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<span>Hindu texts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hindu_texts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hindu texts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hindu_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vedas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upanishads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upanishads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Upanishads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upanishads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ramayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Tolkappiyam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Tolkappiyam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>In Tolkappiyam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Tolkappiyam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Festivals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cheti_Chand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheti_Chand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cheti Chand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheti_Chand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaliya_saheb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaliya_saheb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Chaliya saheb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaliya_saheb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narali_Poornima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narali_Poornima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Narali Poornima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narali_Poornima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beyond_Hinduism_and_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beyond_Hinduism_and_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Beyond Hinduism and India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beyond_Hinduism_and_India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beyond Hinduism and India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beyond_Hinduism_and_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sri_Lankan_Tamils_(Karaiyar_caste)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lankan_Tamils_(Karaiyar_caste)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sri Lankan Tamils (Karaiyar caste)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lankan_Tamils_(Karaiyar_caste)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sindhi_Hindus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sindhi_Hindus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sindhi Hindus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sindhi_Hindus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theravada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theravada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Theravada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theravada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mahayana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mahayana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Mahayana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mahayana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Shinto</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Varuna</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فارونا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فارونا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3" title="বৰুণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৰুণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3_(%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE)" title="বরুণ (দেবতা) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বরুণ (দেবতা)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Варуна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Варуна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3" title="वरुण – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="वरुण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna_(indische_Gottheit)" title="Varuna (indische Gottheit) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Varuna (indische Gottheit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Βαρούνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαρούνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1runa" title="Váruna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Váruna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuno" title="Varuno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Varuno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="وارونا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وارونا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A3" title="વરૂણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વરૂણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A3" title="वरूण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="वरूण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A3%A8%EB%82%98" title="바루나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바루나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Վարունա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վարունա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3_(%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5)" title="वरुण (देव) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वरुण (देव)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna_(bo%C5%BEanstvo)" title="Varuna (božanstvo) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Varuna (božanstvo)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruna" title="Baruna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baruna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varu%E1%B9%87a" title="Varuṇa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Varuṇa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="וארונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וארונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruna" title="Baruna – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baruna" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A3" title="ವರುಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವರುಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ვარუნა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარუნა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna_(isten)" title="Varuna (isten) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Varuna (isten)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%BB" title="വരുണൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വരുണൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3" title="वरुण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वरुण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waruna" title="Waruna – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Waruna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna_(god)" title="Varuna (god) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Varuna (god)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3" title="वरुण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वरुण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8A_(%E7%A5%9E)" title="ヴァルナ (神) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルナ (神)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waruna" title="Waruna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Waruna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Варуна – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Варуна" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வருணன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வருணன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Варуна – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Варуна" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%81" title="వరుణుడు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వరుణుడు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93" title="พระพิรุณ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระพิรุณ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Воруна – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Воруна" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Varuna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Варуна – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Варуна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Hindu deity associated with water</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the possible dwarf planet, see <a href="/wiki/20000_Varuna" title="20000 Varuna">20000 Varuna</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Varuna_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Varuna (disambiguation)">Varuna (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #FFC569;">Varuna</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of the Sky,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oceans, and Water</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Member of <a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Varuna_makara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Varuna_makara.jpg/220px-Varuna_makara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Varuna_makara.jpg/330px-Varuna_makara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Varuna_makara.jpg/440px-Varuna_makara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3152" data-file-height="3146" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Varuna on his mount a <a href="/wiki/Makara" title="Makara">Makara</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dikpala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikpala">Dikpala</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abode</th><td class="infobox-data">Ocean</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">Planet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Oṃ jala bimbāya vidmahe<br />nīla puruṣāya dhīmahi<br />tanno varuṇaḥ pracodayāt<br />Oṃ Varunāya Namaḥ</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapon</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Noose" title="Noose">Noose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varunastra" title="Varunastra">Varunastra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandiva" title="Gandiva">Gandiva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vahana" title="Vahana">Mount</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Makara_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makara (Hindu mythology)">Makara</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a> (father)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varunani" class="mw-redirect" title="Varunani">Varunani</a> (chief consort)</li> <li>Gauri</li> <li>Charshani</li> <li>Jyeshtha<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_1975_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani_1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Sushena</li> <li>Vandin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Dakshasavarni Manu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a></li> <li>Pushkara</li> <li>Bala</li> <li>Sura</li> <li>Andharmaka</li> <li>Kali (<a href="/wiki/Jaya-Vijaya" title="Jaya-Vijaya">Jaya and Vijaya</a>'s father)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuni#Varuna's_daughter" title="Varuni">Varuni</a> (daughter)<sup id="cite_ref-Mani_1975_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mani_1975-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #FFC569;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Norse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Roman</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neptune_(mythology)" title="Neptune (mythology)">Neptune</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; 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In the <i><a href="/wiki/Vedic_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic scriptures">Vedic scriptures</a></i>, he is paired with the god <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Hindu_god)" title="Mitra (Hindu god)">Mitra</a> and is the lord of <a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a> (justice) and <a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> (truth).<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2003p294_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2003p294-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p741_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p741-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varuna is also mentioned as an <a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Aditya</a>, the sons of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the later Hindu texts like the <i><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></i>, Varuna is also a <a href="/wiki/Dikpala" class="mw-redirect" title="Dikpala">Dikpala</a> or guardian of the western direction. He is depicted as a youthful man, mounted on <a href="/wiki/Makara_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makara (Hindu mythology)">Makara</a> (crocodile) and holding a <a href="/wiki/Pasha_(Hinduism)" title="Pasha (Hinduism)">Pasha</a> (noose, rope loop) and a pitcher in his hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2003p294_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2003p294-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass1992p121-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p741_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p741-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has multiple wives and fathered many children, including the Vedic sage <a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2003p294_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2003p294-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is also mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> grammar work <i><a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a></i>, as Kadalon the god of sea and rain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is found in Japanese Buddhist mythology as <a href="/wiki/Suijin" title="Suijin">Suiten</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass1992p121-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also found in <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajarani_Temple_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rajarani_Temple_03.jpg/220px-Rajarani_Temple_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rajarani_Temple_03.jpg/330px-Rajarani_Temple_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rajarani_Temple_03.jpg/440px-Rajarani_Temple_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="2513" /></a><figcaption>Varuna iconography at the 11th-century Rajarani <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Michell1977p45_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michell1977p45-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In Hindu tradition, the theonym <i>Váruṇa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:वरुण">वरुण</a>) is described as a derivation from the verbal root <i>vṛ</i> ("to surround, to cover" or "to restrain, bind") by means of a suffixal <i>-uṇa-</i>, for an interpretation of the name as "he who covers or binds", in reference to the cosmological <a href="/wiki/Oceanus" title="Oceanus">ocean or river</a> encircling the world, but also in reference to the "binding" by universal law or <i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass1992p121-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a> (1934) made a cautious case for the identity of Varuna and the Greek god <i><a href="/wiki/Uranus_(mythology)" title="Uranus (mythology)">Ouranos</a></i> at the earliest <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European mythology">Indo-European</a> cultural level.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dumézil_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dumézil-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The etymological identification of the name <i>Ouranos</i> with the Sanskrit <i>Varuṇa</i> is based in the derivation of both names from the <a href="/wiki/PIE_root" class="mw-redirect" title="PIE root">PIE root</a> <i>*ŭer</i> with a sense of "binding" – the Indic king-god <i>Varuṇa</i> binds the wicked, the Greek king-god <i>Ouranos</i> binds the Cyclopes. This derivation of the Greek name is now widely rejected in favour of derivation from the root *<i>wers-</i> "to moisten, drip" (Sanskrit vṛṣ "to rain, pour").<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hindu_texts">Hindu texts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hindu texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedas">Vedas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vedas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the earliest layer of the <i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>, Varuna is the guardian of moral law, one who punishes those who sin without remorse, and who forgives those who err with remorse.<sup id="cite_ref-dhavamony167_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhavamony167-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Griffiths1991p132_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffiths1991p132-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is mentioned in many Rigvedic hymns, such as 7.86–88, 1.25, 2.27–30, 8.8, 9.73 and others.<sup id="cite_ref-dhavamony167_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dhavamony167-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass1992p121-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His relationship with waters, rivers and oceans is mentioned in the Vedas. Rig veda 10.123 says Hiranyapaksha (golden winged bird) as the messenger of Varuna. The golden winged messenger bird of Varuna may not be a mythical one but most probably flamingos because they have colourful wings and the sukta further describes Vulture as the messenger of Yama, the beaks of both these birds have similar morphology and flamingos are seen nearby seashores and marshlands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oldenberg1988p104_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldenberg1988p104-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Rigveda</i> also features him as the <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">god of the sky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Varuna and <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitra</a> are the gods of the societal affairs including the <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oath</a>, and are often twinned <i><a href="/wiki/Mitra-Varuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra-Varuna">Mitra-Varuna</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oldenberg1988p95_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oldenberg1988p95-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Mitra and Varuna are classified as <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asura (Hinduism)">Asuras</a> in the <i>Rigveda</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mandala_5" title="Mandala 5">RV 5</a>.63.3), although they are also addressed as <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> as well (e.g. <a href="/wiki/RV_7" class="mw-redirect" title="RV 7">RV 7</a>.60.12).<sup id="cite_ref-Bane_2012_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bane_2012-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varuna, being the king of the Asuras, was adopted or made the change to a Deva after the structuring of the primordial cosmos, imposed by Indra after he defeats <a href="/wiki/Vritra" title="Vritra">Vritra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varuna_with_Varunani.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Varuna_with_Varunani.jpg/200px-Varuna_with_Varunani.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Varuna_with_Varunani.jpg/300px-Varuna_with_Varunani.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Varuna_with_Varunani.jpg/400px-Varuna_with_Varunani.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3251" data-file-height="5046" /></a><figcaption>Varuna with Varunani. Statue carved out of <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, dates back to 8th century CE, discovered in Karnataka. On display at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince of Wales museum">Prince of Wales museum</a>, Mumbai.