In Briefs | Council on Foreign Relations

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns#"> <head> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/apple-touch-icon.png" /> <meta property="fb:pages" content="10234472029" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="1202896923085736" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="ed21dLJA4q-k2GnrORmTFP8mc97sOOWjd-ZkJbmPCgw" /> <meta name="msvalidate.01" content="846D62D6CE4E94B1C328BE585F36F0DE" /> <title>In Briefs | Council on Foreign Relations</title> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <script>var dataLayer = [{"nodeid_dl":"225934"}];</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.cfr.org/inbriefs" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Council on Foreign Relations" /> <meta property="og:type" content="chapter_detail" /> <meta property="og:title" content="In Briefs" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org//themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta property="og:street_address" content="58 East 68th Street" /> <meta property="og:locality" content="New York" /> <meta property="og:region" content="NY" /> <meta property="og:postal_code" content="10065" /> <meta property="og:country_name" content="USA" /> <meta property="og:phone_number" content="1.212.434.9400" /> <meta property="og:fax_number" content="1.212.434.9800" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@CFR_org" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1.0,user-scalable=0" /> <style>div#sliding-popup, div#sliding-popup .eu-cookie-withdraw-banner, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab {background: #0779bf} div#sliding-popup.eu-cookie-withdraw-wrapper { background: transparent; } #sliding-popup h1, #sliding-popup h2, #sliding-popup h3, #sliding-popup p, #sliding-popup label, #sliding-popup div, .eu-cookie-compliance-more-button, .eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button, .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { color: #ffffff;} .eu-cookie-withdraw-tab { border-color: #ffffff;}</style> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "NewsArticle", "headline": "In Briefs", "name": "In Briefs", "description": "Succinct rundowns on the world’s most important developments, produced by CFR’s scholars and editorial team. ", "datePublished": "2020-05-21T16:39:07-0400", "publisher": { "@type": "Organization", "name": "Council on Foreign Relations", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/", "sameAs": [ "https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations", "https://twitter.com/CFR_org", "https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr", "https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/", "https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" ], "logo": { "@type": "ImageObject", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" } }, "mainEntityOfPage": "https://www.cfr.org/inbriefs", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True", "url": "https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" }, "author": { "@type": "Person", "name": "CFR Editors" } } ] }</script> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.cfr.org/inbriefs" /> <meta name="description" content="Succinct rundowns on the world’s most important developments, produced by CFR’s scholars and editorial team. " /> <meta property="og:description" content="Succinct rundowns on the world’s most important developments, produced by CFR’s scholars and editorial team. " /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="In Briefs" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Succinct rundowns on the world’s most important developments, produced by CFR’s scholars and editorial team. " /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-logo-og.png" /> <link rel="icon" href="//cdn.cfr.org/themes/custom/cfr_theme/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon" /> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];var j=d.createElement(s);var dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl+'';j.async=true;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-KFS3NQ');</script> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_wOmTCZI_5709fs7nH2Gkv6kN0cpWiPTJUXCyOjteFk0.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/sites/default/files/css/css_SFgZa5IPJaeozk7ne-RN7h3URMqM1KnPAwUEbh5s_lM.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA" /> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/225934","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"libraries":"eJyNUtGO3CAM_KFk-YirKvW512fkgDe4NTHFJtvc15dk7645dVX1xRIzAx7GDtfqZ5YJ2GWoV0QeQoeSZCwwo1cMRrKog7jCEjB6aCZBcmE0PLQKxJZqc99hBQ2Vinko5JmmCnU7NJYwowPGaqfzNI-Ue5dRb2QhnZi7pZFxhnB-ISFErH8BY5DF8Jc14BP3s9HLuP9iCFLRxdoK8OWD_wgGDBtWN2GClaTqCUvIpXeL0b9j3kRYXWhqkj9RxkV7PE97-8Wet4L_of6mWJ_AcJaezgP5-_mLYdZHiiIxgNpnWkjTPwRfDXrgD_iVIkpnremAzQeRH4T-iIX2MbtHoI94hcY2MLxsbi9DgQpzhZL0Ld4_yKUtpU3cHWIcFKGG9GF53DGlS-6fyP1iUB2UDG_dmj82xXXGBt20x-AmUBxWwttuvtdLltj4FfK0XHdx39dQhfkuGd_Q8Y7-BlNjJxA","theme":"cfr_theme","theme_token":null},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/inbriefs":true},"cfr_sailthru":{"customerId":"16a6a423ea139031de8812f22132ba91"},"dataLayer":{"defaultLang":"en","languages":{"en":{"id":"en","name":"English","direction":"ltr","weight":0}}},"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"search_autocomplete":{"header_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":".main-header__autocomplete","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}},"keyword_search":{"source":"\/callback\/search_autocomplete","selector":"#views-exposed-form-site-search-page-1 input.form-text","minChars":3,"maxSuggestions":10,"autoSubmit":true,"autoRedirect":true,"theme":"minimal","filters":["q","keyword"],"noResult":{"group":{"group_id":"no_results"},"label":"Search CFR.org for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""},"moreResults":{"group":{"group_id":"more_results"},"label":"View all results for \u003Cstrong\u003E[search-phrase]\u003C\/strong\u003E.","value":"[search-phrase]","link":""}}},"eu_cookie_compliance":{"cookie_policy_version":"1.0.0","popup_enabled":true,"popup_agreed_enabled":false,"popup_hide_agreed":false,"popup_clicking_confirmation":false,"popup_scrolling_confirmation":false,"popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cp\u003EThis site uses cookies to improve your user experience. By continuing to browse this site you accept the use of cookies as explained in our \u003Ca href=\u0022\/privacy-policy#cookies\u0022\u003EPrivacy Policy\u003C\/a\u003E.