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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fshaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fshaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Fshaj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fshaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Rugova </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ferizaj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ferizaj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.10 Ferizaj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ferizaj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Luma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Luma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.11 Luma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Luma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opoja_and_Restelica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opoja_and_Restelica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.12 Opoja and Restelica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opoja_and_Restelica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kumanovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kumanovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.13 Kumanovo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kumanovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kratovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kratovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.14 Kratovo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kratovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tetovo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tetovo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.15 Tetovo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tetovo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gostivar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gostivar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.16 Gostivar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gostivar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skopje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skopje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.17 Skopje </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skopje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitrovica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitrovica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.18 Mitrovica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitrovica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peja" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peja"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.19 Peja </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peja-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Novi_Pazar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novi_Pazar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.20 Novi Pazar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novi_Pazar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.21 Viti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vilayet_of_Manastir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vilayet_of_Manastir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Vilayet of Manastir </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vilayet_of_Manastir-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Vilayet of Manastir subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Vilayet_of_Manastir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zajas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zajas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Zajas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zajas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plasnicë" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plasnicë"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Plasnicë </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plasnicë-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manastir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manastir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Manastir </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manastir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ohrid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ohrid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Ohrid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ohrid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dibra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dibra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Dibra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dibra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pelagonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelagonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Pelagonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelagonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Porcasi_and_Sulp" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Porcasi_and_Sulp"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Porcasi and Sulp </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Porcasi_and_Sulp-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elbasan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elbasan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Elbasan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elbasan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vilayet_of_Janina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vilayet_of_Janina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Vilayet of Janina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vilayet_of_Janina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internment_and_death_marches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internment_and_death_marches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Internment and death marches </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internment_and_death_marches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eyewitness_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eyewitness_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Eyewitness reports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Eyewitness_reports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Eyewitness reports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Eyewitness_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Historicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_toll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_toll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Death toll </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Death toll subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Death_toll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographic_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Demographic changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Genocide classification </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genocide_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genocide classification subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genocide_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Systematic_Extermination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Systematic_Extermination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Systematic Extermination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Systematic_Extermination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocidal_intent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocidal_intent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Genocidal intent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocidal_intent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Denial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Legality </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legality subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" > 7 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مذابح الألبان في حروب البلقان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذابح الألبان في حروب البلقان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlo%C4%8Dini_nad_Albancima_u_Balkanskim_ratovima" title="Zločini nad Albancima u Balkanskim ratovima – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zločini nad Albancima u Balkanskim ratovima" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakrat_ndaj_shqiptar%C3%ABve_n%C3%AB_Luft%C3%ABrat_Ballkanike" title="Masakrat ndaj shqiptarëve në Luftërat Ballkanike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Masakrat ndaj shqiptarëve në Luftërat Ballkanike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Злочини над Албанцима у балканским ратовима – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Злочини над Албанцима у балканским ратовима" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakri_nad_Albancima_u_balkanskim_ratovima" title="Masakri nad Albancima u balkanskim ratovima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masakri nad Albancima u balkanskim ratovima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbiska_krigsbrott_i_Kosovo_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Serbiska krigsbrott i Kosovo (1912–1913) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Serbiska krigsbrott i Kosovo (1912–1913)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkan_Sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1nda_Arnavut_Katliamlar%C4%B1" title="Balkan Savaşlarında Arnavut Katliamları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Balkan Savaşlarında Arnavut Katliamları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1256053#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Killings of Albanians during the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg/300px-Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg/450px-Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="395" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Albanian civilians taken prisoner in Pristina during massacres by the Serbian army in 1912</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbia_montenegro_albania1913_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Serbia_montenegro_albania1913_01.png/300px-Serbia_montenegro_albania1913_01.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Serbia_montenegro_albania1913_01.png/450px-Serbia_montenegro_albania1913_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Serbia_montenegro_albania1913_01.png/600px-Serbia_montenegro_albania1913_01.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="886" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Situation in the western Balkans after the Ottoman defeat in the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir Vilayet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina Vilayet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1912–1913</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Systematic extermination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced conversions">forced conversions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death_march" title="Death march">death marches</a>, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 120,000–270,000 <ul><li>Kosovo: at least 50,000</li> <li>Albania: up to 100,000 Muslims</li></ul> <a href="#Death_Toll">(see details)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">Ethnic Cleansing: <ul><li>60,000–300,000 Albanians above the age of six expelled from Old Serbia by 1914</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 125,000 Albanians became homeless in northern Albania</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Kingdom of Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chetniks_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Chetniks in the Balkan Wars">Chetniks</a>, Greek paramilitaries</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albanophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanophobia">Albanophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg/220px-NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg/330px-NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg/440px-NY_Times_Massacre_of_Albanians_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption>31 December 1912 <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> headline</figcaption></figure> The massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars were perpetrated on several occasions by the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Montenegrin Army">Montenegrin</a> armies and <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">paramilitaries</a> during the conflicts that occurred in the region between 1912 and 1913.<a href="#cite_note-:14-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Report-2">[2]</a> During the 1912–13 <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> committed a number of <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crimes</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_popoulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian popoulation">Albanian population</a> after expelling <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> forces from present-day <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, which were reported by the European, American and Serbian opposition press.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> Most of the crimes occurred between October 1912 and the summer of 1913. The goal of the forced expulsions and massacres was statistical manipulation before the London Ambassadors Conference to determine the new Balkan borders.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hudson128-5">[5]</a> According to contemporary accounts, around 20,000 to 25,000 Albanians were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_vilayet" title="Kosovo vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a> during the first two to four months, before the violence climaxed.<a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a> The total number of Albanians that were killed in Kosovo and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a> or in all Serbian occupied regions during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> is estimated to be at least 120,000.<a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-12">[12]</a> Most of the victims were children, women and the elderly.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In addition to the massacres, some civilians had their lips and noses severed.<a href="#cite_note-:15-15">[15]</a> Multiple historians, scholars, and contemporary accounts refer to or characterize the massacres as a genocide of Albanians in the Balkan Wars. Further <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">massacres against Albanians occurred during the First World War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Albanians_in_the_Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Albanians in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia">continued during the interwar period</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Cohen" title="Philip J. Cohen">Philip J. Cohen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Army" title="Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a> generated so much fear that some Albanian women killed their children rather than let them fall into the hands of Serbian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Carnegie Commission, an international fact-finding mission, concluded that the Serbian and Montenegrin armies perpetrated large-scale violence for "the entire <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">transformation of the ethnic character</a> of regions inhabited exclusively by Albanians".<a href="#cite_note-Kramer138-17">[17]</a> Cohen, examining the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> report, said that Serbian soldiers cut off the ears, noses and tongues of Albanian civilians and gouged out their eyes.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Cohen also cited Durham as saying that Serbian soldiers helped bury people alive in Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> According to an Albanian <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imam</a> organization, there were around 21,000 simple graves in Kosovo where Albanians were massacred by the Serbian armies.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In August and September 1913, Serbian forces destroyed 140 villages and forced 40,000 Albanians to flee.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> According to documents from the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 239,807 Albanians were expelled from Old Serbia between 1912 and early 1914 (not counting children under the age of six); by late 1914, this number increased to 281,747.<a href="#cite_note-:5-22">[22]</a> These figures, however, are controversial and scholarly estimates can be as low as 60,000 or as high as 300,000.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qirezi46-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> American relief commissioner Willard Howard said in a 1914 <a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a> interview that General Carlos Popovitch would shout, "Don't run away, we are brothers and friends. We don't mean to do any harm."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Peasants who trusted Popovitch were shot or burned to death, and elderly women unable to leave their homes were also burned. Howard said that the atrocities were committed after the war ended. According to <a href="/wiki/Leo_Freundlich" title="Leo Freundlich">Leo Freundlich's</a> 1912 report, Popovitch was responsible for many of the Albanian massacres and became captain of the Serb troops in <a href="/wiki/Durr%C3%ABs" title="Durrës">Durrës</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[26]</a> Serbian Generals Datidas Arkan and Bozo Jankovic were authorized to kill anyone who blocked Serbian control of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective, a 2017 study published in <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Committee_for_Human_Rights_in_Serbia" title="Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia">Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia</a>, said that villages were burned to ashes and Albanian Muslims forced to flee when Serbo-Montenegrin forces invaded Kosovo in 1912. Some chronicles cited <a href="/wiki/Decapitation" title="Decapitation">decapitation</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and Leo Freundlich estimated that about 25,000 Albanians died in the Kosovo Vilayet by early 1913.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> Serbian journalist <a href="/wiki/Kosta_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Kosta Novaković">Kosta Novaković</a>, who was a Serbian soldier during the Balkan wars, reported that over 120,000 Albanians were killed in Kosovo and Macedonia, and at least 50,000 were expelled to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and Albania.<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> A 2000 report examining Freundlich's collection of international news stories about the atrocities estimated that about 50,000 were victims within present-day borders of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-:19-30">[30]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> The Albanian-Serbian conflict has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">expulsion of the Albanians in 1877-1878</a> from areas which were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> As a result, some Albanian refugees who fled to Kosovo <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Serbs_during_the_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attacks on Serbs during the Serbian–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">attacked the local Serb population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In May 1901, Albanians pillaged and partially burned the cities of Novi Pazar, Sjenica and Pristina, and <a href="/wiki/1901_massacres_of_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="1901 massacres of Serbs">massacred Serbs</a> in the area of <a href="/wiki/Ibarski_Kola%C5%A1in" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibarski Kolašin">North Kosovo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Before the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> were fighting for a <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>. A mid-1912 <a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt</a> resulted in Ottoman recognition of the "<a href="/wiki/Hasan_Prishtina#Albanian_National_Movement" title="Hasan Prishtina">14 Points</a>", a list of demands which included the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Vilayet" title="Albanian Vilayet">Albanian Vilayet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti94-35">[35]</a> The push for Albanian autonomy and Ottoman weakness were seen by contemporary regional Christian Balkan powers as threatening their Christian population with extermination.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> According to Albanian scholarship, the realisation of Albanian aspirations was received negatively by Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti94-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, Greece and <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>) attacked the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and, during the next few months, partitioned all Ottoman territory inhabited by Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Report-2">[2]</a> The kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> occupied most of present-day Albania and other Albanian-inhabited lands on the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic coast">Adriatic coast</a>. Montenegro occupied a portion of present-day northern Albania, around <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>. According to Dimitrije Tucović, Serbia doubled its territory. Most Albanian historians say that Montenegro, Greece and Serbia did not recognise Albanian autonomy, and the Balkan Wars were fought to stop it on Ottoman lands they claimed.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti94-35">[35]</a> When the Serbo-Montenegrin forces invaded the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Vilayet of Kosovo</a> in 1912, much of the Albanian population fled due to the feared (and actual) violence they experienced at the hands of the invading armies.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Serb military effort to conquer Kosovo had overtones of extermination due to Serb retaliation against Albanians affecting children and women, including the killing of women and men and the destruction of homes.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken226-38">[38]</a> During this period, 235 villages were burned down: 133 by Serb forces and 102 by the Montenegrins.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken28-39">[39]</a> Steven Schwarts writes that during the capture of Durrës, Shkodër and Shengjin, Serbian soldiers massacred and pillaged poor Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to the Albanian Armend Bekaj, the Serbian invasion of Kosovo was illegal.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Anna Di Lellio writes that the Serbian expansion campaign forced Albanians to accept a Serb nationalist ideology which made them feel like a minority in their homeland.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> According to a telegram sent from the Serbian consul in Prishtina, dated September 22, 1912, the Albanians were scared of the potential Serbian invasion. <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a> then ordered that <a href="/wiki/Milan_Raki%C4%87" title="Milan Rakić">Milan Rakić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Jovanovi%C4%87_Pi%C5%BEon" title="Jovan Jovanović Pižon">Jovan M. Jovanović</a> write a proclamation declaring that "the Serbian army would not act against Albanians but Turkey, and that the army would free the Serbs. The Albanians would not be harmed, and schools and places of worship would be left alone, and that there would be freedom of language."<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Belgrade had promised <a href="/wiki/Isa_Boletini" title="Isa Boletini">Isa Boletini</a> to act friendly towards the Albanian uprising against the Turks and that the Albanians and Serbs would live in peace.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vilayet_of_Scutari">Vilayet of Scutari</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Durham_2530.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Durham_2530.jpg/297px-Durham_2530.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Durham_2530.jpg/446px-Durham_2530.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Durham_2530.jpg/594px-Durham_2530.jpg 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption>Albanian refugees from Vusanje in 1913</figcaption></figure> A number of reports surfaced about violent Montenegrin persecutions of Catholic Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Treadway162-45">[45]</a> In Montenegrin-controlled districts, Catholic and Muslim Albanians were subject to forced mass conversions to Orthodox Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo6566-46">[46]</a> When Serbo-Montenegrin soldiers invaded <a href="/wiki/Shkod%C3%ABr" title="Shkodër">Shkodër</a>, about 10,000 Montenegrins soldiers died. Equating Albanians with Turks, Serbian army enacted a revenge on the population for the way they had been treated centuries prior by Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Udovicki&Ridgeway-47">[47]</a> The city was looted, and civilians (including the sick and wounded and women and children, many of whom were Christian) were massacred.<a href="#cite_note-Udovicki&Ridgeway-47">[47]</a> In late 1913, international pressure resulted in the withdrawal of Serbian forces from Shkodër; according to the city's Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Consul_(representative)" title="Consul (representative)">consul</a>, Serb troops killed about 600 Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Treadway162-45">[45]</a> In 1912, Serbian troops entered the village of Zalla in <a href="/wiki/Kruj%C3%AB" title="Krujë">Krujë</a> and one soldier broke into a house and assaulted a woman. The husband shot the soldier, and when the Serbian troops arrived they massacred everyone, including women and children and razed the village.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1913, Serbian troops raided the village of <a href="/wiki/Patok" title="Patok">Patok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezh%C3%AB" title="Lezhë">Lezhë</a>, burning many houses and capturing a number of residents.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> After the Battle of Brdica, Serbian soldiers retreated into the village of Barbullush and, despite the residents' pleas for mercy, massacred men, women, children, and elderly.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanians_killed_as_a_result_of_plundering.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Albanians_killed_as_a_result_of_plundering.jpg/275px-Albanians_killed_as_a_result_of_plundering.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Albanians_killed_as_a_result_of_plundering.jpg/413px-Albanians_killed_as_a_result_of_plundering.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Albanians_killed_as_a_result_of_plundering.jpg/550px-Albanians_killed_as_a_result_of_plundering.jpg 2x" data-file-width="860" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Albanians dying of starvation as a result of constant plundering by the Serbian army</figcaption></figure> A British captain who was aiding a general spoke with incoming Albanian refugees and reported, "The Serbs are also in the region of <a href="/wiki/Krasniqi" title="Krasniqi">Krasniqe</a>, and they massacred all those who stayed behind. Refugees tell of wild and pitiful scenes".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, many Albanians were beaten to death by local Serbian troops.<a href="#cite_note-:24-51">[51]</a> After aiding Albanian volunteers, residents of Kaza Tirana had their houses burnt down and 17 people burned to death and an additional 12 were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Had%C5%BEi-Vasiljevi%C4%87" title="Jovan Hadži-Vasiljević">Jovan Hadži Vasiljević</a>, in his book “Arnauti naše krvi-Arnautaši", published in Belgrade in 1939, in the village of Brut, near the <a href="/wiki/Drin_(river)" title="Drin (river)">Drin river</a>, Serbian troops had ordered the local Albanian villagers to bring them food. After the villagers delivered the food, they were murdered, and their heads were cut off and placed at the feet of dead Serbian troopers.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] In 1913, Serbian troops entered Albanian inhabited villages and bayonetted 27 unarmed men from the village of Gjuzaj when they resisted the occupation.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Serbian troops also committed several atrocities in the village of Kadiaj in <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fier</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vilayet_of_Kosovo">Vilayet of Kosovo</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> consulate in Belgrade reported that during February 1913, Serbian military forces executed all Albanian inhabitants of the villages of Kabash, Tërpezë, Lubisht and Gjylekar.<a href="#cite_note-Michailidis331-54">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> razed the Albanian quarter of <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> and killed a number of the city's Albanian inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Michailidis330-55">[55]</a> Numerous reports from the Balkan Wars including the series of articles from then journalist <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> recorded state-organized massacres in numerous locations including Ferizaj, Gjakova, Gjilan, Pristina and Prizren with the total number of deaths at around 25,000 by early 1913.<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> In 2001, a report was published with a list of 431 civilians who had been killed by Serbo-Montenegrin troops in Kosovo in 1912–13. Names, dates and locations were documented. The villages included <a href="/wiki/Istog" title="Istog">Istog</a>, <a href="/wiki/De%C3%A7an" title="Deçan">Deçan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klina" title="Klina">Klina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dragash" title="Dragash">Dragash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1evo" title="Preševo">Preševo</a>, among many others mentioned below.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bujan">Bujan</h3></div> In 1912, Serbian soldiers entered the village of Bujan in Lipjan and massacred 48 men, women and children.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kabashi_and_Korishë">Kabashi and Korishë</h3></div> In 1912, Serbian troops massacred 102 Albanian men, women and children in the village of Kabashi and Korishë.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pristina">Pristina</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg/267px-Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg/401px-Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg/534px-Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption>Albanian civilians taken prisoner in Pristina during massacres by the Serbian army in 1912</figcaption></figure> When villagers heard about the Serbian massacres of Albanians in the nearby villages, some houses took the desperate measure of raising white flag to protect themselves. In the cases the white flag was ignored during the attack of Serbian army on Prishtina in October 1912, the Albanians (led by Ottoman and Ottoman Albanian officers) abused the <a href="/wiki/White_flag" title="White flag">white flag</a>, and attacked and killed all the Serbian soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a> The Serbian army subsequently used this as an excuse for the brutal retaliation against civilians, including Albanian families and even their babies.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> The army entered Pristina on 22 October.<a href="#cite_note-Trix-60">[60]</a> Albanian and Turkish households were looted and destroyed, and women and children were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Karoubi174-61">[61]</a> A Danish journalist based in Skopje reported that the Serbian campaign in Pristina "had taken on the character of a horrific massacring of the Albanian population".<a href="#cite_note-Trix-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karoubi174-61">[61]</a> An estimated 5,000 people in Pristina were murdered around October 23, 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman60-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karoubi174-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-64">[64]</a> The events have been interpreted as an early <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">attempt to change the region's demographics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trix-60">[60]</a> Serbian settlers were brought into the city, and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Serbian Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a> bought 1,214 acres (491 ha) of land.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> Pristinans who wore a <a href="/wiki/Qeleshe" title="Qeleshe">plis</a> were targeted by the Serbian army; those who wore the Turkish <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">fez</a> were safe, and the price of a fez rose steeply.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gjakova">Gjakova</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nopcsa_265.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nopcsa_265.jpg/291px-Nopcsa_265.jpg" decoding="async" width="291" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nopcsa_265.jpg/437px-Nopcsa_265.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Nopcsa_265.jpg/582px-Nopcsa_265.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Albanian women from Gjakova fleeing from the Serbian army in 1913</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Gjakova" title="Gjakova">Gjakova</a> suffered at the hands of the Serbian-Montenegrin army. The New York Times reported that people on the <a href="/wiki/Gallows" title="Gallows">gallows</a> hanged on both sides of the road, and the road to Gjakova became a "gallows alley."<a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-63">[63]</a> The regional Montenegrin paramilitary abused the Albanian population.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The village of <a href="/wiki/Babaj_i_Bok%C3%ABs" title="Babaj i Bokës">Bobaj</a> was torched and all of the locals were killed after four Serbian soldiers were beaten for trying to rape the women.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> Serbian priests forcibly converted Albanian Catholics to <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mirdita-68">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_von_Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein" title="Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein">Albert von Mensdorff-Pouilly-Dietrichstein</a> told <a href="/wiki/Edward_Grey,_1st_Viscount_Grey_of_Fallodon" title="Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon">Edward Grey</a> in a 10 March 1912 interview that Serbian soldiers behaved in a "barbarous way" toward Muslim and Catholic Albanians in Gjakova.