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Doris_Meth_Srinivasan" title="Doris Meth Srinivasan">Doris Srinivasan</a>, a professor of Indology focusing on religion, Varuna-Mitra pair is an ambiguous deity just like <a href="/wiki/Rudra" title="Rudra">Rudra</a>-<a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> pair.<sup id="cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both have wrathful-gracious aspects in Indian mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-Macey2010p2_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macey2010p2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Varuna and Rudra are synonymous with "all comprehensive sight, knowledge", both were the guardian deity of the north in the Vedic texts (Varuna later gets associated with west), both can be offered "injured, ill offerings", all of which suggest that Varuna may have been conceptually overlapping with Rudra.<sup id="cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, the Rigvedic hymn 5.70 calls Mitra-Varuna pair as <i>rudra</i>, states Srinivasan.<sup id="cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Samuel Macey and other scholars, Varuna had been the more ancient Indo-Aryan deity in 2nd millennium BCE, who gave way to Rudra in the Hindu pantheon, and Rudra-Shiva became both "timeless and the god of time".<sup id="cite_ref-Macey2010p2_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macey2010p2-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Vajasaneyi Samhita</i> 21.40 (<i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i>), Varuna is called the patron deity of physicians, one who has "a hundred, a thousand remedies".<sup id="cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Srinivasan1997p48-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His capacity and association with "all comprehensive knowledge" is also found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i> (~1000 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varuna also finds a mention in the early <a href="/wiki/Upanishad" class="mw-redirect" title="Upanishad">Upanishads</a>, where his role evolves. In verse 3.9.26 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a></i> (~800 BCE), for example, he is stated to be the god of the western quarter, but one who is founded on "water" and dependent ultimately on "the heart" and the fire of soul.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha Upanishad</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Aditi" title="Aditi">Aditi</a> is identified to be same as the goddess earth. She is stated in the Vedic texts to be the mother of Varuna and <a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitra</a> along with other Vedic gods, and in later Hindu mythology she as mother earth is stated to be mother of all gods.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> it is said: "In fact Varuna is <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and Vishnu is Varuna and hence the auspicious offering is to be made to these deities." || 8.59 ||<sup id="cite_ref-Pandey_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pandey-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upanishads">Upanishads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Upanishads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Varuna, addressed as Varuni explained <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taittiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taittiriya">Taittiriya</a> Upanishad to sage <a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a>. First six anuvakas of Bhrigu Valli are called <i>Bhargavi Varuni Vidya</i>, which means "the knowledge Bhrigu got from (his father) Varuni". It is in these anuvakas that sage Varuni advises Bhrigu with one of the oft-cited definition of Brahman, as "that from which beings originate, through which they live, and in which they re-enter after death, explore that because that is Brahman".<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This thematic, all encompassing, eternal nature of reality and existence develops as the basis for Bhrigu's emphasis on introspection, to help peel off the outer husks of knowledge, in order to reach and realize the innermost kernel of spiritual Self-knowledge.<sup id="cite_ref-pauldeussen311_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pauldeussen311-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramayana">Ramayana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ramayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rama-Varuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rama-Varuna.jpg/220px-Rama-Varuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rama-Varuna.jpg/330px-Rama-Varuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Rama-Varuna.jpg/440px-Rama-Varuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>Varuna himself arose from the depth of the ocean and begged Rama for forgiveness.</figcaption></figure> <p>Rama interacts with Varuna in the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>. For example, faced with the dilemma of how to cross the ocean to <a href="/wiki/Lanka" title="Lanka">Lanka</a>, where his abducted wife <a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a> is held captive by the demon king <a href="/wiki/Ravana" title="Ravana">Ravana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>) performs a <i>pravpavesha</i> (prayer, <a href="/wiki/Tapasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapasya">tapasya</a>) to Varuna, the Lord of Oceans, for three days and three nights, states Ramesh Menon.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2004p376-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varuna does not respond, and Rama arises on the fourth morning, enraged. He states to his brother Lakshamana that "even lords of the elements listen only to violence, Varuna does not respect gentleness, and peaceful prayers go unheard".<sup id="cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2004p376-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his bow and arrow, Rama prepares to attack the oceans to dry up the waters and create a bed of sand for his army of monkeys to cross and thus confront Ravana. Lakshmana appeals to Rama, translates Menon, that he should return to "peaceful paths of our fathers, you can win this war without laying waste the sea".<sup id="cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2004p376-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rama shoots his weapon sending the ocean into flames. As Rama increases the ferocity of his weapons, Varuna arises out of the oceans. He bows to Rama, stating that he himself did not know how to help Rama because the sea is deep, vast and he cannot change the nature of sea. Varuna asked Rama to remember that he is "the soul of peace and love, wrath does not suit him". Varuna promised to Rama that he will not disturb him or his army as they build a bridge and cross over to Lanka. Although, most of the sources claim it was <a href="/wiki/Samudra" title="Samudra">Samudra</a>, the god of the oceans who met Rama not the water god Varuna.<sup id="cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menon2004p376-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Tolkappiyam">In Tolkappiyam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In Tolkappiyam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tolk%C4%81ppiyam" title="Tolkāppiyam">Tolkāppiyam</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> grammar work from the 3rd century BCE divides the people of ancient <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> into five <a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a> divisions: <i>kurinji, mullai, paalai, marutham</i> and <i>neithal</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each landscape is designated with different gods. <i>Neithal</i> is described as a seashore landscape occupied by fishermen and seatraders, with the god of sea and rain, <i>Varunan</i> or <i>Kadalōn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Varuna" means water which denotes the ocean in the Tamil language.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chalio" title="Chalio">Chalio</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheti_Chand">Cheti Chand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cheti Chand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a> festival in the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Chaitra" title="Chaitra">Chaitra</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marks the arrival of spring and harvest, but in Sindhi Hindu community, it also marks the mythical birth of Uderolal in the year 1007.<sup id="cite_ref-falzon159_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falzon159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kumar120_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar120-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramey2008p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uderolal morphed into a warrior and old man who preached and reprimanded Mirkhshah that Muslims and Hindus deserve the same religious freedoms. He, as Jhulelal,<sup id="cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramey2008p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the saviour of the Sindhi Hindus, who according to this legend, celebrate the new year as Uderolal's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramey2008p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-falzon159_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falzon159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaliya_saheb">Chaliya saheb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chaliya saheb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chalio" title="Chalio">Chalio</a> or Chaliho, also called Chaliho Sahib, is a forty-day-long festival celebrated by Sindhi Hindus<sup id="cite_ref-a_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-d_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to express their gratitude to Jhulelal for saving them from their impending conversion to Islam. The festival is observed every year in the months of July to August; dates vary according to the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-a_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a thanksgiving celebration in honor of Varuna Deva for listening to their prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-a_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narali_Poornima">Narali Poornima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Narali Poornima"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narali_Poornima" title="Narali Poornima">Narali Poornima</a></div> <p>Nārali Poornima is a ceremonial day observed by Hindu fishing communities in <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> particularly around <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Konkan_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Konkan coast">Konkan coast</a>. It is held on the full-moon day of the Hindu month of <a href="/wiki/Shravan_month" class="mw-redirect" title="Shravan month">Shravan</a> which falls around July or August. On this day offerings such as rice, flowers and coconuts are offered to Lord Varuna, the god of ocean and waters.