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Asia Unbound | Council on Foreign Relations
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clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland and <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article__authors-link">Clara Fong</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 21, 2025</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/global-commons/space" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Space </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/task-force-report/securing-space " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Securing Space: A Plan for U.S. Action</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="169" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="169" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2025/02/CFR_TFR82_Space_FrontCover_2025-02-04.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Executive Summary It is impossible to overstate the importance of space to the United States. For Americans, modern life depends on information from the thousands of satellites orbiting the globe,…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Task Force Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Nina M. Armagno, Jane Harman, <a href="/expert/esther-brimmer" class="card-article__authors-link">Esther Brimmer</a> and <a href="/bio/anya-schmemann" class="card-article__authors-link">Anya Schmemann</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 11, 2025</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/artificial-intelligence-ai" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Artificial Intelligence (AI) </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/what-could-possibly-go-right-our-ai-future-conversation-reid-hoffman " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Annual Lecture on Science and Technology: A Conversation With Reid Hoffman (255965)</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2025/02/reid%20hoffman.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Tech leader Reid Hoffman shares his insider’s perspective on an AI-powered future and its transformative potential to improve lives and create positive change. The Malcolm and Carolyn Wiener Annu…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Reid Hoffman and Deven J. 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<main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content"> <div id="block-cfr-theme-messages"> </div> <header class="header-contextual header-contextual--small header-contextual--with-content header-contextual--content-typeless header-contextual--color-black header-contextual--without-dropdown header-contextual--with-image header-contextual--with-eyebrow "> <div class="header-contextual__main-wrapper"> <div class="header-contextual__primary-bg-image" style="background-image: url('//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/term_header_xl_1280/public/blog-series/AsiaUnboundNew.jpg');"></div> <div class="header-contextual__section-wrapper"> <a class="header-contextual__eyebrow-title" href="/blog">Blogs</a> <h1 class="header-contextual__main-title"> <div>Asia Unbound</div> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="header-contextual__content-container"> <section class="header-contextual__content-wrapper"> CFR fellows and other experts assess the latest issues emerging in 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" class="latest-post__lead-image-picture" /> <figcaption class="latest-post__lead-image-caption"> U.S. President Donald Trump arrives for a joint news conference with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in the Rose Garden of the White House in Washington, on June 26, 2017. <span class="author">Kevin Lamarque/Reuters</span> </figcaption> <div class="button-container buttons-container--without-breakpoints button-container--color-transparent button-container--size-regular button-container--type-single "> <a class=" button-container__btn" href="#subscription-breaker" >Subscribe to Blog Updates</a> </div> </figure> <h3 class="latest-post__title"> <a href="/blog/southeast-asia-responds-trump-tariffs"> Southeast Asia Responds to Trump Tariffs </a> </h3> <div class="latest-post__metadata"> <span class="latest-post__byline"> by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="latest-post__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a> </span> <span class="latest-post__date"> February 14, 2025</span> </div> 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class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </div> <a href="/blog/trumps-initial-moves-will-benefit-china " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Trump’s Initial Moves Will Benefit China </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/Xi%20looking%20gleeful.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">President Trump has followed through on his campaign promises so far—to China’s benefit. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 11, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </div> <a href="/blog/marriages-china-crash-portending-deeper-demographic-woes " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Marriages in China Crash, Portending Deeper Demographic Woes </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/ChinaBaby.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Numbers of marriages in China dropped dramatically in 2024. The continuing decline in marriages likely signals further declines in birth rates, intensifying China's demographic headwinds. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/carl-minzner" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Carl Minzner</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 10, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </div> <div class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/japan" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Japan </a> </div> <a href="/blog/ishiba-trump-era " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Ishiba-Trump Era </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/Ishiba_Trump2.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">On Friday, Prime Minister Ishiba Shigeru and President Donald Trump sat down for the first time to discuss the U.S.-Japan alliance. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/sheila-smith" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Sheila A. 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class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </div> <a href="/blog/tariff-turbulence-how-trumps-mexico-tariffs-could-shift-gears-us-auto-market-0 " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Tariff Turbulence: How Trump’s Mexico Tariffs Could Shift Gears in the U.S. Auto Market </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/2025-01-31T181907Z_1135847496_RC2YJCAXDG36_RTRMADP_3_USA-TRUMP-TARIFFS-COMPANIES-min.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Tariffs on Mexican imports could further elevate the comparative advantage of Chinese EV makers at the cost of U.S. automakers. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/zongyuan-zoe-liu" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Zongyuan Zoe Liu</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 7, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </div> <a href="/article/trump-fulfilling-his-campaign-promises-plus-how-beijing-handling-brewing-us-china-tariff " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Trump Is Fulfilling His Campaign Promises; Plus, How Beijing Is Handling the Brewing U.S.-China Tariff Battle </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/02/Thailand%20BYD.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Trump’s administration is following through on its campaign promises to implement tariffs, but China has become more resilient and prepared to counter U.S. economic pressure. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> February 5, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/bangladesh" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Bangladesh </a> </div> <a href="/article/bangladesh-could-turn-china-trump-pulls-aid-country " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Bangladesh Could Turn to China as Trump Pulls Aid From the Country </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/Yunus.JPG.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Trump administration’s decision to freeze foreign aid to Bangladesh could undermine U.S. strategic interests by pushing Bangladesh closer to China. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Article</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Joshua Kurlantzick</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 29, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/programs/asia-program" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Asia Program </a> </div> <a href="/blog/faced-rapidly-aging-society-china-releases-long-term-plans-dementia-and-eldercare-services " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Faced With Rapidly Aging Society, China Releases Long-Term Plans on Dementia and Eldercare Services </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/R.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Beijing has rolled out policy frameworks aimed at expanding eldercare and dementia services for an aging China but it is unclear how effective they will be. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/carl-minzner" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Carl Minzner</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> January 28, 2025</span> <a href="/blog/asia-unbound" class="card-article-large__series"> Asia Unbound </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div> </li> <li class="views-row"> <div class="views-field views-field-search-api-rendered-item"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/china" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> China </a> </div> <a href="/blog/rebalancing-chinas-economy-stimulus-confidence-and-self-sufficiency " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Rebalancing China’s Economy: Stimulus, Confidence, and Self-Sufficiency </div> <div class="card-article-large__image"> <div class="card-article-large__image-cover" style="background-image: url(//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2025/01/2025-01-21T031503Z_2110423614_RC21ECAPXXOQ_RTRMADP_3_USA-TRUMP-CHINA-MARKETS%20%281%29.jpg.webp)"></div> </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Despite President Trump’s threat of steep tariffs, the real challenge for Chinese policymakers lies at home. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">Post</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/expert/zongyuan-zoe-liu" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Zongyuan Zoe Liu</a> </span> <span 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<div class="blog-series__accordion-item" data-year="2010"> <div class="blog-series__accordion-header"> <a href="/custom/ajax/archived_blog_posts/4/256675/2010" class="blog-series__accordion-cta use-ajax" data-ajax-type="GET" data-tid="4" data-nid="256675" data-year="2010">2010 <svg viewBox="0 0 13.8 7" class="icon icon-caret-down" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path class="icon-fill" d="M6.9,6.9c-0.1,0-0.3,0-0.4-0.1L0.2,0.9C0,0.7,0,0.4,0.2,0.2C0.4,0,0.7,0,0.9,0.2l6,5.5l6-5.5 c0.2-0.2,0.5-0.2,0.7,0c0.2,0.2,0.2,0.5,0,0.7L7.3,6.8C7.2,6.9,7,6.9,6.9,6.9z"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="blog-series__accordion-body"> <div class="blog-series__spinner"> <img src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-loader.gif" alt="" class="blog-series__spinner-img" /> </div> </div> </div> <div class="blog-series__accordion-item" data-year="2009"> <div class="blog-series__accordion-header"> <a href="/custom/ajax/archived_blog_posts/4/256675/2009" class="blog-series__accordion-cta use-ajax" data-ajax-type="GET" data-tid="4" data-nid="256675" data-year="2009">2009 <svg viewBox="0 0 13.8 7" class="icon icon-caret-down" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path class="icon-fill" d="M6.9,6.9c-0.1,0-0.3,0-0.4-0.1L0.2,0.9C0,0.7,0,0.4,0.2,0.2C0.4,0,0.7,0,0.9,0.2l6,5.5l6-5.5 c0.2-0.2,0.5-0.2,0.7,0c0.2,0.2,0.2,0.5,0,0.7L7.3,6.8C7.2,6.9,7,6.9,6.9,6.9z"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="blog-series__accordion-body"> <div class="blog-series__spinner"> <img src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-loader.gif" alt="" class="blog-series__spinner-img" /> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="right-rail"> <div class="right-rail__content-block"> <div class="right-rail__content-block-section"> <div class="right-rail__experts-group"> <p class="right-rail__experts-group-title">Blog Authors</p> <div class="right-rail__experts-group-list"> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/image/Alyssa_Ayres_10-15.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/alyssa-ayres" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Alyssa Ayres </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Adjunct Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.webp?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg?h=c3abdece 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/RD%20Headshot%20Updated.jpg?h=c3abdece" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/rush-doshi" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Rush Doshi </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> C.V. Starr Senior Fellow for Asia Studies and Director of the China Strategy Initiative </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Huang.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/yanzhong-huang" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Yanzhong Huang </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for Global Health </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.webp 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/kurlantzick_0.jpg" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/joshua-kurlantzick" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Joshua Kurlantzick </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for Southeast Asia and South Asia </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.webp?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg?h=f307931f 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Zoe%20photo.jpg?h=f307931f" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/zongyuan-zoe-liu" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Zongyuan Zoe Liu </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.webp?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg?h=457c5b6d 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/IMG_9815_v3%20%281%29.jpg?h=457c5b6d" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/manjari-chatterjee-miller" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Manjari Chatterjee Miller </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow for India, Pakistan, and South Asia </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.webp?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg?h=602542d1 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/carlminzner1131_0384.jpg?h=602542d1" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/carl-minzner" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Carl Minzner </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Senior Fellow For China Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.webp?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg?h=50567af2 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/David%20Sacks%20Headshot.jpg?h=50567af2" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/david-sacks" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> David Sacks </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> Fellow for Asia Studies </p> </div> </div> </section> <section class="card-expert-small "> <div class="card-expert-small__container"> <div class="card-expert-small__info"> <div class="card-expert-small__avatar"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.webp?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_xxxl/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/jpeg" width="556" height="556"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/jpeg" width="55" height="55"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_l/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg?h=5665536c 1x" media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/jpeg" width="73" height="73"/> <img src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_expert_thumbnail_s/public/profile-photos/Sheila%20A.%20Smith.jpg?h=5665536c" width="55" height="55" alt="" loading="lazy" /> </picture> </div> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/sheila-smith" class="card-expert-small__name" target="_blank"> Sheila A. Smith </a> <p class="card-expert-small__title"> John E. 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