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bytyci">Bytyci</h3></div> In 1913, Serbian forces entered the village of Bytyci and killed 51 men and burned down 2,000 houses.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prizren">Prizren</h3></div> When the Serbian army controlled the city of <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a>, it imposed repressive measures against the Albanian civil population; Serbian detachments broke into houses, plundered, committed acts of violence, and killed indiscriminately.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> About 400 people were "eradicated" during the first days of Serbian occupation.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> According to a witness, about 1,500 Albanian bodies lay in the streets, and foreign reporters were barred from the city.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a> General <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a> forced the city's surviving Albanian leaders to sign a statement expressing gratitude to Serbian King <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91evi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I Karađorđević">Peter I Karađorđević</a> for their liberation.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a> An estimated 2,000 Albanians were killed in and around Prizren by 1913,<a href="#cite_note-:25-64">[64]</a> which rose to 5,000 in January.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> traveller <a href="/wiki/Edith_Durham" title="Edith Durham">Edith Durham</a> and a <a href="/wiki/British_Armed_Forces" title="British Armed Forces">British military attaché</a> were supposed to visit Prizren in October 1912, but the trip was cancelled by the authorities. Durham said, "I asked wounded Montengrins [soldiers] why I was not allowed to go and they laughed and said 'We have not left a <a href="/wiki/Human_nose" title="Human nose">nose</a> on an Albanian up there!' Not a pretty sight for a British officer."<a href="#cite_note-Karoubi174-61">[61]</a> Durham eventually visited a northern Albanian outpost in Kosovo, where she met captured Ottoman soldiers whose <a href="/wiki/Upper_lip" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper lip">upper lips</a> and noses had been cut off.<a href="#cite_note-malcolm_p253-71">[71]</a> Although Prizren offered no resistance to Serb forces, it did not avert a bloodbath; Prizren was the second-hardest-hit Albanian city, after Pristina. Serb forces invaded homes and abused anyone in their way, and up to 400 people died in the first few days of the Serbian occupation. When the Serbian troops set off westwards, they could not find horses to transport their equipment and used 200 Albanians; most collapsed along the way.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-73">[73]</a> Many Albanians fled to the Austrian consulate, where Oscar Prochazka greeted them. The Serbs demanded that they be given up, and the consul refused; the Serbs then stormed the consulate.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plava–Gusinje">Plava–Gusinje</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ovg1912.046.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ovg1912.046.jpg/220px-Ovg1912.046.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ovg1912.046.jpg/330px-Ovg1912.046.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ovg1912.046.jpg/440px-Ovg1912.046.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="756" /></a><figcaption>Photograph of Plav in 1912</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Plav%E2%80%93Gusinje_massacres_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Plav–Gusinje massacres (1912–1913)">Plav–Gusinje massacres (1912–1913)</a></div><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniak</a> organizations claim that more than 1,800 Muslims were massacred and 12,000 forced to convert to <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Orthodox">Serbian Orthodox</a> in Plav-Gusinje.<a href="#cite_note-Milosević-75">[75]</a> Mark Krasniqi from the Academy of Sciences of Kosovo claimed that a total of 8,000 Albanians were killed in the massacres.<a href="#cite_note-:9-76">[76]</a> In 1913, Serbian troops massacred 620 unarmed men and boys in the village of Topojan.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-:25-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fshaj">Fshaj</h3></div> In 1913, the paper Radničke novine published an article from the Albanische Korrespondenz, reporting that after atrocities had been committed by Serbian troops in the village of Fshaj, the Malesori tribesmen took arms.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rugova">Rugova</h3></div> In 1913, General <a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a> told Edith Durham that his soldiers had committed atrocities against the civilian population of Rugova. In response to her protests, he reportedly said: "But they are beasts, savage animals. We have done very well".<a href="#cite_note-jezernik-80">[80]</a> Slovene author Božidar Jezernik interprets this as attesting the Montenegrin goal of removing local Muslims from their newly captured territories and resettling them.<a href="#cite_note-jezernik-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ferizaj">Ferizaj</h3></div> The capture of Ferizaj by the Serbian army and the subsequent events were documented in contemporary accounts. The entry of the Serbian army was followed by a massacre of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Trix-60">[60]</a> Leo Freundlich recorded contemporary reports in <a href="/wiki/Albania%27s_Golgotha" title="Albania's Golgotha">Albania's Golgotha</a>. According to the war correspondent from Rome's <a href="/wiki/Il_Messaggero" title="Il Messaggero">Il Messaggero</a>, the town was destroyed and most of its inhabitants were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Freundlich-81">[81]</a> A Catholic priest in the region reported that resistance was strong for three days against the advancing Serbian army. When the town was finally taken, local residents who were fleeing were invited back if they surrendered their weapons. After they did, the army killed 300 to 400 people; only a few Muslim families remained.<a href="#cite_note-Freundlich-81">[81]</a> Freundlich estimated the total number of deaths at 1,200 on October 24, 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Freundlich-81">[81]</a> Another source of first-hand accounts in the region was <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, who was a war correspondent for the Kiev newspaper Kievskaya Misl. His reports from Ferizaj describe the killings and looting which occurred after its capture by the Serbian army.<a href="#cite_note-Trotsky-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Luma">Luma</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lum%C3%AB" title="Battle of Lumë">Battle of Lumë</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krahina_e_Lum%C3%ABs_%E2%80%93_(Luma_region).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colour-coded map of the Luma region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Krahina_e_Lum%C3%ABs_%E2%80%93_%28Luma_region%29.svg/150px-Krahina_e_Lum%C3%ABs_%E2%80%93_%28Luma_region%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Krahina_e_Lum%C3%ABs_%E2%80%93_%28Luma_region%29.svg/225px-Krahina_e_Lum%C3%ABs_%E2%80%93_%28Luma_region%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Krahina_e_Lum%C3%ABs_%E2%80%93_%28Luma_region%29.svg/300px-Krahina_e_Lum%C3%ABs_%E2%80%93_%28Luma_region%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="8640" data-file-height="10438" /></a><figcaption>Luma region</figcaption></figure> Serb military forces entered <a href="/wiki/Luma_(region)" title="Luma (region)">Luma</a> in 1912 and attacked local inhabitants, killed tribal chieftains, seized cattle and razed villages.<a href="#cite_note-Levene107-83">[83]</a> This triggered a local uprising.<a href="#cite_note-Levene107-83">[83]</a> Serb forces retaliated with a <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched-earth policy</a> and widespread killing; young and old, men and women were barricaded in mosques and houses and shot or burned.<a href="#cite_note-Levene107-83">[83]</a> Twenty-five thousand people fled to Kosovo and western Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Levene107-83">[83]</a> According to Mark Levene, the events were a "localized genocide".<a href="#cite_note-Levene107-83">[83]</a> When General <a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a> saw that the region's Albanians would not allow Serbian forces to continue advancing to the Adriatic Sea, he ordered his troops to continue their brutality.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> The Serbian army killed men, women and children and destroyed 27 villages in the Luma region.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a> Reports cited Serbian army atrocities, including the burning of women and children tied to haystacks in front of their husbands and fathers.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> about 400 men from Luma surrendered to Serbian authorities, and were brought to <a href="/wiki/Prizren" title="Prizren">Prizren</a> and killed.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a> story, "All the horrors of history have been outdone by the atrocious conduct of the troops of General Jankovic".<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> The second Luma massacre occurred the following year. After the <a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%9313" class="mw-redirect" title="London Conference of 1912–13">Conference of the Ambassadors</a> decided that Luma should be part of Albania, the Serbian army initially refused to withdraw. The Albanians rebelled in September 1913, and Luma again experienced harsh retaliation from the Serbian army. A report of the International Commission cited a letter from a Serbian soldier who described the punitive expedition against the rebel Albanians: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">My dear Friend, I have no time to write to you at length, but I can tell you that appalling things are going on here. I am terrified by them, and constantly ask myself how men can be so barbarous as to commit such cruelties. It is horrible. I dare not tell you more, but I may say that Luma (an Albanian region along the river of the same name), no longer exists. There is nothing but corpses, dust and ashes. There are villages of 100, 150, 200 houses, where there is no longer a single man, literally not one. We collect them in bodies of forty to fifty, and then we pierce them with our bayonets to the last man. Pillage is going on everywhere. The officers told the soldiers to go to Prizren and sell the things they had stolen.<a href="#cite_note-Report-2">[2]</a></blockquote> A <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a> priest who visited Luma reported seeing "poor bayonetted babies" on the streets.<a href="#cite_note-Twenty_Years_Of_Balkan_Tangle-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opoja_and_Restelica">Opoja and Restelica</h3></div> After the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Lum%C3%AB" title="Lumë">Lumë</a>, Serbian troops were ordered to exterminate the population of the villages of Opoja, Gora, Bellobrad, Brrut, Rrenc, Bresanë, Zym and Qafëleshi. Thousands of men, women and children were killed and their houses burned down. Survivors hid in the mountains or in wells where some suffocated; in one case, a mother held her infant above the water. Some were killed at local bridges, and their bodies were eaten by dogs. Local gypsies greeted the Serbian troops with drums and music; they were killed and buried in the Opoja mosque.<a href="#cite_note-Muharrem2018-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kumanovo">Kumanovo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a></div> British army officer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Birdwood_Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Birdwood Thomson">Christopher Birdwood Thomson</a> was told by a Serbian general in Belgrade in 1913 that after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">3rd Serbian Army</a> defeated the Turkish forces in Kumanovo, they entered the city and wiped out entire villages—massacring men, women and children in their homes, and forcing others to flee to their deaths from famine and cold. In 1920, he wrote: "Nothing more terrible has taken place in any part of the world, or in the whole history of war".<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kratovo">Kratovo</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a>, Chetnik paramilitary groups supported by the Serbian Army attacked and expelled the Albanian populations of Kratovo.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Leo Freundlich, a journalist who traveled in the Balkans during the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> observed massacres against <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> committed in Kratovo. He wrote that: "Near Kratovo, General <a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepanović</a>, having ordered hundreds of Albanians to form two rows, shot them down with machine guns. Thereupon, the general explained: These scoundrels must be exterminated so that <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria</a> may no longer be able to find her darlings"<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tetovo">Tetovo</h3></div> In the village of <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Kalkendele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetovo" title="Tetovo">Tetovo</a>, 85 Albanian civilians were killed without making resistance. The houses were burned, and the villages plundered. The women and young girls were violated, and the husbands were forced to watch.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gostivar">Gostivar</h3></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Battle of Kumanovo</a> on 23–24 October 1912, the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(Serbia)" title="First Army (Serbia)">Morava division</a> of the Serbian army entered <a href="/wiki/Gostivar" title="Gostivar">Gostivar</a>. Hundreds of Albanians were killed, resulting in protests from Vienna. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Berchtold" title="Leopold Berchtold">Leopold Berchtold</a>, appalled by the massacre, asked Belgrade to withdraw from Albanian territory.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> On 21 November 1912, he wrote letters to Paris, London, Berlin, Rome and Petrograd: "The behavior of the Serbian army towards the Albanian people does not belong to any international human rights norm, but after the occupation of the countries they choose no means of dealing with it anymore. They acted brutally against the innocent and defenseless population".<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skopje">Skopje</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PedroIEnUskub12350v.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PedroIEnUskub12350v.jpg/268px-PedroIEnUskub12350v.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PedroIEnUskub12350v.jpg/402px-PedroIEnUskub12350v.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/PedroIEnUskub12350v.jpg/536px-PedroIEnUskub12350v.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>King Peter I of Serbia in Uskub in 1912</figcaption></figure> Vice-consul W. D. Peckham was informed by the Catholic curate of Skopje and Ferizaj, who visited him on 27 February 1913, that thousands of Albanians had been killed and hundreds tortured.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Serbian soldiers broke into the house of an Albanian family, raped the wife and beat the husband until he told them where his daughters were hiding; his daughters were then also raped.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Chronicle" title="Daily Chronicle">Daily Chronicle</a>, Serbian soldiers killed about 2,000 Muslim Albanians in the vicinity of Skopje by 12 November 1912.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> It is estimated that about 80% of the–mainly Albanian–villages in the Skopje region and the Albanian quarters of the city were destroyed by the Serbian army which engaged in indiscriminate massacres of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Liakos2023-95">[95]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridge_over_the_Vardar_in_Skopje_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bridge_over_the_Vardar_in_Skopje_1913.jpg/260px-Bridge_over_the_Vardar_in_Skopje_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bridge_over_the_Vardar_in_Skopje_1913.jpg/390px-Bridge_over_the_Vardar_in_Skopje_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bridge_over_the_Vardar_in_Skopje_1913.jpg/520px-Bridge_over_the_Vardar_in_Skopje_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="337" /></a><figcaption>Bridge over the Vardar in Uskub</figcaption></figure> Leon Trotsky reported that the headless bodies of Albanians were piled up under the bridge over the Vardar in Skopje. According to his reports, Serbian soldiers spoke openly about their killings of Albanian and Turkish civilians.<a href="#cite_note-albanianhistory.net-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitrovica">Mitrovica</h3></div> On 18 November 1912, Sir F. Cartwright wrote to Sir Edward Grey that the Serbian army entered Mitrovica, arrested the Austrian consul, and held him prisoner for 15 days; the consul escaped to Budapest after witnessing atrocities against Albanian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> According to a 1912 <a href="/wiki/The_Japan_Times" title="The Japan Times">Japan Times</a> article, the Austrian consuls in Prizren and Mitrovica were arrested because the Serbian government did not want news to reach Austria that Serbian soldiers had massacred Albanian civilians.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Serbian soldiers killed 17 Albanian civilians when they entered <a href="/wiki/Vushtrri" title="Vushtrri">Vushtrri</a> on 13 August 1913. The killings were documented in a letter from British vice-consul W. D. Peckham in Skopje to British ambassador <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Paget" title="Ralph Paget">Ralph Paget</a> in Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peja">Peja</h3></div> The Serbian army bombarded the city of <a href="/wiki/Pej%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Pejë">Pejë</a> and razed villages in 1912, aided by Chetniks.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Durham" title="Edith Durham">Edith Durham</a> wrote about refugees from Peć after the Serbian army entered the city in 1913: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">An Ipek man, well educated and of high standing, told of what happened there. "Every day the telal cried in the streets 'To-day the Government will shoot ten (or more) men! No one knew which men they would be, or why they were shot. They were stood in a trench, which was to be their grave. Twelve soldiers fired and as the victims fell the earth was shovelled over them, whether living or dead. Baptisms were forced by torture. Men were plunged into the ice-cold river, and then half roased till they cried for mercy". Many, terrorized into baptism, came to me.<a href="#cite_note-Twenty_Years_Of_Balkan_Tangle-84">[84]</a></blockquote> About 10,000 Albanians in Peć were forcibly converted.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novi_Pazar">Novi Pazar</h3></div> Carlo Papa di Castiglione d'Asti (1869-1955), an Italian major and military attaché in Belgrade and Bucharest from 1908 to 1913, observed the advancing Serbian army. He reported that the army exterminated the Albanian population of <a href="/wiki/Novi_Pazar" title="Novi Pazar">Novi Pazar</a> to facilitate Serbian domination.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> When Serb troops entered the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Novi_Pazar" title="Sanjak of Novi Pazar">Sanjak of Novi Pazar</a>, hundreds of civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The Ibar Army under General Mihailo Zivkovic entered the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">sanjak</a> and pacified the Albanian population with "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(U)" title="List of Latin phrases (U)">soletudinem faciunt pacem appelant</a>" ("They make a desert and call it peace").<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viti">Viti</h3></div> In October 1913, Serbian soldiers investigated a local Albanian ruler named Rrustem Januz Kabashi (1891-1914) who resided in the local mountains. The soldiers demanded that the <a href="/wiki/Kachaks" title="Kachaks">kachaks</a> surrender which resulted in two Serbian soldiers getting shot. When nightfall came, the Serbian military, paramilitary and armed civilians surrounded the village and arrested all males over the age of 15. The arrested were placed in the local mosque, and then transported to the local tower in <a href="/wiki/Viti,_Kosovo" title="Viti, Kosovo">Viti</a>. The village was looted and set on fire and the inhabitants killed at a local pit which had been prepared. Among the killed, 40-year-old Zenel Rexhepi, 20-year-old Qazim Shabani, 19-year old Rrustem Sallahu and 17-year old Shaban Sallahu were burned alive. 54 civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vilayet_of_Manastir">Vilayet of Manastir</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zajas">Zajas</h3></div> In 1913, Serbian troops committed many atrocities on the Albanian population in <a href="/wiki/Zajas" title="Zajas">Zajas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> 40 men were first massacred by a chetnik gang, who threw the corpses in a well. While in the month of October, from the same village, over 200 men were killed and over 800 books were burned.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plasnicë">Plasnicë</h3></div> In the village of Plasnica, 6 people were found killed and 40 others were killed in the month of October. 5 houses were burned. Also, many other villages around Kirçova were burned and the men were killed and massacred. In Kicevo, the imam of the city was among the first to be killed.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manastir">Manastir</h3></div> It is estimated that about 80% of the–mainly Albanian–villages in the <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Manastir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Manastir">Manastir region</a> and the Albanian quarters of the city were destroyed by the Serbian army which engaged in indiscriminate massacres of Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-Liakos2023-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ohrid">Ohrid</h3></div> In the town of <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a>, Serbian forces killed 500 Albanians and Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer138-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dibra">Dibra</h3></div> On 20 September 1913, the Serbian Army carried off all the cattle in <a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_(municipality)" title="Dibër (municipality)">Dibër</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%ABsia" title="Malësia">Malësia</a>. Although the herdsmen fought back, all were killed. The Serbians also killed two Lumë chieftains (Mehmet Edhemi and Xhaferr Elezi) and pillaged and burned the villages of <a href="/wiki/Peshkopi" title="Peshkopi">Peshkopi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blli%C3%A7%C3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blliçë (page does not exist)">Blliçë</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dohoshisht" title="Dohoshisht">Dohoshisht</a> in lower <a href="/wiki/Dib%C3%ABr_County" title="Dibër County">Dibër County</a> and seven other villages in upper Dibër County. Women, children and old people were tortured and killed.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> As the army invaded Albania through Dibra, Elbasan and Shkodër, they bombarded cities and villages with artillery. The Albanian government telegraphed their delegates in Paris that Serbia's aim was to suppress the Albanian state and exterminate the Albanian population.<a href="#cite_note-:6-112">[112]</a> American relief commissioner William Howard said in a 1914 Daily Mirror interview that Serbian troops destroyed 100 villages (with 12,000 houses) in Dibra, and 4,000 to 8,000 Albanians were burned, bayonetted or shot to death.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> When Serbian troops looted the villages of Dibra, armed Albanians killed the soldiers. The Serbs responded by burning down 24 villages.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</h3></div> Serb majors M. Vasić and <a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Trbi%C4%87" title="Vasilije Trbić">Vasilije Trbić</a> gathered 30 <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> in September 1912 and travelled to <a href="/wiki/Desovo" title="Desovo">Desovo</a>, where they shot 111 Albanian men and razed the village.<a href="#cite_note-Timofeev271-115">[115]</a> In nearby <a href="/wiki/Brailovo" title="Brailovo">Brailovo</a>, Trbić executed 60 Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Timofeev271-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Porcasi_and_Sulp">Porcasi and Sulp</h3></div> In the villages, Serbian soldiers took the men out and asked the women to pay for their release. They were put inside a mosque after payment, which was blown up. In Sulp, 73 Albanians were also killed.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elbasan">Elbasan</h3></div> In the cities of <a href="/wiki/Kavaj%C3%AB" title="Kavajë">Kavaja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elbasan" title="Elbasan">Elbasan</a>, civilians were beaten and killed.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vilayet_of_Janina">Vilayet of Janina</h2></div> The Greek army sought to take full control of the <a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Janina" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Janina">Vilayet of Janina</a> in the Balkan Wars and as it marched northwards, its campaign was resisted by local Albanians. One of the regions which were captured by the Greek army in the Vilayet of Janina was <a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a> (today almost entirely part of Greece). Within a few days after the Greek army secured control of the region, a <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> Greek paramilitary under commanders Deligiannakis and Spiros Fotis, killed 75 Cham notables of Paramythia who were gathered to pledge allegiance to the Greek state.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> As a response to resistance, the Greek forces began executing irregulars and regularly killing prisoners; authorities also encouraged harsher actions against civilians. These measures were common by the time the Greek forces entered Albania. According to an infantry officer, villagers were "mowed down like sparrows" and houses were being burnt down.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Greek army withdrew from the area after the recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Albanian Declaration of Independence">Albanian independence</a> and the delineation of the border.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiakosDoumanis202335-119">[119]</a> Later, the Greek forces <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I#Albania" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">committed multiple atrocities</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Albania" title="Southern Albania">Southern Albania</a> leading up to and during WWI.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Events which involve the activities of the Greek army in the region were extensively described in works by local Albanian writers who lived in the area. In December 1912, delegates from the regions of <a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delvin%C3%AB" title="Delvinë">Delvinë</a> requested that the Albanian Vlora government to ensure the safety of the local Albanian populations from the Greek massacres. In the following month, the Vlora government requested at the London Ambassador's Conferences that all regions inhabited by Albanians should be territories of the Albanian state.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Internment_and_death_marches">Internment and death marches</h2></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm/300px--Albanian_Prisoners.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="70" data-mwtitle="Albanian_Prisoners.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Albanian_Prisoners.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm/Albanian_Prisoners.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm/Albanian_Prisoners.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm/Albanian_Prisoners.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm/Albanian_Prisoners.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm/Albanian_Prisoners.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/df/Albanian_Prisoners.webm/Albanian_Prisoners.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Film of Kosovo Albanians being sent to Belgrade in 1912</figcaption></figure> On 6 January 1913, a Romanian doctor reported that hundreds of Muslims in captivity were forced to march for a hundred kilometers. When a captive would collapse from starvation or exhaustion, they'd be bayoneted by the nearest soldier. Among the victims were men, women, children, and the elderly. <a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> In Prizren, two hundred Albanians were forced to carry fifty to sixty kilograms of equipment to Lumë for seven hours in the night.<a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg/236px-Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg/354px-Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg/472px-Albanians_in_Belgrade_prison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Albanians in a Belgrade concentration camp where most of them were killed</figcaption></figure> During the conflicts, Albanians were sent to <a href="/wiki/Concentration_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentration camps">concentration camps</a> in Niš and Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-:5-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a> According to the Institute of History in Pristina, on 27 October 1912, 650 Albanians were sent to a concentration camp in Niš and, on 30 October, 700 more arrived.<a href="#cite_note-:5-22">[22]</a> There were also reports of <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary executions</a>. During November 1912, in the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1" title="Niš">Niš</a>, a fifty-year-old woman had her skull shattered by Serbian soldiers for allegedly throwing bombs at Serbian forces in Ferizaj.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eyewitness_reports">Eyewitness reports</h2></div> For 12 years, British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Edith_Durham" title="Edith Durham">Edith Durham</a> travelled to the region and became knowledgeable about Albania and Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopken229-123">[123]</a> Durham was in Montenegro in August 1912, saw Montenegrin preparations for war along the border, and alerted the British press;<a href="#cite_note-Dauti9495-124">[124]</a> she thought that Montenegro was attempting to provoke the Ottomans into a conflict, and witnessed the outbreak of hostilities when Montenegrin King <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas</a> ordered his army to fire artillery shots into Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti95-125">[125]</a> As the war began, Durham sent news to the British press; for some time, she was the only war correspondent from Montenegro.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti95-125">[125]</a> Durham wrote for the <a href="/wiki/Evening_Chronicle" title="Evening Chronicle">Evening Chronicle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">Manchester Guardian</a> before learning that the papers "were cutting and even doctoring her articles".<a href="#cite_note-Dauti95-125">[125]</a> Early in the conflict, Durham (a nurse) was involved in relief work with the Red Cross and became aware of the atrocities.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti97-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hopken229-123">[123]</a> Close to the hostilities, she described razed villages and refugees; some had to shelter in outhouses.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman60-62">[62]</a> Writing a strongly-worded indictment of Serb and Montenegrin behavior,<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a> she visited over a thousand families whose homes were razed and noted the negative view Montenegrins had of Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a> Durham encountered front-line soldiers such as a Serb officer who viewed his time in Kosovo as "heroism" and "nearly choked with laughter" as he talked about "bayonet[ing] the women and children of Luma".<a href="#cite_note-Dauti97-126">[126]</a> She heard other officers say that "no one would dare speak the dirty language" (Albanian) in the newly acquired territories,<a href="#cite_note-Dauti97-126">[126]</a> and they told her openly about the violence used to convert Catholic and Muslim Albanians to Orthodox Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti97-126">[126]</a> At the Montenegrin-Albanian frontier, Durham described "nose cutting" and other mutilation for "their commanders".<a href="#cite_note-Hopken229-123">[123]</a> She ended her friendship with King Nicholas because of the Montenegrin army's actions.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti959699-127">[127]</a> The Albanian leadership used Durham's reports to strengthen their nationalist rhetoric, objecting to the violence committed by armies in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti99-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, sent by a socialist Kiev newspaper to cover the Balkan Wars, reported on the violence against Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a> A few days after Skopje came under Serb control, Trotsky described the situation in and around the city.