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beyond_Hinduism_and_India">Beyond Hinduism and India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beyond Hinduism and India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lankan_Tamils_(Karaiyar_caste)"><span id="Sri_Lankan_Tamils_.28Karaiyar_caste.29"></span>Sri Lankan Tamils (Karaiyar caste)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sri Lankan Tamils (Karaiyar caste)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karaiyar" title="Karaiyar">Karaiyar</a> is a Sri Lankan <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> caste found mainly on the northern and eastern coastal areas of Sri Lanka, and globally among the Tamil diaspora. They are traditionally a seafaring community that is engaged in fishing, shipment and seaborne trade. They fish mostly in deep seas, and employ gillnet and seine fishing methods. The Karaiyars were the major maritime traders and boat owners who among other things, traded with pearls, chanks, tobacco, and shipped goods overseas to countries such as India, Myanmar and Indonesia. The community known for their maritime history, are also reputed as a warrior caste who contributed as army and navy soldiers of Tamil kings. They were noted as the army generals and navy captains of the Aryacakravarti dynasty. The Karaiyars emerged in the 1990s as strong representatives of Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism. The nuclear leadership of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam have background in the wealthier enterprising section of the Karaiyars. </p><p>The word "Karaiyar" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil language</a> words <i>karai</i> ("coast" or "shore") and <i>yar</i> ("people").<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>Kareoi</i> mentioned by 2nd century CE writer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, is identified with the Tamil word "Karaiyar".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Portuguese and Dutch sources mentions them under the term <i>Careas</i>, <i>Careaz</i>, or <i>Carias,</i> which are terms denoting "Karaiyar".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kurukulam</i>, <i>Varunakulam</i> and <i>Arasakulam</i> were historically one of the significant clans of the Karaiyars.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurukulam, meaning "clan of the <i>Kuru</i>", may be a reference to their origin from <a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Kurumandalam</a> (meaning "realm of Kuru's") of <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They attribute their origin myth from the <a href="/wiki/Kuru_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuru Kingdom">Kuru Kingdom</a>, mentioned in the Hindu epic <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars derived <i>Kurukulam</i> from Kuru, the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> name for <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varunakulam, meaning "clan of <i>Varuna</i>", is a reference to their maritime origin.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Varuna is the god of sea and rain, mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Literature">Vedic Literature</a>, but also in <a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a> as the principal deity of the <i>Neithal <a href="/wiki/Sangam_landscape" title="Sangam landscape">Sangam landscape</a></i> (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral</a> landscape).<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arasakulam means "clan of kings".<sup id="cite_ref-:13_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They used the <a href="/wiki/Makara_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makara (Hindu mythology)">Makara</a> as emblem, the mount of their clan deity, the sea god Varuna, which was also seen on their flags. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sindhi_Hindus">Sindhi Hindus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sindhi Hindus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg/150px-Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg/225px-Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg/300px-Jhulelal_hindu_deity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jhulelal_(Hinduism)" title="Jhulelal (Hinduism)">Jhulelal</a> is considered an incarnation of Varuna by <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi Hindus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jhulelal is believed by Sindhi Hindus to be an <a href="/wiki/Incarnation" title="Incarnation">incarnation</a> of Varuna.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalal2010p178_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalal2010p178-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They celebrate the festival of <a href="/wiki/Cheti_Chand" title="Cheti Chand">Cheti Chand</a> in his honor. The festival marks the arrival of spring and harvest, but in Sindhi community it also marks the birth of Uderolal in year 1007, after they prayed to Hindu god Varuna to save them from the persecution by tyrannical Muslim ruler named Mirkhshah.<sup id="cite_ref-falzon159_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falzon159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kumar120_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kumar120-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramey2008p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uderolal morphed into a warrior and old man who preached and reprimanded Mirkhshah that Muslims and Hindus deserve the same religious freedoms. He, as Jhulelal,<sup id="cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramey2008p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the champion of the people in Sindh, from both religions. Among his <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> Muslim followers, Jhulelal is known as "Khwaja Khizir" or "Sheikh Tahit". The Hindu Sindhi, according to this legend, celebrate the new year as Uderolal's birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramey2008p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-falzon159_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-falzon159-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Theravada">Theravada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theravada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> school recognizes Varuṇa (Sanskrit; Pali: Varuna) as a king of the devas and companion of <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Sakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Pajāpati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Isāna</a>. In the battle against the <a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asuras</a>, the devas of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81yastri%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Trāyastriṃśa">Tāvatiṃsa</a> were asked to look upon the banner of Varuna in order to have all their fears dispelled (S.i.219). </p><p>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tevijja_Sutta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tevijja Sutta (page does not exist)">Tevijja Sutta</a> mentions him among <a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soma_(deity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Soma (deity)">Soma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Isāna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prajapati" title="Prajapati">Pajāpati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahiddhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahiddhi (page does not exist)">Mahiddhi</a> as gods that are invoked by the <a href="/wiki/Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmins">brahmins</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atanatiya_Sutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Atanatiya Sutta">Ātānātiya Sutta</a> lists him among the <a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yakkha</a> chiefs. </p><p>Buddhaghosa states (SA.i.262) that Varuna is equal in age and glory (vanna) with Sakka and takes the third seat in the assembly of devas.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mahayana">Mahayana</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mahayana"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sui_Ten_Varna_TOJI12TEN.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sui_Ten_Varna_TOJI12TEN.JPG/220px-Sui_Ten_Varna_TOJI12TEN.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sui_Ten_Varna_TOJI12TEN.JPG/330px-Sui_Ten_Varna_TOJI12TEN.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Sui_Ten_Varna_TOJI12TEN.JPG/440px-Sui_Ten_Varna_TOJI12TEN.JPG 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Painting of Varuna (<a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">East Asian Buddhism</a>, Varuna is a <a href="/wiki/Dharmap%C4%81la" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmapāla">dharmapāla</a> and often classed as one of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Twelve_Devas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Twelve Devas (page does not exist)">Twelve Devas</a> (Japanese: <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%A9" class="extiw" title="ja:十二天">Jūniten</a>, 十二天). He presides over the western direction.