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id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Francium_perchlorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francium_perchlorate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Francium perchlorate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francium_perchlorate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francium_halides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francium_halides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Francium halides </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francium_halides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Other compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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href="#Erroneous_and_incomplete_discoveries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Erroneous and incomplete discoveries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erroneous_and_incomplete_discoveries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perey's_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perey's_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Perey's analysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perey's_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Production </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Francium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 147 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-147" aria-hidden="true" > 147 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankium" title="Frankium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frankium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95%E1%88%BA%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ፍራንሺየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍራንሺየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="फ्रांसियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="फ्रांसियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Franciu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Franciu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy%C3%A3siakuarepoti" title="Hyãsiakuarepoti – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hyãsiakuarepoti" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fransium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Fransium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ফ্রান্সিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রান্সিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Францый – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францый" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Франц – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Франц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="फ्रंशियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="फ्रंशियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransyo" title="Pransyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pransyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A7%E0%BE%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%98%E0%BC%8D" title="ཧྦ་རན་སིམ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཧྦ་རན་སིམ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francij" title="Francij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Francij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankiom" title="Frankiom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Frankiom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franci" title="Franci – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Franci" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pransyo" title="Pransyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pransyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Franciu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffranciwm" title="Ffranciwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffranciwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="فرانسيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsium" title="Frantsium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frantsium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Φράγκιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φράγκιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumo" title="Franciumo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franciumo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantzio" title="Frantzio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frantzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فرانسیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fransium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franci" title="Franci – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Franci" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frainciam" title="Frainciam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frainciam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankium" title="Frankium – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Frankium" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraingium" title="Fraingium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Fraingium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%81" title="鈁 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鈁" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="ફ્રાંસીયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફ્રાંસીયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Франциум – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Франциум" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%8A%98" title="프랑슘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑슘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ֆրանսիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանսիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="फ़्रान्सियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़्रान्सियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francij" title="Francij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Francij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fransium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShabalalambi" title="IShabalalambi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IShabalalambi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C3%ADn" title="Fransín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fransín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="פרנציום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנציום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Fransium" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Fransɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fransɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ფრანციუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანციუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankiom" title="Frankiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Frankiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransi" title="Fransi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fransi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransy%C3%B2m" title="Fransyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Fransyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiy%C3%BBm" title="Fransiyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Fransiyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijs" title="Francijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Francijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis" title="Francis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Francis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransio" title="Fransio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Fransio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francii_(aineh)" title="Francii (aineh) – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Francii (aineh)" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fasysodna" title="fasysodna – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fasysodna" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francio" title="Francio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Francio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Франциум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франциум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ഫ്രാൻസിയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാൻസിയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="फ्रान्सियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फ्रान्सियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فرانسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسیوم – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فرانسیوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fransium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯌꯝ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯁꯤꯌꯝ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Кранци – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кранци" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Франци – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Франци" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%96%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="ဖရန်စီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဖရန်စီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="फ्रान्सियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फ्रान्सियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="フランシウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsium" title="Frantsium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Frantsium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franci" title="Franci – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Franci" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiy" title="Fransiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Fransiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ਰਾਂਸੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="फ्रान्सियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फ्रान्सियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85" title="فرانسیم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرانسیم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="فرانسيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="فرانسيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransio" title="Fransio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Fransio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frans" title="Frans – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frans" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A2ncio" title="Frâncio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frâncio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Franciu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharansiyu" title="Pharansiyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pharansiyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Франсиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Франсиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="फ्रान्सियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फ्रान्सियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A0ntziu" title="Fràntziu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Fràntziu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciumi" title="Franciumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Franciumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciu" title="Franciu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Franciu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="ෆ්‍රැන්සියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆ්‍රැන්සියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francij" title="Francij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Francij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faransiyaam" title="Faransiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Faransiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="فرانسیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فرانسیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Францијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Францијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francijum" title="Francijum – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Francijum" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransium" title="Fransium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fransium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankium" title="Frankium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frankium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francium" title="Francium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Francium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiyo" title="Fransiyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Fransiyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பிரான்சியம் (தனிமம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சியம் (தனிமம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франций – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Франций" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ఫ్రాన్సియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫ్రాన్సియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แฟรนเซียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟรนเซียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Франсий – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Франсий" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiyum" title="Fransiyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fransiyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Францій – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Францій" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="فرانسیئم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فرانسیئم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A" title="فرانسىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="فرانسىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francii_(himine_element)" title="Francii (himine element) – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Francii (himine element)" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franci" title="Franci – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Franci" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciom" title="Franciom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Franciom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8D%85" title="鍅 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鍅" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransyo" title="Fransyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Fransyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="钫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A1ns%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m" title="Fránsíọ̀m – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fránsíọ̀m" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%81" title="鈁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鈁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%AB" title="钫 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钫" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q671#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 87 (Fr)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Francium, 87Fr</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Francium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfrænsiəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FRAN-see-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mass_number" title="Mass number">Mass number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[223]</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Francium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0; background:#f8f8f8; color:black;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">Boron</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Carbon</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">Fluorine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Neon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Sodium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a> </td> <td