line is observed depends on the type of material and its temperature relative to another emission source. An absorption line is produced when photons from a hot, broad spectrum source pass through a cooler material. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is reduced due to absorption by the material and re-emission in random directions. By contrast, a bright emission line is produced when photons from a hot material are detected, perhaps in the presence of a broad spectrum from a cooler source. The intensity of light, over a narrow frequency range, is increased due to emission by the hot material. </p><p>Spectral lines are highly atom-specific, and can be used to identify the chemical composition of any medium. Several elements, including <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, were discovered by spectroscopic means. Spectral lines also depend on the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Number_density" title="Number density">density</a> of the material, so they are widely used to determine the physical conditions of <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> and other celestial bodies that cannot be analyzed by other means. </p><p>Depending on the material and its physical conditions, the energy of the involved photons can vary widely, with the spectral lines observed across the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio waves</a> to <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma rays</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature<span class="anchor" id="nomencature_anchor"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Strong spectral lines in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum</a> often have a unique <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer line">Fraunhofer line</a> designation, such as <b>K</b> for a line at 393.366 nm emerging from singly-ionized calcium atom, <b>Ca<sup>+</sup></b>, though some of the Fraunhofer "lines" are blends of multiple lines from several different <a href="/wiki/Chemical_species" title="Chemical species">species</a>. </p><p>In other cases, the lines are designated according to the level of <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionization</a> by adding a <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> to the designation of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>. Neutral atoms are denoted with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_numeral" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman numeral">Roman numeral</a> I, singly ionized atoms with II, and so on, so that, for example: </p><p><b>Cu II</b> — copper ion with +1 charge, <b>Cu<sup>1+</sup></b> </p><p><b>Fe III</b> — iron ion with +2 charge, <b>Fe<sup>2+</sup></b> </p><p>More detailed designations usually include the line <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> and may include a <a href="/wiki/Multiplet" title="Multiplet">multiplet</a> number (for atomic lines) or <a href="/wiki/Molecular_spectra_or_band_spectra" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular spectra or band spectra">band designation</a> (for molecular lines). Many spectral lines of atomic <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> also have designations within their respective <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series" title="Hydrogen spectral series">series</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Lyman_series" title="Lyman series">Lyman series</a> or <a href="/wiki/Balmer_series" title="Balmer series">Balmer series</a>. Originally all spectral lines were classified into series: the <i><a href="/wiki/Principal_series_(spectroscopy)" title="Principal series (spectroscopy)">principal series</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sharp_series" title="Sharp series">sharp series</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_series" title="Diffuse series">diffuse series</a></i>. These series exist across atoms of all elements, and the patterns for all atoms are well-predicted by the <a href="/wiki/Rydberg-Ritz_combination_principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Rydberg-Ritz combination principle">Rydberg-Ritz formula</a>. These series were later associated with suborbitals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Line_broadening_and_shift">Line broadening and shift</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Line broadening and shift"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of effects which control <a href="/wiki/Spectral_line_shape" title="Spectral line shape">spectral line shape</a>. A spectral line extends over a tiny <a href="/wiki/Spectral_band" title="Spectral band">spectral band</a> with a nonzero range of frequencies, not a single frequency (i.e., a nonzero <a href="/wiki/Spectral_width" title="Spectral width">spectral width</a>). In addition, its center may be shifted from its nominal central wavelength. There are several reasons for this broadening and shift. These reasons may be divided into two general categories – broadening due to local conditions and broadening due to extended conditions. Broadening due to local conditions is due to effects which hold in a small region around the emitting element, usually small enough to assure <a href="/wiki/Local_thermodynamic_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Local thermodynamic equilibrium">local thermodynamic equilibrium</a>. Broadening due to extended conditions may result from changes to the spectral distribution of the radiation as it traverses its path to the observer. It also may result from the combining of radiation from a number of regions which are far from each other. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadening_due_to_local_effects">Broadening due to local effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Broadening due to local effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Natural_broadening">Natural broadening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural broadening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lifetime of excited states results in natural broadening, also known as lifetime broadening. The <a href="/wiki/Uncertainty_principle" title="Uncertainty principle">uncertainty principle</a> relates the lifetime of an excited state (due to <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_emission" title="Spontaneous emission">spontaneous radiative decay</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Auger_effect" title="Auger effect">Auger process</a>) with the uncertainty of its energy. Some authors use the term "radiative broadening" to refer specifically to the part of natural broadening caused by the spontaneous radiative decay.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A short lifetime will have a large energy uncertainty and a broad emission. This broadening effect results in an unshifted <a href="/wiki/Lorentzian_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzian function">Lorentzian profile</a>. The natural broadening can be experimentally altered only to the extent that decay rates can be artificially suppressed or enhanced.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thermal_Doppler_broadening">Thermal Doppler broadening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Thermal Doppler broadening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Doppler_broadening" title="Doppler broadening">Doppler broadening</a></div> <p>The atoms in a gas which are emitting radiation will have a distribution of velocities. Each photon emitted will be "red"- or "blue"-shifted by the <a href="/wiki/Doppler_effect" title="Doppler effect">Doppler effect</a> depending on the velocity of the atom relative to the observer. The higher the temperature of the gas, the wider the distribution of velocities in the gas. Since the spectral line is a combination of all of the emitted radiation, the higher the temperature of the gas, the broader the spectral line emitted from that gas. This broadening effect is described by a <a href="/wiki/Gaussian_function" title="Gaussian function">Gaussian profile</a> and there is no associated shift. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pressure_broadening">Pressure broadening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Pressure broadening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The presence of nearby particles will affect the radiation emitted by an individual particle. There are two limiting cases by which this occurs: </p> <ul><li><i>Impact pressure broadening</i> or <i>collisional broadening</i>: The collision of other particles with the light emitting particle interrupts the emission process, and by shortening the characteristic time for the process, increases the uncertainty in the energy emitted (as occurs in natural broadening).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The duration of the collision is much shorter than the lifetime of the emission process. This effect depends on both the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a> of the gas. The broadening effect is described by a <a href="/wiki/Lorentzian_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorentzian function">Lorentzian profile</a> and there may be an associated shift.