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","use_mobile_message":false,"mobile_popup_html_info":"\u003Cdiv class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-banner eu-cookie-compliance-banner-info eu-cookie-compliance-banner--opt-in\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022\u003E\n \n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\n \n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022agree-button eu-cookie-compliance-secondary-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_accept_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EAccept\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022decline-button eu-cookie-compliance-default-button button-container__btn\u0022 onclick=\u0022dataLayer.push({\u0027event\u0027: \u0027gdpr_decline_cfr\u0027});\u0022\u003EDecline\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","mobile_breakpoint":768,"popup_html_agreed":false,"popup_use_bare_css":false,"popup_height":"auto","popup_width":"100%","popup_delay":1000,"popup_link":"\/report\/protecting-data-privacy-user-friendly-software","popup_link_new_window":true,"popup_position":false,"fixed_top_position":true,"popup_language":"en","store_consent":false,"better_support_for_screen_readers":false,"cookie_name":"cookie-agreed","reload_page":false,"domain":"","domain_all_sites":false,"popup_eu_only":false,"popup_eu_only_js":true,"cookie_lifetime":100,"cookie_session":0,"set_cookie_session_zero_on_disagree":0,"disagree_do_not_show_popup":false,"method":"opt_in","automatic_cookies_removal":false,"allowed_cookies":"","withdraw_markup":"\u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-tab\u0022\u003EPrivacy settings\u003C\/button\u003E\n\u003Cdiv aria-labelledby=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-banner\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022popup-content info eu-cookie-compliance-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-text\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-message\u0022 role=\u0022document\u0022\u003E\n \u003Ch2\u003EWe use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EYou have given your consent for us to set cookies.\u003C\/p\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003Cdiv id=\u0022popup-buttons\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-compliance-buttons\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cbutton type=\u0022button\u0022 class=\u0022eu-cookie-withdraw-button \u0022\u003EWithdraw consent\u003C\/button\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n \u003C\/div\u003E\n\u003C\/div\u003E","withdraw_enabled":false,"reload_options":null,"reload_routes_list":"","withdraw_button_on_info_popup":false,"cookie_categories":[],"cookie_categories_details":[],"enable_save_preferences_button":false,"cookie_value_disagreed":"0","cookie_value_agreed_show_thank_you":"1","cookie_value_agreed":"2","containing_element":"body","settings_tab_enabled":false,"olivero_primary_button_classes":"","olivero_secondary_button_classes":"","close_button_action":"","open_by_default":true,"modules_allow_popup":true,"hide_the_banner":false,"geoip_match":true},"dd_datalayer_tools":{"data_layers":{"0":{"type":"bypass"},"Head":[{"type":"open_text","id":"246330","value":"\/\/ Content Text Copied\r\nconsole.log(\u0027Content Text Copied: Loaded\u0027);\r\nfunction getSelectionText() {\r\n var text = \u0022\u0022;\r\n if (window.getSelection) {\r\n text = window.getSelection().toString();\r\n } else if (document.selection \u0026\u0026 document.selection.type !== \u0022Control\u0022) {\r\n text = document.selection.createRange().text;\r\n }\r\n return text;\r\n}\r\ndocument.addEventListener(\u0022copy\u0022, function(e){\r\n console.log(\u0027Text Copied\u0027);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentTextCopiedMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Text Copied\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022target\u0022: getSelectionText()\r\n });\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246327","value":"$(document).ajaxComplete(function(event, request, settings) {\r\n var eventLabel = $(document).find(\u0022head title\u0022).text();\r\n var responseUrl = settings.url;\r\n if(responseUrl.indexOf(\u0022view_name=topic_filters_cards\u0026view_display_id=filters_block\u0022) !== -1) {\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Infinite Scroll Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022: \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246326","value":"var currentUrl = window.location.href;\r\nvar contentRecirculationCount = 1;\r\n$(document).ajaxComplete(function( event, request, settings ) {\r\n var responseText = request.responseText;\r\n if((responseText.indexOf(\u0022cfr-transported-content\u0022) !== -1) \u0026\u0026 (responseText.indexOf(\u0022article--blog-post\u0022) !== -1)) {\r\n var newUrl = window.location.protocol + \u0022\/\/\u0022 + location.host;\r\n var eventLabel = currentUrl + \u0022 to \u0022 + newUrl + \u0022 : \u0022 + contentRecirculationCount + \u0022-\u0022 + (contentRecirculationCount+1);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022event\u0022 : \u0022Infinite Scroll Next Article\u0022,\r\n \u0022infiniteScrollMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022 : \u0022False\u0022\r\n });\r\n\r\n contentRecirculationCount = contentRecirculationCount + 1;\r\n currentUrl = newUrl;\r\n }\r\n});\r\n"},{"type":"open_text","id":"246325","value":"var scroll_name_array=[];\r\n$(window).bind(\u0022scroll\u0022, function() {\r\n if($(window).scrollTop() \u003E= $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).offset().top + $(\u0022.body-content\u0022).outerHeight() - window.innerHeight) {\r\n if(!scroll_name_array.includes(\u0022scroll\u0022)) {\r\n scroll_name_array.push(\u0022scroll\u0022);\r\n dataLayer.push({\r\n \u0022contentBottomReachedMetric\u0022 : \u00221\u0022,\r\n \u0022event\u0022: \u0022Content Bottom Reached\u0022,\r\n \u0022nonInteraction\u0022: \u0022False\u0022,\r\n \u0022source\u0022: \u0022\u0022\r\n });\r\n }\r\n }\r\n});"},{"type":"open_text","id":"231361","value":"function getQueryParams(qs) {\r\n var params = {}, tokens, re = \/[?\u0026]?