<a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a> He was not in the theatre of war, compiling his information from discussions with witnesses such as a Serbian friend who referred to "horrors" in Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a> The friend had obtained a military pass to travel to Skopje, and told Trotsky:<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... The horrors actually began as soon as we crossed the old frontier. By five p.m. we were approaching Kumanovo. The sun had set, it was starting to get dark. But the darker the sky became, the more brightly the fearful illumination of the fires stood out against it. Burning was going on all around us. Entire Albanian villages had been turned into pillars of fire ... In all its fiery monotony this picture was repeated the whole way to Skopje ... For two days before my arrival in Skopje the inhabitants had woken up in the morning to the sight, under the principal bridge over the Vardar - that is, in the very centre of the town - of heaps of Albanian corpses with severed heads. Some said that these were local Albanians, killed by the komitadjis [chetniks], others that the corpses were brought down to the bridge by the waters of the Vardar. What was clear was that these headless men had not been killed in battle.<a href="#cite_note-Glenny234-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a></blockquote> Trotsky's account from his Serbian friend referred to the actions of Serb troops in Skopje: looting, arson and torture of its Albanian inhabitants, about which they spoke publicly.<a href="#cite_note-Vourkoutiotis1112-131">[131]</a> Many of the Skopje atrocities were committed at night by Serb paramilitaries; in the morning, hundreds of headless Albanian corpses were in the Vardar River at the main bridge.<a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a> Although it was certain that the bodies were not casualties of war, it was unknown if they were Albanians from the area or had floated down from the upper Vardar.<a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a> Albanian villages were burned, and irregular troops invaded homes to kill and loot.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a> Trotsky's Serbian friend said that Skopje had become a military camp, and Serb peasant troops looted food, livestock and doors and windows from Albanian houses.<a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a> He expressed disgust with Serbian officer brutality, but a corporal told him that they differed from the komitajis (paramilitaries).<a href="#cite_note-Trix42-129">[129]</a> According to the corporal, the army "would not kill anyone younger than twelve years of age" but "the komitajis engage in murder, robbery and violence as a savage sport".<a href="#cite_note-Trix4243-132">[132]</a> Army authorities sent some komitajis home due to the embarrassment they caused the military.<a href="#cite_note-Trix43-133">[133]</a> The Serb informant wrote to Trotsky that "meat is rotting, human flesh as well as the flesh of oxen"; the conflict "brutalized" people and made them lose "their human aspect".<a href="#cite_note-Trix43-133">[133]</a> Trotsky's Serbian friend encountered a corporal in Kosovo who described his actions as "roasting chickens and killing Arnauts [Albanians]. But we're tired of it."<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman59-122">[122]</a> In his report to Kievskaya Misl, Trotsky wrote about the "atrocities committed against the Albanians of Macedonia and Kosovo in the wake of the Serbian invasion of October 1912".<a href="#cite_note-albanianhistory.net-96">[96]</a> He reported that when <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I of Serbia</a> was on a tour of the front lines, he said that Albanians should be clubbed to death to save ammunition.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qirezi46-24">[24]</a> Trotsky wrote several dispatches describing the atrocities: "An individual, a group, a party or a class that is capable of 'objectively' picking its nose while it watches men drunk with blood, and incited from above, massacring defenceless people is condemned by history to rot and become worm-eaten while it is still alive".<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> A British Foreign Office report noted a telegram from the Italian consul in Skopje: "Atrocities being committed by Serbian troops and their evident intention of extirpating as many of the Albanian inhabitants as possible".<a href="#cite_note-Trix43-133">[133]</a> A Swiss engineer employed as an overseer for the <a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_fer_Orientaux" title="Chemins de fer Orientaux">Oriental Railway</a> submitted a report to the British embassy in Belgrade detailing Skopje after the arrival of Serbian troops.<a href="#cite_note-Trix43241-136">[136]</a> The report called the conduct of Serbs toward the Muslim population "cruel in every way", appearing to "have for its object their complete extermination".<a href="#cite_note-Trix43-133">[133]</a> The engineer wrote that the sound of gunfire began early in the day and continued until late; prisoners were treated badly, and officers were shot without trial:<a href="#cite_note-Trix43-133">[133]</a> "An order was issued to soldiers in certain places to kill all Albanians from the age of eight years upwards with a view to extermination. The Serbians have ill treated the sick, women and children."<a href="#cite_note-Trix43-133">[133]</a> His report described the destruction of mosques, the razing of villages, and about 500 bodies floating in the Vardar River;<a href="#cite_note-Trix4344-137">[137]</a> "the Albanians were desperate".<a href="#cite_note-Trix44-138">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicity">Historicity</h3></div> Scholarship treats wartime correspondence from the Balkan Wars as first-hand evidence, and historian Wolfgang Höpken says that those sources need to be handled carefully.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken41-139">[139]</a> Höpken says that although reporters (such as Trotsky) who provided firsthand information were not near the theatre of war,<a href="#cite_note-Hopken41-139">[139]</a> Trotsky's accounts of the Balkan Wars were "some of the most brilliant and most analytical war reports".<a href="#cite_note-Hopken234-140">[140]</a> Contemporary journalists based in the Balkans, such as Richard von Mach from the Kölnische Zeitung, said that accounts were often from a third party or "even pure fiction".<a href="#cite_note-Hopken41-139">[139]</a> Writers like Carl Pauli obtained their information from unnamed witnesses or gathered evidence from the extensive compilation by Leo Freundlich, who wrote about the Albanian conflict zone with empathy for its Albanian victims.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken41-139">[139]</a> According to Höpken, these sources are significant but their information "can hardly be taken for granted".<a href="#cite_note-Hopken41-139">[139]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carnegie_Commission_listening_to_refugees.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carnegie_Commission_listening_to_refugees.jpg/236px-Carnegie_Commission_listening_to_refugees.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carnegie_Commission_listening_to_refugees.jpg/354px-Carnegie_Commission_listening_to_refugees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Carnegie_Commission_listening_to_refugees.jpg/472px-Carnegie_Commission_listening_to_refugees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>The Carnegie Commission listening to refugees from the Balkan Wars in 1913</figcaption></figure> The oft-cited International Carnegie Commission report "cannot", says Höpken, "be read without a due deconstructative effort on the part of the historian".<a href="#cite_note-Hopken41-139">[139]</a> However, historian Alan Kramer regards the Carnegie Commission report as a "remarkably well-documented and impartial investigation, coolly sceptical of exaggerated claims, reached conclusions that have not been improved to this day."<a href="#cite_note-Kramer138-17">[17]</a> Diplomatic missions in the Balkans repeatedly sent reports of rumors and news about violent acts committed by all participants in the Balkan Wars,<a href="#cite_note-Hopken4142-141">[141]</a> and often complainted about their inability to obtain firsthand data.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken4142-141">[141]</a> Reports from British consuls described many violent acts committed by Serb irregular forces in Kosovo and Macedonia after their capture in 1912-1913 by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army" title="Royal Serbian Army">Royal Serbian Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken234-140">[140]</a> The British government was suspicious of the authenticity of the complaints and reports, and hesitated to undertake political action.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> As political relations with Russia and Serbia had been worsening since the 1903 overthrow, by Captain <a href="/wiki/Dragutin_Dimitrijevi%C4%87" title="Dragutin Dimitrijević">Dragutin Dimitrijević</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslavist">Yugoslavist</a> military officers, of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Obrenovi%C4%87" title="House of Obrenović">former Serbian royal family</a> for being too much in favour of <a href="/wiki/Detente" class="mw-redirect" title="Detente">detente</a> with Austria-Hungary in the <a href="/wiki/May_Coup_(Serbia)" title="May Coup (Serbia)">May coup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Ministry_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary">Foreign Office of Austria-Hungary</a> was keenly interested in accurately documenting the precise details of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_war_crimes" title="Serbian war crimes">Serbian war crimes</a> and carefully scrutinised the reliability of their sources.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> Austro-Hungarians said that although there was often "a great deal of exaggeration" of data in their possession,<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> accounts from verified witnesses confirmed the mass killings of women and children, wide-scale <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a> and the razing of villages.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> In Skopje, the Austro-Hungarian consul Heimroth sent his assistants into the field numerous times to examine news of atrocities before sending reports (such as "Gausamkeiten der Serben gegen Albaner") to Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken70-144">[144]</a> An extensive report by the Catholic bishop <a href="/wiki/Laz%C3%ABr_Mjeda" title="Lazër Mjeda">Lazër Mjeda</a> on Serbian violence towards the Skopje area's Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Albania" title="Catholic Church in Albania">Catholic Albanian</a> inhabitants was the subject of detailed discussion and an investigation by the Austro-Hungarian consulate,<a href="#cite_note-Hopken70-144">[144]</a> which ultimately concluded that the bishop's report was well-founded.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken70-144">[144]</a> In his report, Consul Heimroth said that Serbian forces should at least be held to account for not halting the violence against Muslims after their arrival in Skopje.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken43-145">[145]</a> Heimroth said that he had received more complaints of wartime violence then he had in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a>, and a conflict officially aimed at liberating fellow Christians from <a href="/wiki/Sharia_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharia Law">Sharia Law</a> was being concluded with an attempt to exterminate all non-Serbian and non-Eastern Orthodox inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken43-145">[145]</a> Observations by "reliable" and "non-partisan" informants who witnessed the events "left no doubt", Höpken says, that extensive violence (such as the razing of homes and villages and forced population movements) occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> Apart from what Höpken calls "suspicious slaughter narratives" in second- and third-hand accounts, doctors and nurses verified that the "conflict had gone beyond all rules and regulations".<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Albanian_literature" title="Albanian literature">Albanian literature</a> and historical scholarship, the actions described in Durham's accounts are the outcome of anti-Albanian policies organised at the highest levels of the Serb government to "exterminate Albanians".<a href="#cite_note-Dauti97-126">[126]</a> According to Daut Dauti, Durham's wartime reports "amounted to atrocity testimonies committed against Albanians".<a href="#cite_note-Dauti99-128">[128]</a> Durham's accounts were criticised by <a href="/wiki/Rebecca_West" title="Rebecca West">Rebecca West</a>, a fellow traveler of the region.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman60-62">[62]</a> West called Durham naive (ridiculing her support of a false 1912 report which claimed that the Austrian consul had been castrated by Serbs in Prizren),<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman60-62">[62]</a> but historian Benjamin Lieberman wrote that West has been accused of pro-Serbian bias.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman60-62">[62]</a> Lieberman said that Durham was an eyewitness to the conflict and, in Trotsky's interviews with ethnic Serbs, his informants lacked a motive to portray their fellow troops (and citizens) negatively.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman60-62">[62]</a> He called Trotsky, Durham and others' accounts consistent and corroborated by additional sources, such as Catholic Church officials who cited multiple massacres.<a href="#cite_note-Lieberman60-62">[62]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:691px;max-width:691px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Photographs of Albanian refugees from the Balkan Wars</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_refugees_of_the_Balkan_Wars_heading_to_Turkey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Albanian_refugees_of_the_Balkan_Wars_heading_to_Turkey.jpg/201px-Albanian_refugees_of_the_Balkan_Wars_heading_to_Turkey.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Albanian_refugees_of_the_Balkan_Wars_heading_to_Turkey.jpg/302px-Albanian_refugees_of_the_Balkan_Wars_heading_to_Turkey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Albanian_refugees_of_the_Balkan_Wars_heading_to_Turkey.jpg/402px-Albanian_refugees_of_the_Balkan_Wars_heading_to_Turkey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1241" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:197px;max-width:197px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Shqiptar%C3%AB_e_ikur_nga_ushtria_serbe_n%C3%AB_Selanik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shqiptar%C3%AB_e_ikur_nga_ushtria_serbe_n%C3%AB_Selanik.jpg/195px-Shqiptar%C3%AB_e_ikur_nga_ushtria_serbe_n%C3%AB_Selanik.jpg" decoding="async" width="195" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shqiptar%C3%AB_e_ikur_nga_ushtria_serbe_n%C3%AB_Selanik.jpg/293px-Shqiptar%C3%AB_e_ikur_nga_ushtria_serbe_n%C3%AB_Selanik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Shqiptar%C3%AB_e_ikur_nga_ushtria_serbe_n%C3%AB_Selanik.jpg/390px-Shqiptar%C3%AB_e_ikur_nga_ushtria_serbe_n%C3%AB_Selanik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanian_refugee_1914.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Albanian_refugee_1914.jpg/186px-Albanian_refugee_1914.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Albanian_refugee_1914.jpg/279px-Albanian_refugee_1914.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Albanian_refugee_1914.jpg/372px-Albanian_refugee_1914.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="485" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:95px;max-width:95px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Albanian_refugee_from_the_Balkan_Wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Young_Albanian_refugee_from_the_Balkan_Wars.jpg/93px-Young_Albanian_refugee_from_the_Balkan_Wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Young_Albanian_refugee_from_the_Balkan_Wars.jpg/140px-Young_Albanian_refugee_from_the_Balkan_Wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Young_Albanian_refugee_from_the_Balkan_Wars.jpg/186px-Young_Albanian_refugee_from_the_Balkan_Wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6688" data-file-height="9226" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_toll">Death toll</h2></div> Reliable statistics exist for the number of military casualties of the Balkan Wars.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo67-146">[146]</a> A research gap exists for civilian victims (often members of a targeted ethnic or religious group) because the statistics have been interpreted for partisan purposes.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo67-146">[146]</a> Most contemporary sources provide an approximated death toll of 20,000 or 25,000 in the Kosovo Vilayet. The figure of 25,000 was published in January 1913 by Lazër Mjeda, Leon Trotsky, and Leo Freundlich, however there is no scholarly consensus on what point in the war these estimates refer to. These estimates are likely only accurate for the first two to four months of the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a> According to a publishment by the University of Belgrade, 50,000 Albanians were killed within present-day Kosovo. This estimate assumed the total population of the Kosovo Vilayet was 1.1 million with less than half living in present-day Kosovo. The figure was obtained by approximating that 10% of the population of present-day Kosovo (which they estimated to be 500,000) was victimized, leading to a figure of 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-:19-30">[30]</a> The population figure used for the Kosovo Vilayet in this estimate was from 1905, which was far lower than the 1911 population (c. 1.6 million per census data).<a href="#cite_note-mseh-147">[147]</a> Serbian socialists have also provided estimates. Kosta Novaković and Triša Kaclerović have both approximated that 120,000 Albanians were killed, however, Novaković's estimate was provided exclusively for Kosovo and Macedonia<a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a> while Kaclerović's estimate was provided for all Serbian occupied regions.<a href="#cite_note-:18-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-148">[148]</a> Novaković and Kaclerović both participated in military actions conducted by Serbia during the Balkan Wars.<a href="#cite_note-:18-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">Justin McCarthy</a> provided an estimate of 100,000 Muslim deaths in present-day Albania during the conflicts. McCarthy has been credited by some as providing corrective for research on Muslim casualties during the late Ottoman period.<a href="#cite_note-Beachler-150">[150]</a> However, his figures remain controversial due to his view that the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> did not meet the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_definitions" title="Genocide definitions">criteria for genocide</a> and his reputation as a pro-Turkish scholar.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> According to Jing Ke, between 120,000 to 270,000 Albanians were killed from 1912 to 1913 or 1914.<a href="#cite_note-:12-153">[153]</a> This figure is widely used in <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">far-left</a> publications, with some only using the upper bound. <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Regional death estimates (≥1,000 in Descending Order) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Source </th> <th>Estimate </th> <th>Region(s) </th> <th>Date Approximated </th> <th>Cause(s) of Death </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Baldacci_(botanist)" title="Antonio Baldacci (botanist)">Antonio Baldacci</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-148">[148]</a> </td> <td>150,000 </td> <td>Areas occupied by Serbia </td> <td>1912–1913 </td> <td>Killed </td></tr> <tr> <td>Jing Ke<a href="#cite_note-:12-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> </td> <td>120,000–270,000 </td> <td>All </td> <td>1912–1913/14 </td> <td>Killed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosta_Novakovi%C4%87" title="Kosta Novaković">Kosta Novaković</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-:11-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-11">[11]</a> </td> <td>120,000 </td> <td>Kosovo and Macedonia </td> <td>1912–1913 </td> <td>Killed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tri%C5%A1a_Kaclerovi%C4%87" title="Triša Kaclerović">Triša Kaclerović</a><a href="#cite_note-:18-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-148">[148]</a> </td> <td>120,000 </td> <td>Areas occupied by Serbia </td> <td>1912–1913 </td> <td>Killed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_National_Defence_of_Kosovo" title="Committee for the National Defence of Kosovo">Committee of Kosovo</a><a href="#cite_note-Freundlich-81">[81]</a> </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>Kosovo </td> <td>1913–1915 </td> <td>Killed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">Justin McCarthy</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-156">[156]</a> </td> <td>100,000 </td> <td>Albania </td> <td>1912–1913 </td> <td>All causes </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-30">[30]</a> </td> <td>50,000 </td> <td>Present-day Kosovo </td> <td>1912–1913 </td> <td>Killed </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a><a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> </td> <td>25,000 </td> <td>Northeastern Albania </td> <td>1912 </td> <td>Massacred </td></tr> <tr> <td>Contemporary reports<a href="#cite_note-:20-6">[6]</a> </td> <td>20,000–25,000 </td> <td>Kosovo Vilayet </td> <td>by November 1912 or January </td> <td>Massacred </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_changes">Demographic changes</h3></div> The Balkan Wars significantly impacted the demography of the former Ottoman Vilayets. In 1911, the Kosovo Vilayet had a population of approximately 1.6 million with 959,175 Muslim inhabitants–mostly Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-mseh-147">[147]</a> According to an article in the Belgian magazine Ons Volk Ontwaakt (Our Nation Awakes), the total population of the Kosovo Vilayet a year later, in December 1912, dropped to 827,100, with Muslims comprising most of the population decrease. The number of Muslim Albanians in this data was approximately 418,000.<a href="#cite_note-skynet-158">[158]</a> The number of Albanians living in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> in 1918 was 441,740, which included most of the territories from the former Kosovo Vilayet and part of the former Manastir Vilayet.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.bg-159">[159]</a> During the Balkan Wars, the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Pristina" title="Demographics of Pristina">population of Pristina</a> also showed a drop in population, with many of its Albanian inhabitants fleeing during this period.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The population of the Manastir Vilayet in 1911 was approximately one million with 455,720 Muslim inhabitants–mostly Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-mseh-147">[147]</a> According to the previously mentioned Belgian article, the population of Manastir decreased to 747,500 inhabitants in December 1912, with approximately 254,500 Muslims–mostly Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-skynet-158">[158]</a> In 1911, the population of the Scutari Vilayet was approximately 349,455, of which Muslims and Catholics numbered 218,089 and 120,611 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-mseh-147">[147]</a> The majority of the population of Scutari was Albanian. According to the Belgian article, the population decreased to 185,200 inhabitants in December 1912, with 94,000 Albanians and 70,000 Serbs–mostly Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-skynet-158">[158]</a> The Janina Vilayet had a population of 560,835 in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-mseh-147">[147]</a> According to the Belgian article, the population actually increased to 648,000 with about half of the population being Albanian.<a href="#cite_note-skynet-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genocide_classification">Genocide classification</h2></div> The atrocities that took place constituted <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:22-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Report-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rama-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-163">[163]</a> however, some scholars, historians and Albanian political parties including <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">PD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Besa_Movement" title="Besa Movement">Besa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Union_for_Integration" title="Democratic Union for Integration">DUI</a> also recognize the violence against Albanians as either a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> or part of a <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">larger genocide against Muslims</a> during the Balkan Wars.<a href="#cite_note-:15-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-:17-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Qirezi46-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[26]</a> Albania's Golgotha, a collection of contemporary reports during this time, refers to the events as a genocide, as translated by the Juka Publishing Company. The publishers also referred to the atrocities as the Albanian genocide.<a href="#cite_note-:17-73">[73]</a> However, translated excerpts by linguist and <a href="/wiki/Albanology" title="Albanology">Albanologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Elsie" title="Robert Elsie">Robert Elsie</a> use the word 'extermination' instead of 'genocide.'<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Levene" title="Mark Levene">Mark Levene</a> referred to the massacres at Luma as a "localized genocide."<a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Systematic_Extermination">Systematic Extermination</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a>, along with multiple scholars, historians, and contemporary accounts, have also referred to the violent acts against the Albanian population as systematic extermination or a result of <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">systematic policy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:14-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-malcolm_p253-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-:21-168">[168]</a> which is a form of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> According to Professor Dr. Katrin Boeckh, the numerous atrocities by Serbian troops against Albanians was the first ethnic cleansing campaign committed in Europe during the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-:23-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-161">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie commission</a> stated that the goal of the violence was "the entire transformation of the ethnic character of regions inhabited exclusively by Albanians."<a href="#cite_note-Report-2">[2]</a> Nonpartisan witnesses included foreign workers and engineers from the Oriental Railway and local and foreign Christian clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> Some observers suspected that forced population movements (<a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>) were part of an organised extermination effort.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> Höpken finds insufficient support for that position in the sources, and the events "radicalised" the continuing course toward homogeneous ethnic populations.<a href="#cite_note-Hopken42-142">[142]</a> A translation of a 1913 article published in the German newspaper Frankfurter Zeitung by Robert Elsie describes the atrocities as a policy of extermination by the Kingdom of Serbia. In an italicized section before the newspaper article, Elsie writes that the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> were "hostile to Serbia's expansion into the southern Balkans and shocked at its Albanian extermination policies."<a href="#cite_note-:21-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocidal_intent">Genocidal intent</h3></div> Serbian officials and generals have reportedly, on multiple occasions, stated that they were going to exterminate the Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Golgotha-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Archbishop-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kramer137-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-NY_Times-63">[63]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mark Mazower</a> writes that despite the "careless talk of 'exterminating' the Albanian population", the killing of "perhaps thousands of civilians" by Serbian armed forces in the provinces of Kosovo and Monastir was "prompted more by revenge than <a href="/wiki/Genocidal_intent" title="Genocidal intent">genocide</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Mazower-171">[171]</a> Conversely, according to Arben Qirezi, <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">King Peter I</a> of Serbia had directly given orders to his army to exterminate the Albanian population in Kumanovo during the Balkan Wars.<a href="#cite_note-Qirezi46-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2></div> On December 21, 1913, the Italian paper Corriere delle Puglie published statistics of the Serbian atrocities on the Albanian civil population. This was republished in 1919 in a report titled Les atrocités commises par les Serbes dans l’Albanie septentrionale après l’amnistie accordée en octobre dernier, intended for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Russia and Italy)</a>. The report describes the atrocities of the Serbian troops committed against the Albanian population and villages in Dibra and Luma. It mentions total deaths and burned villages, as well as looting and plunder.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The Serbian deputy and intellectual <a href="/wiki/Tri%C5%A1a_Kaclerovi%C4%87" title="Triša Kaclerović">Triša Kaclerović</a> in an article published in 1917 by the International Bulletin affirmed that in 1912-1913 120,000 Albanians were massacred by the Serbian army.<a href="#cite_note-:18-12">[12]</a> In 1913, <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Prishtina" title="Hasan Prishtina">Hasan Prishtina</a> visited the <a href="/wiki/International_Control_Commission_(Albania)" title="International Control Commission (Albania)">International Control Commission</a> at the end of October and handed it a long list in French about the atrocities committed by the Serbian army in September and October. The list labeled which houses were looted and how many people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In January 1913, the French consul Maurice Carlier wrote to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in France of the miserable conditions of the Albanian population living in the territories occupied by the Serbian army.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> On December 29, 1912, the Italian paper <a href="/wiki/La_Stampa" title="La Stampa">La Stampa</a> published an article about the Serbian troopers massacre of Albanian women and children hiding in Prochaskas consulate: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The door was broken down. The Albanian families taking refuge in the Consulate were slaughtered for no reason in a horrible carnage: the wounded were massacred in their beds. Even the women and children were killed after the bestial soldiers had satisfied their lusts on the unhappy ones. There were among these Serbs also some who desecrated the bodies of the dead! The consul vigorously protested against these facts, but the Serbs laughed at him."<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a></blockquote> According to the German newspaper Berliner Tageblatt und Handels-Zeitung, Abend-Ausgabe, in a publication from November 14, 1912, an article mentions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"Now, as the world reverberates with the atrocities perpetrated against the Albanian people by Serbian troops, European newspapers remain silent. Photographs of impaled women and children were shown as evidence. The Albanians are also protesting against the extermination of the Albanians in Vilayet of Kosovo".<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a></blockquote> According to Misha Glenny, Serbian press published banner headlines (such as "Get ready for war! The joint Serbo-Bulgarian offensive will start any minute now!") on the eve of war to encouraging patriotic hysteria.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> French general <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric-Georges_Herr" title="Frédéric-Georges Herr">Frédéric-Georges Herr</a> reported on 3 January 1913 that "in the Albanian massif, the numerous massacres that bloodied this region reduced the population to strong proportions. Many villages were destroyed and the land remained barren".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Durham" title="Edith Durham">Edith Durham</a>, the European socialists Leo Freundlich and Leon Trotsky, and Serbian socialists such as Kosta Novaković, <a href="/wiki/Dragi%C5%A1a_Lap%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Dragiša Lapčević">Dragiša Lapčević</a> and Dimitrije Tucović condemned the atrocities against Albanians and supported Albanian self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti90-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Durham wrote about <a href="/wiki/Isa_Boletini" title="Isa Boletini">Isa Boletini</a> and how <a href="/wiki/Dragutin_Dimitrijevi%C4%87" title="Dragutin Dimitrijević">Dragutin Dimitrijević (Apis)</a> and his friends betrayed the Albanians after they revolted against the Ottomans: "Having used their ammunition in the recent rebellions, the bulk of the Albanians were practically unarmed, and were pitilessly massacred by the invading armies. Apis and his friends who had posed as friends of the Albanians now spared neither man, woman nor child. How many were massacred in Kosovo <a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayet</a> will never be known".<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> To investigate the crimes, the <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a> formed a commission which was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> in 1913. Summing up the situation in Albanian areas, the commission concluded: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Houses and whole villages reduced to ashes, unarmed and innocent populations massacred en masse, incredible acts of violence, pillage and brutality of every kind – such were the means which were employed and are still being employed by the Serbo-Montenegrin soldiery, with a view to the entire transformation of the ethnic character of regions inhabited exclusively by Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Report-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pezo67-146">[146]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars</a></cite></div></blockquote> Serbian territorial claims on the region were complicated by the issue of war crimes committed by Serbian forces which were part of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars investigation.