Asia Program | Council on Foreign Relations

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="10234472029" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1202896923085736" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ed21dLJA4q-k2GnrORmTFP8mc97sOOWjd-ZkJbmPCgw" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /> <title>Asia Program | Council on Foreign Relations</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var dataLayer = [{"program name":"Asia Program","pubType":"programs"}];</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <meta name="description" content="Asia’s rise will define the twenty-first century. Pressing matters in East, South, and Central Asia—from North Korea’s nuclear program to the economic ascension of China and India—have global implications far beyond the region’s borders. And what happens in Asia will shape and be shaped by American foreign policy, society, and trade. The Asia program at the Council on Foreign Relations informs policymakers, business leaders, and the public at large about the complex future that lies ahead for the world’s largest and most economically dynamic continent. " /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Council on Foreign Relations" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org//themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="og:street_address" content="58 East 68th Street" /> <meta property="og:locality" content="New York" /> <meta property="og:region" content="NY" /> <meta property="og:postal_code" content="10065" /> <meta property="og:country_name" content="USA" /> <meta property="og:phone_number" content="1.212.434.9400" /> <meta property="og:fax_number" content="1.212.434.9800" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CFR_org" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.cfr.org/programs/asia-program" } ] }</script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cfr.org/programs/asia-program" /> <link rel="icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cfr.org/programs/asia-program" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.cfr.org/taxonomy/term/431" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KFS3NQ');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_FdkcqbM50BXB2SV1n7AJeBUoqZDDf8oOMtGrcSYjhDI.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_4mmtrql3eiFYjODLsTlS-cvXGCmzmrxP3S9HdfBjGmU.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"taxonomy\/term\/431","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJx9UtFqwzAM_KGk_oiNwZ7Hno1iq7E2OzKSnK77-rkZlJSFvRh0d3C-k8JZ_Jx5guwKyBkxD6FDiQtWmNErBiNe1EFcYQkYPTTjwKVmNNy0CpQtSXMfsIIGoWoeKvlMk4BcN40lLOggo9hunuaRSncZ9UIW0o4JIHGchVsdzwjWBOMxq5ki6o77DTNmnCHsvRNCRPkDjIEXwy9rkHeccaWg3YK6LQu6KK1CPj1kj2CQ4YriJkywEovusIS5dr8Y_R3zxpzVhabG5ZkKLtqrfVeUJzCcuXd1IL_Pr4ZFjxSVYwC1F1pI0z-CN4Ne_wG_9g65s9Z0wOYD8yeh34LSbenuCPQRz9CyDRm-r-72DIogIT1ciNsKPZX-t9ILDKqDkuGlO_rtHFxnbNCr9nRuAsUfMrICSQ","theme":"cfr_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":[],"cfr_sailthru":{"customerId":"16a6a423ea139031de8812f22132ba91"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"search_autocomplete":{"header_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":".main-header__autocomplete","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}},"keyword_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":"#views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1 input.form-text","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis site uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to browse this site you accept the use of cookies as explained in our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy#cookies\u0022\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/report\/protecting-data-privacy-user-friendly-software","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"cookie-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":true,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":false,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":null,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":false,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"dd_datalayer_tools":{"data_layers":{"0":{"type":"bypass"},"Head":[{"type":"open_text","id":"246330","value":"\/\/ Content Text Copied\r\nconsole.log(\u0027Content Text Copied: Loaded\u0027);\r\nfunction getSelectionText() {\r\n var text = \u0022\u0022;\r\n if (window.getSelection) {\r\n text = window.getSelection().toString();\r\n } else if (document.selection \u0026\u0026 document.selection.type !== \u0022Control\u0022) {\r\n text = document.selection.createRange().text;\r\n }\r\n return text;\r\n}\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\u0022copy\u0022, function(e){\r\n console.log(\u0027Text Copied\u0027);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentTextCopiedMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Text Copied\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022target\u0022: getSelectionText()\r\n });\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246327","value":"$(document).ajaxComplete(function(event, request, settings) {\r\n var eventLabel = $(document).find(\u0022head title\u0022).text();\r\n var responseUrl = settings.url;\r\n if(responseUrl.indexOf(\u0022view_name=topic_filters_cards\u0026view_display_id=filters_block\u0022) !== -1) {\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Infinite Scroll Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246326","value":"var currentUrl = window.location.href;\r\nvar contentRecirculationCount = 1;\r\n$(document).ajaxComplete(function( event, request, settings ) {\r\n var responseText = request.responseText;\r\n if((responseText.indexOf(\u0022cfr-transported-content\u0022) !== -1) \u0026\u0026 (responseText.indexOf(\u0022article--blog-post\u0022) !