([^=]+)=([^\u0026]*)\/g;\r\n qs = qs.split(\u0022+\u0022).join(\u0022 \u0022);\r\n while (tokens === re.exec(qs)) {\r\n params[decodeURIComponent(tokens[1])] = decodeURIComponent(tokens[2]);\r\n }\r\n return params;\r\n}\r\nvar query_params = getQueryParams(document.location.search);\r\ndataLayer.push(query_params);"},{"type":"open_text","id":"229166","value":"dataLayer.push({\u0022contentGroup4\u0022: \u0022Section Pages\u0022});"},{"event":"Social Share Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Social Share Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246351","domSpecificClassId":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot","domSelectElement":"","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":".share-kit__icons button.share-kit__hotspot"},{"event":"Order Print Copy Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Print Copy Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246350","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Print Copy)"},{"event":"Order Paperback Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Order Paperback Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246349","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom a.button-container__btn:contains(Order Paperback)"},{"event":"order e-book click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"order e-book click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246348","domSpecificClassId":".article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)","domSelectElement":"section","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"section.article-header__section-bottom button.button-container__btn:contains(Order E-Book)"},{"event":"Footer Logo Click","":null,"custom_values":[],"label":"Footer Logo Click","type":"Dynamic","id":"246322","domSpecificClassId":" a.main-footer__logo-btn","domSelectElement":"footer","nonInteraction":"False","triggerElementType":"ajax","eventHandlerType":"click","elementWithClassID":"footer a.main-footer__logo-btn"}],"1":{"type":"bypass"}}},"customDimensionContentType":[{"contentType":"chapter_detail"}],"customDimensionUserCategory":[{"role":["anonymous"]}],"sitewideAlert":{"refreshInterval":15000,"automaticRefresh":false},"views":{"ajax_path":"\/views\/ajax","ajaxViews":{"views_dom_id:79bdd6319e2a51c03f091f31e9144c9a9ad3e7f529b3ababc91d743a3f81ccae":{"view_name":"secondary_destination_pages","view_display_id":"in_brief_filter_block","view_args":"","view_path":"\/node\/225934","view_base_path":null,"view_dom_id":"79bdd6319e2a51c03f091f31e9144c9a9ad3e7f529b3ababc91d743a3f81ccae","pager_element":0}}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"e331052eb0a1bc4b2feb3d0cfc1f0f2f6ec5dfd9a50125d1397e4ccee31da7be"}}</script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_mer30BpmxaksJ1CZX-8-JIIZsAanBJvlT0cMFCk-Y8o.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> <script src="https://ak.sail-horizon.com/spm/spm.v1.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_Gicg5SUfeJM7_bG27yraouEzFpNJFU_cmYHRYgpbcuA.js?scope=header&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> <script src="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js?render=explicit" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_uk-5W4zAfhQ3FmPSivCT6EkSWlziJZObe2mecXVbs9A.js?scope=header&delta=4&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_sailthru/js/sailthru_init.js?snkdv8" async defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_CbV9V9GP4z2EKAekMUWajSbaWrzv5LACNDNnfYnq5WQ.js?scope=header&delta=6&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> </head> <body class="node-chapter_detail page--type--chapter_detail page--immersive page--immersive--white node--225934 published"> <div class="body-clip-overflow"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-KFS3NQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript><div data-sitewide-alert></div> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <div class="layout-container"> <header role="banner"> <div> <div id="block-topicnavigationblock"> <header class="main-header main-header--without-msp"> <div class="main-header__container"> <div class="main-header__search"> <div class="main-header__search-container"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="button" class="main-header__search-cancel"> Cancel </button> </form> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__belt"> <div class="main-header__belt-container"> <div class="main-header__branding"> <a href="/" class="main-header__branding-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-header__branding-icon icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> </div> <div class="main-header__corporate"> <ul class="main-header__corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link--fa" rel="noopener"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link" rel="noopener"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" class="main-header__corporate-link main-header__corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter" rel="noopener"> Newsletters </a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-header__controls"> <ul class="main-header__controls-list"> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--initiatives"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 20" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__initiatives-grid-icon icon-grid"> <rect x="1" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="1" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="8" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="1" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="8" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> <rect x="15" y="15" width="4" height="4" rx="2" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-title">Related Sites</div> <ul class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list"> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__initiatives-dropdown-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__initiatives-dropdown-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search-cta"> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--menu"> <div class="main-header__menu-hotspot"> <div class="main-header__menu-btn"> <span class="main-header__menu-btn-bar"></span> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--search"> <div class="main-header__search-inline"> <form action="/search" autocomplete="off" class="main-header__search-inline-form"> <input type="search" name="keyword" placeholder="What are you searching for?" class="main-header__search-inline-input main-header__autocomplete" /> <button type="submit" class="main-header__search-inline-cta"> <svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" class="main-header__search-inline-icon icon-search" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Search</title> <g class="icon-fill" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd"> <path d="M10 18a8 8 0 1 0 0-16 8 8 0 0 0 0 16zm0-2a6 6 0 1 1 0-12 6 6 0 0 1 0 12z"/> <path d="M14.293 15.707l7 7 1.414-1.414-7-7z"/> </g> </svg> </button> </form> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav"> <div class="main-header__nav-container"> <ul class="main-header__nav-list main-header__nav--with-featured"> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/experts" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--featured"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/election2024" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Election 2024</a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/topics" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Topics</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/energy-and-environment/climate-change" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Climate Change </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/paris-global-climate-change-agreements " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Global Climate Agreements: Successes and Failures</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2020/10/climate.