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic41-183">[183]</a> The report was received negatively by Serb historians and officials, although the Serbian side was treated with restraint compared with others who had participated in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic41-183">[183]</a> The socialist press in Serbia referred to crimes, and Serbian socialist <a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Tucović">Dimitrije Tucović</a> wrote about the Serbian campaign in Kosovo and northern Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic41-183">[183]</a> The Serbian social-democratic newspaper Radnica novice reported that innocent Albanians were plundered and their villages devastated.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dimitrije Tucović in uniform" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Captain_Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87.jpg/150px-Captain_Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Captain_Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87.jpg/225px-Captain_Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Captain_Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87.jpg/300px-Captain_Dimitrije_Tucovi%C4%87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Captain Dimitrije Tucović</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We have carried out the attempted premeditated murder of an entire nation. We were caught in that criminal act and have been obstructed. Now we have to suffer the punishment .... In the Balkan Wars, Serbia not only doubled its territory, but also its external enemies.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dimitrije Tucović</cite></div></blockquote> Although Tucović reminded his Serbian readers in 1913 of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>'s "prophetic" quote ("The nation that oppresses another nation forges its own chains"), the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church_in_Kosovo" title="Serbian Orthodox Church in Kosovo">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> had whipped up nationalist hatred of Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> In his book Srbija i Arbanija, he wrote:<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The bourgeois press called for merciless annihilation and the army acted upon this. Albanian villages, from which the men had fled in time, were reduced to ashes. At the same time, these were barbarian crematoria in which hundreds of women and children were burned. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Dimitrije Tucović<a href="#cite_note-Dedijer590-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a></cite></div></blockquote> During the second half of the twentieth century, historian <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Dedijer" title="Vladimir Dedijer">Vladimir Dedijer</a> researched Serbian foreign relations of the era.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> Dedijer equated Serbian actions (such as Nikola Pašić's description of eyewitness accounts as foreign propaganda) with those of European colonial armies in South America and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> The British and German press published articles about the large number of Albanian deaths in Albania and Kosovo, and the attempts by the Serbian government to conceal the reality from its people by censorship.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> An 18 January 1913 <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times of London</a> article reported that 25,000 Albanians were killed in northeastern Albania by Serbian forces.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Srpska_vojska_u_Albaniji.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Srpska_vojska_u_Albaniji.jpg/220px-Srpska_vojska_u_Albaniji.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Srpska_vojska_u_Albaniji.jpg/330px-Srpska_vojska_u_Albaniji.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Srpska_vojska_u_Albaniji.jpg/440px-Srpska_vojska_u_Albaniji.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="938" /></a><figcaption>Serbian army in Albania in 1913</figcaption></figure>Russia played a significant part in the territorial division of Albanian regions and propaganda about crimes committed by Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> Russian foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Sazonov" title="Sergey Sazonov">Sergey Sazonov</a> warned Pašić a number of times through the Serbian representative in St. Petersburg about the need to disavow every single case, like Gjakova (where Serbian forces reportedly shot 300 Albanians.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> Sazonov repeatedly told the Serbs that the Austrians were prepared to accept Gjakova as part of Serbia if no casualties occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> Russia also helped Serbia gain the towns of Debar, Prizren and Pec from Albania (and tried to gain Gjakova), and Austria-Hungary attempted to retain the remaining territory for Albania.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> The Russian newspaper <a href="/wiki/Novoye_Vremya_(newspaper)" title="Novoye Vremya (newspaper)">Novoye vremya</a> refused to acknowledge Serbian atrocities against Albanian civilians in Skopje and Prizren in 1913, citing local Catholic priests who said that the Serbian army had not committed a single act of violence against the civil population.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> American relief agent B. Peele Willett wrote in his 1914 report, "The Christian Work Fall": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... Serbian and Montenegrin troops destroyed one hundred villages in northern Albania without warning, without provocation, without excuse ... 12,000 homes were burned and dynamited, 8,000 farm folk killed or burned to death, 125,000 made homeless. All livestock has been driven off. Corn fresh from the harvest has been carried away. Like hunted animals the farm folk fled to Elbasan, Tirana, Scutari and outlying villages. I have returned from a 400-mile journey, partly on foot, through these stricken regions. I saw the destroyed villages, the burned and dynamited houses. I saw the starving refugees. I saw women and children dying of hunger.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>B. Peele Willet<a href="#cite_note-The_Christian_Work_Fall,_p.477-192">[192]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albanians_paraded_through_Belgrade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Albanians_paraded_through_Belgrade.jpg/220px-Albanians_paraded_through_Belgrade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Albanians_paraded_through_Belgrade.jpg/330px-Albanians_paraded_through_Belgrade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Albanians_paraded_through_Belgrade.jpg/440px-Albanians_paraded_through_Belgrade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption>Captured Albanian <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> forced to march through Belgrade in 1913</figcaption></figure> The Habsburg envoy in Belgrade said that Serbian authorities sponsored and tolerated harsh treatment of Albanians (pillaging, arson, and executions) in the "liberated lands".<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> The German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Zeitung">Frankfurter Zeitung</a> obtained reports corroborated by impartial European observers that massacres were committed against various local communities in Macedonia and Albania by Bulgarians, Serbs and Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Kramer137-170">[170]</a> According to the newspaper, the Serbian position was that the Albanian population "must be eradicated".<a href="#cite_note-Kramer137-170">[170]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dayrell_Crackanthorpe" title="Dayrell Crackanthorpe">Dayrell Crackanthorpe</a>, a British diplomat, wrote to Edward Grey from Belgrade on 25 September 1913 that an Albanian uprising against Serbian forces was due (according to the Austrians) to Serbian occupation and civilian massacres.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> A Romanian physician wrote in the Bucharest newspaper <a href="/wiki/Adev%C4%83rul" title="Adevărul">Adevărul</a> on 6 January 1913 that the actions of the Serbian army in Kosovo were "much more frightening than one could imagine".<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> As the resistance in Lumë against Serbian troops continued, European public sentiment turned against Belgrade.<a href="#cite_note-Muharrem2018-85">[85]</a> In 2006, Günter Schödl wrote that the atrocities in Kosovo were part of the first recorded ethnic cleansing in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denial">Denial</h2></div> War crimes committed by Serb troops outraged Serbian officials and historians; despite Serbian, British and German coverage of the atrocities, however, <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Pa%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Nikola Pašić">Nikola Pašić</a> tried to present them as an "invention of foreign propaganda".<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> Denial continued, and the atrocities were called "a struggle for freedom" (leading to a popular quip about the "final liberation of the cradle of Serbdoom and occupied brothers").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovićDraškoHalili201942-199">[199]</a> In January 1913, the Serbian government forwarded a memorandum to British officials in which it denied all accusations of atrocities committed by the Serbian army and referred to the reports as “tendentious rumors” and “untrue”, stating that its troops “paid most scrupulous attention to the rights of humanity”.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> In 2003, the Serbian Orthodox Church published a memorandum in which it claimed that “After the liberation of Kosovo and Metohija in 1912-13 there was no expulsion of the Albanian population from this area, nor did the Serbs take their revenge against them”.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legality">Legality</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</h3></div> Although the Kingdom of Serbia signed the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a>, it did not follow the 1907 treaty; Muslim civilians in Kosovo were ill-treated and subject to excessive violence.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">Massacres of Albanians in World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a></div> The wars created many refugees, some of whom fled to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo70-203">[203]</a> After the creation of Albania, Albanian refugees (particularly Muslims) also fled to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo70-203">[203]</a> Serbian control was challenged by the fall 1913 <a href="/wiki/Ohrid%E2%80%93Debar_uprising" title="Ohrid–Debar uprising">Ohrid–Debar uprising</a>; its suppression by Serbian forces resulted in tens of thousands of Albanian refugees arriving in Albania from western Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo667071-204">[204]</a> According to Freundlich, the Albanian refugee population in the town of Shkodër numbered 8,000-10,000; there were 7,000 refugees each in <a href="/wiki/Shala_(tribe)" title="Shala (tribe)">Shala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iball%C3%AB" title="Iballë">Iballë</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo7071-205">[205]</a> Edvin Pezo wrote that a portion of the large refugee population in northern Albania probably came from Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo71-206">[206]</a> Lack of assistance from the new Albanian government and Albanian immigration restrictions by the Ottomans drove many refugees to return home, often to destroyed houses.<a href="#cite_note-Pezo71-206">[206]</a> Survivors of the Balkan Wars, such as those in Skopje, often did not talk about their experiences.<a href="#cite_note-Trix44-138">[138]</a> The Near East published a 1921 article about Albanian deputies who said at the 1 August Ambassador Conference in Tirana that between 1913 and 1920, Serbian forces killed 85,676 Albanian civilians in Kosovo and a number of villages had been burned. They also said that the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hand_(Serbia)" title="Black Hand (Serbia)">Black Hand</a> brought Russian colonists to settle in the regions where Albanians had been killed or expelled.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The Kosovo committee claimed that 200,000 Albanians were killed by Serbian and Montenegrin forces in Kosovo from the end of the Balkan wars by 1919.<a href="#cite_note-Freundlich-81">[81]</a> As a result of the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a>, which assigned the former Ottoman lands to Serbia, Montenegro and Greece (most of the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo Vilayet</a> was awarded to Serbia), an independent Albania was recognised; Greece, Serbia and Montenegro agreed to withdraw from the new <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Albania" title="Principality of Albania">Principality of Albania</a>. The principality included only about half of the territory inhabited by ethnic Albanians, however, and many Albanians remained in neighboring countries.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie-208">[208]</a> Two Serbian Army invasions of Albania (in 1913 and May 1915) triggered Albanian sniper attacks on the army during its <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Serbian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Serbian)">retreat</a>, partially as retribution for Serbian brutality in the First Balkan War.<a href="#cite_note-Mojzes42198-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Majstorovic178-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet48-211">[211]</a> After the Balkan Wars, <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_World_War_I" title="Massacres of Albanians in World War I">massacres against the Albanians</a> continued throughout World War I. The Balkan Wars resulted in Serbian forces seeing themselves as "liberators", and non-Serbs became concerned about their place in the new reality.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> The current Serbian position on the Balkan Wars is that they were a final struggle to liberate the cradle of Serbdom and [its] occupied brothers.<a href="#cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">[157]</a> Violent events, such as those in Skopje, are omitted from Macedonian and Yugoslav histories.<a href="#cite_note-Trix44-138">[138]</a> Most Albanian and Kosovan history books present the attack on the Ottoman state to liberate Greeks, Serbs and Albanians from government misrule in a positive light,<a href="#cite_note-Dauti96-212">[212]</a> viewing the arrival (and conduct) of Serbian, Greek and Montenegrin military forces in Albania as chauvinistic and unwarranted.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti96-212">[212]</a> The "liberation" of the Albanian population by military force (especially by the Serbian and Montenegrin armies of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a>) is described as an "invasion of enemies" or longstanding "foes".<a href="#cite_note-Dauti96-212">[212]</a> In Albania and Kosovo, this understanding of the Balkan Wars is part of the educational curriculum.<a href="#cite_note-Dauti96-212">[212]</a> <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">In 1998–99</a>, war crimes similar to those in 1912 against the Albanian population were committed.<a href="#cite_note-:8-167">[167]</a> These events have deeply affected <a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="Albania–Serbia relations">Albania–Serbia relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania during the Balkan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Anti-Albanian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the 1999 Kosovo War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:14-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Department_of_State1943" class="citation book cs1">United States Department of State (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ADhGAQAAMAAJ&q=Serbian+troops+atrocities+1913&pg=PA115">Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 115. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papers+Relating+to+the+Foreign+Relations+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=115&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1943&rft.au=United+States+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DADhGAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Btroops%2Batrocities%2B1913%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Report-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Report_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Report_2-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Commission_to_Inquire_into_the_Causes_and_Conduct_of_the_Balkan_WarsCarnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace._Division_of_Intercourse_and_Education1914" class="citation web cs1">International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan Wars; Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Division of Intercourse and Education (1 January 1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft">"Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War"</a>. Washington, D.C. : The Endowment. Retrieved 6 September 2016 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+International+Commission+to+Inquire+into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+War&rft.pub=Washington%2C+D.C.+%3A+The+Endowment&rft.date=1914-01-01&rft.au=International+Commission+to+Inquire+into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+Wars&rft.au=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace.+Division+of+Intercourse+and+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportofinternat00inteuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golgotha-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golgotha_3-20">u</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131757/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">Archived</a> 31 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.danas.rs/dodaci/vikend/otpor_okupaciji_i_modernizaciji.26.html?news_id=105029">"Otpor okupaciji i modernizaciji"</a>. 9 March 2007. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otpor+okupaciji+i+modernizaciji&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.danas.rs%2Fdodaci%2Fvikend%2Fotpor_okupaciji_i_modernizaciji.26.html%3Fnews_id%3D105029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson128-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson128_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson2009" class="citation book cs1">Hudson, Kimberly A. (5 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4zndspbem4C">Justice, Intervention, and Force in International Relations: Reassessing Just War Theory in the 21st Century</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 128. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87935-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-87935-1"><bdi>978-0-203-87935-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 6 September 2016 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice%2C+Intervention%2C+and+Force+in+International+Relations%3A+Reassessing+Just+War+Theory+in+the+21st+Century&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009-03-05&rft.isbn=978-0-203-87935-1&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Kimberly+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4zndspbem4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_6-2">c</a> <ul><li>Levene, Mark (2013). Devastation: Volume I: The European Rimlands 1912-1938. Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968303-1">978-0-19-968303-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131757/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">"Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Leo+Freundlich%3A+Albania%27s+Golgotha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1913_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195950/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">"Archbishop Lazër Mjeda: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archbishop+Laz%C3%ABr+Mjeda%3A+Report+on+the+Serb+Invasion+of+Kosova+and+Macedonia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1913_6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"Servian Army Left a Trail of Blood; Thousands of Men, Women, and Children Massacred in March to Sea, Say Hungarian Reports" (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Judah" title="Tim Judah">Judah, Tim</a> (2002). Kosovo: War and Revenge. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09725-2"><bdi>978-0-300-09725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+War+and+Revenge&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09725-2&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Qirezi, Arben (2017). "Settling the self-determination dispute in Kosovo". In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.). Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences. University of Pittsburgh Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8157-2">978-0-8229-8157-2</a>.</li> <li>Rama, Shinasi (2019). Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova. Springer. pp. 72–73. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05192-1">978-3-030-05192-1</a>. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Malcolm, Noel</a> (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. London: papermac. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7"><bdi>978-0-330-41224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=papermac&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-330-41224-7&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovakovic" class="citation web cs1">Novakovic, Kosta. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225040933/http://www.kosova.com/arkivi1997/expuls/dok5.htm">"Colonisation and Serbianisation of Kosova"</a>. The Institute of History, Prishtina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosova.com/arkivi1997/expuls/dok5.htm">the original</a> on 25 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colonisation+and+Serbianisation+of+Kosova&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History%2C+Prishtina&rft.aulast=Novakovic&rft.aufirst=Kosta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosova.com%2Farkivi1997%2Fexpuls%2Fdok5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRifati" class="citation book cs1">Rifati, Fitim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.balkanjournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/JSB-1.-sayi-revize_2-Fitim-Rifati-1.pdf">Kryengritjet shqiptare në Kosovë si alternativë çlirimi nga sundimi serbo-malazez (1913-1914)</a> (PDF). Journal of Balkan Studies. p. 84. <q>According to Serbian Social Democrat politician Kosta Novakovic, from October 1912 to the end of 1913, the Serbo-Montenegrin regime exterminated more than 120,000 Albanians of all ages, and forcibly expelled more than 50,000 Albanians to the Ottoman Empire and Albania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kryengritjet+shqiptare+n%C3%AB+Kosov%C3%AB+si+alternativ%C3%AB+%C3%A7lirimi+nga+sundimi+serbo-malazez+%281913-1914%29&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Journal+of+Balkan+Studies&rft.aulast=Rifati&rft.aufirst=Fitim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.balkanjournal.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2FJSB-1.-sayi-revize_2-Fitim-Rifati-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlpion2021" class="citation book cs1">Alpion, Gëzim (30 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sylOEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22120,000+albanians%22+%221912%22&pg=PA11">Mother Teresa: The Saint and Her Nation</a>. Bloomsbury. pp. 11, 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-89812-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-89812-46-6"><bdi>978-93-89812-46-6</bdi></a>. <q>During the Balkan wars, in total '120,000 Albanians were exterminated', hundreds of villages' were shelled by artillery and 'a large number of them were burned down' across Kosova and Macedonia. The figures do not include people killed in present-day Albania and the devastated houses, villages and towns that Serbian and Montenegrin soldiers left behind when they were eventually forced to retreat.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+The+Saint+and+Her+Nation&rft.pages=11%2C+19&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft.isbn=978-93-89812-46-6&rft.aulast=Alpion&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsylOEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522120%2C000%2Balbanians%2522%2B%25221912%2522%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdemi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ademi, Haxhi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istoriecraiova.ro/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/2019_1_ANALE.pdf#page=27">"THE CASE OF THE "DISPLACEMENT" OF SERBS FROM KOSOVO DURING WORLD WAR TWO"</a> (PDF). Analele UniversităŃii din Craiova. Istorie: 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Analele+Universit%C4%83%C5%83ii+din+Craiova.+Istorie&rft.atitle=THE+CASE+OF+THE+%22DISPLACEMENT%22+OF+SERBS+FROM+KOSOVO+DURING+WORLD+WAR+TWO&rft.pages=32&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ademi&rft.aufirst=Haxhi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istoriecraiova.ro%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F04%2F2019_1_ANALE.pdf%23page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhitia2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zhitia, Skender (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1777746">"The Anti-Albanian Policy of the Serbian State, Programs and Methods (XIX-XX)"</a>. Journal of History & Future.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+History+%26+Future&rft.atitle=The+Anti-Albanian+Policy+of+the+Serbian+State%2C+Programs+and+Methods+%28XIX-XX%29&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Zhitia&rft.aufirst=Skender&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F1777746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_12-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshov1919" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Geshov, Ivan Evstratiev (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=enANAQAAIAAJ&q=massacres%20albanais%20serbe%201913">La genèse de la guerre mondiale: la débâcle de l'alliance balkanique</a> (in French) (as for example that of the Serbian deputy Triša Kaclerovićh, who, in an article published in 1917 by the International Bulletin, affirms that in 1912-1913 120,000 Albanians were massacred by the Serbian army ed.). P. Haupt. p. 64. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+gen%C3%A8se+de+la+guerre+mondiale%3A+la+d%C3%A9b%C3%A2cle+de+l%27alliance+balkanique&rft.pages=64&rft.edition=as+for+example+that+of+the+Serbian+deputy+Tri%C5%A1a+Kaclerovi%C4%87h%2C+who%2C+in+an+article+published+in+1917+by+the+International+Bulletin%2C+affirms+that+in+1912-1913+120%2C000+Albanians+were+massacred+by+the+Serbian+army&rft.pub=P.+Haupt&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Geshov&rft.aufirst=Ivan+Evstratiev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DenANAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmassacres%2520albanais%2520serbe%25201913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBessel2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bessel" title="Richard Bessel">Bessel, Richard</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wr-j5ibVgXsC&q=atrocities+against+Albanians+1912&pg=PA229">No Man's Land of Violence: Extreme Wars in the 20th Century</a>. Wallstein Verlag. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89244-825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89244-825-9"><bdi>978-3-89244-825-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 24 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Man%27s+Land+of+Violence%3A+Extreme+Wars+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Wallstein+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89244-825-9&rft.aulast=Bessel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWr-j5ibVgXsC%26q%3Datrocities%2Bagainst%2BAlbanians%2B1912%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBytyçi2015" class="citation book cs1">Bytyçi, Enver (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgznBwAAQBAJ">Coercive Diplomacy of NATO in Kosovo</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7668-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-7668-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-7668-1</bdi></a>. <q>Chronicles also record the fact that during that period, it was mostly women, children, and elderly people who were destroyed and cruelly massacred,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coercive+Diplomacy+of+NATO+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-7668-1&rft.aulast=Byty%C3%A7i&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgznBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatum2010" class="citation book cs1">Tatum, Dale C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nWsbAQAAMAAJ&q=massacred">Genocide at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century: Rwanda, Bosnia, Kosovo, and Darfur</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62189-3"><bdi>978-0-230-62189-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 3 January 2020. <q>In October 1912, Serbia, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and Greece launched an attack to dismember the decaying Ottoman Empire. This war was notable for its brutality. Acts of genocide and mayhem were committed during the war. Civilians were massacred and people's lips and noses were severed. Thus, the relationship between Serbs and Kosovar Albanians began to spiral downward. From this battle, the Serbs gained control of Kosovo, their 'mythic land' of origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+at+the+Dawn+of+the+Twenty-First+Century%3A+Rwanda%2C+Bosnia%2C+Kosovo%2C+and+Darfur&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62189-3&rft.aulast=Tatum&rft.aufirst=Dale+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnWsbAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmassacred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1997" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Philip J. (1997). "The Ideology and Historical Continuity of Serbia's Anti-Islamic Policy". Islamic Studies. 36 (2/3). Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University: 361–382. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23076201">23076201</a>. <q>Among the worst and most consistent offenders were the Serbs, who generated such fear that some women killed their own children, rather than let them fall into Serbian hands</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Ideology+and+Historical+Continuity+of+Serbia%27s+Anti-Islamic+Policy&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E361-%3C%2Fspan%3E382&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23076201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer138-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer138_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer138_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer138_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFKramer2008">Kramer 2008</a>, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Philip J. Cohen, Islamic Studies Vol. 36, No. 2/3, Special Issue: Islam in the Balkans (1997), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Philip J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1PW_wnHYMC&pg=PA7">Serbia's Secret War: Propaganda and the Deceit of History</a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-760-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-760-7"><bdi>978-0-89096-760-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbia%27s+Secret+War%3A+Propaganda+and+the+Deceit+of+History&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-89096-760-7&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFz1PW_wnHYMC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorvat,_Dr._Jusuf_Osmani2010" class="citation book cs1">Horvat, Dr. Jusuf Osmani, Mislav (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27205754">Jusuf Osmani - Kolonizimi Serbi Kosoves (The Serbian colonisation of Kosovo)</a>. Pristina: REND Prishtinë. p. 66. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jusuf+Osmani+-+Kolonizimi+Serbi+Kosoves+%28The+Serbian+colonisation+of+Kosovo%29&rft.place=Pristina&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=REND+Prishtin%C3%AB&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Horvat%2C+Dr.+Jusuf+Osmani&rft.aufirst=Mislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27205754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN.Y.)1921" class="citation book cs1">N.Y.), Near East College Association (New York (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gD8ZAAAAYAAJ&q=Albanian&pg=PA767">The Near East</a>. s.n. p. 45. Retrieved 5 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Near+East&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=s.n.&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=N.Y.%29&rft.aufirst=Near+East+College+Association+%28New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgD8ZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%26pg%3DPA767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_22-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324104514/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/chap2.htm">"SERBIAN OCCUPYING WARS AND OTHER MEASURES FOR EXPULSION OF ALBANIANS (1912-1941)"</a>. The Institute of History, Prishtina. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/Kosovo/chap2.htm">the original</a> on 24 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Institute+of+History%2C+Prishtina&rft.atitle=SERBIAN+OCCUPYING+WARS+AND+OTHER+MEASURES+FOR+EXPULSION+OF+ALBANIANS+%281912-1941%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ess.uwe.ac.uk%2FKosovo%2Fchap2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠtěpánek2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Štěpánek, Václav (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digilib.phil.muni.cz/_flysystem/fedora/pdf/115340.pdf">Problem of colonization of Kosovo and Metohija in 1918–1945</a> (PDF) (in Czech). p. 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Problem+of+colonization+of+Kosovo+and+Metohija+in+1918%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1nek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A1clav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigilib.phil.muni.cz%2F_flysystem%2Ffedora%2Fpdf%2F115340.