== -1)) {\r\n var newUrl = window.location.protocol + \u0022\/\/\u0022 + location.host;\r\n var eventLabel = currentUrl + \u0022 to \u0022 + newUrl + \u0022 : \u0022 + contentRecirculationCount + \u0022-\u0022 + (contentRecirculationCount+1);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022 : \u0022Infinite Scroll Next Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022 : \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n\r\n contentRecirculationCount = contentRecirculationCount + 1;\r\n currentUrl = newUrl;\r\n }\r\n});\r\n"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246325","value":"var scroll_name_array=[];\r\n$(window).bind(\u0022scroll\u0022, function() {\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() \u003E= $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).offset().top + $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).outerHeight() - window.innerHeight) {\r\n if(!scroll_name_array.includes(\u0022scroll\u0022)) {\r\n scroll_name_array.push(\u0022scroll\u0022);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentBottomReachedMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Bottom Reached\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: \u0022\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"231361","value":"function getQueryParams(qs) {\r\n var params = {}, tokens, re = \/[?\u0026]?([^=]+)=([^\u0026]*)\/g;\r\n qs = qs.split(\u0022+\u0022).join(\u0022 \u0022);\r\n while (tokens === re.exec(qs)) {\r\n params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);\r\n }\r\n return params;\r\n}\r\nvar query_params = getQueryParams(document.location.search);\r\ndataLayer.push(query_params);"},{"event":"Social Share Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Social Share Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246351","domSpecificClassId":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot","domSelectElement":"","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot"},{"event":"Order Print Copy Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Print Copy Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246350","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)"},{"event":"Order Paperback Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Paperback Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246349","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)"},{"event":"order e-book click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"order e-book click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246348","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)"},{"event":"Footer Logo Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Footer Logo Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246322","domSpecificClassId":" a.main-footer__logo-btn","domSelectElement":"footer","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"footer a.main-footer__logo-btn"}],"1":{"type":"bypass"}}},"customDimensionUserCategory":[{"role":["anonymous"]}],"sitewideAlert":{"refreshInterval":15000,"automaticRefresh":false},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e331052eb0a1bc4b2feb3d0cfc1f0f2f6ec5dfd9a50125d1397e4ccee31da7be"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_mer30BpmxaksJ1CZX-8-JIIZsAanBJvlT0cMFCk-Y8o.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> <script src="https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Gicg5SUfeJM7_bG27yraouEzFpNJFU_cmYHRYgpbcuA.js?scope=header&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=explicit" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uk-5W4zAfhQ3FmPSivCT6EkSWlziJZObe2mecXVbs9A.js?scope=header&delta=4&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?snkdv8" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CbV9V9GP4z2EKAekMUWajSbaWrzv5LACNDNnfYnq5WQ.js?scope=header&delta=6&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> </head> <body class="page--immersive page--type--programs"> <div class="body-clip-overflow"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KFS3NQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div data-sitewide-alert></div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <header role="banner"> <div> <div id="block-topicnavigationblock"> <header class="main-header main-header--without-msp"> <div class="main-header__container"> <div class="main-header__search"> <div class="main-header__search-container"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="button" class="main-header__search-cancel"> Cancel </button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__belt"> <div class="main-header__belt-container"> <div class="main-header__branding"> <a href="/" class="main-header__branding-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-header__branding-icon icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="main-header__corporate"> <ul class="main-header__corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link--fa" rel="noopener"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link" rel="noopener"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter" rel="noopener"> Newsletters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-header__controls"> <ul class="main-header__controls-list"> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--initiatives"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__initiatives-grid-icon icon-grid"> <rect x="1" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-title">Related Sites</div> <ul class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list"> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search-cta"> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--menu"> <div class="main-header__menu-hotspot"> <div class="main-header__menu-btn"> <span class="main-header__menu-btn-bar"></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search"> <div class="main-header__search-inline"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-inline-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-inline-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav"> <div class="main-header__nav-container"> <ul class="main-header__nav-list main-header__nav--with-featured"> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/election2024" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Election 2024</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 5, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/politics-and-government/democracy" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Democracy </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/foreign-influence-and-democratic-governance " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Foreign Influence and Democratic Governance</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="380" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The rapidly changing landscape of foreign influence demands a new approach, argues Senior Fellow for Global Governance Miles Kahler. Countering malign influence from abroad will require a stronger democracy at home. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Council Special Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/miles-kahler" class="card-article__authors-link">Miles Kahler</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 23, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/diamonstein-spielvogel-project-future-democracy" class="card-article__series"> Diamonstein-Spielvogel Project on the Future of Democracy </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/2024-stephen-c-freidheim-symposium-global-economics " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">2024 Stephen C. Freidheim Symposium on Global Economics</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/10/DSC03142%20%281%29.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">This symposium was created to address the broad spectrum of issues affecting Wall Street and international economics. It was established through the generous support of Council board member Stephen C. Freidheim and is copresented by the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies and RealEcon: Reimagining American Economic Leadership.  </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Emily J. Blanchard, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/matthew-p-goodman" class="card-article__authors-link">Matthew P. Goodman</a>, David R. Malpass, Elizabeth Rosenberg, Janet Yellen, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/michael-froman" class="card-article__authors-link">Michael Froman</a> and Rebecca Patterson</span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 17, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/greenberg-center-geoeconomic-studies" class="card-article__series"> Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Research & Analysis </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Communities </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Events </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="main-header__nav-corporate"> <ul class="main-header__nav-corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter"> Newsletters </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link--fa"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item main-header__nav-corporate-list-item--essay-member"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> Member Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="block-newsalert"> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content"> <div id="block-cfr-theme-messages"> </div> <header class="header-contextual header-contextual--immersive header-contextual--with-content header-contextual--content-type-two-columns header-contextual--color-blue header-contextual--with-dropdown header-contextual--with-image header-contextual--with-eyebrow header-contextual--program-page "> <div class="header-contextual__main-wrapper"> <figure class="header-contextual__background-image"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_xl/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_xl_2x_1280/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_xl_3x_1280/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="1600" height="900"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_l/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_l_2x_1024/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_l_3x_1024/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="1024" height="576"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m_2x_750/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_m_3x_750/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="750" height="421"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_s/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 1x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_s_2x_320/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 2x, //cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_s_3x_320/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp 3x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="320" height="180"/> <img loading="eager" src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_s/public/program-bg/CFR_Blue_background_0.jpg.webp" width="320" height="180" alt="bg" /> </picture> </figure> <div class="header-contextual__section-wrapper"> <a class="header-contextual__eyebrow-title" href="/programs">Centers & Programs</a> <h1 class="header-contextual__main-title">Asia Program</h1> </div> </div> <div class="header-contextual__content-container"> <section class="header-contextual__content-wrapper"> <p>Asia’s rise will define the twenty-first century. Pressing matters in East, South, and Central Asia—from North Korea’s nuclear program to the economic ascension of China and India—have global implications far beyond the region’s borders. And what happens in Asia will shape and be shaped by American foreign policy, society, and trade. The Asia program at the Council on Foreign Relations informs policymakers, business leaders, and the public at large about the complex future that lies ahead for the world’s largest and most economically dynamic continent. </p> <div class="button-container"><a href="/about-asia-program" class="button-container__btn" title="About the Program">About the Program</a></div> </section> <section class="header-contextual__content-standout"> <div class="header-contextual__content-standout-container"> <strong>60%</strong> <em> share of the world’s population living in <a