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Over the last several decades, governments have collectively pledged to slow global warming. But despite intensified diplomacy, the world is already facing the consequences of climate…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> December 5, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/renewing-america" class="card-article__series"> Renewing America </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Defense & Security</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/diplomacy-and-international-institutions" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Diplomacy & International Institutions</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/economics" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Economics</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/energy-and-environment" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Energy & Environment</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/health" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Health</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/human-rights" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Human Rights</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/politics-and-government" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Politics & Government</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/social-issues" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Social Issues</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/regions" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Regions</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/myanmar" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Myanmar </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/backgrounder/myanmar-history-coup-military-rule-ethnic-conflict-rohingya " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Myanmar’s Troubled History</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2021/02/myanmarbgr.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Throughout its decades of independence, Myanmar has struggled with military rule, civil war, poor governance, and widespread poverty. A military coup in February 2021 dashed hopes for…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Backgrounder</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Lindsay Maizland</span> <span class="card-article__date"> January 31, 2022</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/americas" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Americas</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/asia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Asia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Europe & Eurasia</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/global-commons" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Global Commons</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Middle East & North Africa</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/oceania" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Oceania</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/explainers" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Explainers</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article article card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/article/how-new-tobacco-control-laws-could-help-close-racial-gap-us-cancer " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">How Tobacco Laws Could Help Close the Racial Gap on Cancer</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_m_380x253/public/image/2023/01/GettyImages-1409152899_Resized_0.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">During the 2020 presidential campaign, Joe Biden promised that his administration would make a “historic effort” to reduce long-running racial inequities in health. Tobacco use—the leading cause of p…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Interactive</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by Olivia Angelino, <a href="/expert/thomas-j-bollyky" class="card-article__authors-link">Thomas J. Bollyky</a>, Elle Ruggiero and Isabella Turilli</span> <span class="card-article__date"> February 1, 2023</span> <a href="/programs/global-health-program" class="card-article__series"> Global Health Program </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/backgrounders" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Backgrounders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/inbriefs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">In Briefs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/podcasts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/videos" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Videos</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/timelines" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Timelines</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/special-projects" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Special Projects</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/infoguides" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">InfoGuides</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Research & Analysis</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article card-article-book-report card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/politics-and-government/democracy" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Democracy </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/report/foreign-influence-and-democratic-governance " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Foreign Influence and Democratic Governance</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1280px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1279px) and (min-width: 1024px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 