</li> <li><i>Quasistatic pressure broadening</i>: The presence of other particles shifts the energy levels in the emitting particle (see <a href="/wiki/Spectral_band" title="Spectral band">spectral band</a>), thereby altering the frequency of the emitted radiation. The duration of the influence is much longer than the lifetime of the emission process. This effect depends on the <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> of the gas, but is rather insensitive to <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. The form of the line profile is determined by the functional form of the perturbing force with respect to distance from the perturbing particle. There may also be a shift in the line center. The general expression for the lineshape resulting from quasistatic pressure broadening is a 4-parameter generalization of the Gaussian distribution known as a <a href="/wiki/Stable_distribution" title="Stable distribution">stable distribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Pressure broadening may also be classified by the nature of the perturbing force as follows: </p> <ul><li><i>Linear Stark broadening</i> occurs via the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Stark_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear Stark effect">linear Stark effect</a>, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field of a charged particle at a distance <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0d1ecb613aa2984f0576f70f86650b7c2a132538" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r}"></span>, causing a shift in energy that is linear in the field strength. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{2})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{2})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ef939ac7df5ccfe469e87fe47c68cb98e18d51de" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.047ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{2})}"></span></li> <li><i>Resonance broadening</i> occurs when the perturbing particle is of the same type as the emitting particle, which introduces the possibility of an energy exchange process. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{3})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{3})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e252982b95eec417263e92ff14d459310e9e829e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.047ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{3})}"></span></li> <li><i>Quadratic Stark broadening</i> occurs via the <a href="/wiki/Quadratic_Stark_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadratic Stark effect">quadratic Stark effect</a>, which results from the interaction of an emitter with an electric field, causing a shift in energy that is quadratic in the field strength. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{4})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>4</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{4})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cc28752155d2d3c081eec9b5d8fdba838f2bd41c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.047ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{4})}"></span></li> <li><i>Van der Waals broadening</i> occurs when the emitting particle is being perturbed by <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_force" title="Van der Waals force">Van der Waals forces</a>. For the quasistatic case, a <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9vy_distribution" title="Lévy distribution">Van der Waals profile</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is often useful in describing the profile. The energy shift as a function of distance between the interacting particles is given in the wings by e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potential" title="Lennard-Jones potential">Lennard-Jones potential</a>. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{6})}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>∼</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{6})}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3feb9a2e0f47a0f2dea1ce8dcbd1f6ed829b5759" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.047ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (\Delta E\sim 1/r^{6})}"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Inhomogeneous_broadening">Inhomogeneous broadening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inhomogeneous broadening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Inhomogeneous_broadening" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhomogeneous broadening">Inhomogeneous broadening</a></i> is a general term for broadening because some emitting particles are in a different local environment from others, and therefore emit at a different frequency. This term is used especially for solids, where surfaces, grain boundaries, and stoichiometry variations can create a variety of local environments for a given atom to occupy. In liquids, the effects of inhomogeneous broadening is sometimes reduced by a process called <i><a href="/wiki/Motional_narrowing" title="Motional narrowing">motional narrowing</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadening_due_to_non-local_effects">Broadening due to non-local effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Broadening due to non-local effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Certain types of broadening are the result of conditions over a large region of space rather than simply upon conditions that are local to the emitting particle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opacity_broadening">Opacity broadening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Opacity broadening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Opacity broadening is an example of a non-local broadening mechanism. Electromagnetic radiation emitted at a particular point in space can be reabsorbed as it travels through space. This absorption depends on wavelength. The line is broadened because the photons at the line center have a greater reabsorption probability than the photons at the line wings. Indeed, the reabsorption near the line center may be so great as to cause a <b>self reversal</b> in which the intensity at the center of the line is less than in the wings. This process is also sometimes called <b>self-absorption</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macroscopic_Doppler_broadening">Macroscopic Doppler broadening</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Macroscopic Doppler broadening"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radiation emitted by a moving source is subject to <a href="/wiki/Doppler_shift" class="mw-redirect" title="Doppler shift">Doppler shift</a> due to a finite line-of-sight velocity projection. If different parts of the emitting body have different velocities (along the line of sight), the resulting line will be broadened, with the line width proportional to the width of the velocity distribution. For example, radiation emitted from a distant rotating body, such as a <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">star</a>, will be broadened due to the line-of-sight variations in velocity on opposite sides of the star (this effect usually referred to as rotational broadening). The greater the rate of rotation, the broader the line. Another example is an imploding <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> shell in a <a href="/wiki/Z-pinch" title="Z-pinch">Z-pinch</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combined_effects">Combined effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Combined effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Each of these mechanisms can act in isolation or in combination with others. Assuming each effect is independent, the observed line profile is a convolution of the line profiles of each mechanism. For example, a combination of the thermal Doppler broadening and the impact pressure broadening yields a <a href="/wiki/Voigt_profile" title="Voigt profile">Voigt profile</a>. </p><p>However, the different line broadening mechanisms are not always independent. For example, the collisional effects and the motional Doppler shifts can act in a coherent manner, resulting under some conditions even in a collisional <i>narrowing</i>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Dicke_effect" title="Dicke effect">Dicke effect</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spectral_lines_of_chemical_elements">Spectral lines of chemical elements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spectral lines of chemical elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series" title="Hydrogen spectral series">Hydrogen spectral series</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bands">Bands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase "spectral lines", when not qualified, usually refers to lines having wavelengths in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible band</a> of the full <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum" title="Electromagnetic spectrum">electromagnetic spectrum</a>. Many spectral lines occur at wavelengths outside this range. At shorter wavelengths, which correspond to higher