href="#">Asia</a></em> </div> </section> </div> </header> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay"> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__close-btn"></div> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel"> <div class="button-container button-container--with-breakpoints header-contextual__dropdown-btn header-contextual__dropdown-btn--above-mobile header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel-title"> <button class="button-container__btn header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__title__btn">Close</button> </div> <ul class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="has_subscription topics-page"> <div class="card-group card-group--featured card-group--bg-color-white "> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h3 class="card-group__title">Featured</h3> <div class="card-group__navigation"> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-prev slick-arrow" aria-label="Previous" role="button" style="">Previous</button> <div class="card-group__navigation-divider"></div> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-next slick-arrow" aria-label="Next" role="button" style="">Next</button> </div> <div class="card-group__container" data-cards-total="14"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Asia </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/book/lost-decade " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Lost Decade </p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/The%20Lost%20Decade_revised.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/The%20Lost%20Decade_revised.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/The%20Lost%20Decade_revised.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/The%20Lost%20Decade_revised.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="166" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/The%20Lost%20Decade_revised.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Robert D. Blackwill and Richard Fontaine evaluate the limitations of the Pivot to Asia and offer a compelling vision for the future of U.S. foreign policy in the Indo-Pacific. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Book</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/robert-d-blackwill" class="card-article__authors-link">Robert D. Blackwill</a> and Richard Fontaine</span> <span class="card-article__date"> June 11, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/asia-program" class="card-article__series"> Asia Program </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/book/sparks " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Sparks</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/Cover_Sparks.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/Cover_Sparks.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/Cover_Sparks.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="166" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/Cover_Sparks.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="166" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/book_cover_image/Cover_Sparks.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">A sweeping portrait from the 1940s to the 2020s of one of humanity’s great battles of memory against forgetting, including some of China’s best-known public intellectuals.</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Book</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Ian Johnson</span> <span class="card-article__date"> September 26, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/asia-program" class="card-article__series"> Asia Program </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article card-article--offsite card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/taiwan" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Taiwan </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/article/why-china-would-struggle-invade-taiwan" class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> Interactive: Why China Would Struggle to Invade Taiwan </p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2024/01/Taiwan_Cover%20copy_0.png.webp)"></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__authors"> with <a href="/expert/david-sacks" class="card-article__authors-link">David Sacks</a> </span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 10, 2024</span> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/chinas-marriage-rate-bounces-back-after-covid-only-temporarily " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">China’s Marriage Rate Bounces Back After Covid—But Only Temporarily</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/03/RTSYJ9F.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">An uptick in the number of new marriages in 2023 is likely a only temporary blip rather than a long-term change from China's steady transition to a rapidly aging society. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Blog Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/carl-minzner" class="card-article__authors-link">Carl Minzner</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 25, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Asia </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/tipped-power-balance-chinas-peak-and-us-resilience " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Tipped Power Balance: China’s Peak and the U.S. Resilience</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/02/Screenshot%202024-02-22%20141421.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">China's decline in economy and influence might indicate its unlikeliness to displace the United States as a leading global power in the foreseeable future. This development calls for a reevaluation of the U.S. policy towards China. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Blog Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/yanzhong-huang" class="card-article__authors-link">Yanzhong Huang</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 22, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/india" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> India </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/india-strives-balance-interests-middle-east " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">India Strives to Balance Interests in the Middle East</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/03/RTSVIOP8%20%281%29.