colspan="24" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td 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</td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> ↑ Fr ↓ (<a href="/wiki/Ununennium" title="Ununennium">Uue</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> ← francium → <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">87</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data">group 1: hydrogen and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">period 7</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a>] 7s1</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 1</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data">solid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">300 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (27 °C, 81 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">950 K (677 °C, 1251 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2.458 g/cm3 (estimated)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> (extrapolated)<div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>404 </td> <td>454 </td> <td>519 </td> <td>608 </td> <td>738 </td> <td>946 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +1 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: >0.79 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 393 kJ/mol<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li><li> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">260 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> (extrapolated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">348 pm (extrapolated)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">from decay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Cubic_crystal_system" title="Cubic crystal system">body-centered cubic</a> (bcc) (extrapolated)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constant</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubic-body-centered.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Body-centered cubic crystal structure for francium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/50px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/75px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Cubic-body-centered.svg/100px-Cubic-body-centered.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="127" /></a></div>a = 670.4 pm (estimated)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15 W/(m⋅K) (extrapolated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3 µΩ⋅m (calculated)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Paramagnetic </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7440-73-5 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after France, homeland of the discoverer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a> and first isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a> (1939)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_francium" title="Isotopes of francium">Isotopes of francium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" 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.navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_francium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox francium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_francium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox francium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-3">[3]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">212Fr </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_radioisotope" title="Synthetic radioisotope">synth</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">20.0 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_plus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta plus decay">β+</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radon-212" class="mw-redirect" title="Radon-212">212Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine-208" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine-208">208At</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">221Fr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Trace_radioisotope" title="Trace radioisotope">trace</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">4.8 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">α</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine-217" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine-217">217At</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">222Fr </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">synth </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">14.2 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Beta_minus_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta minus decay">β−</a> </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radium-222" class="mw-redirect" title="Radium-222">222Ra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: top;">223Fr </th> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center;">trace </td> <td rowspan="2" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">22.00 min </td> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">β− </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Radium-223" title="Radium-223">223Ra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">α </td> <td style="text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine-219" class="mw-redirect" title="Astatine-219">219At</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Francium" title="Category:Francium">Category: Francium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_francium" title="Template:Infobox francium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_francium" title="Template talk:Infobox francium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_francium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox francium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Francium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">symbol</a> Fr and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 87. It is extremely <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a>; its most stable isotope, francium-223 (originally called <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a> K after the natural <a href="/wiki/Decay_chain" title="Decay chain">decay chain</a> in which it appears), has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of only 22 minutes. It is the second-most <a href="/wiki/Electronegative" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronegative">electropositive</a> element, behind only <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, and is the <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">second rarest</a> naturally occurring element (after <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a>). Francium's isotopes decay quickly into astatine, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electronic_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic structure">electronic structure</a> of a francium atom is [Rn] 7s1; thus, the element is classed as an <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metal</a>. As a consequence of its extreme instability, bulk francium has never been seen. Because of the general appearance of the other elements in its periodic table column, it is presumed that francium would appear as a highly reactive metal if enough could be collected together to be viewed as a bulk solid or liquid. Obtaining such a sample is highly improbable since the extreme heat of decay resulting from its short half-life would immediately vaporize any viewable quantity of the element. Francium was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> in France (from which the element takes its name) on January 7, 1939.