1023px) and (min-width: 750px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <source media="all and (max-width: 749px)" type="image/webp" width="380" height="253" data-srcset="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp 1x"/> <img width="380" height="253" alt="" loading="lazy" class="lazyload" data-src="//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/featured_content_image/public/image/2024/10/AP24163746645704_brighter%20%281%29.jpg.webp" /> </picture> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Introduction Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election heightened concern over efforts by authoritarian governments to both redirect foreign policy and undermine confidence in de…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Council Special Report</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> by <a href="/expert/miles-kahler" class="card-article__authors-link">Miles Kahler</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 23, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/diamonstein-spielvogel-project-future-democracy" class="card-article__series"> Diamonstein-Spielvogel Project on the Future of Democracy </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Communities</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/oil-and-petroleum-products" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> Oil and Petroleum Products </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/academic-webinar-geopolitics-oil " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Academic Webinar: The Geopolitics of Oil</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <span class="card-article__icon"> <svg viewBox="0 0 15 15" class="icon icon-play" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Play</title> <path d="M0 15V0l15 7.5z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </span> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2023/04/cms%20Saudi%20Arabia%20oil%20refinery%20by%20Ahmed%20Jadallah%20Reuters.jpg.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Webinar</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Carolyn Kissane and <a href="https://www.cfr.org/bio/irina-faskianos" class="card-article__authors-link">Irina A. Faskianos</a></span> <span class="card-article__date"> April 12, 2023</span> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Events</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-featured"> <div class="main-header__featured"> <div class="main-header__featured-title">Featured</div> <div class="main-header__featured-content"> <section class="card-article event card-article--with-thumbnail"> <div class="card-article__container"> <p class="card-article__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </p> <div class="card-article__link-outer-wrapper"> <a href="/event/2024-stephen-c-freidheim-symposium-global-economics " class="card-article__link"> <div class="card-article__info"> <p class="card-article__title clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">2024 Stephen C. Freidheim Symposium on Global Economics</p> <div class="card-article__image"> <div class="card-article__image-cover bg-image-switch" data-bg-image=//cdn.cfr.org/sites/default/files/styles/card_landscape_xl/public/image/2024/10/DSC03142%20%281%29.JPG.webp></div> </div> <div class="card-article__caption"> <div class="card-article__caption_wrapper"> <span class="card-article__caption_credit"></span> </div> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="card-description card-article__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">This symposium was created to address the broad spectrum of issues affecting Wall Street and international economics. It was established through the generous support of Council board member Stephen C…</div> <p class="card-article__metadata"> <span class="card-article__publication-type">Virtual Event</span> <span class="card-article__authors"> with Emily J. Blanchard, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/matthew-p-goodman" class="card-article__authors-link">Matthew P. Goodman</a>, David R. Malpass, Elizabeth Rosenberg, Janet Yellen, <a href="https://www.cfr.org/expert/michael-froman" class="card-article__authors-link">Michael Froman</a> and Rebecca Patterson</span> <span class="card-article__date"> October 17, 2024</span> <a href="/programs/greenberg-center-geoeconomic-studies" class="card-article__series"> Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies </a> </p> </div> </section> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--initiatives"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">Related Sites</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.cfr.org/councilofcouncils" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-coc-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Council of Councils" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Council of Councils </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-tgh-icon.png" loading="lazy" alt="Think Global Health" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Think Global Health </a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="https://cfrorg.store" target="_blank" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> <img data-src="/themes/custom/cfr_theme/src/assets/images/cfr-store.png" loading="lazy" alt="Online Store" class="lazyload main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-icon" /> Online Store </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-list-item main-header__nav-list-item--with-dropdown main-header__nav-list-item--more"> <a href="#" class="main-header__nav-list-item-link">More</a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu main-header__nav-dropdown-menu--without-featured"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/research-analysis" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Research & Analysis </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/experts" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Experts</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/programs" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Centers & Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/publications" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Books & Reports</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/blog" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/task-force-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Task Force Program</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/fellowships" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Fellowships</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Communities </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/membership" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Members</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/media" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Media</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/congressional-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Congress</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/academic/cfr-academic" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Students and Educators</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/state-and-local" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">State & Local Officials</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/outreach/religion-and-foreign-policy-program" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Religion Leaders</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/localjournalists" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Local Journalists</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link"> Events </a> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown"> <button class="main-header__nav-dropdown-toggle"></button> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-container"> <div class="main-header__nav-dropdown-menu-list"> <ul class="main-header__secondary-nav-list"> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/event-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Lectureship Series</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/conference-call-series" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Webinars & Conference Calls</a> </li> <li class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item"> <a href="/meeting-types/symposia" class="main-header__secondary-nav-list-item-link macro-utils__link-to">Symposia</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="main-header__nav-corporate"> <ul class="main-header__nav-corporate-list"> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link-- js-sailthru-newsletter"> Newsletters </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://education.cfr.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> CFR Education </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item"> <a href="https://foreignaffairs.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link main-header__nav-corporate-link--fa"> Foreign Affairs </a> </li> <li class="main-header__controls-list-item main-header__controls-list-item--user"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__controls-link"> <svg viewBox="0 0 22 22" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="main-header__controls-icon-user icon-user-circle-outlined" fill="none"> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 21c5.523 0 10-4.477 10-10S16.523 1 11 1 1 5.477 1 11s4.477 10 10 10z"/> <path class="icon-stroke" stroke="none" stroke-width="1.85" d="M11 12.25a3.25 3.25 0 100-6.5 3.25 3.25 0 000 6.5zM5.468 19.153v-1.6A2.553 2.553 0 018.021 15h5.958a2.553 2.553 0 012.553 2.553v1.702"/> </svg> </a> </li> <li class="main-header__nav-corporate-list-item main-header__nav-corporate-list-item--essay-member"> <a href="/member/login" class="main-header__nav-corporate-link"> Member Login </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> </div> <div id="block-newsalert"> </div> </div> </header> <main role="main"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="layout-content"> <div id="block-cfr-theme-messages"> </div> <article class="main-wrapper cfr-transported-content secondary-destination" data-nid="225934"> <div> <header class="header-contextual header-contextual--immersive header-contextual--with-content header-contextual--content-typeless header-contextual--color-white header-contextual--with-dropdown header-contextual--without-image empty page--immersive--white header-contextual--top-spacer header-contextual--with-eyebrow "> <div class="header-contextual__main-wrapper"> <div class="header-contextual__primary-bg-image" style="background-color: #04284a;"></div> <div class="header-contextual__section-wrapper"> <a class="header-contextual__eyebrow-title" href="/explainers">Explainers</a> <h1 class="header-contextual__main-title">In Briefs</h1> </div> </div> <div class="header-contextual__content-container"> <section class="header-contextual__content-wrapper"> Succinct rundowns on the world’s most important developments, produced by CFR’s scholars and editorial team.  </section> </div> </header> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay"> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__close-btn"></div> <div class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel"> <div class="button-container button-container--with-breakpoints header-contextual__dropdown-btn header-contextual__dropdown-btn--above-mobile header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__left-panel-title"> <button class="button-container__btn header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__title__btn">Close</button> </div> <ul class="header-contextual-dropdown-overlay__links-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="main-wrapper__article-body"> <div class="field body-content"> <div class="field body-content body-content--with-right-rail"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--block-reference paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div><div class="views-element-container" id="block-views-block-secondary-destination-pages-in-brief-filter-block"> <h2>In Brief Filters and Cards</h2> <div block="block-views-block-secondary-destination-pages-in-brief-filter-block"><div class="js-view-dom-id-79bdd6319e2a51c03f091f31e9144c9a9ad3e7f529b3ababc91d743a3f81ccae"> <form class="views-exposed-form" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-secondary-destination-pages-in-brief-filter-block" action="/inbriefs" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-secondary-destination-pages-in-brief-filter-block" accept-charset="UTF-8"> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-topics js-form-item-topics"> <label for="edit-topics">Topics</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-topics" id="edit-topics" name="topics" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="338">Defense and Security</option><option value="339">Diplomacy and International Institutions</option><option value="340">Economics</option><option value="341">Energy and Environment</option><option value="342">Health</option><option value="343">Human Rights</option><option value="344">Politics and Government</option><option value="345">Social Issues</option></select> </div> <div class="js-form-item form-item js-form-type-select form-item-regions js-form-item-regions"> <label