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As conflict intensifies in the Middle East, India's government attempts to juggle relations in the region. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Blog Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/manjari-chatterjee-miller" class="card-article__authors-link">Manjari Chatterjee Miller</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> March 6, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/china-and-india-compete-leadership-global-south " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">China and India Compete for Leadership of the Global South</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/02/RTX3EQZK.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">China and India compete for leadership of the Global South, but it remains unclear whether either is winning.  </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Blog Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/manjari-chatterjee-miller" class="card-article__authors-link">Manjari Chatterjee Miller</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/bangladesh" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Bangladesh </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/bangladeshs-sham-election-and-regression-democracy-south-and-southeast-asia " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Bangladesh’s Sham Election and the Regression of Democracy in South and Southeast Asia</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/01/Sheikh%20Hasina.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Bangladesh’s unfree election is part of a larger trend of democratic regression in South and Southeast Asia. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Blog Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-article__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 10, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/tracker/china-overseas-ports " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Tracking China’s Control of Overseas Ports</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/11/ChinaPortsTracker2_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">This interactive map tracks China’s growing maritime influence through investments in strategic overseas ports. Users can plot the location of each port and view satellite images alongside detailed information on the share of Chinese ownership, the total amount of Chinese investment, and the port’s suitability for use by the Chinese military. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Tracker</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/zongyuan-zoe-liu" class="card-article__authors-link">Zongyuan Zoe Liu</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> August 26, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/asia-program" class="card-article__series"> Asia Program </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/beijings-ideological-pivot-back-past " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Beijing’s Ideological Pivot Back To the Past</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/02/RTSI01H2.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As China turns the page from its reform era, the Chinese Communist Party's official discourse increasingly references the country's imperial past.  </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Blog Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/carl-minzner" class="card-article__authors-link">Carl Minzner</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 23, 2024</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/north-korea" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> North Korea </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/security-korean-peninsula " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Security on the Korean Peninsula</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/10/Testimony%20Option%20Three.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> Hearing on Security on the Korean Peninsula Mr. Chairman, I am pleased to have the opportunity to testify before this committee on the security situation on the Korean Peninsula. We have just …</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Testimony</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Scott A. Snyder</span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 4, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/asia-program" class="card-article__series"> Asia Program </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/chinas-current-economy-implications-investors-and-supply-chains " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">China’s Current Economy: Implications for Investors and Supply Chains</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/08/Zoe%20Liu%208.21%20Testimony.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4"> Chair Cleveland, Chair Glas, and members of the Commission, thank you for inviting me to testify before the Commission. I appreciate the opportunity to appear before you today to testify abo…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Testimony</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/zongyuan-zoe-liu" class="card-article__authors-link">Zongyuan Zoe Liu</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> August 21, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/greenberg-center-geoeconomic-studies" class="card-article__series"> Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies </a> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/taiwan" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Taiwan </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/task-force-report/us-taiwan-relations-in-a-new-era " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">U.S.-Taiwan Relations in a New Era</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/06/US_Taiwan_TFR_cover.