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qirezi46-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Qirezi46_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qirezi46_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qirezi46_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Qirezi46_24-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQirezi2017" class="citation book cs1">Qirezi, Arben (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IWMqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT74">"Settling the self-determination dispute in Kosovo"</a>. In Mehmeti, Leandrit I.; Radeljić, Branislav (eds.). Kosovo and Serbia: Contested Options and Shared Consequences. University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8157-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-8157-2"><bdi>978-0-8229-8157-2</bdi></a>. <q>In 1912 and in 1913, Serbia conquered Kosovo through genocide and forced expulsion, and in 1999, it lost it because it had reverted to the same old policy of mass murder and expulsion of Kosovo Albanians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Settling+the+self-determination+dispute+in+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+Serbia%3A+Contested+Options+and+Shared+Consequences&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-8157-2&rft.aulast=Qirezi&rft.aufirst=Arben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIWMqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000560/19140202/063/0009?browse=true">"Albanian Peasants Burned by Servians: New Rulers Task"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>. 2 February 1914. p. 9. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Newspaper+Archive&rft.atitle=Albanian+Peasants+Burned+by+Servians%3A+New+Rulers+Task&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1914-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2FBL%2F0000560%2F19140202%2F063%2F0009%3Fbrowse%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_26-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ofu4AAAAIAAJ&q=Popovic">That was Yugoslavia</a>. Ost-Dienst. 1991. p. 53. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+was+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Ost-Dienst&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOfu4AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DPopovic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomassen1999" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomassen, Carsten (21 April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dagbladet.no/nyheter/en-krig-om-historien-ii/65517777">"En krig om historien II"</a>. Dagbladet.no (in German). Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dagbladet.no&rft.atitle=En+krig+om+historien+II&rft.date=1999-04-21&rft.aulast=Thomassen&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2Fnyheter%2Fen-krig-om-historien-ii%2F65517777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiserkoPerovićRoksandićVelikonja2017" class="citation book cs1">Biserko, Sonja; Perović, Latinka; Roksandić, Drago; Velikonja, Mitja; Hoepken, Wolfgang; Bieber, Florian; Sofrenović, Sheila; Hrašovec, Ivan (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yuhistorija.com/doc/yugoslavia%20from%20a%20historical%20perspective.pdf">Yugoslavia from a Historical Perspective</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Committee_for_Human_Rights_in_Serbia" title="Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia">Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia</a>. pp. 272–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7208-208-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7208-208-1"><bdi>978-86-7208-208-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yugoslavia+from+a+Historical+Perspective&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E272-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.pub=Helsinki+Committee+for+Human+Rights+in+Serbia&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-86-7208-208-1&rft.aulast=Biserko&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rft.au=Perovi%C4%87%2C+Latinka&rft.au=Roksandi%C4%87%2C+Drago&rft.au=Velikonja%2C+Mitja&rft.au=Hoepken%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Bieber%2C+Florian&rft.au=Sofrenovi%C4%87%2C+Sheila&rft.au=Hra%C5%A1ovec%2C+Ivan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yuhistorija.com%2Fdoc%2Fyugoslavia%2520from%2520a%2520historical%2520perspective.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_29-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevene2013" class="citation book cs1">Levene, Mark (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RRgbAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA106">Devastation: Volume I: The European Rimlands 1912-1938</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968303-1"><bdi>978-0-19-968303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Devastation%3A+Volume+I%3A+The+European+Rimlands+1912-1938&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968303-1&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRRgbAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_30-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEmAQAAIAAJ&q=freundlich">Aggression Against Yugoslavia Correspondence</a>. Faculty of Law, University of Belgrade. 2000. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-80763-91-0"><bdi>978-86-80763-91-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aggression+Against+Yugoslavia+Correspondence&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Faculty+of+Law%2C+University+of+Belgrade&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-86-80763-91-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcEEmAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dfreundlich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrantz2009" class="citation journal cs1">Frantz, Eva Anne (2009). "Violence and its Impact on Loyalty and Identity Formation in Late Ottoman Kosovo: Muslims and Christians in a Period of Reform and Transformation". Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs. 29 (4): 460–461. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13602000903411366">10.1080/13602000903411366</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143499467">143499467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Muslim+Minority+Affairs&rft.atitle=Violence+and+its+Impact+on+Loyalty+and+Identity+Formation+in+Late+Ottoman+Kosovo%3A+Muslims+and+Christians+in+a+Period+of+Reform+and+Transformation&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E460-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13602000903411366&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143499467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Frantz&rft.aufirst=Eva+Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2009" class="citation journal cs1">Müller, Dietmar (2009). "Orientalism and Nation: Jews and Muslims as Alterity in Southeastern Europe in the Age of Nation-States, 1878–1941". East Central Europe. 36 (1): 70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F187633009x411485">10.1163/187633009x411485</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+Central+Europe&rft.atitle=Orientalism+and+Nation%3A+Jews+and+Muslims+as+Alterity+in+Southeastern+Europe+in+the+Age+of+Nation-States%2C+1878%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=70&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F187633009x411485&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanović2005" class="citation journal cs1">Stefanović, Djordje (2005). "Seeing the Albanians through Serbian eyes: The Inventors of the Tradition of Intolerance and their Critics, 1804–1939". European History Quarterly. 35 (3): 469. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0265691405054219">10.1177/0265691405054219</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2440%2F124622">2440/124622</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144497487">144497487</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+History+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Seeing+the+Albanians+through+Serbian+eyes%3A+The+Inventors+of+the+Tradition+of+Intolerance+and+their+Critics%2C+1804%E2%80%931939&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=469&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2440%2F124622&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144497487%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0265691405054219&rft.aulast=Stefanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Djordje&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> "In 1878, following a series of Christian uprisings against the Ottoman Empire, the Russo-Turkish War, and the Berlin Congress, Serbia gained complete independence, as well as new territories in the Toplica and Kosanica regions adjacent to Kosovo. These two regions had a sizable Albanian population which the Serbian government decided to deport."; p.470. "The ‘cleansing’ of Toplica and Kosanica would have long-term negative effects on Serbian-Albanian relations. The Albanians expelled from these regions moved over the new border to Kosovo, where the Ottoman authorities forced the Serb population out of the border region and settled the refugees there. Janjićije Popović, a Kosovo Serb community leader in the period prior to the Balkan Wars, noted that after the 1876–8 wars, the hatred of the Turks and Albanians towards the Serbs ‘tripled’. A number of Albanian refugees from Toplica region, radicalized by their experience, engaged in retaliatory violence against the Serbian minority in Kosovo... The 1878 cleansing was a turning point because it was the first gross and large-scale injustice committed by Serbian forces against the Albanians. From that point onward, both ethnic groups had recent experiences of massive victimization that could be used to justify ‘revenge’ attacks. Furthermore, Muslim Albanians had every reason to resist the incorporation into the Serbian state." </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkendi2015" class="citation book cs1">Skendi, Stavro (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8QPWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">The Albanian National Awakening</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4776-1"><bdi>978-1-4008-4776-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Albanian+National+Awakening&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4776-1&rft.aulast=Skendi&rft.aufirst=Stavro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8QPWCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauti94-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti94_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti94_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti94_35-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauti2017">Dauti 2017</a>, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars. p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPZdWxjMd6cC&q=en+masse&pg=PA270">Casebook on Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare</a>. United States Army Special Operations Command. 2012. p. 270. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Casebook+on+Insurgency+and+Revolutionary+Warfare&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Special+Operations+Command&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPZdWxjMd6cC%26q%3Den%2Bmasse%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopken226-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopken226_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöpken2006">Höpken 2006</a>, p. 226 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopken28-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Hopken28_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöpken2006">Höpken 2006</a>, p. 28 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2000" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jL4tAQAAIAAJ&q=capture">Kosovo: Background to a War</a>. Anthem Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898855-56-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898855-56-9"><bdi>978-1-898855-56-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 31 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+Background+to+a+War&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-898855-56-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjL4tAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dcapture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBekaj2010" class="citation book cs1">Bekaj, Armend (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berghof-foundation.org/fileadmin/redaktion/Publications/Papers/Transitions_Series/transitions8_kosovo.pdf">The KLA and the Kosovo war</a> (PDF). Berlin: Berghof Transitions Series. Resistance/Liberation Movements and Transitions to Polticis. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-941514-02-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-941514-02-7"><bdi>978-3-941514-02-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+KLA+and+the+Kosovo+war&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Berghof+Transitions+Series.+Resistance%2FLiberation+Movements+and+Transitions+to+Polticis.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-941514-02-7&rft.aulast=Bekaj&rft.aufirst=Armend&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berghof-foundation.org%2Ffileadmin%2Fredaktion%2FPublications%2FPapers%2FTransitions_Series%2Ftransitions8_kosovo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLellio2006" class="citation book cs1">Lellio, Anna Di (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIJORNUgfTcC&q=Serbia+armed+Albanians+1912&pg=PA55">The Case for Kosova: Passage to Independence</a>. Anthem Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-245-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84331-245-1"><bdi>978-1-84331-245-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Kosova%3A+Passage+to+Independence&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84331-245-1&rft.aulast=Lellio&rft.aufirst=Anna+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlIJORNUgfTcC%26q%3DSerbia%2Barmed%2BAlbanians%2B1912%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВелимир2013" class="citation book cs1">Велимир, Ј. Иветић (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doiserbia.nb.rs/phd/fulltext/BG20131225IVETIC.pdf">ПОЛИТИЧКА УЛОГА МИНИСТАРА ВОЈНИХ КРАЉЕВИНЕ СРБИЈЕ ОД 1903. ДО 1914. ГОДИНЕ</a> (PDF) (На вест конзула из Приштине од 22. IX/5. X да су Албанци уплашени, Пашић је наредио да Јован М. Јовановић "напише једну прокламацију за Арнауте и да им каже да срп. војска неће ићи против њих него против Турске, и да иде да њих и Србе ослободи, да ће им осигурати живот и имање што притежавају. Да се даје све забораву и опроштају, што је до сада било. Да ће сви управљати својим школама, богомољама, да ће свакоме бити слободно да се на своме језику служи у суду и управи. Дати им обећања и уверења да ће тек тада кад се придруже нама знати и осетити шта је ред и слобода." – исто, док.564, стр. 811. Задатак Милану Ракићу да се ради како је Пашић изнео за садржај прокламације, МИД је послао 30. IX/13. X 1912. – исто, док.646, стр. 882. ed.). Beograd: УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У БЕОГРАДУ ФАКУЛТЕТ ПОЛИТИЧКИХ НАУКА. докторска дисертација. p. 112. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%90+%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%90+%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%90+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%88%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%89%D0%95%D0%92%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%95+%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%98%D0%88%D0%95+%D0%9E%D0%94+1903.+%D0%94%D0%9E+1914.+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%95&rft.place=Beograd&rft.pages=112&rft.edition=%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B4+22.+IX%2F5.+X+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%2C+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%9C.+%D0%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B+%22%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B5+%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF.+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D1%9B%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%2C+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%9A%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%2C+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%9B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83.+%D0%94%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%83%2C+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE.+%D0%94%D0%B0+%D1%9B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%99%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%2C+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%9B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5+%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8.+%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%9B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.%22+%E2%80%93+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA.564%2C+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80.+811.+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%9B%D1%83+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%9B+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%98+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5%2C+%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%94+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BE+30.+IX%2F13.+X+1912.+%E2%80%93+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%2C+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA.646%2C+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80.+882.&rft.pub=%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%92%D0%95%D0%A0%D0%97%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A2+%D0%A3+%D0%91%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%93%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%94%D0%A3+%D0%A4%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A2+%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%A5+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%90.+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%88.+%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoiserbia.nb.rs%2Fphd%2Ffulltext%2FBG20131225IVETIC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iskp.co.rs/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-40.pdf">Арбанашки устанак у Косовској Митровици 1912. године</a> (PDF) (Наредног дана из Београда је стигао одговор да ће се Србија пријатељски држати према арбанашком устанку, водећи се уверењем да су Срби и Арбанаси упућени на заједницу и у будућности, као што су били у прошлости ed.). p. 41. Retrieved 24 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%83+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8+1912.+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pages=41&rft.edition=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%98%D0%B5+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%9B%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83%2C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%9B%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%83+%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%9B%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%2C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE+%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiskp.co.rs%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2F%25D0%2591%25D0%25B0%25D1%2588%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B0-%25D1%2581%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0-40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treadway162-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treadway162_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treadway162_45-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadway1998" class="citation book cs1">Treadway, John D. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JVJUk2cHkDcC&q=albanians">The Falcon and the Eagle: Montenegro and Austria-Hungary, 1908-1914</a>. Purdue University Press. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-146-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-146-9"><bdi>978-1-55753-146-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Falcon+and+the+Eagle%3A+Montenegro+and+Austria-Hungary%2C+1908-1914&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-146-9&rft.aulast=Treadway&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJVJUk2cHkDcC%26q%3Dalbanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezo6566-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Pezo6566_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPezo2017">Pezo 2017</a>, pp. 65–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-Udovicki&Ridgeway-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Udovicki&Ridgeway_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Udovicki&Ridgeway_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUdovickiRidgeway2000" class="citation book cs1">Udovicki, Jasminka; Ridgeway, James (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DHMioF8-CewC&q=Leon+Trotsky+Kosovo&pg=PA30">Burn This House: The Making and Unmaking of Yugoslavia</a>. Duke University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8091-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-8091-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-8091-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burn+This+House%3A+The+Making+and+Unmaking+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-8091-7&rft.aulast=Udovicki&rft.aufirst=Jasminka&rft.au=Ridgeway%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDHMioF8-CewC%26q%3DLeon%2BTrotsky%2BKosovo%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOphelie2010" class="citation book cs1">Ophelie, Bilheur (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/dumas-00537586">Une entrée sanglante dans l'Europe du XXe siècle. Les massacres et atrocités pendant les guerres balkaniques (1912-1913)</a> ("A Zalla, à l'ouest de Kruja, un Albanais tue un Serbe qui entre de force dans sa maison et qui assaillit sa femme. Quant les Serbes arrivent sur les lieux du crime, le coupable s'est enfui. Ils massacrent alors tous les habitants en représailles, soit plus d'une centaine de personne dont des femmes et des enfants, et il rasent le village" (tr. In Zalla, in west of Kruja, an Albanian kills a Serb who breaks into his house and assaults his wife. When the Serbs arrive at the scene of the crime, the culprit has fled. They then massacred all the inhabitants in retaliation, more than a hundred people including women and children, and he razed the village.) ed.). Hal Open Science. p. 55. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+entr%C3%A9e+sanglante+dans+l%27Europe+du+XXe+si%C3%A8cle.+Les+massacres+et+atrocit%C3%A9s+pendant+les+guerres+balkaniques+%281912-1913%29&rft.pages=55&rft.edition=%22A+Zalla%2C+%C3%A0+l%27ouest+de+Kruja%2C+un+Albanais+tue+un+Serbe+qui+entre+de+force+dans+sa+maison+et+qui+assaillit+sa+femme.+Quant+les+Serbes+arrivent+sur+les+lieux+du+crime%2C+le+coupable+s%27est+enfui.+Ils+massacrent+alors+tous+les+habitants+en+repr%C3%A9sailles%2C+soit+plus+d%27une+centaine+de+personne+dont+des+femmes+et+des+enfants%2C+et+il+rasent+le+village%22+%28tr.+In+Zalla%2C+in+west+of+Kruja%2C+an+Albanian+kills+a+Serb+who+breaks+into+his+house+and+assaults+his+wife.+When+the+Serbs+arrive+at+the+scene+of+the+crime%2C+the+culprit+has+fled.+They+then+massacred+all+the+inhabitants+in+retaliation%2C+more+than+a+hundred+people+including+women+and+children%2C+and+he+razed+the+village.%29&rft.pub=Hal+Open+Science&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ophelie&rft.aufirst=Bilheur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr%2Fdumas-00537586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/newspaper/item/NHW3PI7J5RZPS7QMRSC626XNENCSZXFR?fromDay=28&toYear=1914&fromYear=1910&toDay=21&query=Serbische+Soldaten+albanische&toMonth=1&fromMonth=9&rows=100&page=4&hit=50&issuepage=3">"Westfälischer Merkur - Montag, 22.09.1913 - Deutsches Zeitungsportal"</a>. www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de&rft.atitle=Westf%C3%A4lischer+Merkur+-+Montag%2C+22.09.1913+-+Deutsches+Zeitungsportal&rft.date=1913&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de%2Fnewspaper%2Fitem%2FNHW3PI7J5RZPS7QMRSC626XNENCSZXFR%3FfromDay%3D28%26toYear%3D1914%26fromYear%3D1910%26toDay%3D21%26query%3DSerbische%2BSoldaten%2Balbanische%26toMonth%3D1%26fromMonth%3D9%26rows%3D100%26page%3D4%26hit%3D50%26issuepage%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudićBiagini2015" class="citation book cs1">Rudić, Srđan; Biagini, Antonello (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7RPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA77">Serbian-Italian Relations: History and Modern Times : Collection of Works</a>. The Institute of History, Belgrade / Sapienza University of Rome, Research center CEMAS. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-109-9"><bdi>978-86-7743-109-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbian-Italian+Relations%3A+History+and+Modern+Times+%3A+Collection+of+Works&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History%2C+Belgrade+%2F+Sapienza+University+of+Rome%2C+Research+center+CEMAS&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-86-7743-109-9&rft.aulast=Rudi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sr%C4%91an&rft.au=Biagini%2C+Antonello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7RPDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:24-51"><a href="#cite_ref-:24_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreundlich1998" class="citation book cs1">Freundlich, Leo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHgtAQAAIAAJ&q=thrashed">Albania's Golgotha: indictments of the exterminators of the Albanian people</a>. Juka Pub. Co. p. 46. Retrieved 22 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania%27s+Golgotha%3A+indictments+of+the+exterminators+of+the+Albanian+people&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Juka+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Freundlich&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHgtAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dthrashed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.com.al/femijet-vrapuan-pas-kolonave-duke-kenduar-kengen-e-famshme-kombetare-sjemi-serbe-as-bullgare-jemi-trima-shqiptare-libri-i-ri-i-studiuesit-bas/">""Fëmijët vrapuan pas kolonave, duke kënduar këngën e famshme kombëtare: 'S'jemi serbë, as bullgarë, jemi trima shqiptarë'…"/ Libri i ri i studiuesit Bashkim Trenova"</a> (in Albanian). Panorama. Panorama. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 4 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22F%C3%ABmij%C3%ABt+vrapuan+pas+kolonave%2C+duke+k%C3%ABnduar+k%C3%ABng%C3%ABn+e+famshme+komb%C3%ABtare%3A+%27S%27jemi+serb%C3%AB%2C+as+bullgar%C3%AB%2C+jemi+trima+shqiptar%C3%AB%27%E2%80%A6%22%2F+Libri+i+ri+i+studiuesit+Bashkim+Trenova&rft.date=2023-08-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.com.al%2Ffemijet-vrapuan-pas-kolonave-duke-kenduar-kengen-e-famshme-kombetare-sjemi-serbe-as-bullgare-jemi-trima-shqiptare-libri-i-ri-i-studiuesit-bas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhana2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dhana, Petraq (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LI9aAgAAQBAJ&dq=Masakra+ne+1914&pg=PA132">Arsimi Dhe Kultura Ne Myzeqe (1912 - 1990)</a> (in Albanian). Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-557-58307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-557-58307-2"><bdi>978-0-557-58307-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arsimi+Dhe+Kultura+Ne+Myzeqe+%281912+-+1990%29&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2010-08&rft.isbn=978-0-557-58307-2&rft.aulast=Dhana&rft.aufirst=Petraq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLI9aAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMasakra%2Bne%2B1914%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michailidis331-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Michailidis331_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMichailidis2018">Michailidis 2018</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-Michailidis330-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Michailidis330_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichailidis2018" class="citation book cs1">Michailidis, Iakovos D. (2018). "Cleansing the Nation: War related Demographic Changes in Macedonia". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=okMtDwAAQBAJ&q=burned">The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912-13</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8"><bdi>978-1-78533-775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cleansing+the+Nation%3A+War+related+Demographic+Changes+in+Macedonia&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Yesterday%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+and+the+Emergence+of+Modern+Military+Conflict%2C+1912-13&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-775-8&rft.aulast=Michailidis&rft.aufirst=Iakovos+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokMtDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dburned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKabashi2001" class="citation book cs1">Kabashi, Emin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52631280">Terrori i Serbisë pushtuese mbi shqiptarët, 1844-1999 = The terror of invading Serbia over Albanians, 1844-1999 | WorldCat.org</a>. Prishtina: State Archive of Kosovo. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52631280">52631280</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrori+i+Serbis%C3%AB+pushtuese+mbi+shqiptar%C3%ABt%2C+1844-1999+%3D+The+terror+of+invading+Serbia+over+Albanians%2C+1844-1999+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft.place=Prishtina&rft.pub=State+Archive+of+Kosovo&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52631280&rft.aulast=Kabashi&rft.aufirst=Emin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52631280&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPllanaj_and_Emin_Kabashi2001" class="citation book cs1">Pllanaj and Emin Kabashi, Prof. Dr. Nusret (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblio.com/book/terrori-i-serbise-pushtuese-mbi-shqiptaret/d/1106777399">The Terror of Invading Serbia over Albanians 1844-1999</a>. Prishtina: Arkivi Shtetëror i Kosovës. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9951-404-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/9951-404-00-6"><bdi>9951-404-00-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Terror+of+Invading+Serbia+over+Albanians+1844-1999&rft.place=Prishtina&rft.pub=Arkivi+Shtet%C3%ABror+i+Kosov%C3%ABs&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9951-404-00-6&rft.aulast=Pllanaj+and+Emin+Kabashi&rft.aufirst=Prof.+Dr.+Nusret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblio.com%2Fbook%2Fterrori-i-serbise-pushtuese-mbi-shqiptaret%2Fd%2F1106777399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Kabashi, Pllanaj, p.510-511 </li> <li id="cite_note-Archbishop-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archbishop_59-7">h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">Archbishop Lazër Mjeda: Report on the Serb Invasion of Kosova and Macedonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195950/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_6.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trix-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trix_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix_60-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix_60-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix_60-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Trix" class="citation book cs1">Trix, Francis (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBOMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44">Urban Muslim Migrants in Istanbul: Identity and Trauma Among Balkan Immigrants</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-108-1"><bdi>978-1-78673-108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Muslim+Migrants+in+Istanbul%3A+Identity+and+Trauma+Among+Balkan+Immigrants&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-108-1&rft.aulast=Trix&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBOMDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karoubi174-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karoubi174_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karoubi174_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karoubi174_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karoubi174_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaroubi2017" class="citation book cs1">Karoubi, Mohammad Taghi (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v_dADwAAQBAJ&q=archbishop+skopje+massacres&pg=PT268">Just or Unjust War?: International Law and Unilateral Use of Armed Force by States at the Turn of the 20th Century</a>. Routledge. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15466-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-15466-6"><bdi>978-1-351-15466-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+or+Unjust+War%3F%3A+International+Law+and+Unilateral+Use+of+Armed+Force+by+States+at+the+Turn+of+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-15466-6&rft.aulast=Karoubi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Taghi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv_dADwAAQBAJ%26q%3Darchbishop%2Bskopje%2Bmassacres%26pg%3DPT268&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberman60-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman60_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman60_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman60_62-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman60_62-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman60_62-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman60_62-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman60_62-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2013" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UXlfAgAAQBAJ&q=balkan+wars+catholic+reports+durham">Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3038-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3038-5"><bdi>978-1-4422-3038-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+Fate%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Making+of+Modern+Europe&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3038-5&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUXlfAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbalkan%2Bwars%2Bcatholic%2Breports%2Bdurham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NY_Times-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NY_Times_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_Times_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_Times_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NY_Times_63-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1912/12/31/100385991.pdf">"Servian Army Left a Trail of Blood; Thousands of Men, Women, and Children Massacred in March to Sea, Say Hungarian Reports"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Servian+Army+Left+a+Trail+of+Blood%3B+Thousands+of+Men%2C+Women%2C+and+Children+Massacred+in+March+to+Sea%2C+Say+Hungarian+Reports.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1912%2F12%2F31%2F100385991.