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Before its discovery, francium was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">eka</a>-<a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a> or ekacaesium because of its conjectured existence below caesium in the periodic table. It was the last element first discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-6">[note 1]</a> Outside the laboratory, francium is extremely rare, with trace amounts found in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> ores, where the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> francium-223 (in the family of uranium-235) continually forms and decays. As little as 1 ounce (28 g) exists at any given time throughout the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a>; aside from francium-223 and francium-221, its other isotopes are entirely synthetic. The largest amount produced in the laboratory was a cluster of more than 300,000 atoms.<a href="#cite_note-chemnews-7">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> Francium is one of the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements: its longest-lived isotope, francium-223, has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of only 22 minutes. The only comparable element is <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a>, whose most stable natural isotope, astatine-219 (the alpha daughter of francium-223), has a half-life of 56 seconds, although synthetic astatine-210 is much longer-lived with a half-life of 8.1 hours.<a href="#cite_note-andyscouse-8">[7]</a> All isotopes of francium decay into astatine, <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-andyscouse-8">[7]</a> Francium-223 also has a shorter half-life than the longest-lived isotope of each synthetic element up to and including element 105, <a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> Francium is an alkali metal whose chemical properties mostly resemble those of caesium.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> A heavy element with a single <a href="/wiki/Valence_electron" title="Valence electron">valence electron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> it has the highest <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_weight" title="Equivalent weight">equivalent weight</a> of any element.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> Liquid francium—if created—should have a <a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">surface tension</a> of 0.05092 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a>/m at its melting point.<a href="#cite_note-Kozhitov-11">[10]</a> Francium's melting point was estimated to be around 8.0 °C (46.4 °F);<a href="#cite_note-L&P-12">[11]</a> a value of 27 °C (81 °F) is also often encountered.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> The melting point is uncertain because of the element's extreme rarity and <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a>; a different extrapolation based on <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>'s method gave 20 ± 1.5 °C (68.0 ± 2.7 °F). A calculation based on the melting temperatures of binary ionic crystals gives 24.861 ± 0.517 °C (76.750 ± 0.931 °F).<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> The estimated boiling point of 620 °C (1,148 °F) is also uncertain; the estimates 598 °C (1,108 °F) and 677 °C (1,251 °F), as well as the extrapolation from Mendeleev's method of 640 °C (1,184 °F), have also been suggested.<a href="#cite_note-L&P-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kozhitov-11">[10]</a> The density of francium is expected to be around 2.48 g/cm3 (Mendeleev's method extrapolates 2.4 g/cm3).<a href="#cite_note-L&P-12">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> estimated the <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electronegativity</a> of francium at 0.7 on the <a href="/wiki/Pauling_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauling scale">Pauling scale</a>, the same as caesium;<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79, but there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> Francium has a slightly higher <a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">ionization energy</a> than caesium,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> 392.811(4) kJ/mol as opposed to 375.7041(2) kJ/mol for caesium, as would be expected from <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_quantum_chemistry" title="Relativistic quantum chemistry">relativistic effects</a>, and this would imply that caesium is the less electronegative of the two. Francium should also have a higher <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">electron affinity</a> than caesium and the Fr− ion should be more <a href="/wiki/Polarizability" title="Polarizability">polarizable</a> than the Cs− ion.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-17">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Compounds">Compounds</h2></div> As a result of francium's instability, its salts are only known to a small extent. Francium <a href="/wiki/Coprecipitation" title="Coprecipitation">coprecipitates</a> with several caesium <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Caesium_perchlorate" title="Caesium perchlorate">caesium perchlorate</a>, which results in small amounts of francium perchlorate. This coprecipitation can be used to isolate francium, by adapting the radiocaesium coprecipitation method of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Glendenin" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a> and C. M. Nelson. It will additionally coprecipitate with many other caesium salts, including the <a href="/wiki/Iodate" title="Iodate">iodate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Picrate" title="Picrate">picrate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tartrate" title="Tartrate">tartrate</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a> tartrate), the <a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinate" title="Chloroplatinate">chloroplatinate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Silicotungstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicotungstate">silicotungstate</a>. It also coprecipitates with <a href="/wiki/Silicotungstic_acid" title="Silicotungstic acid">silicotungstic acid</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Perchloric_acid" title="Perchloric acid">perchloric acid</a>, without another alkali metal as a <a href="/wiki/Carrier_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier (chemistry)">carrier</a>, which leads to other methods of separation.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-francrad-19">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francium_perchlorate">Francium perchlorate</h3></div> Francium perchlorate is produced by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Francium_chloride" title="Francium chloride">francium chloride</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_perchlorate" title="Sodium perchlorate">sodium perchlorate</a>. The francium perchlorate <a href="/wiki/Coprecipitation" title="Coprecipitation">coprecipitates</a> with <a href="/wiki/Caesium_perchlorate" title="Caesium perchlorate">caesium perchlorate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-francrad-19">[18]</a> This coprecipitation can be used to isolate francium, by adapting the radiocaesium coprecipitation method of <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_E._Glendenin" title="Lawrence E. Glendenin">Lawrence E. Glendenin</a> and C. M. Nelson. However, this method is unreliable in separating <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>, which also coprecipitates with caesium.<a href="#cite_note-francrad-19">[18]</a> Francium perchlorate's <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> is expected to be 42.7 <a href="/wiki/Entropy_unit" title="Entropy unit">e.u</a><a href="#cite_note-L&P-12">[11]</a> (178.7 J mol−1 K−1). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francium_halides">Francium halides</h3></div> Francium halides are all soluble in water and are expected to be white solids. They are expected to be produced by the reaction of the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>. For example, francium chloride would be produced by the reaction of francium and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>. Francium chloride has been studied as a pathway to separate francium from other elements, by using the high <a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour pressure">vapour pressure</a> of the compound, although francium fluoride would have a higher vapour pressure.<a href="#cite_note-L&P-12">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_compounds">Other compounds</h3></div> Francium nitrate, sulfate, hydroxide, carbonate, acetate, and oxalate, are all soluble in water, while the <a href="/wiki/Iodate" title="Iodate">iodate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picrate" title="Picrate">picrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tartrate" title="Tartrate">tartrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloroplatinic_acid" title="Chloroplatinic acid">chloroplatinate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silicotungstate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicotungstate">silicotungstate</a> are insoluble. The insolubility of these compounds are used to extract francium from other radioactive products, such as <a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, the method mentioned in the section above.<a href="#cite_note-L&P-12">[11]</a> Francium oxide is believed to disproportionate to the peroxide and francium metal.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The CsFr molecule is predicted to have francium at the negative end of the dipole, unlike all known heterodiatomic alkali metal molecules. Francium <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> (FrO2) is expected to have a more <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalent</a> character than its lighter <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congeners</a>; this is attributed to the 6p electrons in francium being more involved in the francium–oxygen bonding.<a href="#cite_note-Thayer-17">[16]</a> The relativistic destabilisation of the 6p3/2 spinor may make francium compounds in oxidation states higher than +1 possible, such as [FrVF6]−; but this has not been experimentally confirmed.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_francium" title="Isotopes of francium">Isotopes of francium</a></div> There are 37 known isotopes of francium ranging in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass" title="Atomic mass">atomic mass</a> from 197 to 233.<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-3">[3]</a> Francium has seven <a href="/wiki/Metastability" title="Metastability">metastable</a> <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_isomer" title="Nuclear isomer">nuclear isomers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> Francium-223 and francium-221 are the only isotopes that occur in nature, with the former being far more common.<a href="#cite_note-nostrand679-22">[21]</a> Francium-223 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 21.8 minutes,<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> and it is highly unlikely that an isotope of francium with a longer half-life will ever be discovered or synthesized.<a href="#cite_note-mcgraw-23">[22]</a> Francium-223 is a fifth product of the <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> decay series as a daughter isotope of <a href="/wiki/Actinium-227" class="mw-redirect" title="Actinium-227">actinium-227</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thorium-227" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-227">thorium-227</a> is the more common daughter.<a href="#cite_note-nostrand332-24">[23]</a> Francium-223 then decays into radium-223 by <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> (1.149 MeV <a href="/wiki/Decay_energy" title="Decay energy">decay energy</a>), with a minor (0.006%) <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> path to astatine-219 (5.4 MeV decay energy).<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Francium-221 has a half-life of 4.8 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> It is the ninth product of the <a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a> decay series as a daughter isotope of <a href="/wiki/Actinium-225" title="Actinium-225">actinium-225</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nostrand332-24">[23]</a> Francium-221 then decays into astatine-217 by alpha decay (6.457 MeV decay energy).<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> Although all primordial 237Np is <a href="/wiki/Extinct_radionuclide" title="Extinct radionuclide">extinct</a>, the neptunium decay series continues to exist naturally in tiny traces due to (n,2n) knockout reactions in natural 238U.<a href="#cite_note-4n1-26">[25]</a> Francium-222, with a half-life of 14 minutes, may be produced as a result of the beta decay of natural <a href="/wiki/Radon-222" title="Radon-222">radon-222</a>; this process, though energetically possible, has nonetheless not yet been observed.<a href="#cite_note-bellidecay-27">[26]</a> The least stable <a href="/wiki/Ground_state" title="Ground state">ground state</a> isotope is francium-215, with a half-life of 90 ns:<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-3">[3]</a> it undergoes a 9.54 MeV alpha decay to astatine-211.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2></div> Due to its instability and rarity, there are no commercial applications for francium.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-elemental-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-nostrand332-24">[23]</a> It has been used for research purposes in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a><a href="#cite_note-bio-31">[30]</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic structure</a>. Its use as a potential diagnostic aid for various <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancers</a> has also been explored,<a href="#cite_note-andyscouse-8">[7]</a> but this application has been deemed impractical.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-29">[28]</a> Francium's ability to be synthesized, trapped, and cooled, along with its relatively simple <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomic structure</a>, has made it the subject of specialized <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopy</a> experiments. These experiments have led to more specific information regarding <a href="/wiki/Energy_level" title="Energy level">energy levels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Coupling_constant" title="Coupling constant">coupling constants</a> between <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> Studies on the light emitted by <a href="/wiki/Optical_tweezers" title="Optical tweezers">laser-trapped</a> francium-210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels which are fairly similar to those predicted by <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Francium is a prospective candidate for searching for <a href="/wiki/CP_violation" title="CP violation">CP violation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> As early as 1870, chemists thought that there should be an alkali metal beyond <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, with an atomic number of 87.<a href="#cite_note-andyscouse-8">[7]</a> It was then referred to by the provisional name <a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">eka-caesium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erroneous_and_incomplete_discoveries">Erroneous and incomplete discoveries</h3></div> In 1914, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Meyer_(physicist)" title="Stefan Meyer (physicist)">Stefan Meyer</a>, Viktor F. Hess, and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Paneth" title="Friedrich Paneth">Friedrich Paneth</a> (working in Vienna) made measurements of alpha radiation from various substances, including 227Ac. They observed the possibility of a minor alpha branch of this nuclide, though follow-up work could not be done due to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Their observations were not precise and sure enough for them to announce the discovery of element 87, though it is likely that they did indeed observe the decay of 227Ac to 223Fr.