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, he is called "Suiten" (水天 lit. "water <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">deva</a>"). He is included with the other eleven devas, which include Taishakuten (<a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aakra_(Buddhism)" title="Śakra (Buddhism)">Śakra/Indra</a>), Fūten (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vāyu">Vāyu</a>), Emmaten (<a href="/wiki/Yama" title="Yama">Yama</a>), Rasetsuten (<a href="/wiki/Nir%E1%B9%9Bti_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirṛti (god)">Nirṛti</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rakshasa" title="Rakshasa">Rākṣasa</a>), Ishanaten (<a href="/wiki/Ishana" title="Ishana">Īśāna</a>), Bishamonten (<a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Brava%E1%B9%87a" title="Vaiśravaṇa">Vaiśravaṇa/Kubera</a>), Katen (<a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a>), Bonten (<a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmā">Brahmā</a>), Jiten (<a href="/wiki/P%E1%B9%9Bthiv%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pṛthivī">Pṛthivī</a>), Nitten (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%ABrya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sūrya">Sūrya/Āditya</a>), and Gatten (<a href="/wiki/Chandra" title="Chandra">Chandra</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shinto"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_Suitengu_201604a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tokyo_Suitengu_201604a.jpg/220px-Tokyo_Suitengu_201604a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tokyo_Suitengu_201604a.jpg/330px-Tokyo_Suitengu_201604a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tokyo_Suitengu_201604a.jpg/440px-Tokyo_Suitengu_201604a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Suiteng%C5%AB_(Tokyo)" title="Suitengū (Tokyo)">Suitengū (Tokyo)</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a> to Varuna.</figcaption></figure> <p>Varuna is also worshipped in Japan's <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> religion. One of the Shinto shrines dedicated to him is the <a href="/wiki/Suiteng%C5%AB_(Tokyo)" title="Suitengū (Tokyo)"><i>Suitengū</i></a> ("Palace of Suiten") in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>. After the Japanese emperor issued the <i><a href="/wiki/Shinbutsu_bunri" title="Shinbutsu bunri">Shinbutsu bunri</a></i>, the separation of Shinto and Buddhist practices as part of the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a>, Varuna/Suiten was identified with the Japanese supreme God, <a href="/wiki/Amenominakanushi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenominakanushi">Amenominakanushi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_priester_biedt_de_zeegod_Baruna_een_offer_aan_tijdens_het_reinigingsfeest_%27Melis%27_op_Bali.%27_TMnr_10001219.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_priester_biedt_de_zeegod_Baruna_een_offer_aan_tijdens_het_reinigingsfeest_%27Melis%27_op_Bali.%27_TMnr_10001219.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_priester_biedt_de_zeegod_Baruna_een_offer_aan_tijdens_het_reinigingsfeest_%27Melis%27_op_Bali.%27_TMnr_10001219.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_priester_biedt_de_zeegod_Baruna_een_offer_aan_tijdens_het_reinigingsfeest_%27Melis%27_op_Bali.%27_TMnr_10001219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_priester_biedt_de_zeegod_Baruna_een_offer_aan_tijdens_het_reinigingsfeest_%27Melis%27_op_Bali.%27_TMnr_10001219.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_%27Een_priester_biedt_de_zeegod_Baruna_een_offer_aan_tijdens_het_reinigingsfeest_%27Melis%27_op_Bali.%27_TMnr_10001219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:228px;max-width:228px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Parshuramsaraswats.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Parshuramsaraswats.jpg/226px-Parshuramsaraswats.jpg" decoding="async" width="226" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Parshuramsaraswats.jpg/339px-Parshuramsaraswats.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Parshuramsaraswats.jpg/452px-Parshuramsaraswats.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="942" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: A <a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hindu</a> offering prayers to Varuna on Indonesian beach;<br />Right: Vishnu avatar <a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parasurama</a>, asking Varuna to create new land known as <a href="/wiki/Tulunad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulunad">Parashuram Sristi</a>.</div></div></div></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80dityas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ādityas">Ādityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apam_Napat" title="Apam Napat">Apam Napat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Guardians of the directions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Hindu deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitra_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitra (Vedic)">Mitra (Vedic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitra%E2%80%93Varuna" title="Mitra–Varuna">Mitra–Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Rigvedic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_king_and_the_god" title="The king and the god">The king and the god</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wise_Bauer" title="Susan Wise Bauer">Bauer, Susan Wise</a> (2007). <i>The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8"><bdi>978-0-393-05974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05974-8&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Susan+Wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217070734/http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/days.html">"Planetary Linguistics"</a>. <i>web.archive.org</i>. 2007-12-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=web.archive.org&rft.atitle=Planetary+Linguistics&rft.date=2007-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20071217070734%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fseds.lpl.arizona.edu%2Fnineplanets%2Fnineplanets%2Fdays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mani_1975-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_1975_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mani_1975_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMani1975" class="citation book cs1">Mani, Vettam (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/puranicencyclopa00maniuoft/page/832/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Puranic encyclopaedia : a comprehensive dictionary with special reference to the epic and Puranic literature</i></a>. Robarts – University of Toronto. Delhi : Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8426-0822-0"><bdi>978-0-8426-0822-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Puranic+encyclopaedia+%3A+a+comprehensive+dictionary+with+special+reference+to+the+epic+and+Puranic+literature&rft.pub=Delhi+%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8426-0822-0&rft.aulast=Mani&rft.aufirst=Vettam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpuranicencyclopa00maniuoft%2Fpage%2F832%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.V.Tagare1958" class="citation book cs1">G.V.Tagare (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart3"><i>Brahmanda Purana – English Translation – Part 3 of 5</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/BrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart3/page/n77">794</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmanda+Purana+%E2%80%93+English+Translation+%E2%80%93+Part+3+of+5&rft.pages=794&rft.date=1958&rft.au=G.V.Tagare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FBrahmandaPuranaG.V.TagarePart3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2017" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (2017-10-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/stuta">"Stuta, Stutā: 5 definitions"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Stuta%2C+Stut%C4%81%3A+5+definitions&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fstuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/varuna">"Varuna"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wise_Bauer" title="Susan Wise Bauer">Bauer, Susan Wise</a> (2007). <i>The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8"><bdi>978-0-393-05974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05974-8&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Susan+Wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams2003p294-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2003p294_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2003p294_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams2003p294_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Mason_Williams2003" class="citation book cs1">George Mason Williams (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068"><i>Handbook of Hindu Mythology</i></a></span>. ABC-CLIO. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9791576071068/page/294">294</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-106-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-106-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-106-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-106-9&rft.au=George+Mason+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9791576071068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p741-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p741_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p741_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/741">741</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3180-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-3180-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+N-Z&rft.pages=741&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&q=Kashyapa+Varuna&pg=PA274"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143414216" title="Special:BookSources/9780143414216"><bdi>9780143414216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780143414216&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC%26q%3DKashyapa%2BVaruna%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snodgrass1992p121-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snodgrass1992p121_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdrian_Snodgrass1992" class="citation book cs1">Adrian Snodgrass (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzqK8dDCM0UC"><i>The Symbolism of the Stupa</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 120–122 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0781-5"><bdi>978-81-208-0781-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Symbolism+of+the+Stupa&rft.pages=120-122+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0781-5&rft.au=Adrian+Snodgrass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzqK8dDCM0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZjoRAAAAYAAJ"><i>Journal of Tamil Studies</i></a>. International Institute of Tamil Studies. 1969. p. 131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=International+Institute+of+Tamil+Studies&rft.date=1969&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZjoRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSehdev_Kumar2001" class="citation book cs1">Sehdev Kumar (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSDACkmA_ukC&pg=PA18"><i>A Thousand Petalled Lotus: Jain Temples of Rajasthan : Architecture & Iconography</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-348-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-348-9"><bdi>978-81-7017-348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Thousand+Petalled+Lotus%3A+Jain+Temples+of+Rajasthan+%3A+Architecture+%26+Iconography&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-348-9&rft.au=Sehdev+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSDACkmA_ukC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKristi_L._Wiley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kristi L. Wiley (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kUz9o-EKTpwC&pg=PA248"><i>The A to Z of Jainism</i></a>. Scarecrow. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6821-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-6821-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Jainism&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6821-2&rft.au=Kristi+L.+Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkUz9o-EKTpwC%26pg%3DPA248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michell1977p45-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michell1977p45_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell1977" class="citation book cs1">George Michell (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC"><i>The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 4, 44–45 with Figure 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1"><bdi>978-0-226-53230-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Meaning+and+Forms&rft.pages=4%2C+44-45+with+Figure+15&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53230-1&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajgImLs62gwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dumézil, <i>Ouranós-Váruna: Étude de mythologie comparée indo-européenne</i> (Paris:Maisonneuve 1932).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumézil-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dumézil_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Dumézil, <i>Ouranos-Varuna – Essai de mythologie comparée indo-européenne</i> (Paris: G.-P. Maisonneuve, 1934).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mayrhofer" title="Manfred Mayrhofer">Manfred Mayrhofer</a>, <i>Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen</i>, vol. 2, s.v. "Vsáruṇa" (Heidelberg: Carl Winter, 1996), 515–6. <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Charles_Polom%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Charles Polomé">Edgar C. Polomé</a>, "Binder-god", in <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Indo-European_Culture" title="Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture">Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture</a></i> (London–Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dhavamony167-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamony167_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dhavamony167_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1982" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DD0w_IMFA8gC"><i>Classical Hinduism</i></a>. Gregorian. pp. 167–168 with footnotes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-482-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7652-482-0"><bdi>978-88-7652-482-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Hinduism&rft.pages=167-168+with+footnotes&rft.pub=Gregorian&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-88-7652-482-0&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDD0w_IMFA8gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffiths1991p132-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Griffiths1991p132_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Gwyn_Griffiths1991" class="citation book cs1">John Gwyn Griffiths (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDbjjKglE1kC&pg=PA132"><i>The Divine Verdict: A Study of Divine Judgement in the Ancient Religions</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">132–</span>133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-09231-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-09231-5"><bdi>90-04-09231-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Divine+Verdict%3A+A+Study+of+Divine+Judgement+in+the+Ancient+Religions&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=90-04-09231-5&rft.au=John+Gwyn+Griffiths&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDbjjKglE1kC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hymnsrigveda00unkngoog/page/n574/mode/2up">"The Hymns of the Rigveda"</a>. E.J. Lazarus & co. 1897.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hymns+of+the+Rigveda&rft.pub=E.J.+Lazarus+%26+co.&rft.date=1897&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhymnsrigveda00unkngoog%2Fpage%2Fn574%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldenberg1988p104-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldenberg1988p104_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Oldenberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Oldenberg (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKeubCiBOPQC"><i>The Religion of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0392-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0392-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0392-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0392-3&rft.au=Hermann+Oldenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKeubCiBOPQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wise_Bauer" title="Susan Wise Bauer">Bauer, Susan Wise</a> (2007). <i>The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the Fall of Rome</i> (1st ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="W. W. Norton">W. W. Norton</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05974-8"><bdi>978-0-393-05974-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Ancient+World%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Fall+of+Rome&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=265&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-393-05974-8&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Susan+Wise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oldenberg1988p95-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oldenberg1988p95_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann_Oldenberg1988" class="citation book cs1">Hermann Oldenberg (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKeubCiBOPQC&pg=PA95"><i>The Religion of the Veda</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">95–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0392-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0392-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0392-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Veda&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0392-3&rft.au=Hermann+Oldenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKeubCiBOPQC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Leeming2005" class="citation book cs1">David Leeming (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem"><i>The Oxford Companion to World Mythology</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000leem/page/200">200</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028888-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-028888-4"><bdi>978-0-19-028888-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+World+Mythology&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-028888-4&rft.au=David+Leeming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont0000leem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bane_2012-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bane_2012_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBane2012" class="citation book cs1">Bane, Theresa (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njDRfG6YVb8C&pg=PA323"><i>Encyclopedia of Demons in World Religions and Cultures</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_North_Carolina" title="Jefferson, North Carolina">Jefferson, North Carolina</a>: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland</a>. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8894-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8894-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-8894-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/774276733">774276733</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Demons+in+World+Religions+and+Cultures&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F774276733&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8894-0&rft.aulast=Bane&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjDRfG6YVb8C%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. B. J. Kuiper (1975), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1061926">The Basic Concept of Vedic Religion</a>, History of Religions, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Nov., 1975), pp. 107–120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Srinivasan1997p48-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Srinivasan1997p48_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoris_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">Doris Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC&pg=PA48"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10758-4"><bdi>90-04-10758-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-10758-4&rft.au=Doris+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macey2010p2-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macey2010p2_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macey2010p2_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_L._Macey2010" class="citation book cs1">Samuel L. Macey (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_z_R89DaPkC&pg=PA2"><i>Patriarchs of Time</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">2–</span>3, 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3797-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-3797-5"><bdi>978-0-8203-3797-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriarchs+of+Time&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2-%3C%2Fspan%3E3%2C+165&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-3797-5&rft.au=Samuel+L.+Macey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_z_R89DaPkC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._P._MalloryD._Q._Adams2006" class="citation book cs1">J. P. Mallory; D. Q. Adams (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNUSDAAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">430–</span>432. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928791-8"><bdi>978-0-19-928791-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Introduction+to+Proto-Indo-European+and+the+Proto-Indo-European+World&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E430-%3C%2Fspan%3E432&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-928791-8&rft.au=J.+P.+Mallory&rft.au=D.+Q.+Adams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNUSDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1978" class="citation journal cs1">Srinivasan, Doris (1978). "The Religious Significance of Divine Multiple Body Parts in the Atharva Veda". <i>Numen</i>. <b>25</b> (3). Brill Academic Publishers: <span class="nowrap">198–</span>200, context: 193–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852778x00245">10.1163/156852778x00245</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Significance+of+Divine+Multiple+Body+Parts+in+the+Atharva+Veda&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E200%2C+context%3A+193-225&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852778x00245&rft.aulast=Srinivasan&rft.aufirst=Doris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC"><i>The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 1998. pp. <span class="nowrap">98–</span>101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9"><bdi>978-0-19-535242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads%3A+Annotated+Text+and+Translation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535242-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLsp18ZvstrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lsp18ZvstrcC"><i>The Early Upanishads: Annotated Text and Translation</i></a>. Oxford University Press. 1998. p. 478. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535242-9"><bdi>978-0-19-535242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Upanishads%3A+Annotated+Text+and+Translation&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535242-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLsp18ZvstrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Anthony_Macdonell1898" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b7Meabtj8mcC"><i>Vedic Mythology</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>124, <span class="nowrap">30–</span>34, <span class="nowrap">45–</span>46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1113-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vedic+Mythology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E124%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E34%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1898&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1113-3&rft.au=Arthur+Anthony+Macdonell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db7Meabtj8mcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pandey-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pandey_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandey2020" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, R. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UmhpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48"><i>Yajurveda</i></a>. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Limited. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-288-2284-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-288-2284-1"><bdi>978-81-288-2284-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yajurveda&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Diamond+Pocket+Books+%28P%29+Limited&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-81-288-2284-1&rft.aulast=Pandey&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUmhpCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pauldeussen311-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pauldeussen311_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120814684" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120814684">978-8120814684</a>, pages 241-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Menon2004p376-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Menon2004p376_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamesh_Menon2004" class="citation book cs1">Ramesh Menon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kEEXjAagUzsC"><i>The Ramayana: A Modern Retelling of the Great Indian Epic</i></a>. Macmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">376–</span>379. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-2625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4668-2625-0"><bdi>978-1-4668-2625-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ramayana%3A+A+Modern+Retelling+of+the+Great+Indian+Epic&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E376-%3C%2Fspan%3E379&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4668-2625-0&rft.au=Ramesh+Menon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkEEXjAagUzsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBate2010" class="citation book cs1">Bate, Bernard (2010-06-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8uP7LHS3cDMC&q=sangam+landscape&pg=PT124"><i>Tamil Oratory and the Dravidian Aesthetic: Democratic Practice in South India</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51940-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51940-3"><bdi>978-0-231-51940-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Oratory+and+the+Dravidian+Aesthetic%3A+Democratic+Practice+in+South+India&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51940-3&rft.aulast=Bate&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8uP7LHS3cDMC%26q%3Dsangam%2Blandscape%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChampakalakshmi1996" class="citation book cs1">Champakalakshmi, Radha (1996). <i>Trade, ideology, and urbanization: South India 300 BC to AD 1300</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade%2C+ideology%2C+and+urbanization%3A+South+India+300+BC+to+AD+1300&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Champakalakshmi&rft.aufirst=Radha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManickamNadu1968" class="citation book cs1">Manickam, Valliappa Subramaniam; Nadu, Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQOAAAAYAAJ"><i>A glimpse of Tamilology</i></a>. Academy of Tamil Scholars of Tamil Nadu. p. 174.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+glimpse+of+Tamilology&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Academy+of+Tamil+Scholars+of+Tamil+Nadu&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Manickam&rft.aufirst=Valliappa+Subramaniam&rft.au=Nadu%2C+Academy+of+Tamil+Scholars+of+Tamil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIQOAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.jagatgururampalji.org/cheti-chand-jhulelal-jayanti/">"Jhulelal Jayanti 2021 (Cheti Chand) [Hindi]: जानिए झूलेलाल जी को विस्तार से"</a>. <i>S A NEWS</i>. 2021-04-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S+A+NEWS&rft.atitle=Jhulelal+Jayanti+2021+%28Cheti+Chand%29+%5BHindi%5D%3A+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F+%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.jagatgururampalji.org%2Fcheti-chand-jhulelal-jayanti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-falzon159-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-falzon159_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-falzon159_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-falzon159_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-falzon159_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark-Anthony_Falzon2004" class="citation book cs1">Mark-Anthony Falzon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljbS-I5Y8WMC&pg=PA59"><i>Cosmopolitan Connections: The Sindhi Diaspora, 1860–2000</i></a>. BRILL. pp. <span class="nowrap">58–</span>60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14008-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14008-5"><bdi>90-04-14008-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmopolitan+Connections%3A+The+Sindhi+Diaspora%2C+1860%E2%80%932000&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E60&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-14008-5&rft.au=Mark-Anthony+Falzon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljbS-I5Y8WMC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kumar120-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kumar120_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kumar120_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._Pratap_Kumar2014" class="citation book cs1">P. Pratap Kumar (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7Wd_BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120"><i>Contemporary Hinduism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">120–</span>124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-54636-8"><bdi>978-1-317-54636-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Hinduism&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E124&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-54636-8&rft.au=P.