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:25-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:25_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:25_64-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsieDestani2018" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah D. (30 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=adWLDwAAQBAJ&dq=Topojan+massacre&pg=PT228">Kosovo, A Documentary History: From the Balkan Wars to World War II</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-354-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78672-354-3"><bdi>978-1-78672-354-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2C+A+Documentary+History%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-01-30&rft.isbn=978-1-78672-354-3&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Destani%2C+Bejtullah+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DadWLDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTopojan%2Bmassacre%26pg%3DPT228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanac1988" class="citation book cs1">Banac, Ivo (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&q=slaughter+of+Albanians+1912&pg=PA295">The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics</a>. Cornell University Press. p. 296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-9493-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+National+Question+in+Yugoslavia%3A+Origins%2C+History%2C+Politics&rft.pages=296&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-9493-2&rft.aulast=Banac&rft.aufirst=Ivo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKfqbujXqQBkC%26q%3Dslaughter%2Bof%2BAlbanians%2B1912%26pg%3DPA295&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMislav_HorvatJusuf_Osmani2010" class="citation book cs1">Mislav Horvat; Jusuf Osmani (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/27205754">Kolonizimi Serbi Kosoves (The Serbian Colonisation of Kosovo)</a>. Pristina: REND Prishtinë. p. 67. Retrieved 29 March 2020. <q>Se në tregun e Prishtinës, më 18 tetor 1912 më një lirë ari të Turqisë mund të bliheshin 82 fesa turq. Më 10 nëntor 1912, po në këtë treg, një fes mund të blihej me 82 lira ari. Ngritja kaq e lartë e çmimit ishte bërë për shkak se ushtria serbe likuidonte të gjithë njerëzit me plisa të bardhë, ndërsa i kursente ata që mbanin fesin turk në krye.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kolonizimi+Serbi+Kosoves+%28The+Serbian+Colonisation+of+Kosovo%29&rft.place=Pristina&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=REND+Prishtin%C3%AB&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Mislav+Horvat&rft.au=Jusuf+Osmani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F27205754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Krilaši, Istorijski leksikon Crne Gore, Daily Press, Podgorica, 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mirdita-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Mirdita_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadj" class="citation web cs1">Nadj, Danijela. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010625113900/http://www.hic.hr/books/jugoistocna-europa/mirdita.htm">"Medjunarodni znanstveni skup "Jugoistocna Europa 1918.-1995." Albanci u svjetlosti vanjske politike Srbije"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hic.hr/books/jugoistocna-europa/mirdita.htm">the original</a> on 25 June 2001. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medjunarodni+znanstveni+skup+%22Jugoistocna+Europa+1918.-1995.%22+Albanci+u+svjetlosti+vanjske+politike+Srbije&rft.aulast=Nadj&rft.aufirst=Danijela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hic.hr%2Fbooks%2Fjugoistocna-europa%2Fmirdita.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1934" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain Foreign Office (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TguIIjeeb0C&q=Servian+atrocities&pg=PA1122">The Balkan wars. pt. 1. The prelude; the Tripoli war. pt. 2. The league and Turkey</a>. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 569. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+wars.+pt.+1.+The+prelude%3B+the+Tripoli+war.+pt.+2.+The+league+and+Turkey&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Great+Britain+Foreign+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TguIIjeeb0C%26q%3DServian%2Batrocities%26pg%3DPA1122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2015" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (24 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaamDwAAQBAJ&dq=Bytyci+exterminated+Serbian+forces+1915&pg=PT222">The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-932-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-932-2"><bdi>978-0-85773-932-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tribes+of+Albania%3A+History%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0-85773-932-2&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaamDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBytyci%2Bexterminated%2BSerbian%2Bforces%2B1915%26pg%3DPT222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-malcolm_p253-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malcolm_p253_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-malcolm_p253_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoel_Malcolm1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a> (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. London: papermac. p. 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-330-41224-7"><bdi>978-0-330-41224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=253&rft.pub=papermac&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-330-41224-7&rft.au=Noel+Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120531131757/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">"1913 | Leo Freundlich: Albania's Golgotha: Indictment of the Exterminators of the Albanian People"</a>. albanianhistory.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_1.html">the original</a> on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 17 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1913+%7C+Leo+Freundlich%3A+Albania%27s+Golgotha%3A+Indictment+of+the+Exterminators+of+the+Albanian+People&rft.pub=albanianhistory.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1913_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:17_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:17_73-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreundlich1998" class="citation web cs1">Freundlich, Leo (1 January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IHgtAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Albanian%20genocide%22">"Albania's Golgotha: indictments of the exterminators of the Albanian people"</a>. Juka Pub. Co. Retrieved 6 September 2016 – via Google Books. <q>These figures give an idea as to the extent of the Albanian genocide which was achieved with various means inconceivable in twentieth century Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albania%27s+Golgotha%3A+indictments+of+the+exterminators+of+the+Albanian+people&rft.pub=Juka+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1998-01-01&rft.aulast=Freundlich&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIHgtAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Albanian%2520genocide%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumanities1912" class="citation news cs1">Humanities, National Endowment for the (16 November 1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045487/1912-11-16/ed-1/seq-31/#date1=1789&index=33&date2=1920&searchType=advanced&language=&sequence=0&lccn=&words=Albanian+burned&proxdistance=5&state=&rows=50&ortext=killed+shot+burned+atrocities&proxtext=Albanian&phrasetext=&andtext=&dateFilterType=yearRange&page=1">"The day book. [volume] (Chicago, Ill.) 1911-1917, November 16, 1912, Image 31"</a>. 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Balkan Insight. Balkan Insight. 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Balcanica (50): 131–156. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2298%2FBALC1950131B">10.2298/BALC1950131B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.15107%2Frcub_dais_7810">21.15107/rcub_dais_7810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Balcanica&rft.atitle=The+Austro-Hungarian+creation+of+a+%22humanitarian%22+pretext+for+the+planned+invasion+of+Serbia+in+1912-1913%3A+Facts+and+counter-facts&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.15107%2Frcub_dais_7810&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2298%2FBALC1950131B&rft.aulast=Bjelajac&rft.aufirst=Mile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2298%252FBALC1950131B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jezernik-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jezernik_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jezernik_80-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJezernik2004" class="citation book cs1">Jezernik, Božidar (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ji5pAAAAMAAJ&q=Rugova">Wild Europe: The Balkans in the Gaze of Western Travellers</a>. Saqi. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-574-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-574-8"><bdi>978-0-86356-574-8</bdi></a>. 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Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-003-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-83860-003-7"><bdi>978-1-83860-003-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2C+A+Documentary+History%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+World+War+II&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-83860-003-7&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Destani%2C+Bejtullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTxJbEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trotsky-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Trotsky_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Trotsky" class="citation web cs1">Trotsky, Leon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211023192904/http://www.albanianhistory.net/1912_Trotsky/index.html">"Behind the Curtains of the Balkan Wars"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/1912_Trotsky/index.html">the original</a> on 23 October 2021. 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Oxford University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968303-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968303-1"><bdi>978-0-19-968303-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Genocide.+Volume+I%3A+Devastation%3A+The+European+Rimlands+1912%E2%80%931938&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968303-1&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRRgbAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DLuma%2Bgenocide%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twenty_Years_Of_Balkan_Tangle-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twenty_Years_Of_Balkan_Tangle_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twenty_Years_Of_Balkan_Tangle_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdith1920" class="citation book cs1">Edith, Durham (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234333">Twenty Years Of Balkan Tangle</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.234333/page/n242">246</a>. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twenty+Years+Of+Balkan+Tangle&rft.pages=246&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Edith&rft.aufirst=Durham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.234333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muharrem2018-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Muharrem2018_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Muharrem2018_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuharrem2018" class="citation journal cs1">Muharrem, Qafleshi (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/41340919">"Balkan Wars and the Albanian issue"</a>. American Journal of History and Culture. Prishtina. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2637-4919">2637-4919</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+History+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Balkan+Wars+and+the+Albanian+issue&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=2637-4919&rft.aulast=Muharrem&rft.aufirst=Qafleshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F41340919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Old Europe's Suicide: The Building of a Pyramid of Errors. Library of Alexandria (1920) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalimi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Halimi, Naim (2012). "MASAKRAT SERBE MBI POPULLSINË SHQIPTARE TË MAQEDONISË NË PRAG TË SHPALLJES SË PAVARSISË SË SHQIPËRISË". Studime Albanologjike. ITSH: 134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studime+Albanologjike&rft.atitle=MASAKRAT+SERBE+MBI+POPULLSIN%C3%8B+SHQIPTARE+T%C3%8B+MAQEDONIS%C3%8B+N%C3%8B+PRAG+T%C3%8B+SHPALLJES+S%C3%8B+PAVARSIS%C3%8B+S%C3%8B+SHQIP%C3%8BRIS%C3%8B&rft.pages=134&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Halimi&rft.aufirst=Naim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsieDestani2018" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbqKDwAAQBAJ&q=massacre&pg=PR14">Kosovo, A Documentary History: From the Balkan Wars to World War II</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-354-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-354-2"><bdi>978-1-78673-354-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2C+A+Documentary+History%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-354-2&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Destani%2C+Bejtullah+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbqKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmassacre%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/66663753">"Servian Atrocities"</a>. Geraldton Guardian. No. ALBANIA LAID WASTE BY FIRE AND SWORD. INHUMAN CRUELTIES. 3 May 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geraldton+Guardian&rft.atitle=Servian+Atrocities.&rft.issue=ALBANIA+LAID+WASTE+BY+FIRE+AND+SWORD.+INHUMAN+CRUELTIES&rft.date=1913-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fnewspaper%2Farticle%2F66663753&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrook-Shepherd2009" class="citation book cs1">Brook-Shepherd, Gordon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3s4DgAAQBAJ&q=massacred&pg=PT128">The Austrians: A Thousand-Year Odyssey</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-3066-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-3066-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austrians%3A+A+Thousand-Year+Odyssey&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-3066-7&rft.aulast=Brook-Shepherd&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3s4DgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmassacred%26pg%3DPT128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPajaziti" class="citation book cs1">Pajaziti, Ali. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/23459558">SHQIPTARËT E REKËS SË EPËRME</a> ("Pas pushtimit të trevave shqiptare nga ana e ushtrisë serbe, fillon një fazë tjetër shumë e tmerrshme dhe e dhembshme për shqiptarët, nga shkaku se ushtria serbe beri masakra në të gjitha viset e pushtuara. Këto masakra të egra dhe barbare u vërejtën edhe nga ana e Fuqive të Mëdha, por reagoi vetëm Vjena. Në letrën e Berhtoldit dërguar Parisit, Londrës, Berlinit, Romës dhe Petrogradit thuhet: "Sjellja e ushtrisë serbe ndaj popullit shqiptar nuk i përket asnjë norme ndërkombëtare për të drejtat e njeriut, por ato pas pushtimit të vendeve nuk zgjedhin mjete sesi me u sjellë më brutalisht ndaj popullatës së pafajshme dhe të pambrojtur" ed.). pp. 132–133. Retrieved 28 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SHQIPTAR%C3%8BT+E+REK%C3%8BS+S%C3%8B+EP%C3%8BRME&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E133&rft.edition=%22Pas+pushtimit+t%C3%AB+trevave+shqiptare+nga+ana+e+ushtris%C3%AB+serbe%2C+fillon+nj%C3%AB+faz%C3%AB+tjet%C3%ABr+shum%C3%AB+e+tmerrshme+dhe+e+dhembshme+p%C3%ABr+shqiptar%C3%ABt%2C+nga+shkaku+se+ushtria+serbe+beri+masakra+n%C3%AB+t%C3%AB+gjitha+viset+e+pushtuara.+K%C3%ABto+masakra+t%C3%AB+egra+dhe+barbare+u+v%C3%ABrejt%C3%ABn+edhe+nga+ana+e+Fuqive+t%C3%AB+M%C3%ABdha%2C+por+reagoi+vet%C3%ABm+Vjena.+N%C3%AB+letr%C3%ABn+e+Berhtoldit+d%C3%ABrguar+Parisit%2C+Londr%C3%ABs%2C+Berlinit%2C+Rom%C3%ABs+dhe+Petrogradit+thuhet%3A+%22Sjellja+e+ushtris%C3%AB+serbe+ndaj+popullit+shqiptar+nuk+i+p%C3%ABrket+asnj%C3%AB+norme+nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtare+p%C3%ABr+t%C3%AB+drejtat+e+njeriut%2C+por+ato+pas+pushtimit+t%C3%AB+vendeve+nuk+zgjedhin+mjete+sesi+me+u+sjell%C3%AB+m%C3%AB+brutalisht+ndaj+popullat%C3%ABs+s%C3%AB+pafajshme+dhe+t%C3%AB+pambrojtur%22&rft.aulast=Pajaziti&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F23459558&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> HHStA-PAA Letters of Berchtold sent to the Great Powers. Dok. Nr. 4545 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebba1996" class="citation book cs1">Sebba, Anne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/sebba-teresa.html">Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-48952-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-48952-8"><bdi>0-385-48952-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+Beyond+the+Image&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-385-48952-8&rft.aulast=Sebba&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fs%2Fsebba-teresa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2002" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Paul (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aCwmAQAAIAAJ&q=daughters">Mother Teresa</a>. Alpha. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864278-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-864278-9"><bdi>978-0-02-864278-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Alpha&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-02-864278-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaCwmAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddaughters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liakos2023-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liakos2023_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liakos2023_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiakosDoumanis2023">Liakos & Doumanis 2023</a>, p. 34Serb forces destroyed 80 per cent of the (mainly Albanian) Muslim villages in the Manastir and Skopje regions, and burned each city’s Albanian neighbourhoods, killing Muslims indiscriminately </li> <li id="cite_note-albanianhistory.net-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-albanianhistory.net_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-albanianhistory.net_96-1">b</a> Robert Elsie, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1912_2.html">Leo Trotsky: Behind the Curtains of the Balkan Wars</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212030202/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1912_2.html">Archived</a> 12 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1934" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain Foreign Office (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TguIIjeeb0C&q=Servian+atrocities&pg=PA1122">The Balkan wars. pt. 1. The prelude; the Tripoli war. pt. 2. The league and Turkey</a>. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 168. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+wars.+pt.+1.+The+prelude%3B+the+Tripoli+war.+pt.+2.+The+league+and+Turkey&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1934&rft.au=Great+Britain+Foreign+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TguIIjeeb0C%26q%3DServian%2Batrocities%26pg%3DPA1122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bIQ-AQAAMAAJ&q=massacre+Mitrovitza">"Japan Times"</a>. Google Books. 1912. p. 352. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Books&rft.atitle=Japan+Times&rft.pages=352&rft.date=1912&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbIQ-AQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmassacre%2BMitrovitza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsieDestani2018" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert; Destani, Bejtullah D. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dbqKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR14">Kosovo, A Documentary History: From the Balkan Wars to World War II</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-354-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-354-2"><bdi>978-1-78673-354-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2C+A+Documentary+History%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+World+War+II&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-354-2&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Destani%2C+Bejtullah+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdbqKDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPR14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherifiRugova2007" class="citation book cs1">Sherifi, Remzije; Rugova, Ibrahim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RIruxQEACAAJ">La Question Du Kosovo (The Shadow Behind The Sun)</a>. Prishtina: Sandstone. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905207-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905207-47-3"><bdi>978-1-905207-47-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Question+Du+Kosovo+%28The+Shadow+Behind+The+Sun%29&rft.place=Prishtina&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Sandstone&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-905207-47-3&rft.aulast=Sherifi&rft.aufirst=Remzije&rft.au=Rugova%2C+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRIruxQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBilheur2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bilheur, Ophélie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr/file/index/docid/537586/filename/Ophelie_Bilheur_-_Une_entree_sanglante_dans_l_Europe_du_XXe_siecle.pdf">Une entrée sanglante dans l'Europe du XXe siècle. Les massacres et atrocités pendant les guerres balkaniques (1912-1913)</a> (PDF) (in French). pp. 107–108. Retrieved 21 April 2020. <q>Dans la région de Peć, plus de 10 000 personnes ont été converties de force, par la menace, la terreur; la moindre opposition est réglée à coups de baïonnettes ou d'incendies de 294 maisons. (In the Pejë region, more than 10,000 people were forcibly converted by threat or terror; the slightest opposition is resolved with bayonets. Two hundred ninety-four houses were burned.)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Une+entr%C3%A9e+sanglante+dans+l%27Europe+du+XXe+si%C3%A8cle.+Les+massacres+et+atrocit%C3%A9s+pendant+les+guerres+balkaniques+%281912-1913%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bilheur&rft.aufirst=Oph%C3%A9lie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdumas.ccsd.cnrs.fr%2Ffile%2Findex%2Fdocid%2F537586%2Ffilename%2FOphelie_Bilheur_-_Une_entree_sanglante_dans_l_Europe_du_XXe_siecle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudićBiagini2015" class="citation book cs1">Rudić, Srđan; Biagini, Antonello (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7RPDQAAQBAJ&q=Albanians&pg=PA80">Serbian-Italian Relations: History and Modern Times : Collection of Works</a>. The Institute of History, Belgrade / Sapienza University of Rome, Research center CEMAS. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-109-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-7743-109-9"><bdi>978-86-7743-109-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbian-Italian+Relations%3A+History+and+Modern+Times+%3A+Collection+of+Works&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.pub=The+Institute+of+History%2C+Belgrade+%2F+Sapienza+University+of+Rome%2C+Research+center+CEMAS&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-86-7743-109-9&rft.aulast=Rudi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sr%C4%91an&rft.au=Biagini%2C+Antonello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7RPDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbanians%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Rugova, Sherifi, La Question Du Kosovo (The Shadow Behind The Sun), p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2002" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Richard C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DziCAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT231">The Balkan Wars 1912-1913: Prelude to the First World War</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-58362-1"><bdi>978-1-134-58362-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+1912-1913%3A+Prelude+to+the+First+World+War&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-58362-1&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDziCAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvdyli2013" class="citation book cs1">Avdyli, Sabit (2013). Na Kabashi jem t'ndam nji vulmi. Gjilan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Na+Kabashi+jem+t%27ndam+nji+vulmi&rft.place=Gjilan&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Avdyli&rft.aufirst=Sabit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Fejzullah Sahabni (1996), pp.278-309, Avni Mustafa. "Organizim masakrash periodike te ushtrisë serbe ne Zajaz e rrethina me 1913-1915". </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIseni2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iseni, Bashkim (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gAdlqwCm_9sC&pg=PA310">La question nationale en Europe du Sud-Est: genèse, émergence et développement de l'indentité nationale albanaise au Kosovo et en Macédoine</a> (in French). Peter Lang. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-320-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03911-320-0"><bdi>978-3-03911-320-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+question+nationale+en+Europe+du+Sud-Est%3A+gen%C3%A8se%2C+%C3%A9mergence+et+d%C3%A9veloppement+de+l%27indentit%C3%A9+nationale+albanaise+au+Kosovo+et+en+Mac%C3%A9doine&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-03911-320-0&rft.aulast=Iseni&rft.aufirst=Bashkim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgAdlqwCm_9sC%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.faktiditor.ch/ne-vitin-1913-u-bene-vrasje-masive-ne-kercove-me-rrethine/">"Në vitin 1913 u bënë vrasje masive në Kërçovë me rrethinë"</a>. Fakti Ditor. 12 October 2016. Retrieved 23 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fakti+Ditor&rft.atitle=N%C3%AB+vitin+1913+u+b%C3%ABn%C3%AB+vrasje+masive+n%C3%AB+K%C3%ABr%C3%A7ov%C3%AB+me+rrethin%C3%AB&rft.date=2016-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faktiditor.ch%2Fne-vitin-1913-u-bene-vrasje-masive-ne-kercove-me-rrethine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Në vitin 1913 u bënë vrasje masive në Kërçovë me rrethinë </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> British Consul in Macedonia. Document nr 1797-1915. Skopje, 2002, p-436. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/reportofinternat00inteuoft#page/150/mode/2up">"Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War"</a>. Retrieved 6 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+International+Commission+to+Inquire+into+the+Causes+and+Conduct+of+the+Balkan+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Freportofinternat00inteuoft%23page%2F150%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-112"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cfFQAQAAMAAJ&q=bombarded">The Nation</a>. Nation Publishing Company Limited. 1920. p. 626. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nation&rft.pages=626&rft.pub=Nation+Publishing+Company+Limited&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcfFQAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Dbombarded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000560/19140202/063/0009?browse=true">"Albanian Peasants Tortured and Burned Alive by Servians"</a>. Daily Mirror. 2 February 1914. pp. 4, 9. Retrieved 12 April 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mirror&rft.atitle=Albanian+Peasants+Tortured+and+Burned+Alive+by+Servians&rft.pages=4%2C+9&rft.date=1914-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2FBL%2F0000560%2F19140202%2F063%2F0009%3Fbrowse%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebba1996" class="citation book cs1">Sebba, Anne (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/s/sebba-teresa.html">Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image</a>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-48952-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-48952-8"><bdi>0-385-48952-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 April 2020. <q>Occasionally Albanians did the killing - as in Dibra, when they attacked looting Serbian soldiers. But then Serbian revenge was swift, on this occasion twenty-four entire villages were burnt down.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mother+Teresa%3A+Beyond+the+Image&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-385-48952-8&rft.aulast=Sebba&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2Ffirst%2Fs%2Fsebba-teresa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Timofeev271-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Timofeev271_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Timofeev271_115-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimofeev2018" class="citation book cs1">Timofeev, Alexey (2018). "Serbian Chetniks: Traditions of Irregular Warfare". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=okMtDwAAQBAJ">The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912-13</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8"><bdi>978-1-78533-775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbian+Chetniks%3A+Traditions+of+Irregular+Warfare&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Yesterday%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+and+the+Emergence+of+Modern+Military+Conflict%2C+1912-13&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-775-8&rft.aulast=Timofeev&rft.aufirst=Alexey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokMtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrifti1993" class="citation book cs1">Prifti, Kristaq (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YBq5AAAAIAAJ">The Truth on Kosova</a>. Encyclopaedia Publishing House. p. 173. Retrieved 24 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Truth+on+Kosova&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Publishing+House&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Prifti&rft.aufirst=Kristaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYBq5AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorlhiac2023" class="citation book cs1">Dorlhiac, Renaud (2023). "Muslims of Epirus, Muslims of Empire? The Cham Issue in Relation to Albanian, Greek and Turkish National Projects (1908–25)". In Horel, Catherine; Severin-Barboutie, Bettina (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004543690/BP000013.xml">Population Displacements and Multiple Mobilities in the Late Ottoman Empire</a>. Brill. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-54369-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-54369-0"><bdi>978-90-04-54369-0</bdi></a>. <q>During the Balkan Wars, the embedding of Epirus within the Greek state gave rise to fierce fighting and atrocities. The main slaughter occurred near Skupitza on 24 March 1913, at a moment when the Greek conquest was almost complete.6 On that day seventy-five Cham notables who had gathered to pledge allegiance to the newly established Greek authorities were murdered in Seljani by the Cretan çetas of Deligiannakis and Spiros Fotis (with the assent and support of the Greek captain Dimitriades), who were supposed to escort them to the town of Paramithia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslims+of+Epirus%2C+Muslims+of+Empire%3F+The+Cham+Issue+in+Relation+to+Albanian%2C+Greek+and+Turkish+National+Projects+%281908%E2%80%9325%29&rft.btitle=Population+Displacements+and+Multiple+Mobilities+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-90-04-54369-0&rft.aulast=Dorlhiac&rft.aufirst=Renaud&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004543690%2FBP000013.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsoutsoumpis2018" class="citation book cs1">Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros (2018). "Morale, Ideology and the Barbarization of warfare among Greek soldiers". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=okMtDwAAQBAJ">The Wars of Yesterday: The Balkan Wars and the Emergence of Modern Military Conflict, 1912-13</a>. Berghahn Books. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8"><bdi>978-1-78533-775-8</bdi></a>. <q>The military authorities also endorsed progressively harsher measures against civilians. Irregulars were shot on the spot without a trial. The killing of prisoners, which was initially rare, became customary. By the time the Greek army had reached Albania, where it again met resistance, such practices had become the norm. An infantry officer noted in December 1912: 'today I fully understood the savagery of the war. Women and children were crying. The villagers were being mowed down like sparrows. The houses were all alight from one end to the other. Hideous, hideous'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morale%2C+Ideology+and+the+Barbarization+of+warfare+among+Greek+soldiers&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Yesterday%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+and+the+Emergence+of+Modern+Military+Conflict%2C+1912-13&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-775-8&rft.aulast=Tsoutsoumpis&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokMtDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiakosDoumanis202335-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiakosDoumanis202335_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiakosDoumanis2023">Liakos & Doumanis 2023</a>, p. 35:The Greek army occupied the region in December, and a provisional government was established in February 1914. Its ‘army’ was composed mainly of deserters and bandits, who were pitted against Albanian militias, thereby subjecting the territory to a vicious cycle of arson, hostage-taking and looting. Towns like Tepelenë/Tepeleni, Frashër/Frasari and Lefkovik/Leskovik, and many villages were burned to their foundations. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDestani2003" class="citation book cs1">Destani, Bejtullah D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hx9pAAAAMAAJ">Ethnic Minorities in the Balkan States, 1860-1971: 1914-1923</a>. Archive Editions. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84097-035-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84097-035-7"><bdi>978-1-84097-035-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Minorities+in+the+Balkan+States%2C+1860-1971%3A+1914-1923&rft.pub=Archive+Editions&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84097-035-7&rft.aulast=Destani&rft.aufirst=Bejtullah+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhx9pAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZotaj2021" class="citation journal cs1">Zotaj, Bernard (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mod.gov.al/images/revistaushtarake/2021/nentor/revista-ushtarake-nentor-2021.pdf#page=189">"ÇETAT KRYENGRITËSE SHQIPTARE GJATË LUFTËS SË PARË BOTËRORE"</a> (PDF). Revista Ushtarake (2): 195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Ushtarake&rft.atitle=%C3%87ETAT+KRYENGRIT%C3%8BSE+SHQIPTARE+GJAT%C3%8B+LUFT%C3%8BS+S%C3%8B+PAR%C3%8B+BOT%C3%8BRORE&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195&rft.date=2021-11&rft.aulast=Zotaj&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mod.gov.al%2Fimages%2Frevistaushtarake%2F2021%2Fnentor%2Frevista-ushtarake-nentor-2021.pdf%23page%3D189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1">Elsie, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/1914_Dako/index.html#:~:text=All%20the%20houses%20of%20the,massacred%2C%20but%20not%20yet%20identified.">"1914 Christo Dako: Terrible Greek Atrocities in the District of Kortcha"</a>. albanianhistory.