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/06/US_Taiwan_TFR_cover.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/06/US_Taiwan_TFR_cover.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/06/US_Taiwan_TFR_cover.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="169" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2023/06/US_Taiwan_TFR_cover.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Although a conflict in the Taiwan Strait has thus far been avoided, deterrence has dangerously eroded. To maintain peace, the United States must restore balance to a situation that has been allowed to tilt far too much in China’s favor. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Task Force Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Susan M. Gordon, Adm. Michael G. Mullen, <a href="/expert/david-sacks" class="card-article__authors-link">David Sacks</a> and <a href="/bio/anya-schmemann" class="card-article__authors-link">Anya Schmemann</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> June 20, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/japan" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Japan </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/blog/chino-mitsuru-claire-leading-japans-sogo-shosha " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Chino Mitsuru Claire: Leading Japan's Sōgō Shōsha</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/11/3.%20Chino%20Mitsuru%20-%20Cropped%20v2.png.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Itochu Corporation Managing Executive Officer Chino Mitsuru Claire shares about her path to corporate leadership. </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Blog Post</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/sheila-smith" class="card-article__authors-link">Sheila A. Smith</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> November 16, 2023</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="card-group card-group--experts-bar card-group--bg-color-light-mint" data-card-group-slides="true"> <div class="card-group__content-wrapper"> <h3 class="card-group__title">Program Experts</h3> <div class="card-group__container"> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/alyssa-ayres" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Alyssa Ayres </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Blackwill%20photo_CFR%20Website_0.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/robert-d-blackwill" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Robert D. Blackwill </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Cohen_Jerome.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/jerome-cohen" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Jerome A. Cohen </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for Asia Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/rush-doshi" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Rush Doshi </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies and Director of the China Strategy Initiative </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/yanzhong-huang" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Yanzhong Huang </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for Global Health </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Kenneth%20Juster_NY_Hi%20Res%2C%208.25.22.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/kenneth-i-juster" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Kenneth I. Juster </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Distinguished Fellow </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Joshua Kurlantzick </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for Southeast Asia and South Asia </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/zongyuan-zoe-liu" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Zongyuan Zoe Liu </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/manjari-chatterjee-miller" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Manjari Chatterjee Miller </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg?h=8a9b40f3" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/carl-minzner" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Carl Minzner </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow For China Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/david-sacks" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> David Sacks </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Fellow for Asia Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Segal.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Segal.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Segal.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Segal.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Segal.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Segal.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Segal.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Segal.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Segal.jpg?h=2309cf30" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/adam-segal" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Adam Segal </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Ira A. Lipman Chair in Emerging Technologies and National Security and Director of the Digital and Cyberspace Policy Program </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div class="card-group__card"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/sheila-smith" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Sheila A. Smith </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> John E. Merow Senior Fellow for Asia-Pacific Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="card-group__navigation"> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-prev slick-arrow" aria-label="Previous" role="button" style="">Previous</button> <button type="button" data-role="none" class="slick-next slick-arrow" aria-label="Next" role="button" style="">Next</button> </div> </div> </div> <div class="topics-page__main-wrapper"> <div class="topics-grid"> <div