+Pratap+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7Wd_BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramey2008p8-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramey2008p8_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Ramey2008" class="citation book cs1">S. Ramey (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bv2ADAAAQBAJ"><i>Hindu, Sufi, or Sikh: Contested Practices and Identifications of Sindhi Hindus in India and Beyond</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 8, 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61622-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61622-6"><bdi>978-0-230-61622-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu%2C+Sufi%2C+or+Sikh%3A+Contested+Practices+and+Identifications+of+Sindhi+Hindus+in+India+and+Beyond&rft.pages=8%2C+36&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61622-6&rft.au=S.+Ramey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBv2ADAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-a-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-a_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Chaliho/">Chaliho festival</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110916224736/http://www.festivalsofindia.in/Chaliho/">Archived</a> September 16, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-b_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/MAH-PUN-sindhis-celebrate-chalio-festival-2272672.html">Sindhis celebrate Chalio festival</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesindhuworld.com/chaliho.html">Sindhi Festivals > Chaliho</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425020539/http://www.thesindhuworld.com/chaliho.html">Archived</a> April 25, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepressjournal.in/spirituality/narali-purnima-2021-all-hail-varuna-dev-the-lord-of-oceans">"Narali Purnima 2021: All hail Varuna Dev, the lord of oceans"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Narali+Purnima+2021%3A+All+hail+Varuna+Dev%2C+the+lord+of+oceans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepressjournal.in%2Fspirituality%2Fnarali-purnima-2021-all-hail-varuna-dev-the-lord-of-oceans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDravidian_Linguistics_Association1990" class="citation book cs1">Dravidian Linguistics Association (1990). <i>International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics</i>. Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. p. 110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Journal+of+Dravidian+Linguistics&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Department+of+Linguistics%2C+University+of+Kerala.&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Dravidian+Linguistics+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArunachalam1952" class="citation book cs1">Arunachalam, S. (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2vhIAAAAIAAJ"><i>The History of the Pearl Fishery of the Tamil Coast</i></a>. Ananamalai University. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Pearl+Fishery+of+the+Tamil+Coast&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Ananamalai+University&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Arunachalam&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2vhIAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan1961" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, M. D. (1961). <i>The Karāva of Ceylon: Society and Culture</i>. K.V.G. De Sīlva. pp. 5, 13, 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kar%C4%81va+of+Ceylon%3A+Society+and+Culture&rft.pages=5%2C+13%2C+195&rft.pub=K.V.G.+De+S%C4%ABlva&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaghavan1971" class="citation book cs1">Raghavan, M. D. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fb4LAAAAIAAJ"><i>Tamil culture in Ceylon: a general introduction</i></a>. Kalai Nilayam. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+culture+in+Ceylon%3A+a+general+introduction&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=Kalai+Nilayam&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Raghavan&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFb4LAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemper1973" class="citation book cs1">Kemper, Steven E. G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pGUEAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Social Order of the Sinhalese Buddhist Sangha</i></a>. University of Chicago. p. 215.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Social+Order+of+the+Sinhalese+Buddhist+Sangha&rft.pages=215&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago.&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Kemper&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpGUEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NA5uAAAAMAAJ"><i>Nēthrā: A Non-specialist Journal for Lively Minds</i></a>. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. 2000. p. 47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=N%C4%93thr%C4%81%3A+A+Non-specialist+Journal+for+Lively+Minds&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=International+Centre+for+Ethnic+Studies&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNA5uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerinbanayagam1982" class="citation book cs1">Perinbanayagam, R. S. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzPXAAAAMAAJ"><i>The karmic theater: self, society, and astrology in Jaffna</i></a>. University of Massachusetts Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870233746" title="Special:BookSources/9780870233746"><bdi>9780870233746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+karmic+theater%3A+self%2C+society%2C+and+astrology+in+Jaffna&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780870233746&rft.aulast=Perinbanayagam&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtzPXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVriddhagirisan1995" class="citation book cs1">Vriddhagirisan, V. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GD_6ka-aYuQC"><i>Nayaks of Tanjore</i></a>. University of Annamalai. p. 91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120609969" title="Special:BookSources/9788120609969"><bdi>9788120609969</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nayaks+of+Tanjore&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=University+of+Annamalai&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788120609969&rft.aulast=Vriddhagirisan&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGD_6ka-aYuQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXavier_Thaninayagam1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Thaninayagam" title="Xavier Thaninayagam">Xavier Thaninayagam</a> (1966). <i>Tamil Culture: Its Past, Its Present and Its Future With Special Reference to Ceylon</i>. Academy of Tamil Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamil+Culture%3A+Its+Past%2C+Its+Present+and+Its+Future+With+Special+Reference+to+Ceylon&rft.pub=Academy+of+Tamil+Culture&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Xavier+Thaninayagam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalal2010p178-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalal2010p178_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" class="citation book cs1">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books India. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+India&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/varuna#buddhism">"Varuna"</a>. <i>Wisdom Library</i>. June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wisdom+Library&rft.atitle=Varuna&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fdefinition%2Fvaruna%23buddhism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en">Twelve Heavenly Deities (Devas)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304201634/http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100031/000/000?mode=detail&d_lang=en">Archived</a> 2016-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Nara National Museum, Japan</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisf.or.jp/~jaanus/deta/j/juuniten.htm">"juuniten 十二天"</a>. <i>JAANUS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JAANUS&rft.atitle=juuniten+%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C%E5%A4%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aisf.or.jp%2F~jaanus%2Fdeta%2Fj%2Fjuuniten.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVaruna" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Tokyo Suitengu monogatari" 1985 Kodansha, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/406202117X" title="Special:BookSources/406202117X">406202117X</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Varuna&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Varuna" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Varuna">Varuna</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Varuna" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Varuna">Varuna</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41688830">Asura Varuna</a>, R. N. Dandekar (1939)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24048422">Great Vayu and Greater Varuna</a>, Mary Boyce (1993)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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/></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> 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title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a 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