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albanianhistory.net&rft.atitle=1914+Christo+Dako%3A+Terrible+Greek+Atrocities+in+the+District+of+Kortcha&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2F1914_Dako%2Findex.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DAll%2520the%2520houses%2520of%2520the%2Cmassacred%252C%2520but%2520not%2520yet%2520identified.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDushku" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dushku, Ledia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asa.edu.al/site/libraria/?product=studime-historike-1-2-2011">"Principata shqiptare dhe qëndrimi i Greqisë (Mars-Prill 1914)"</a>. Studime Historike (in Albanian). 1–2 (2011). Qendra e Studimeve Albanologjike: 115. <q>Një pjesë e konsiderueshme e fshatrave të prefekturës së Gjirokastrës, Leskovikut, Skraparit e Korçës u dogjën e u rrënuan plotësisht, ndërsa një pjesë e madhe e popullsisë, veçanerisht asaj myslimane, u masakrua. Qytetet e Tepelenës dhe të Leskovikut u shkatërruan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studime+Historike&rft.atitle=Principata+shqiptare+dhe+q%C3%ABndrimi+i+Greqis%C3%AB+%28Mars-Prill+1914%29&rft.volume=1-2&rft.issue=2011&rft.pages=115&rft.aulast=Dushku&rft.aufirst=Ledia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasa.edu.al%2Fsite%2Flibraria%2F%3Fproduct%3Dstudime-historike-1-2-2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeshkuMalltezi2013" class="citation book cs1">Beshku, Klodiana; Malltezi, Orinda (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RtcwBwAAQBAJ">Albania and Europe in a Political Regard</a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5260-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-5260-9"><bdi>978-1-4438-5260-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albania+and+Europe+in+a+Political+Regard&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-5260-9&rft.aulast=Beshku&rft.aufirst=Klodiana&rft.au=Malltezi%2C+Orinda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRtcwBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lieberman59-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lieberman59_122-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFLieberman2013">Lieberman 2013</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopken229-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken229_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken229_123-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken229_123-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöpken2006">Höpken 2006</a>, p. 229 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauti9495-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Dauti9495_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauti2017">Dauti 2017</a>, pp. 94–94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauti95-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti95_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti95_125-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti95_125-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauti2017">Dauti 2017</a>, p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauti97-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti97_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti97_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti97_126-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti97_126-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti97_126-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauti2017">Dauti 2017</a>, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauti959699-127"><a href="#cite_ref-Dauti959699_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauti2017">Dauti 2017</a>, pp. 95–96, 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauti99-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti99_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti99_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDauti2017">Dauti 2017</a>, p. 99 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trix42-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix42_129-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrix2016">Trix 2016</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Glenny234-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Glenny234_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenny2012" class="citation book cs1">Glenny, Misha (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVdheJDLWnkC&q=the+horrors+actually+began+as+soon+as+we+crossed&pg=PT6">The Balkans, 1804–2012: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers</a>. Granta Books. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84708-772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84708-772-0"><bdi>978-1-84708-772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%2C+1804%E2%80%932012%3A+Nationalism%2C+War+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Granta+Books&rft.date=2012-11&rft.isbn=978-1-84708-772-0&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVdheJDLWnkC%26q%3Dthe%2Bhorrors%2Bactually%2Bbegan%2Bas%2Bsoon%2Bas%2Bwe%2Bcrossed%26pg%3DPT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vourkoutiotis1112-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Vourkoutiotis1112_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVourkoutiotis2009" class="citation book cs1">Vourkoutiotis, Vasilis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g0C3kXGeGQIC&q=Albanian+civilians+1912&pg=PA11">Reform in Revolutionary Times: The Civil-military Relationship in Early Soviet Russia</a>. Peter Lang. pp. 11–12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0210-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-0210-3"><bdi>978-1-4331-0210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+in+Revolutionary+Times%3A+The+Civil-military+Relationship+in+Early+Soviet+Russia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-0210-3&rft.aulast=Vourkoutiotis&rft.aufirst=Vasilis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg0C3kXGeGQIC%26q%3DAlbanian%2Bcivilians%2B1912%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trix4243-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Trix4243_132-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrix2016">Trix 2016</a>, pp. 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Trix43-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Trix43_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix43_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix43_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix43_133-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix43_133-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Trix43_133-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrix2016">Trix 2016</a>, p. 43 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwW2O7v7CUcC&q=1912&pg=PA211">Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0663-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwW2O7v7CUcC%26q%3D1912%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrotsky1980" class="citation book cs1">Trotsky, Leon (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tEJmenVPZ-IC&q=Leon+Trotsky++an+individual,+a+group,+a+party+of+a+class+that+is+capable+of+%27objectively%27+picking+its+nose+while+it+watches+men+drunk+with+blood,+and+incited+from+above,+massacring+defenceless+people+is+condemned+by+history+to+rot+and+become+worm-eaten+while+it+is+still+alive&pg=PA293">The Balkan Wars, 1912-13: The War Correspondence of Leon Trotsky</a>. Resistance Books. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-909196-08-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-909196-08-0"><bdi>978-0-909196-08-0</bdi></a>. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-108-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78673-108-1"><bdi>978-1-78673-108-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Muslim+migrants+in+Istanbul%3A+Identity+and+trauma+among+Balkan+immigrants&rft.pages=44&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78673-108-1&rft.aulast=Trix&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBOMDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopken41-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken41_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken41_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken41_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken41_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken41_139-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken41_139-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöpken2018">Höpken 2018</a>, p. 41 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopken234-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken234_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken234_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHöpken2006" class="citation book cs1">Höpken, Wolfgang (2006). 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Wallstein Verlag. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89244-825-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89244-825-9"><bdi>978-3-89244-825-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Performing+Violence%3A+Soldiers%2C+Paramilitaries+and+Civilians+in+the+Twentieth-Century+Balkan+Wars&rft.btitle=No+Man%27s+Land+of+Violence%3A+Extreme+Wars+in+the+20th+Century&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Wallstein+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-89244-825-9&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6pken&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWr-j5ibVgXsC%26q%3Dbalkan%2Bwars%2Balbanians%2Bkilled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopken4142-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken4142_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken4142_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöpken2018">Höpken 2018</a>, pp. 41–42 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hopken42-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hopken42_142-8">i</a> <a href="#CITEREFHöpken2018">Höpken 2018</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Revelations of a Russian Diplomat: The Memoirs of Dmitrii I. 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Berghahn Books. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-775-8"><bdi>978-1-78533-775-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27Modern+Wars%27+and+%27Backward+Societies%27%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+in+the+History+of+Twentieth-Century+European+Warfare&rft.btitle=The+Wars+of+Yesterday%3A+The+Balkan+Wars+and+the+Emergence+of+Modern+Military+Conflict%2C+1912-13&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-775-8&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6pken&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DokMtDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dheimroth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezo67-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pezo67_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pezo67_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pezo67_146-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPezo2017">Pezo 2017</a>, p. 67 </li> <li id="cite_note-mseh-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mseh_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mseh_147-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mseh_147-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mseh_147-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mseh_147-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lfh.edu.gr/histoiregeographie/sites/default/files/Ressources%20pedagogiques/conseils_bibliographiques/WorkBook3.pdf">Teaching Modern Southeast European History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320154832/http://lfh.edu.gr/histoiregeographie/sites/default/files/Ressources%20pedagogiques/conseils_bibliographiques/WorkBook3.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-03-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Alternative Educational Materials, p. 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_148-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirraku" class="citation book cs1">Pirraku, Muhamet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zeflushmarku.edu.mk/libra/masakra_e_dubraves_pirraku.pdf">MASAKRA NË BURGUN E DUBRAVËS 19 –24 MAJ 1999</a> (PDF). Biblioteka Kombëtare dhe Universitare e Kosovës. p. 162. <q>'there were some 150 thousand Albanians killed by Serbs in 1912-13'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MASAKRA+N%C3%8B+BURGUN+E+DUBRAV%C3%8BS+19+%E2%80%9324+MAJ+1999&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Biblioteka+Komb%C3%ABtare+dhe+Universitare+e+Kosov%C3%ABs&rft.aulast=Pirraku&rft.aufirst=Muhamet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzeflushmarku.edu.mk%2Flibra%2Fmasakra_e_dubraves_pirraku.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrachkovitch1986" class="citation book cs1">Drachkovitch, Milorad M. (20 April 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UWALiF59JU4C&q=Kosta+Novakovi%C4%87&pg=PA343">Biographical Dictionary of the Comintern</a>. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8403-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-8403-8"><bdi>978-0-8179-8403-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+the+Comintern&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1986-04-20&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-8403-8&rft.aulast=Drachkovitch&rft.aufirst=Milorad+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUWALiF59JU4C%26q%3DKosta%2BNovakovi%25C4%2587%26pg%3DPA343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beachler-150"><a href="#cite_ref-Beachler_150-0">^</a> Beachler, Donald W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XeDHAAAAQBAJ&dq=justin+mccarthy+Daniel+Pipes&pg=PA123">The genocide debate: politicians, academics, and victims</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 123. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33763-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33763-3">978-0-230-33763-3</a>. "Justin McCarthy has, along with other historians, provided a necessary corrective to much of the history produced by scholars of the Armenian genocide in the United States. McCarthy demonstrates that not all of the ethnic cleansing and ethnic killing in the Ottoman Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries followed the model often posited in the West, whereby all the victims were Christian and all the perpetrators were Muslim. McCarthy has shown that there were mass killings of Muslims and deportations of millions of Muslims from the Balkans and the Caucasus over the course of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. McCarthy, who is labeled (correctly in this author's estimation) as being pro- Turkish by some writers and is a denier of the Armenian genocide, has estimated that about 5.5 million Muslims were killed in the hundred years from 1821–1922. Several million more refugees poured out of the Balkans and Russian conquered areas, forming a large refugee (muhajir) community in Istanbul and Anatolia." </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Door Michael M. Gunter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtnHAAAAQBAJ&q=%22+Justin+McCarthy%2C+an+American+Professor+of+Turkish+studies+known+for+his+pro-Turkish+position%2C+%22&pg=PA127">Armenian History and the Question of Genocide</a>. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, p. 127 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Door Natasha May Azarian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QJDLYMq7ZuAC&q=%22+the+leading+Pro-Turkish+academic%22&pg=PA14">The Seeds of Memory: Narrative Renditions of the Armenian Genocide Across.</a> ProQuest, 2007, p. 14: "...the leading Pro-Turkish academic" </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKe" class="citation journal cs1">Ke, Jing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kppcenter.org/WBPReview2012-2-2-Ke.pdf">"Change the Hostile Other into Ingroup Partner: On the Albanian-Serb Relations"</a> (PDF). Kosovo Public Policy Center: 83. <q>120,000-270,000 Albanians were killed and approximately 250,000 Albanians were expelled between 1912 and 1914.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kosovo+Public+Policy+Center&rft.atitle=Change+the+Hostile+Other+into+Ingroup+Partner%3A+On+the+Albanian-Serb+Relations&rft.pages=83&rft.aulast=Ke&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kppcenter.org%2FWBPReview2012-2-2-Ke.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKe2013" class="citation book cs1">Ke, Jing (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ir.library.louisville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1729&context=etd">The four others in I. Kadare's works : a study of the Albanian national identity</a>. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. p. 218. <q>120,000-270,000 Albanians were killed and approximately 250,000 Albanians were expelled between 1912 and 1914</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+four+others+in+I.+Kadare%27s+works+%3A+a+study+of+the+Albanian+national+identity.&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Electronic+Theses+and+Dissertations&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ke&rft.aufirst=Jing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fir.library.louisville.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1729%26context%3Detd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-155"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy" class="citation web cs1">McCarthy, Justin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tc-america.org/files/news/pdf/balkan-wars-map.pdf">"1912–1913 Balkan Wars Death and Forced Exile of Ottoman Muslims"</a> (PDF). tc-america.org. <q>not including an estimated 100,000 dead in Albania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tc-america.org&rft.atitle=1912%E2%80%931913+Balkan+Wars+Death+and+Forced+Exile+of+Ottoman+Muslims&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tc-america.org%2Ffiles%2Fnews%2Fpdf%2Fbalkan-wars-map.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-156"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrix2017" class="citation book cs1">Trix, Frances (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KBOMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22not+including+an+estimated+100%2C000+dead+in+Albania%22&pg=PR16">Urban Muslim Migrants in Istanbul: Identity and Trauma Among Balkan Immigrants</a>. Bloomsbury. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-609-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78453-609-1"><bdi>978-1-78453-609-1</bdi></a>. <q>not including an estimated 100,000 dead in Albania</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Muslim+Migrants+in+Istanbul%3A+Identity+and+Trauma+Among+Balkan+Immigrants&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78453-609-1&rft.aulast=Trix&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKBOMDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522not%2Bincluding%2Ban%2Bestimated%2B100%252C000%2Bdead%2Bin%2BAlbania%2522%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jovanovic42-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jovanovic42_157-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJovanović2019" class="citation book cs1">Jovanović, Vladan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCCeDwAAQBAJ&q=balkan+wars+25%2C000+Albanians&pg=PA39">""Reconquista of Old Serbia": On the continuity of territorial and demographic policy in Kosovo"</a>. In Pavlović, Aleksandar; Draško, Gazela Pudar; Halili, Rigels (eds.). Rethinking Serbian-Albanian Relations: Figuring out the Enemy. Routledge. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-27314-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-27314-5"><bdi>978-1-351-27314-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Reconquista+of+Old+Serbia%22%3A+On+the+continuity+of+territorial+and+demographic+policy+in+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Serbian-Albanian+Relations%3A+Figuring+out+the+Enemy&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-27314-5&rft.aulast=Jovanovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vladan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCCeDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dbalkan%2Bwars%2B25%252C000%2BAlbanians%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-skynet-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skynet_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skynet_158-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skynet_158-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-skynet_158-3">d</a> Published on 21 December 1912 in the Belgian magazine Ons Volk Ontwaakt (Our Nation Awakes) - view the table of Vilajet Kossowo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/ovo/GodsdBalkan.html">Skynet GodsdBalkan</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120831151609/http://users.skynet.be/ovo/GodsdBalkan.html">Archived</a> 2012-08-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.bg-159"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.bg_159-0">^</a> Banac, Ivo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&pg=PA49">The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802222547/https://books.google.bg/books?id=KfqbujXqQBkC&lpg=PP1&hl=bg&pg=PA49&redir_esc=y">Archived</a> 2 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Cornell University Press, 1988. pp. 49–53, 58. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-9493-2">978-0-8014-9493-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Section of Historical Sciences | Fondi:Dokumenta o spolnjoj politici kraljevine serbije", K.VII Sv.1 Beograd 1980.page.617-618 | </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_161-1">b</a> Katrin BOECKH, Von den Balkankriegen zum Ersten Weltkrieg. Kleinstaatenpolitik und ethnische Selbstbestimmung auf dem Balkan (München 1996); SUNDHAUSSEN, Geschichte Serbiens, 214- 221; vgl. THE OTHER BALKAN WARS. A 1913 Carnegie Endowment Inquriy in Retrospect with a New Introduction and Reflections on the Present Conflict by George F. Kennan (Washington DC 1993) </li> <li id="cite_note-Rama-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Rama_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rama" class="citation book cs1">Rama, Shinasi (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJaDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Nation Failure, Ethnic Elites, and Balance of Power: The International Administration of Kosova</a>. Springer. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05192-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-05192-1"><bdi>978-3-030-05192-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 27 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nation+Failure%2C+Ethnic+Elites%2C+and+Balance+of+Power%3A+The+International+Administration+of+Kosova&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-030-05192-1&rft.aulast=Rama&rft.aufirst=Shinasi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJaDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuppan" class="citation book cs1">Suppan, Arnold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/j.ctv8pzcrq.8.pdf">Chapter Title: DEUTSCH-ÖSTERREICHISCH-UNGARISCH-SERBISCH-KROATISCHSLOWENISCHE KONFLIKTGEMEINSCHAFT 1848-1918</a> (PDF) (Entscheidender für die Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts war, dass es im Verlauf der Balkankriege die ersten „ethnischen Säuberungen“ gegeben hatte, so etwa zahlreiche Gräueltaten serbischer Truppen gegen albanische Zivilbevölkerung. (translation: Crucial to the history of 20th century was that in the course of the Balkan wars the first “ethnic Purges”, such as numerous atrocities by Serbian troops against Albanian civilian population.) ed.). Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv8pzcrq.8">j.ctv8pzcrq.8</a>. Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter+Title%3A+DEUTSCH-%C3%96STERREICHISCH-UNGARISCH-SERBISCH-KROATISCHSLOWENISCHE+KONFLIKTGEMEINSCHAFT+1848-1918&rft.edition=Entscheidender+f%C3%BCr+die+Geschichte+des+20.+Jahrhunderts+war%2C+dass+es+im+Verlauf+der+Balkankriege+die+ersten+%E2%80%9Eethnischen+S%C3%A4uberungen%E2%80%9C+gegeben+hatte%2C+so+etwa+zahlreiche+Gr%C3%A4ueltaten+serbischer+Truppen+gegen+albanische+Zivilbev%C3%B6lkerung.+%28translation%3A+Crucial+to+the+history+of+20th+century+was+that+in+the+course+of+the+Balkan+wars+the+first+%E2%80%9Cethnic+Purges%E2%80%9D%2C+such+as+numerous+atrocities+by+Serbian+troops+against+Albanian+civilian+population.%29&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv8pzcrq.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Suppan&rft.aufirst=Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2Fj.ctv8pzcrq.8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstreni2018" class="citation book cs1">Ostreni, Gëzim (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pd3QzgEACAAJ">The White Book: Genocide and Ethnic Cleaning of the Albanians from the Serbian Kingdom, from the SCS Jugoslavia, the Kingdom Jugoslavija, from SFR Jugoslavia and the Republic of Macedonia : 1912-2000</a>. Institute for Spiritual and Cultural Heritage of the Albanians--Skopje. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-608-4653-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-608-4653-71-4"><bdi>978-608-4653-71-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Book%3A+Genocide+and+Ethnic+Cleaning+of+the+Albanians+from+the+Serbian+Kingdom%2C+from+the+SCS+Jugoslavia%2C+the+Kingdom+Jugoslavija%2C+from+SFR+Jugoslavia+and+the+Republic+of+Macedonia+%3A+1912-2000&rft.pub=Institute+for+Spiritual+and+Cultural+Heritage+of+the+Albanians--Skopje&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-608-4653-71-4&rft.aulast=Ostreni&rft.aufirst=G%C3%ABzim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPd3QzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaletović" class="citation journal cs1">Staletović, Branimir. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unipub.uni-graz.at/download/pdf/2234057.pdf">"Elections in Macedonia: Intensification of Nationalist and Authoritarian Tendencies"</a> (PDF). Contemporary Southeastern Europe. 4 (1): 8. <q>Alongside the anti-Soros campaign, we have witnessed the introduction of the Albanian declaration in the post-election context. The joint declaration signed by DUI, BESA and the Movement for Reform - Democratic Party of Albanians included, among others, full compliance with the Ohrid Framework Agreement (OFA), equal language rights, economic equality and a resolution on the genocide of Albanians in Macedonia in the period 1912-1956.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Southeastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Elections+in+Macedonia%3A+Intensification+of+Nationalist+and+Authoritarian+Tendencies&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.aulast=Staletovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Branimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funipub.uni-graz.at%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F2234057.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsaplár-Degovics" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Csaplár-Degovics, Krisztián. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/36245/1/Csaplar%20Beitrag_Real.pdf">Die Internationale Kontrollkommission Albaniens und die albanischen Machtzentren (1913–1914): Beitrag zur Geschichte der Staatsbildung Albaniens</a> (PDF) (in German). p. 41. <q>One of the unexpected experiences of the Balkan Wars 1912-1913 was that the members of the Balkan League committed genocides and other kinds of mass violence against other Nationalities and the Muslim population of the peninsula. Among other things the Albanian state-building project of the Great Powers aimed to prevent further genocide and other acts of violence against the Albanian population and other refugees from Macedonia and to put an end to the anarchy of the country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Internationale+Kontrollkommission+Albaniens+und+die+albanischen+Machtzentren+%281913%E2%80%931914%29%3A+Beitrag+zur+Geschichte+der+Staatsbildung+Albaniens&rft.pages=41&rft.aulast=Csapl%C3%A1r-Degovics&rft.aufirst=Kriszti%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F36245%2F1%2FCsaplar%2520Beitrag_Real.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2012" class="citation book cs1">Booth, Ken (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e4MsBgAAQBAJ&q=1912&pg=PA73">The Kosovo Tragedy: The Human Rights Dimensions</a>. Routledge. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33476-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-33476-4"><bdi>978-1-136-33476-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kosovo+Tragedy%3A+The+Human+Rights+Dimensions&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-33476-4&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De4MsBgAAQBAJ%26q%3D1912%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_168-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie" class="citation web cs1">Elsie, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/1913_FrankfurterZeitung/index.html">"1913 Frankfurter Zeitung: The Balkan War"</a>. albanianhistory.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=albanianhistory.net&rft.atitle=1913+Frankfurter+Zeitung%3A+The+Balkan+War&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2F1913_FrankfurterZeitung%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=genocide">"Oxford English Dictionary"</a>. oed.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oed.com&rft.atitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fscope%3DEntries%26q%3Dgenocide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer137-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer137_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer137_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer137_170-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Alan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6Gbgs1XFKTcC&q=albanians">Dynamic of destruction: Culture and Mass killing in the First World War</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 137–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158011-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-158011-6"><bdi>978-0-19-158011-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+of+destruction%3A+Culture+and+Mass+killing+in+the+First+World+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-158011-6&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6Gbgs1XFKTcC%26q%3Dalbanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazower-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Mazower_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazower2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Mazower" title="Mark Mazower">Mazower, Mark</a> (2001) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orionbooks.co.uk/books/the-balkans-paperback">"Building the nation-state."</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/balkansuniversal00mark">The Balkans, From the End of Byzantium to the Present Day</a>. Great Britain: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-544-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-544-1"><bdi>978-1-84212-544-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Building+the+nation-state.&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%2C+From+the+End+of+Byzantium+to+the+Present+Day&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-544-1&rft.aulast=Mazower&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orionbooks.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fthe-balkans-paperback&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> "In the former Ottoman districts of Kosovo and Monastir, in particular, the conquering Serbian army killed perhaps thousands of civilians. Despite some Serbian officer's careless talk of 'exterminating' the Albanian population, this was killing prompted more by revenge than genocide." </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkopiansky" class="citation book cs1">Skopiansky, M.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strumski.com/books/m.d.skopiansky_atrocites_serbes.pdf">Les atrocités serbes d'après les témoignages américains, anglais, français, italiens, russes, serbes, suisses, etc., etc</a> (PDF) (Les atrocités commises par les Serbes dans l’Albanie septentrionale après l’amnistie accordée en octobre dernier (Extrait (lu Corriere delle Puglie, quotidien paraissant à Bari (Italie), année XXVIe, N' 354, du 21 décembre 1913.) ed.). Ancien rédacteur du Journal Macédonien « La Patrie ». BIBLIOTHÈQUE DES PEUPLES BALKANIQUES. 1. pp. 148–161. Retrieved 10 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+atrocit%C3%A9s+serbes+d%27apr%C3%A8s+les+t%C3%A9moignages+am%C3%A9ricains%2C+anglais%2C+fran%C3%A7ais%2C+italiens%2C+russes%2C+serbes%2C+suisses%2C+etc.%2C+etc.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E148-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.edition=Les+atrocit%C3%A9s+commises+par+les+Serbes+dans+l%E2%80%99Albanie+septentrionale+apr%C3%A8s+l%E2%80%99amnistie+accord%C3%A9e+en+octobre+dernier+%28Extrait+%28lu+Corriere+delle+Puglie%2C+quotidien+paraissant+%C3%A0+Bari+%28Italie%29%2C+ann%C3%A9e+XXVIe%2C+N%27+354%2C+du+21+d%C3%A9cembre+1913.%29&rft.pub=Ancien+r%C3%A9dacteur+du+Journal+Mac%C3%A9donien+%C2%AB+La+Patrie+%C2%BB.+BIBLIOTH%C3%88QUE+DES+PEUPLES+BALKANIQUES.+1&rft.aulast=Skopiansky&rft.aufirst=M.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strumski.com%2Fbooks%2Fm.d.skopiansky_atrocites_serbes.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Bericht von Petrovic, dem k.u.k Kommissär bei der IKK an Berchtold nach Wien. Valona, 29.10.1913., ÖHHStA, PA, Türkei, Kt. 439., f., Varia 1913. X-XII., No. 4/pol. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real.mtak.hu/14580/2/Bartl_Festschrift_Bolyai.pdf">Krisztián Csaplár-Degovics (Budapest)</a> (PDF) (Hassan Bej Prishtina - der erste albanische Politiker der Moderne aus Kosovo. ed.). Retrieved 9 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kriszti%C3%A1n+Csapl%C3%A1r-Degovics+%28Budapest%29&rft.edition=Hassan+Bej+Prishtina+-+der+erste+albanische+Politiker+der+Moderne+aus+Kosovo.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F14580%2F2%2FBartl_Festschrift_Bolyai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitsos2023" class="citation book cs1">Pitsos, Nicolas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.science/hal-03996189/document">" Quand le coq découvre le pays des aigles : représentations françaises de l'Albanie et des Albanais pendant les guerres balkaniques de 1912-1913 "</a> (Et pourtant, ces massacres étaient déjà connus des consuls français sur place. Maurice Carlier69, écrit au mois de janvier 1913 au MAE pour l’informer des conditions misérables ed.). Nicolas Pitsos. “ Quand le coq découvre le pays des aigles : représentations françaises de l’Albanie et des Albanais pendant les guerres balkaniques de 1912-1913 ”. Le centenaire de la création de l’Etat albanais (1912-2012), Centre d’études balkaniques, Inaloc, Nov 2012, Paris, France. ffhal-03996189f. p. 16. Retrieved 7 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22+Quand+le+coq+d%C3%A9couvre+le+pays+des+aigles+%3A+repr%C3%A9sentations+fran%C3%A7aises+de+l%27Albanie+et+des+Albanais+pendant+les+guerres+balkaniques+de+1912-1913+%22&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=Et+pourtant%2C+ces+massacres+%C3%A9taient+d%C3%A9j%C3%A0+connus+des+consuls+fran%C3%A7ais+sur+place.