energies, <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> spectral lines include the <a href="/wiki/Lyman_series" title="Lyman series">Lyman series</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>. At the much shorter wavelengths of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>, the lines are known as <a href="/wiki/Characteristic_X-ray" title="Characteristic X-ray">characteristic X-rays</a> because they remain largely unchanged for a given chemical element, independent of their chemical environment. Longer wavelengths correspond to lower energies, where the <a href="/wiki/Infrared" title="Infrared">infrared</a> spectral lines include the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series#Paschen_series_(Bohr_series,_n′_=_3)" title="Hydrogen spectral series">Paschen series</a> of hydrogen. At even longer wavelengths, the <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">radio spectrum</a> includes the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_line" title="Hydrogen line">21-cm line</a> used to detect neutral hydrogen throughout the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_line#In_cosmology" title="Hydrogen line">cosmos</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visible_light">Visible light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Visible light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For each element, the following table shows the spectral lines which appear in the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> at about 400-700 nm. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spectral lines</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Element </th> <th>Z </th> <th>Symbol </th> <th class="unsortable">Spectral lines </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>H </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of H" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Hydrogen_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>He </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Helium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of He" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Helium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Helium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Helium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Helium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Helium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Helium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>Li </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lithium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Li" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lithium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Lithium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lithium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Lithium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Lithium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Lithium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>Be </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beryllium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Be" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Beryllium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Beryllium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Beryllium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Beryllium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Beryllium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Beryllium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>B </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boron_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of B" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boron_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Boron_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boron_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Boron_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Boron_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Boron_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>C </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of C" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Carbon_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Carbon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>N </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of N" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Nitrogen_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>O </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of O" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Oxygen_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>F </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fluorine_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of F" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fluorine_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Fluorine_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fluorine_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Fluorine_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Fluorine_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Fluorine_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>Ne </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Neon_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Neon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Neon_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Neon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Neon_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Neon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>Na </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Na" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sodium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Sodium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sodium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Sodium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Sodium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Sodium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>Mg </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnesium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Mg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Magnesium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Magnesium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Magnesium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Magnesium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Magnesium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Magnesium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>Al </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Al" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Aluminium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>Si </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Si" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Silicon_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Silicon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Silicon_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Silicon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Silicon_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Silicon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>P </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of P" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Phosphorus_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>S </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of S" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Sulfur_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> </td> <td>17 </td> <td>Cl </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Cl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Chlorine_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>Ar </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Argon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Argon_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Argon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Argon_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Argon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Argon_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Argon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> </td> <td>19 </td> <td>K </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potassium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of K" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Potassium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Potassium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Potassium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Potassium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Potassium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Potassium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>Ca </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Calcium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Calcium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Calcium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Calcium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Calcium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Calcium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a> </td> <td>21 </td> <td>Sc </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scandium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Sc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scandium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Scandium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scandium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Scandium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Scandium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Scandium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td>Ti </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Titanium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Titanium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Titanium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Titanium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Titanium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Titanium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a> </td> <td>23 </td> <td>V </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of V" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Vanadium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>Cr </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Cr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chromium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Chromium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chromium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Chromium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Chromium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Chromium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> </td> <td>25 </td> <td>Mn </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manganese_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Mn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manganese_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Manganese_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manganese_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Manganese_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Manganese_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Manganese_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> </td> <td>26 </td> <td>Fe </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Fe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iron_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Iron_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iron_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Iron_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Iron_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Iron_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> </td> <td>27 </td> <td>Co </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobalt_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Co" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cobalt_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Cobalt_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cobalt_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Cobalt_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Cobalt_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Cobalt_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td>Ni </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nickel_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nickel_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Nickel_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nickel_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Nickel_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Nickel_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Nickel_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>Cu </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Copper_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Cu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Copper_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Copper_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Copper_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Copper_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Copper_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Copper_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> </td> <td>30 </td> <td>Zn </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zinc_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Zn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zinc_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Zinc_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zinc_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Zinc_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Zinc_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Zinc_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> </td> <td>31 </td> <td>Ga </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ga" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gallium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Gallium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gallium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Gallium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gallium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Gallium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> </td> <td>32 </td> <td>Ge </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Germanium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Germanium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Germanium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Germanium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td>As </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arsenic_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of As" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arsenic_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Arsenic_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arsenic_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Arsenic_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Arsenic_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Arsenic_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a> </td> <td>34 </td> <td>Se </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Selenium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Se" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Selenium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Selenium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Selenium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Selenium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Selenium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Selenium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a> </td> <td>35 </td> <td>Br </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bromine_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Br" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bromine_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Bromine_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bromine_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Bromine_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Bromine_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Bromine_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a> </td> <td>36 </td> <td>Kr </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Krypton_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Kr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Krypton_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Krypton_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Krypton_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Krypton_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Krypton_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Krypton_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> </td> <td>37 </td> <td>Rb </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubidium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Rb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rubidium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Rubidium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rubidium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Rubidium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Rubidium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Rubidium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> </td> <td>38 </td> <td>Sr </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strontium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Sr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Strontium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Strontium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Strontium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Strontium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Strontium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Strontium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> </td> <td>39 </td> <td>Y </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yttrium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Y" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yttrium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Yttrium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yttrium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Yttrium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Yttrium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Yttrium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a> </td> <td>40 </td> <td>Zr </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Zr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Zirconium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a> </td> <td>41 </td> <td>Nb </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Niobium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Nb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niobium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Niobium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niobium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Niobium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Niobium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Niobium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a> </td> <td>42 </td> <td>Mo </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Mo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Molybdenum_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> </td> <td>43 </td> <td>Tc </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Technetium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Tc" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Technetium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Technetium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Technetium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Technetium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Technetium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Technetium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a> </td> <td>44 </td> <td>Ru </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ru" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Ruthenium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a> </td> <td>45 </td> <td>Rh </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhodium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Rh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhodium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Rhodium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhodium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Rhodium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rhodium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Rhodium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a> </td> <td>46 </td> <td>Pd </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palladium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Pd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Palladium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Palladium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Palladium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Palladium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Palladium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Palladium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> </td> <td>47 </td> <td>Ag </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silver_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Silver_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silver_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Silver_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Silver_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Silver_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a> </td> <td>48 </td> <td>Cd </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Cd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Cadmium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a> </td> <td>49 </td> <td>In </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Indium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of In" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Indium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Indium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Indium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Indium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Indium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Indium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td>Sn </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tin_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Sn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tin_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Tin_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tin_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Tin_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Tin_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Tin_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a> </td> <td>51 </td> <td>Sb </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antimony_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Sb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antimony_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Antimony_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antimony_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Antimony_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Antimony_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Antimony_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a> </td> <td>52 </td> <td>Te </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tellurium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Te" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tellurium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Tellurium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tellurium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Tellurium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Tellurium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Tellurium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> </td> <td>53 </td> <td>I </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iodine_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Iodine_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Iodine_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Iodine_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Iodine_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Iodine_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Iodine_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a> </td> <td>54 </td> <td>Xe </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Xe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xenon_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Xenon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xenon_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Xenon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Xenon_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Xenon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> </td> <td>55 </td> <td>Cs </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caesium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Cs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Caesium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Caesium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Caesium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Caesium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Caesium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Caesium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a> </td> <td>56 </td> <td>Ba </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Barium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Barium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Barium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Barium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Barium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Barium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a> </td> <td>57 </td> <td>La </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of La" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Lanthanum_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a> </td> <td>58 </td> <td>Ce </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cerium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Cerium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cerium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Cerium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Cerium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Cerium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a> </td> <td>59 </td> <td>Pr </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Pr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Praseodymium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a> </td> <td>60 </td> <td>Nd </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neodymium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Nd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Neodymium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Neodymium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Neodymium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Neodymium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Neodymium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Neodymium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a> </td> <td>61 </td> <td>Pm </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Promethium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Pm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Promethium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Promethium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Promethium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Promethium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Promethium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Promethium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a> </td> <td>62 </td> <td>Sm </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samarium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Sm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Samarium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Samarium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Samarium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Samarium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Samarium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Samarium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a> </td> <td>63 </td> <td>Eu </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Eu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Europium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Europium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Europium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Europium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a> </td> <td>64 </td> <td>Gd </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Gd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Gadolinium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a> </td> <td>65 </td> <td>Tb </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Terbium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Tb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Terbium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Terbium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Terbium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Terbium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Terbium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Terbium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a> </td> <td>66 </td> <td>Dy </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Dy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Dysprosium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a> </td> <td>67 </td> <td>Ho </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holmium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Holmium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Holmium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Holmium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Holmium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Holmium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Holmium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a> </td> <td>68 </td> <td>Er </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erbium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Er" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Erbium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Erbium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Erbium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Erbium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Erbium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Erbium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a> </td> <td>69 </td> <td>Tm </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thulium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Tm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thulium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Thulium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thulium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Thulium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Thulium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Thulium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a> </td> <td>70 </td> <td>Yb </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Yb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Ytterbium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a> </td> <td>71 </td> <td>Lu </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Lu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Lutetium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> </td> <td>72 </td> <td>Hf </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Hf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Hafnium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a> </td> <td>73 </td> <td>Ta </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Tantalum_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a> </td> <td>74 </td> <td>W </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of W" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Tungsten_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a> </td> <td>75 </td> <td>Re </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Re" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Rhenium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a> </td> <td>76 </td> <td>Os </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osmium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Os" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Osmium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Osmium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a> </td> <td>77 </td> <td>Ir </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iridium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ir" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iridium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Iridium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iridium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Iridium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Iridium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Iridium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> </td> <td>78 </td> <td>Pt </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Platinum_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Pt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Platinum_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Platinum_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Platinum_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Platinum_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> </td> <td>79 </td> <td>Au </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Au" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gold_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Gold_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> </td> <td>80 </td> <td>Hg </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mercury_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Hg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercury_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Mercury_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercury_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Mercury_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Mercury_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Mercury_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="633" data-file-height="109" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a> </td> <td>81 </td> <td>Tl </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thallium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Tl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thallium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Thallium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thallium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Thallium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Thallium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Thallium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> </td> <td>82 </td> <td>Pb </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Pb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lead_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Lead_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lead_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Lead_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Lead_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Lead_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> </td> <td>83 </td> <td>Bi </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bismuth_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Bi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bismuth_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Bismuth_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bismuth_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Bismuth_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Bismuth_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Bismuth_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> </td> <td>84 </td> <td>Po </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Polonium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Po" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Polonium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Polonium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Polonium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Polonium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Polonium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Polonium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a> </td> <td>85 </td> <td>At </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> </td> <td>86 </td> <td>Rn </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radon_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Rn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Radon_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Radon_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Radon_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Radon_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Radon_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Radon_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a> </td> <td>87 </td> <td>Fr </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> </td> <td>88 </td> <td>Ra </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Radium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Radium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Radium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a> </td> <td>89 </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Actinium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Ac" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Actinium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Actinium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Actinium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Actinium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Actinium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Actinium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> </td> <td>90 </td> <td>Th </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thorium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Th" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thorium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Thorium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thorium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Thorium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Thorium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Thorium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a> </td> <td>91 </td> <td>Pa </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Protactinium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Pa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Protactinium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Protactinium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Protactinium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Protactinium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Protactinium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Protactinium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> </td> <td>92 </td> <td>U </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uranium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of U" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Uranium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Uranium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Uranium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Uranium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Uranium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Uranium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> </td> <td>93 </td> <td>Np </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neptunium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Np" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Neptunium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Neptunium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Neptunium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Neptunium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Neptunium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Neptunium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> </td> <td>94 </td> <td>Pu </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Pu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Plutonium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a> </td> <td>95 </td> <td>Am </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Americium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Am" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Americium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Americium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Americium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Americium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Americium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Americium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a> </td> <td>96 </td> <td>Cm </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Curium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Cm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Curium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Curium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Curium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Curium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Curium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Curium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a> </td> <td>97 </td> <td>Bk </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berkelium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Bk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Berkelium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Berkelium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Berkelium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Berkelium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Berkelium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Berkelium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a> </td> <td>98 </td> <td>Cf </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Californium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Cf" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Californium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Californium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Californium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Californium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Californium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Californium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a> </td> <td>99 </td> <td>Es </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Spectra of Es" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png/250px-Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png/375px-Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png/500px-Einsteinium_spectrum_visible.png 2x" data-file-width="7430" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a>–<a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a> </td> <td>100–118 </td> <td>Fm–Og </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Absorption spectrum">Absorption spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_spectral_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectral line">Atomic spectral line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohr_model" title="Bohr model">Bohr model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emission_spectrum" title="Emission spectrum">Emission spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourier_transform" title="Fourier transform">Fourier transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer line">Fraunhofer line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas-discharge_lamp#Color" title="Gas-discharge lamp">Table of emission spectra of gas discharge lamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_line" title="Hydrogen line">Hydrogen line</a> (21-cm line)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series" title="Hydrogen spectral series">Hydrogen spectral series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectral_band" title="Spectral band">Spectral band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splatalogue" title="Splatalogue">Splatalogue</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Van der Waals profile" appears as lowercase in almost all sources, such as: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wve2AAAAIAAJ&q=%22Van+der+Waals+profile%22&dq=%22Van+der+Waals+profile%22&hl=en">Statistical mechanics of the liquid surface</a> by Clive Anthony Croxton, 1980, A Wiley-Interscience publication, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-27663-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-27663-4">0-471-27663-4</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27663-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-27663-0">978-0-471-27663-0</a>; and in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2XpVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Van+der+Waals+profile%22&dq=%22Van+der+Waals+profile%22&hl=en">Journal of technical physics</a>, Volume 36, by Instytut Podstawowych Problemów Techniki (Polska Akademia Nauk), publisher: Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe., 1995,</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramidaRalchenko1999" class="citation cs2">Kramida, Alexander; Ralchenko, Yuri (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nist.gov/pml/data/asd.cfm"><i>NIST Atomic Spectra Database, NIST Standard Reference Database 78</i></a>, National Institute of Standards and Technology<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-27</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NIST+Atomic+Spectra+Database%2C+NIST+Standard+Reference+Database+78&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Standards+and+Technology&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Kramida&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Ralchenko%2C+Yuri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nist.gov%2Fpml%2Fdata%2Fasd.