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-35">[34]</a> Soviet chemist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Dobroserdov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitry Dobroserdov (page does not exist)">Dmitry Dobroserdov</a> was the first scientist to claim to have found eka-caesium, or francium. In 1925, he observed weak radioactivity in a sample of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, another alkali metal, and incorrectly concluded that eka-caesium was contaminating the sample (the radioactivity from the sample was from the naturally occurring potassium radioisotope, <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">potassium-40</a>).<a href="#cite_note-fontani-36">[35]</a> He then published a thesis on his predictions of the properties of eka-caesium, in which he named the element russium after his home country.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkroft-37">[36]</a> Shortly thereafter, Dobroserdov began to focus on his teaching career at the Polytechnic Institute of <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a>, and he did not pursue the element further.<a href="#cite_note-fontani-36">[35]</a> The following year, English chemists <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gerald_J._F._Druce&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gerald J. F. Druce (page does not exist)">Gerald J. F. Druce</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frederick_H._Loring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frederick H. Loring (page does not exist)">Frederick H. Loring</a> analyzed <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a> photographs of <a href="/wiki/Manganese(II)_sulfate" title="Manganese(II) sulfate">manganese(II) sulfate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkroft-37">[36]</a> They observed spectral lines which they presumed to be of eka-caesium. They announced their discovery of element 87 and proposed the name alkalinium, as it would be the heaviest alkali metal.<a href="#cite_note-fontani-36">[35]</a> In 1930, <a href="/wiki/Fred_Allison" title="Fred Allison">Fred Allison</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Alabama Polytechnic Institute">Alabama Polytechnic Institute</a> claimed to have discovered element 87 (in addition to 85) when analyzing <a href="/wiki/Pollucite" title="Pollucite">pollucite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepidolite" title="Lepidolite">lepidolite</a> using his <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optic_effect" title="Magneto-optic effect">magneto-optical</a> machine. Allison requested that it be named virginium after his home state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, along with the symbols Vi and Vm.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkroft-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> In 1934, H.G. MacPherson of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a> disproved the effectiveness of Allison's device and the validity of his discovery.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 1936, Romanian physicist <a href="/wiki/Horia_Hulubei" title="Horia Hulubei">Horia Hulubei</a> and his French colleague <a href="/wiki/Yvette_Cauchois" title="Yvette Cauchois">Yvette Cauchois</a> also analyzed pollucite, this time using their high-resolution X-ray apparatus.<a href="#cite_note-fontani-36">[35]</a> They observed several weak emission lines, which they presumed to be those of element 87. Hulubei and Cauchois reported their discovery and proposed the name moldavium, along with the symbol Ml, after <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, the Romanian province where Hulubei was born.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkroft-37">[36]</a> In 1937, Hulubei's work was criticized by American physicist <a href="/w/index.php?title=F._H._Hirsh_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F. H. Hirsh Jr. (page does not exist)">F. H. Hirsh Jr.</a>, who rejected Hulubei's research methods. Hirsh was certain that eka-caesium would not be found in nature, and that Hulubei had instead observed <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> X-ray lines. Hulubei insisted that his X-ray apparatus and methods were too accurate to make such a mistake. Because of this, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Jean Baptiste Perrin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner and Hulubei's mentor, endorsed moldavium as the true eka-caesium over <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a>'s recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87.<a href="#cite_note-fontani-36">[35]</a> All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life.<a href="#cite_note-vanderkroft-37">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perey's_analysis">Perey's analysis</h3></div> Eka-caesium was discovered on January 7, 1939, by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Perey" title="Marguerite Perey">Marguerite Perey</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Curie_Institute_(Paris)" title="Curie Institute (Paris)">Curie Institute</a> in Paris,<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-35">[34]</a> when she purified a sample of <a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a>-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product, one which was separated during purification, but emerged again out of the pure actinium-227. Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, radium, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, bismuth, or <a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a>. The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as coprecipitating with caesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a> of actinium-227.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-35">[34]</a> Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a> to alpha decay in actinium-227. Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6%, a figure which she later revised to 1%.<a href="#cite_note-mcgraw-23">[22]</a> Perey named the new isotope actinium-K (it is now referred to as francium-223)<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-35">[34]</a> and in 1946, she proposed the name catium (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> of the elements. <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a>, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of cat rather than cation; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to <a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-35">[34]</a> Perey then suggested francium, after France. This name was officially adopted by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) in 1949,<a href="#cite_note-andyscouse-8">[7]</a> becoming the second element after <a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a> to be named after France. It was assigned the symbol Fa, but it was revised to the current Fr shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-hackh-40">[39]</a> Francium was the last element discovered in nature, rather than synthesized, following <a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-chemeducator-35">[34]</a> Further research into francium's structure was carried out by, among others, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sylvain_Lieberman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sylvain Lieberman (page does not exist)">Sylvain Lieberman</a> and his team at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> in the 1970s and 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pichblende.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A shiny gray 5-centimeter piece of matter with a rough surface." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pichblende.jpg/220px-Pichblende.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Pichblende.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption>This sample of <a href="/wiki/Uraninite" title="Uraninite">uraninite</a> contains about 100,000 atoms (3.7×10−17 g) of francium-223 at any given time.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-29">[28]</a></figcaption></figure> 223Fr is the result of the alpha decay of <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_actinium" title="Isotopes of actinium">227Ac</a> and can be found in trace amounts in <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRC2006-9">[8]</a> In a given sample of uranium, there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 1 × 1018 uranium atoms.<a href="#cite_note-nbb-29">[28]</a> Only about 1 ounce (28 g) of francium is present naturally in the earth's crust.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciumtrap.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A complex experimental setup featuring a horizontal glass tube placed between two copper coils." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f7/Franciumtrap.PNG" decoding="async" width="219" height="202" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_trap" title="Magneto-optical trap">magneto-optical trap</a>, which can hold neutral francium atoms for short periods of time.<a href="#cite_note-sbtrapping-43">[42]</a></figcaption></figure> Francium can be synthesized by a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fusion" title="Nuclear fusion">fusion</a> reaction when a gold-197 target is bombarded with a beam of oxygen-18 atoms from a <a href="/wiki/Linear_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Linear accelerator">linear accelerator</a> in a process originally developed at the physics department of the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Stony_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Stony Brook">State University of New York at Stony Brook</a> in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-sbproduction-44">[43]</a> Depending on the energy of the oxygen beam, the reaction can yield francium isotopes with masses of 209, 210, and 211. <dl><dd>197Au + 18O → 209Fr + 6 n</dd> <dd>197Au + 18O → 210Fr + 5 n</dd> <dd>197Au + 18O → 211Fr + 4 n</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:294px;max-width:294px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Francium_(200,000_francium_atoms_in_a_magneto-optical_trap).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A round ball of red light surrounded by a green glow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Francium_%28200%2C000_francium_atoms_in_a_magneto-optical_trap%29.jpg/136px-Francium_%28200%2C000_francium_atoms_in_a_magneto-optical_trap%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/cf/Francium_%28200%2C000_francium_atoms_in_a_magneto-optical_trap%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="165" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Image of light emitted by a sample of 200,000 francium atoms in a magneto-optical trap</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr,87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A small white spot in the middle surrounded by a red circle. There is a yellow ring outside the red circle, a green circle beyond the yellow ring and a blue circle surrounding all the other circles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/Fr%2C87.jpg/150px-Fr%2C87.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/92/Fr%2C87.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="211" data-file-height="211" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Heat image of 300,000 francium atoms in a magneto-optical trap, around 100 attograms</div></div></div></div></div> The francium atoms leave the gold target as ions, which are neutralized by collision with <a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a> and then isolated in a <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_trap" title="Magneto-optical trap">magneto-optical trap</a> (MOT) in a gaseous unconsolidated state.<a href="#cite_note-sbtrapping-43">[42]</a> Although the atoms only remain in the trap for about 30 seconds before escaping or undergoing nuclear decay, the process supplies a continual stream of fresh atoms. The result is a <a href="/wiki/Steady_state" title="Steady state">steady state</a> containing a fairly constant number of atoms for a much longer time.<a href="#cite_note-sbtrapping-43">[42]</a> The original apparatus could trap up to a few thousand atoms, while a later improved design could trap over 300,000 at a time.<a href="#cite_note-chemnews-7">[6]</a> Sensitive measurements of the light emitted and absorbed by the trapped atoms provided the first experimental results on various transitions between atomic energy levels in francium. Initial measurements show very good agreement between experimental values and calculations based on quantum theory. The research project using this production method relocated to <a href="/wiki/TRIUMF" title="TRIUMF">TRIUMF</a> in 2012, where over 106 francium atoms have been held at a time, including large amounts of 209Fr in addition to 207Fr and 221Fr.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> Other synthesis methods include bombarding radium with neutrons, and bombarding thorium with protons, <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a> <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mcgraw-23">[22]</a> 223Fr can also be isolated from samples of its parent 227Ac, the francium being milked via elution with NH4Cl–CrO3 from an actinium-containing cation exchanger and purified by passing the solution through a <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a> compound loaded with <a href="/wiki/Barium_sulfate" title="Barium sulfate">barium sulfate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In 1996, the Stony Brook group trapped 3000 atoms in their MOT, which was enough for a video camera to capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresce.<a href="#cite_note-chemnews-7">[6]</a> Francium has not been synthesized in amounts large enough to weigh.<a href="#cite_note-andyscouse-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbb-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-losalamos-48">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Some synthetic elements, like <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, have later been found in nature. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Elementymology & Elements Multidict. Retrieved April 8, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elementymology+%26+Elements+Multidict&rft.atitle=Francium&rft.date=2006-01-10&rft.aulast=Van+der+Krogt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felements.vanderkrogt.net%2Felement.php%3Fsym%3DFr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015028/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743159,00.html">"Alabamine & Virginium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. February 15, 1932. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,743159,00.html">the original</a> on September 30, 2007. Retrieved April 1, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Alabamine+%26+Virginium&rft.date=1932-02-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C743159%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacPherson1934" class="citation journal cs1">MacPherson, H. G. (1934). "An Investigation of the Magneto-Optic Method of Chemical Analysis". Physical Review. 47 (4): 310–315. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1935PhRv...47..310M">1935PhRv...47..310M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.47.310">10.1103/PhysRev.47.310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=An+Investigation+of+the+Magneto-Optic+Method+of+Chemical+Analysis&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=310-315&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.47.310&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1935PhRv...47..310M&rft.aulast=MacPherson&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hackh-40"><a href="#cite_ref-hackh_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1969" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Julius (1969). "Francium". Hackh's Chemical Dictionary. McGraw-Hill. pp. 279–280. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-024067-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-024067-4"><bdi>978-0-07-024067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Francium&rft.btitle=Hackh%27s+Chemical+Dictionary&rft.pages=279-280&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-07-024067-4&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Julius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/19990203121919/http://fr.physics.sunysb.edu/francium_news/history.HTM">"History"</a>. Francium. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Stony_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Stony Brook">State University of New York at Stony Brook</a>. February 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.physics.sunysb.edu/francium_news/history.HTM">the original</a> on February 3, 1999. Retrieved March 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Francium&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.physics.sunysb.edu%2Ffrancium_news%2Fhistory.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrebs2006" class="citation book cs1">Krebs, Robert E. (July 30, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D7LOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22francium%20hydroxide%22%20existence&pg=PA64">The History and Use of Our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02798-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02798-7"><bdi>978-0-313-02798-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Use+of+Our+Earth%27s+Chemical+Elements%3A+A+Reference+Guide&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2006-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02798-7&rft.aulast=Krebs&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD7LOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522francium%2520hydroxide%2522%2520existence%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbtrapping-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbtrapping_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbtrapping_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbtrapping_43-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071122170110/http://fr.physics.sunysb.edu/francium_news/trapping.HTM">"Cooling and Trapping"</a>. Francium. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Stony_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Stony Brook">State University of New York at Stony Brook</a>. February 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.physics.sunysb.edu/francium_news/trapping.HTM">the original</a> on November 22, 2007. Retrieved May 1, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Francium&rft.atitle=Cooling+and+Trapping&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.physics.sunysb.edu%2Ffrancium_news%2Ftrapping.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbproduction-44"><a href="#cite_ref-sbproduction_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071012010344/http://fr.physics.sunysb.edu/francium_news/production.HTM">"Production of Francium"</a>. Francium. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_at_Stony_Brook" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York at Stony Brook">State University of New York at Stony Brook</a>. February 20, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.physics.sunysb.edu/francium_news/production.HTM">the original</a> on October 12, 2007. Retrieved March 26, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Francium&rft.atitle=Production+of+Francium&rft.date=2007-02-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.physics.sunysb.edu%2Ffrancium_news%2Fproduction.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrozco2014" class="citation report cs1">Orozco, Luis A. (September 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1214938">Project Closeout Report: Francium Trapping Facility at TRIUMF</a> (Report). U.S. Department of Energy. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2172%2F1214938">10.2172/1214938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Project+Closeout+Report%3A+Francium+Trapping+Facility+at+TRIUMF&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Energy&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2172%2F1214938&rft.aulast=Orozco&rft.aufirst=Luis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fservlets%2Fpurl%2F1214938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandeckiZhangCollisterAubin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Tandecki, M; Zhang, J.; Collister, R.; Aubin, S.; Behr, J. A.; Gomez, E.; Gwinner, G.; Orozco, L. A.; Pearson, M. R. (2013). "Commissioning of the Francium Trapping Facility at TRIUMF". Journal of Instrumentation. 8 (12): 12006. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1312.3562">1312.3562</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JInst...8P2006T">2013JInst...8P2006T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-0221%2F8%2F12%2FP12006">10.1088/1748-0221/8/12/P12006</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15501597">15501597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Instrumentation&rft.atitle=Commissioning+of+the+Francium+Trapping+Facility+at+TRIUMF&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=12006&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1312.3562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15501597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1748-0221%2F8%2F12%2FP12006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JInst...8P2006T&rft.aulast=Tandecki&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Zhang%2C+J.&rft.au=Collister%2C+R.&rft.au=Aubin%2C+S.&rft.au=Behr%2C+J.+A.&rft.au=Gomez%2C+E.&rft.au=Gwinner%2C+G.&rft.au=Orozco%2C+L.+A.&rft.au=Pearson%2C+M.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerWolfShani" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Keller, Cornelius; Wolf, Walter; Shani, Jashovam. "Radionuclides, 2. Radioactive Elements and Artificial Radionuclides". <a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15">10.1002/14356007.o22_o15</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Radionuclides%2C+2.+Radioactive+Elements+and+Artificial+Radionuclides&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.o22_o15&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Walter&rft.au=Shani%2C+Jashovam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-losalamos-48"><a href="#cite_ref-losalamos_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://periodic.lanl.gov/87.shtml">"Francium"</a>. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2011. Retrieved February 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francium&rft.pub=Los+Alamos+National+Laboratory&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperiodic.lanl.gov%2F87.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrancium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/087.htm">Francium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Fr/index.html">WebElements.com – Francium</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203125538/http://fr.physics.sunysb.edu/francium_news/frconten.htm">Stony Brook University Physics Dept.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Scerri" title="Eric Scerri">Scerri, Eric</a> (2013). A Tale of Seven Elements, Oxford University Press, Oxford, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195391312" title="Special:BookSources/9780195391312">9780195391312</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="background:transparent; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" 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