+Maurice+Carlier69%2C+%C3%A9crit+au+mois+de+janvier+1913+au+MAE+pour+l%E2%80%99informer+des+conditions+mis%C3%A9rables&rft.pub=Nicolas+Pitsos.+%E2%80%9C+Quand+le+coq+d%C3%A9couvre+le+pays+des+aigles+%3A+repr%C3%A9sentations+fran%C3%A7aises+de+l%E2%80%99Albanie+et+des+Albanais+pendant+les+guerres+balkaniques+de+1912-1913+%E2%80%9D.+Le+centenaire+de+la+cr%C3%A9ation+de+l%E2%80%99Etat+albanais+%281912-2012%29%2C+Centre+d%E2%80%99%C3%A9tudes+balkaniques%2C+Inaloc%2C+Nov+2012%2C+Paris%2C+France.+ffhal-03996189f&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Pitsos&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.science%2Fhal-03996189%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archiviolastampa.it/component/option,com_lastampa/task,search/Itemid,3/action,detail/id,1194_01_1912_0361_0007_24828795/">"La Stampa - Consultazione Archivio"</a>. www.archiviolastampa.it.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.archiviolastampa.it&rft.atitle=La+Stampa+-+Consultazione+Archivio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archiviolastampa.it%2Fcomponent%2Foption%2Ccom_lastampa%2Ftask%2Csearch%2FItemid%2C3%2Faction%2Cdetail%2Fid%2C1194_01_1912_0361_0007_24828795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/newspaper/item/3NB7TPJFNKUCUB6SLY3476GKNNSQ4EFX?fromDay=28&toYear=1914&fromYear=1910&toDay=21&query=Serbische+Soldaten+albanische&toMonth=1&fromMonth=9&rows=100&hit=8&issuepage=4">"Berliner Tageblatt und Handels-Zeitung, Abend-Ausgabe - Donnerstag, 14.11.1912 - Deutsches Zeitungsportal"</a>. www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de&rft.atitle=Berliner+Tageblatt+und+Handels-Zeitung%2C+Abend-Ausgabe+-+Donnerstag%2C+14.11.1912+-+Deutsches+Zeitungsportal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de%2Fnewspaper%2Fitem%2F3NB7TPJFNKUCUB6SLY3476GKNNSQ4EFX%3FfromDay%3D28%26toYear%3D1914%26fromYear%3D1910%26toDay%3D21%26query%3DSerbische%2BSoldaten%2Balbanische%26toMonth%3D1%26fromMonth%3D9%26rows%3D100%26hit%3D8%26issuepage%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlenny2012" class="citation book cs1">Glenny, Misha (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BVdheJDLWnkC&q=1912">The Balkans, 1804–2012: Nationalism, War and the Great Powers</a>. Granta Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84708-772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84708-772-0"><bdi>978-1-84708-772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkans%2C+1804%E2%80%932012%3A+Nationalism%2C+War+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.pub=Granta+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84708-772-0&rft.aulast=Glenny&rft.aufirst=Misha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBVdheJDLWnkC%26q%3D1912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurzaku1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Murzaku, Thoma (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YqC4AAAAIAAJ&q=masakrat+1912">Politika e Serbisë kundrejt Shqipërisë gjatë luftës Ballkanike: 1912-1913</a> (in Albanian). 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Haus Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907822-51-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907822-51-3"><bdi>978-1-907822-51-3</bdi></a>. 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Liburnija. p. 590.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Novi+prilozi+za+biografiju+Josipa+Broza+Tita%2C+Vol.+I&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Liburnija&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Dedijer&rft.aufirst=Vladimir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL7EfAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DTucovi%25C4%2587%2Bkrematorijumi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> "Buržoaska štampa je tražila istrebljenje bez milosti, a vojska je izvršivala. Arbanaska sela iz kojih su ljudi bili blagovremeno izbegli behu pretvorena u zgarišta. To behu u isto vreme varvarski krematorijumi u kojima je sagorelo stotinama živih žena i deca" </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaradjis" class="citation book cs1">Karadjis, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2613683">Kosova and the right of oppressed nations to self-determination</a>. Retrieved 30 December 2019. <q>Serbian Marxist Dimitrije Tucovic witnessed 'barbaric crematoria in which hundreds of women and children are burnt alive'.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosova+and+the+right+of+oppressed+nations+to+self-determination&rft.aulast=Karadjis&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F2613683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2000" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Howard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTW9XKUmrxsC&q=Dimitrije+Tucovic+women+and+children&pg=PA9">Civil Resistance in Kosovo</a>. Pluto Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1569-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1569-0"><bdi>978-0-7453-1569-0</bdi></a>. 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Springer. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4"><bdi>978-3-319-44642-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 28 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+from+Contemporary+Perception+to+Historic+Memory&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-44642-4&rft.aulast=Boeckh&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft.au=Rutar%2C+Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIXgDQAAQBAJ%26q%3Datrocities%2BAlbanians%2B1913%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Christian_Work_Fall,_p.477-192"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Christian_Work_Fall,_p.477_192-0">^</a> "The Christian Work Fall", p.477 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBöhlerBorodziejPuttkamer2014" class="citation book cs1">Böhler, Jochen; Borodziej, Wlodzimierz; Puttkamer, Joachim von (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jXnpBQAAQBAJ&q=Albanian&pg=PA42">Legacies of Violence: Eastern Europe's First World War</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85756-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-486-85756-6"><bdi>978-3-486-85756-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Legacies+of+Violence%3A+Eastern+Europe%27s+First+World+War&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-486-85756-6&rft.aulast=B%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Jochen&rft.au=Borodziej%2C+Wlodzimierz&rft.au=Puttkamer%2C+Joachim+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXnpBQAAQBAJ%26q%3DAlbanian%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreat_Britain_Foreign_Office1936" class="citation book cs1">Great Britain Foreign Office (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GxCamBG25ZsC&q=Albanians&pg=PA15">pt. 1. The Near and Middle East on the eve of war. pt. 2. The last years of Peace</a>. H. M. Stationery Office. p. 14. Retrieved 1 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=pt.+1.+The+Near+and+Middle+East+on+the+eve+of+war.+pt.+2.+The+last+years+of+Peace&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=H.+M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1936&rft.au=Great+Britain+Foreign+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGxCamBG25ZsC%26q%3DAlbanians%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2000" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jL4tAQAAIAAJ&q=Adeverul+Serbian+Army+1913">Kosovo: Background to a War</a>. Anthem Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898855-56-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898855-56-9"><bdi>978-1-898855-56-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+Background+to+a+War&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-898855-56-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjL4tAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DAdeverul%2BSerbian%2BArmy%2B1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchödl2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schödl, Günther (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austriaca.at/0xc1aa5576%200x002f0e9e.pdf">Die Habsburgermonarchie und Serbien</a> (PDF) (in German). p. 282. Retrieved 28 April 2020. <q>Entscheidender für die Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts war, dass es im Verlauf der Balkankriege die ersten "ethnischen Säuberungen" gegeben hatte, so etwa zahlreiche Gräueltaten serbischer Truppen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Habsburgermonarchie+und+Serbien&rft.pages=282&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6dl&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.austriaca.at%2F0xc1aa5576%25200x002f0e9e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchödl2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schödl, Günter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europa.clio-online.de/essay/id/fdae-1354">Südslawen und Habsburgermonarchie um 1900. Zur Europäizität des "Jugoslawismus"</a> (in German). Retrieved 28 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C3%BCdslawen+und+Habsburgermonarchie+um+1900.+Zur+Europ%C3%A4izit%C3%A4t+des+%22Jugoslawismus%22.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6dl&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europa.clio-online.de%2Fessay%2Fid%2Ffdae-1354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlovićDraškoHalili2019" class="citation book cs1">Pavlović, Aleksandar; Draško, Gazela Pudar; Halili, Rigels (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YCCeDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Rethinking Serbian-Albanian Relations: Figuring out the Enemy</a>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-27315-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-27315-2"><bdi>978-1-351-27315-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Serbian-Albanian+Relations%3A+Figuring+out+the+Enemy&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-351-27315-2&rft.aulast=Pavlovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft.au=Dra%C5%A1ko%2C+Gazela+Pudar&rft.au=Halili%2C+Rigels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYCCeDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovićDraškoHalili201942-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPavlovićDraškoHalili201942_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPavlovićDraškoHalili2019">Pavlović, Draško & Halili 2019</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElsie2018" class="citation book cs1">Elsie, Robert (2018). Kosovo, A Documentary History: From the Balkan Wars to World War II. London: I.B.Tauris. pp. 116–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-176-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78831-176-2"><bdi>978-1-78831-176-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%2C+A+Documentary+History%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78831-176-2&rft.aulast=Elsie&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arhiva.spc.rs/old/Vesti-2003/08/memorandum-e.html">"Memorandum on Kosovo and Metohija - Summary"</a>. 7 August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Memorandum+on+Kosovo+and+Metohija+-+Summary&rft.date=2003-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farhiva.spc.rs%2Fold%2FVesti-2003%2F08%2Fmemorandum-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehler2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mehler, Daniela (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/5dd3e6f3-9721-4871-b972-5d7932e884b5/646487.pdf">Serbische Vergangenheit-aufarbeitung. Normwandel und Deutungskämpfe im Umgang mit Kriegsverbrechen, 1991-2012</a> (PDF) (in German). Bielefeld. Retrieved 28 April 2020. <q>Das Königreich Serbien gehörte zu den Unterzeichnern der Haager Landkriegs-ordnung zugunsten einer zivilivierten Kriegsführung von 1899, trat allerdings nicht der geringfügig überarbeiteten Fassung von 1907 bei. Im ersten und zweiten Balkankrieg 1912–13 kämpften serbische Truppen im Balkanbund gegen die Herrschaft des Osmanischen Reichs und für die 'Befreiung' der slawischen Völker auf der Balkaninsel. Die Kriege waren Beginn an von großer Brutalität gegen die muslimische Zivilbevölkerung geprägt, die misshandelt, massenhaft vertrieben und unverhältnismäßiger Gewalt ausgesetzt wurde.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbische+Vergangenheit-aufarbeitung.+Normwandel+und+Deutungsk%C3%A4mpfe+im+Umgang+mit+Kriegsverbrechen%2C+1991-2012.&rft.pub=Bielefeld&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mehler&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.oapen.org%2Fbitstream%2Fid%2F5dd3e6f3-9721-4871-b972-5d7932e884b5%2F646487.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezo70-203">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pezo70_203-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pezo70_203-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPezo2017">Pezo 2017</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezo667071-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Pezo667071_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPezo2017">Pezo 2017</a>, pp. 66, 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezo7071-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Pezo7071_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPezo2017">Pezo 2017</a>, pp. 70–71 </li> <li id="cite_note-Pezo71-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pezo71_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pezo71_206-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPezo2017" class="citation book cs1">Pezo, Edvin (2017). "Violence, Forced Migration, and Population Policies During and After the Balkan Wars (1912-14)". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIXgDQAAQBAJ&q=Montenegrin+army+balkan+wars+albanians">The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory</a>. Springer. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4"><bdi>978-3-319-44642-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence%2C+Forced+Migration%2C+and+Population+Policies+During+and+After+the+Balkan+Wars+%281912-14%29&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+from+Contemporary+Perception+to+Historic+Memory&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-44642-4&rft.aulast=Pezo&rft.aufirst=Edvin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIXgDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DMontenegrin%2Barmy%2Bbalkan%2Bwars%2Balbanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gD8ZAAAAYAAJ&q=massacred&pg=PA763">Albanians at the Ambassador Conference in Tirana, 1 August</a>. New York: Near East College Association. 1921. p. 199. Retrieved 31 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanians+at+the+Ambassador+Conference+in+Tirana%2C+1+August&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Near+East+College+Association&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgD8ZAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dmassacred%26pg%3DPA763&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie-208"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie_208-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_2.html">Robert Elsie, The Conference of London 1913</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717005551/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1913_2.html">Archived</a> 17 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mojzes42198-209"><a href="#cite_ref-Mojzes42198_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMojzes2011" class="citation book cs1">Mojzes, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m5bDUFZXQ5sC&q=Serbian+retreat+albania+revenge&pg=PA198">Balkan Genocides: Holocaust and Ethnic Cleansing in the Twentieth Century</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 42, 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0663-2"><bdi>978-1-4422-0663-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Genocides%3A+Holocaust+and+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=42%2C+198&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0663-2&rft.aulast=Mojzes&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm5bDUFZXQ5sC%26q%3DSerbian%2Bretreat%2Balbania%2Brevenge%26pg%3DPA198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Majstorovic178-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Majstorovic178_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajstorovic2014" class="citation book cs1">Majstorovic, Steven (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MvqiAgAAQBAJ&q=Serbian+army+retreat+albania+revenge&pg=PT184">"Autonomy of the Sacred: The Endgame in Kosovo"</a>. In Máiz, Ramón; William, Safran (eds.). Identity and Territorial Autonomy in Plural Societies. Routledge. p. 8178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-30394-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-30394-5"><bdi>978-1-135-30394-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Autonomy+of+the+Sacred%3A+The+Endgame+in+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Territorial+Autonomy+in+Plural+Societies&rft.pages=8178&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-30394-5&rft.aulast=Majstorovic&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMvqiAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSerbian%2Barmy%2Bretreat%2Balbania%2Brevenge%26pg%3DPT184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet48-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramet48_211-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2006" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FTw3lEqi2-oC&q=Serbian+army+retreat+albania+revenge&pg=PA48">The Three Yugoslavias: State-building and Legitimation, 1918-2005</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-34656-8"><bdi>978-0-253-34656-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Three+Yugoslavias%3A+State-building+and+Legitimation%2C+1918-2005&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-253-34656-8&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFTw3lEqi2-oC%26q%3DSerbian%2Barmy%2Bretreat%2Balbania%2Brevenge%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dauti96-212">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti96_212-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti96_212-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti96_212-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dauti96_212-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauti2017" class="citation book cs1">Dauti, Daut (2017). "Gjergj Fishta, the "Albanian Homer," and Edith Durham, the "Albanian Mountain Queen": Observers of Albania's Road to Statehood". In Boeckh, Katrin; Rutar, Sabine (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aIXgDQAAQBAJ&q=Montenegrin+army+balkan+wars+albanians">The Balkan Wars from Contemporary Perception to Historic Memory</a>. Springer. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-44642-4"><bdi>978-3-319-44642-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gjergj+Fishta%2C+the+%22Albanian+Homer%2C%22+and+Edith+Durham%2C+the+%22Albanian+Mountain+Queen%22%3A+Observers+of+Albania%27s+Road+to+Statehood&rft.btitle=The+Balkan+Wars+from+Contemporary+Perception+to+Historic+Memory&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-319-44642-4&rft.aulast=Dauti&rft.aufirst=Daut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaIXgDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DMontenegrin%2Barmy%2Bbalkan%2Bwars%2Balbanians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1914_1.html">Dimitrije Tucović: Serbien und Albanien: ein kritischer Beitrag zur Unterdrückungspolitik der serbischen Bourgeoisie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100617232534/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1914_1.html">Archived</a> 17 June 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinley2021" class="citation journal cs1">Kinley, Christopher (3 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2021.1935077">"The Balkan War in Epirus: Religious Identity and the Continuity of Conflict"</a>. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 23 (5): 667–683. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19448953.2021.1935077">10.1080/19448953.2021.1935077</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8953">1944-8953</a>. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Balkan+and+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Balkan+War+in+Epirus%3A+Religious+Identity+and+the+Continuity+of+Conflict&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E667-%3C%2Fspan%3E683&rft.date=2021-09-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19448953.2021.1935077&rft.issn=1944-8953&rft.aulast=Kinley&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F19448953.2021.1935077&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiakosDoumanis2023" class="citation book cs1">Liakos, Antonis; Doumanis, Nicholas (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781474410830/html">The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, 20th and Early 21st Centuries: Twentieth and Early Twenty-First Centuries</a>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781474410830">10.1515/9781474410830</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1084-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-1084-7"><bdi>978-1-4744-1084-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+History+of+the+Greeks%2C+20th+and+Early+21st+Centuries%3A+Twentieth+and+Early+Twenty-First+Centuries&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781474410830&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-1084-7&rft.aulast=Liakos&rft.aufirst=Antonis&rft.au=Doumanis%2C+Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9781474410830%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsoutsoumpis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Tsoutsoumpis, Spyros (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/24269752">"Violence, resistance and collaboration in a Greek borderland: the case of the Muslim Chams of Epirus"</a>. Qualestoria (2): 119–138. Retrieved 14 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qualestoria&rft.atitle=Violence%2C+resistance+and+collaboration+in+a+Greek+borderland%3A+the+case+of+the+Muslim+Chams+of+Epirus&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E138&rft.date=2015-12&rft.aulast=Tsoutsoumpis&rft.aufirst=Spyros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F24269752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportofinternat00inteuoft">Report of the International Commission to Inquire into the Causes and Conduct of the Balkan War</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucović1946" class="citation book cs1">Tucović, Dimitrije (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vdocuments.mx/dimitrije-tucovic-srbija-i-albanija.html">Srbija i Arbanija. Jedan prilog kritici zavojevačke politike srpske buržoazije</a>. Beograd – Zagreb: Kultura.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srbija+i+Arbanija.+Jedan+prilog+kritici+zavojeva%C4%8Dke+politike+srpske+bur%C5%BEoazije&rft.place=Beograd+%E2%80%93+Zagreb&rft.pub=Kultura&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Tucovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Dimitrije&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvdocuments.mx%2Fdimitrije-tucovic-srbija-i-albanija.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMassacres+of+Albanians+in+the+Balkan+Wars" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Balkan_Wars" title="Template talk:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Balkan Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Balkan_Wars5231" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire">Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a></li> <li>Annexation of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">IMRO</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Struggle" title="Macedonian Struggle">Macedonian Struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Crisis" title="Bosnian Crisis">Bosnian Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Bulgarian Declaration of Independence">Bulgarian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goudi_coup" title="Goudi coup">Goudi coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_League" title="Balkan League">Balkan League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarantaporo" title="Battle of Sarantaporo">Sarantaporo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kardzhali" title="Battle of Kardzhali">Kardzhali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pente_Pigadia" title="Battle of Pente Pigadia">Pente Pigadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorovich" title="Battle of Sorovich">Sorovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kumanovo" title="Battle of Kumanovo">Kumanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kirk_Kilisse" title="Battle of Kirk Kilisse">Kirk Kilisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Scutari_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Scutari (1912–1913)">Scutari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lule_Burgas" title="Battle of Lule Burgas">Lule Burgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yenidje" title="Battle of Yenidje">Yenidje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Adrianople_(1912%E2%80%931913)" title="Siege of Adrianople (1912–1913)">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prilep" title="Battle of Prilep">Prilep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_revolt_of_1912" title="Himara revolt of 1912">Himara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monastir" title="Battle of Monastir">Monastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="First Battle of Çatalca">First Çatalca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaliakra_(1912)" title="Battle of Kaliakra (1912)">Kaliakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Merhamli" title="Battle of Merhamli">Merhamli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Driskos" title="Battle of Driskos">Driskos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elli" title="Battle of Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Korytsa" title="Capture of Korytsa">Korytsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lemnos_(1913)" title="Battle of Lemnos (1913)">Lemnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bulair" title="Battle of Bulair">Bulair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C5%9Eark%C3%B6y" title="Battle of Şarköy">Şarköy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bizani" title="Battle of Bizani">Bizani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_%C3%87atalca" title="Second Battle of Çatalca">Second Çatalca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_of_1912%E2%80%931913" title="London Conference of 1912–1913">London Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Albania" title="Independent Albania">Albanian Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">1913 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilkis%E2%80%93Lachanas" title="Battle of Kilkis–Lachanas">Kilkis–Lachanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Doiran_(1913)" title="Battle of Doiran (1913)">Doiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bregalnica" title="Battle of Bregalnica">Bregalnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Knja%C5%BEevac" title="Battle of Knjaževac">Knjaževac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalimanci" title="Battle of Kalimanci">Kalimanci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kresna_Gorge" title="Battle of Kresna Gorge">Kresna Gorge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja_Offensive" title="Southern Dobruja Offensive">Southern Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_landings_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanian landings in Bulgaria">Romanian landings in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vidin_(1913)" title="Siege of Vidin (1913)">Vidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pirot_(1913)" title="Battle of Pirot (1913)">Pirot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Diplomacy and politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1913" title="Greek–Serbian Alliance of 1913">Greek–Serbian Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Western_Thrace" title="Provisional Government of Western Thrace">Provisional Government of Western Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1913)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1913)">Treaty of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Athens" title="Treaty of Athens">Treaty of Athens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: gainsboro;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">General</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus" title="Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus">Autonomy of Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_crisis_of_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914">Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Sarajevo Assassination</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Bulgarian_alliance" title="Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance">Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkans_theatre" title="Balkans theatre">Balkans campaign of WWI</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_campaign" title="Serbian campaign">Serbian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_front" title="Macedonian front">Macedonian front</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Atrocities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Report_of_the_International_Commission_on_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Report of the International Commission on the Balkan Wars">Carnegie Commission</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_the_Thracian_Bulgarians_in_1913" title="Destruction of the Thracian Bulgarians in 1913">Bulgarians deportation program</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Ottoman_civilians_during_the_Balkan_Wars&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Massacres of Ottoman civilians during the Balkan Wars (page does not exist)">Massacres of Civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide#Events" title="Greek genocide">Initial phase of the Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_burned_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="List of places burned during the Balkan Wars">Places burned down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Participants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Evstratiev_Geshov" title="Ivan Evstratiev Geshov">Ivan Geshov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Danev" title="Stoyan Danev">Stoyan Danev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Savov" title="Mihail Savov">Mihail Savov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Fichev" title="Ivan Fichev">Ivan Fichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Kutinchev" title="Vasil Kutinchev">Vasil Kutinchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Ivanov" title="Nikola Ivanov">Nikola Ivanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radko_Dimitriev" title="Radko Dimitriev">Radko Dimitriev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiliyan_Kovachev" title="Stiliyan Kovachev">Stiliyan Kovachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Todorov_(general)" title="Georgi Todorov (general)">Georgi Todorov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Greece in the Balkan Wars">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Greece" title="George I of Greece">George I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I_of_Greece" title="Constantine I of Greece">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panagiotis_Danglis" title="Panagiotis Danglis">Panagiotis Danglis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavlos_Kountouriotis" title="Pavlos Kountouriotis">Pavlos Kountouriotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Sapountzakis" title="Konstantinos Sapountzakis">Konstantinos Sapountzakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Dousmanis" title="Viktor Dousmanis">Viktor Dousmanis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo,_Crown_Prince_of_Montenegro" title="Danilo, Crown Prince of Montenegro">Crown Prince Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janko_Vukoti%C4%87" title="Janko Vukotić">Janko Vukotić</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazim_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazim Pasha">Nazim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Esat_B%C3%BClkat" title="Mehmet Esat Bülkat">Esad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6lemen_Abdullah_Pasha" title="Kölemen Abdullah Pasha">Kölemen Abdullah Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_R%C4%B1za_Pasha" title="Ali Rıza Pasha">Ali Rıza Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_Tahsin_Pasha" title="Hasan Tahsin Pasha">Hasan Tahsin Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Izzet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Izzet Pasha">Ahmed Izzet Pasha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_I_of_Romania" title="Carol I of Romania">Carol I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Romania" title="Ferdinand I of Romania">Crown Prince Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandru_Averescu" title="Alexandru Averescu">Alexandru Averescu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Serbia in the Balkan Wars">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Serbia" title="Peter I of Serbia">Peter I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Yugoslavia" title="Alexander I of Yugoslavia">Crown Prince Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radomir_Putnik" title="Radomir Putnik">Radomir Putnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Bojovi%C4%87" title="Petar Bojović">Petar Bojović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepa_Stepanovi%C4%87" title="Stepa Stepanović">Stepa Stepanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%BEidar_Jankovi%C4%87_(general)" title="Božidar Janković (general)">Božidar Janković</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other Balkan states: <a href="/wiki/Albania_during_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Albania during the Balkan Wars">Albania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ismail_Qemali" title="Ismail Qemali">Ismail Kemal</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Balkan_Wars" title="Category:Balkan Wars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars&oldid=1269544294">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars&oldid=1269544294</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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