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RothmanGordon2013-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RothmanGordon2013_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothmanGordonBabikovBarbe2013" class="citation journal cs1">Rothman, L.S.; Gordon, I.E.; Babikov, Y.; Barbe, A.; Chris Benner, D.; Bernath, P.F.; Birk, M.; Bizzocchi, L.; Boudon, V.; Brown, L.R.; Campargue, A.; Chance, K.; Cohen, E.A.; Coudert, L.H.; Devi, V.M.; Drouin, B.J.; Fayt, A.; Flaud, J.-M.; Gamache, R.R.; Harrison, J.J.; Hartmann, J.-M.; Hill, C.; Hodges, J.T.; Jacquemart, D.; Jolly, A.; Lamouroux, J.; Le Roy, R.J.; Li, G.; Long, D.A.; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wm.edu/aspubs/114">"The HITRAN2012 molecular spectroscopic database"</a>. <i>Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer</i>. <b>130</b>: 4–50. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JQSRT.130....4R">2013JQSRT.130....4R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2013.07.002">10.1016/j.jqsrt.2013.07.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4073">0022-4073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Quantitative+Spectroscopy+and+Radiative+Transfer&rft.atitle=The+HITRAN2012+molecular+spectroscopic+database&rft.volume=130&rft.pages=4-50&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=0022-4073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jqsrt.2013.07.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JQSRT.130....4R&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+I.E.&rft.au=Babikov%2C+Y.&rft.au=Barbe%2C+A.&rft.au=Chris+Benner%2C+D.&rft.au=Bernath%2C+P.F.&rft.au=Birk%2C+M.&rft.au=Bizzocchi%2C+L.&rft.au=Boudon%2C+V.&rft.au=Brown%2C+L.R.&rft.au=Campargue%2C+A.&rft.au=Chance%2C+K.&rft.au=Cohen%2C+E.A.&rft.au=Coudert%2C+L.H.&rft.au=Devi%2C+V.M.&rft.au=Drouin%2C+B.J.&rft.au=Fayt%2C+A.&rft.au=Flaud%2C+J.-M.&rft.au=Gamache%2C+R.R.&rft.au=Harrison%2C+J.J.&rft.au=Hartmann%2C+J.-M.&rft.au=Hill%2C+C.&rft.au=Hodges%2C+J.T.&rft.au=Jacquemart%2C+D.&rft.au=Jolly%2C+A.&rft.au=Lamouroux%2C+J.&rft.au=Le+Roy%2C+R.J.&rft.au=Li%2C+G.&rft.au=Long%2C+D.A.&rft.au=Lyulin%2C+O.M.&rft.au=Mackie%2C+C.J.&rft.au=Massie%2C+S.T.&rft.au=Mikhailenko%2C+S.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+H.S.P.&rft.au=Naumenko%2C+O.V.&rft.au=Nikitin%2C+A.V.&rft.au=Orphal%2C+J.&rft.au=Perevalov%2C+V.&rft.au=Perrin%2C+A.&rft.au=Polovtseva%2C+E.R.&rft.au=Richard%2C+C.&rft.au=Smith%2C+M.A.H.&rft.au=Starikova%2C+E.&rft.au=Sung%2C+K.&rft.au=Tashkun%2C+S.&rft.au=Tennyson%2C+J.&rft.au=Toon%2C+G.C.&rft.au=Tyuterev%2C+Vl.G.&rft.au=Wagner%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.wm.edu%2Faspubs%2F114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Einstein,_Albert" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein, Albert">Einstein, Albert</a> (1905). "<a href="/wiki/Annus_Mirabilis_papers#Photoelectric_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Annus Mirabilis papers">On a Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrainovReissSmirnov1997" class="citation book cs1">Krainov, Vladimir; Reiss, Howard; Smirnov, Boris (1997). <i>Radiative Processes in Atomic Physics</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F3527605606">10.1002/3527605606</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12533-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-12533-4"><bdi>978-0-471-12533-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radiative+Processes+in+Atomic+Physics&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F3527605606&rft.isbn=978-0-471-12533-4&rft.aulast=Krainov&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft.au=Reiss%2C+Howard&rft.au=Smirnov%2C+Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in the following article, decay was suppressed via a microwave cavity, thus reducing the natural broadening: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabrielseH._Dehmelt1985" class="citation journal cs1">Gabrielse, Gerald; H. Dehmelt (1985). "Observation of Inhibited Spontaneous Emission". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>55</b> (1): 67–70. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985PhRvL..55...67G">1985PhRvL..55...67G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.55.67">10.1103/PhysRevLett.55.67</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10031682">10031682</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+Inhibited+Spontaneous+Emission&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-70&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10031682&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.55.67&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985PhRvL..55...67G&rft.aulast=Gabrielse&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=H.+Dehmelt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042746/http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/QuantumRelativity/CollisionalBroadening/CollisionalBroadening.html">"Collisional Broadening"</a>. Fas.harvard.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/QuantumRelativity/CollisionalBroadening/CollisionalBroadening.html">the original</a> on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collisional+Broadening&rft.pub=Fas.harvard.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fas.harvard.edu%2F~scdiroff%2Flds%2FQuantumRelativity%2FCollisionalBroadening%2FCollisionalBroadening.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeach1981" class="citation journal cs1">Peach, G. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114060003/http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&eissn=1460-6976&volume=30&issue=3&spage=367">"Theory of the pressure broadening and shift of spectral lines"</a>. <i>Advances in Physics</i>. <b>30</b> (3): 367–474. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981AdPhy..30..367P">1981AdPhy..30..367P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00018738100101467">10.1080/00018738100101467</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/openurl.asp?genre=article&eissn=1460-6976&volume=30&issue=3&spage=367">the original</a> on 2013-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2005-12-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Physics&rft.atitle=Theory+of+the+pressure+broadening+and+shift+of+spectral+lines&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=367-474&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00018738100101467&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981AdPhy..30..367P&rft.aulast=Peach&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournalsonline.tandf.co.uk%2Fopenurl.asp%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26eissn%3D1460-6976%26volume%3D30%26issue%3D3%26spage%3D367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spectral_line&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriem1997" class="citation book cs1">Griem, Hans R. (1997). <i>Principles of Plasma Spectroscopy</i>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-45504-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-45504-9"><bdi>0-521-45504-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Plasma+Spectroscopy&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-45504-9&rft.aulast=Griem&rft.aufirst=Hans+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriem1974" class="citation book cs1">Griem, Hans R. (1974). <i>Spectral Line Broadening by Plasmas</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-302850-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-302850-7"><bdi>0-12-302850-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spectral+Line+Broadening+by+Plasmas&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-12-302850-7&rft.aulast=Griem&rft.aufirst=Hans+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriem1964" class="citation book cs1">Griem, Hans R. (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7gcvAAAAIAAJ"><i>Plasma Spectroscopy</i></a>. New York: McGraw-Hill book Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plasma+Spectroscopy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+book+Company&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Griem&rft.aufirst=Hans+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7gcvAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpectral+line" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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