class="popular-tags"> <h3 class="popular-tags__title">Popular:</h3> <ul class="popular-tags__list"> <li class="popular-tags__tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="popular-tags__link">China</a> </li> <li class="popular-tags__tag"> <a href="/programs/china-strategy" class="popular-tags__link">China Strategy Initiative</a> </li> <li class="popular-tags__tag"> <a href="/asia/japan" class="popular-tags__link">Japan</a> </li> <li class="popular-tags__tag"> <a href="/programs/greenberg-center-geoeconomic-studies" class="popular-tags__link">Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies</a> </li> <li class="popular-tags__tag"> <a href="/keyword/election-2024" class="popular-tags__link">Election 2024</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> <div class="main-footer__menu-wrapper"> <ul class="main-footer__menu"> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/member-programs">Member Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/support-cfr">Support</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/media">For Media</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank">Newsletters</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/career-opportunities">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-footer__fineprint"> <div class="main-footer__fineprint__wrapper"> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">©2024 Council on Foreign Relations.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">All rights reserved.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="/terms-use" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Terms of Use</a>. </span> </div> <div class="main-footer__share-kit-wrapper"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--small share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CFR_org" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr/featured" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-youtube" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.051 1.999h.089c.822.003 4.987.033 6.11.335a2.01 2.01 0 0 1 1.415 1.42c.101.38.172.883.22 1.402l.01.104.022.26.008.104c.065.914.073 1.77.074 1.957v.075c-.001.194-.01 1.108-.082 2.06l-.008.105-.009.104c-.05.572-.124 1.14-.235 1.558a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415 1.42c-1.16.312-5.569.334-6.18.335h-.142c-.309 0-1.587-.006-2.927-.052l-.17-.006-.087-.004-.171-.007-.171-.007c-1.11-.049-2.167-.128-2.654-.26a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415-1.419c-.111-.417-.185-.986-.235-1.558L.09 9.82l-.008-.104A31.4 31.4 0 0 1 0 7.68v-.123c.002-.215.01-.958.064-1.778l.007-.103.003-.052.008-.104.022-.26.01-.104c.048-.519.119-1.023.22-1.402a2.007 2.007 0 0 1 1.415-1.42c.487-.13 1.544-.21 2.654-.26l.17-.007.172-.006.086-.003.171-.007A99.788 99.788 0 0 1 7.858 2h.193zM6.4 5.209v4.818l4.157-2.408L6.4 5.209z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-instagram" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8 0C5.829 0 5.556.01 4.703.048 3.85.088 3.269.222 2.76.42a3.917 3.917 0 0 0-1.417.923A3.927 3.927 0 0 0 .42 2.76C.222 3.268.087 3.85.048 4.7.01 5.555 0 5.827 0 8.001c0 2.172.01 2.444.048 3.297.04.852.174 1.433.372 1.942.205.526.478.972.923 1.417.444.445.89.719 1.416.923.51.198 1.09.333 1.942.372C5.555 15.99 5.827 16 8 16s2.444-.01 3.298-.048c.851-.04 1.434-.174 1.943-.372a3.916 3.916 0 0 0 1.416-.923c.445-.445.718-.891.923-1.417.197-.509.332-1.09.372-1.942C15.99 10.445 16 10.173 16 8s-.01-2.445-.048-3.299c-.04-.851-.175-1.433-.372-1.941a3.926 3.926 0 0 0-.923-1.417A3.911 3.911 0 0 0 13.24.42c-.51-.198-1.092-.333-1.943-.372C10.443.01 10.172 0 7.998 0h.003zm-.717 1.442h.718c2.136 0 2.389.007 3.232.046.78.035 1.204.166 1.486.275.373.145.64.319.92.599.28.28.453.546.598.92.11.281.24.705.275 1.485.039.843.047 1.096.047 3.231s-.008 2.389-.047 3.232c-.035.78-.166 1.203-.275 1.485a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.599.919c-.28.28-.546.453-.92.598-.28.11-.704.24-1.485.276-.843.038-1.096.047-3.232.047s-2.39-.009-3.233-.047c-.78-.036-1.203-.166-1.485-.276a2.478 2.478 0 0 1-.92-.598 2.48 2.48 0 0 1-.6-.92c-.109-.281-.24-.705-.275-1.485-.038-.843-.046-1.096-.046-3.233 0-2.136.008-2.388.046-3.231.036-.78.166-1.204.276-1.486.145-.373.319-.64.599-.92.28-.28.546-.453.92-.598.282-.11.705-.24 1.485-.276.738-.034 1.024-.044 2.515-.045v.002zm4.988 1.328a.96.96 0 1 0 0 1.92.96.96 0 0 0 0-1.92zm-4.27 1.122a4.109 4.109 0 1 0 0 8.217 4.109 4.109 0 0 0 0-8.217zm0 1.441a2.667 2.667 0 1 1 0 5.334 2.667 2.667 0 0 1 0-5.334z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script id="share-kit--template" type="text/template"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-white share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Email</title> <path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </script> </div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_RPRJFQV46TOLgNRJ5Pk-Es1-Oz_TZRdkrFzXEf1imug.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/web-vitals@0.2.4/dist/web-vitals.es5.umd.min.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_BlJ7xjc-edcuDH8YRQeq9uszQiCUvjSVaH8AIbBPZVg.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_homepage_sections/js/advanced_autocomplete.js?snkdv8" async defer></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/data-layer-helper/0.1.0/data-layer-helper.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_X3SqHxkq7D31KTHtEezB093dWPZkLGrshg2vmTVFkqA.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.2.7" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_5pL6etH7wzaw4OeLrGiZpnnW7_dAj9hU55JBVoOyfrs.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9UUFu3DAM_JAdPaJFgZyDngVamrWUSqZAUrtxXh-tAwROu-hFAIdDznAULuItocKthRcqc8FKYZ_CwD8RV0kuQDmgxBWNVnhFsMybOopX2gKip24cuLYCw8FVysWSdPdKV9IguZmnln3Ji5DsUySjQjvEJZQGOQELEl0zi06F3nd3fyYFSUjfZNzh_KnmLVcqT0F1CixwUXob9TdHuquhuoUUE7oPzH8y_NHO9wPcI9BHXKgXm2L0X-68MRd1X_Xz2KuPGI1jILVfw56m_xBejOShROhqXH_mik1H2L8V8oMMK9_T-5d-zRE8llnX4wM-_9W45aDzKjme0EASB8a9zVrG3HliWeeR54pZb9lCejx1wdARnHcmUITMgTfDm3Uqpx4VjBv_5k6aDbch74--G0nZB5VtAkk"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Asia Program | Council on Foreign Relations