for="edit-regions">Regions</label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-regions" id="edit-regions" name="regions" class="form-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="114">Americas</option><option value="115">Asia</option><option value="116">Europe and Eurasia</option><option value="117">Global Commons</option><option value="118">Middle East and North Africa</option><option value="119">Oceania</option><option value="121">Sub-Saharan Africa</option></select> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" class="form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-secondary-destination-pages" type="submit" id="edit-submit-secondary-destination-pages" value="Apply" class="button js-form-submit form-submit" /> </div> </form> <div data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper class="views-infinite-scroll-content-wrapper clearfix"> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/keyword/election-2024" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Election 2024 </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/how-does-immigration-affect-us-economy " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> How Does Immigration Affect the U.S. Economy? </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Presidential candidates Harris and Trump differ sharply on the benefits of immigration for the U.S. economy. What role do immigrants play? </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> October 30, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/social-issues/immigration-and-migration" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Immigration and Migration </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/golden-passports-and-visas-how-investment-migration-works " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Golden Passports and Visas: How Investment Migration Works </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Programs that allow foreign investors to buy residency or citizenship in another country are growing in popularity, but some carry economic and security risks. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> October 21, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/chips-act-how-us-microchip-factories-could-reshape-economy " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The CHIPS Act: How U.S. Microchip Factories Could Reshape the Economy </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The CHIPS and Science Act seeks to revitalize the U.S. semiconductor industry amid growing fears of a China-Taiwan conflict. Where is the money going, and how is the effort playing out? </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> October 8, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/keyword/election-2024" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Election 2024 </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/why-fracking-matters-2024-us-election " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Why Fracking Matters in the 2024 U.S. Election </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The fracking boom has transformed the United States into the world’s leading producer of oil and gas. With presidential candidates Harris and Trump clashing on climate and energy policy, the practice is once again in the spotlight. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> October 8, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/indo-pacific" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Indo-Pacific </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/guams-strategic-importance-indo-pacific " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Guam’s Strategic Importance in the Indo-Pacific </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The island’s proximity to Asia makes it a critical outpost for the U.S. military and a potential hub in the event of regional conflict. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Clara Fong</a> and <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> September 6, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/americas/united-states" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United States </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/why-biden-wants-block-nippon-us-steel-deal " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Why Biden Wants to Block the Nippon-U.S. Steel Deal </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">U.S. President Joe Biden is reportedly planning to block the Japanese takeover of U.S. Steel, raising questions about the administration’s economic and foreign policy priorities.   </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Noah Berman</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> September 6, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/georgia" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Georgia </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/what-georgias-foreign-agent-law-means-its-democracy " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> What Georgia’s Foreign Agent Law Means for Its Democracy </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Georgia’s new law reflects rising Russian influence in the country and has prompted backlash from the United States and the European Union, which fear it could harm the Caucasus state’s democratic development. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by Marc Goedemans</span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> August 21, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/asia/afghanistan" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Afghanistan </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/how-talibans-rule-fueling-movement-end-gender-apartheid " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> How the Taliban’s Rule Is Fueling the Movement to End Gender Apartheid </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Taliban’s outright denial of women’s rights in Afghanistan has spurred a global push to combat gender-based oppression. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/clara-fong" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Clara Fong</a> and <a href="/bio/noel-james" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Noël James</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> August 21, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Sub-Saharan Africa </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/africa-and-gulf-are-growing-closer-will-it-increase-global-tensions " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Africa and the Gulf Are Growing Closer. Will It Increase Global Tensions? </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The Gulf states are angling for closer ties with African countries, and the feeling is mutual. But critics say differences over governance values, labor rights, and ongoing conflicts could stoke tensions. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/alexandra-dent" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Alexandra Dent</a> and <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> August 8, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/oceania/australia" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Australia </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/australias-growing-defense-and-security-role-indo-pacific " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Australia’s Growing Defense and Security Role in the Indo-Pacific </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Australia’s first comprehensive national defense strategy comes as Chinese coercion around Taiwan and in the South China Sea sparks heightened concerns about Beijing’s intentions and ambitions in the region.  </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/natalie-caloca" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Natalie Caloca</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> August 1, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/middle-east-and-north-africa/israel" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Israel </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/why-israel-wants-draft-ultra-orthodox-military " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Why Israel Wants to Draft the Ultra-Orthodox Into the Military </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">As Israel fights its war in the Gaza Strip, changes to a decades-old draft exemption for its fastest-growing demographic group threaten to fracture Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s coalition and exacerbate the country’s internal rifts. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/simone-lipkind" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Simone Lipkind</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> July 31, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/health" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Health </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/africa-turning-point-malaria " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> Is Africa at a Turning Point for Malaria? </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">Two new malaria vaccines offer Africans the hope of finally eradicating a disease that has long plagued them disproportionately. Experts say vaccination is just one tool in a much broader fight. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> July 29, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/defense-and-security" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Defense and Security </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/security-challenge-2024-paris-olympics " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> The Security Challenge at the 2024 Paris Olympics </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">French authorities are particularly vigilant of the terrorist threat to the games posed by Islamist extremists, a danger the country has endured for decades. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/jonathan-masters" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Jonathan Masters</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> July 25, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/europe-and-eurasia/united-kingdom" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> United Kingdom </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/uk-elections-what-know " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> UK Elections: What to Know </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">The United Kingdom appears poised for a political shift in response to deep economic concerns, but its foreign policy priorities are likely to remain consistent. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/abigail-mcgowan" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Abigail McGowan</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> June 27, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> <div class="views-row"><div class="views-field views-field-rendered-entity-1"><span class="field-content"> <div class="card-article-large article card-article-large--with-no-image"> <div class="card-article-large__container"> <div class="card-article-large__content"> <div class="card-article-large__topic-tag"> <a href="/sub-saharan-africa/sudan" class="card-article-large__topic-tag-link"> Sudan </a> </div> <a href="/in-brief/what-extent-sudans-humanitarian-crisis " class="card-article-large__link"> <div class="card-article-large__title"> What Is the Extent of Sudan’s Humanitarian Crisis? </div> </a> <div class="card-article-large__dek clamp-js" data-clamp-lines="4">More than a year into the civil war in Sudan, over nine million people have been displaced, exacerbating an already devastating humanitarian crisis. </div> <div class="card-article-large__metadata"> <span class="card-article-large__publication-type">In Brief</span> <span class="card-article-large__authors">by <a href="/bio/mariel-ferragamo" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Mariel Ferragamo</a> and <a href="/bio/diana-roy" class="card-article-large__authors-link">Diana Roy</a> </span> <span class="card-article-large__date"> June 26, 2024</span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </span></div></div> </div> <ul class="js-pager__items pager" data-drupal-views-infinite-scroll-pager="automatic"> <li class="pager__item"> <a class="button" href="?page=1" title="Load more items" rel="next">Load More</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="chapters"> <div class="chapters__btn-toggle"> <svg viewBox="0 0 20 11" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-up-arrow"> <path d="M1 10l9.09-8.333L19.183 10" class="icon-stroke" fill="none"/> </svg> </div> <div class="chapters__nav"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </main> <div id="main-footer-anchor"></div> <footer class="main-footer"> <div class="main-footer__wrapper"> <a href="/" class="main-footer__logo-btn"> <svg viewBox="0 0 125 60" class="main-footer__logo-signature icon-logo-signature" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Council on Foreign Relations</title> <path d="M106.909 13.178c-.502.92-1.081 1.458-1.854 1.458-.713 0-1.01-.522-.975-1.458.062-1.772 1.163-4.833 2.824-4.833.6 0 .999.416.97 1.371-.026.912-.386 2.406-.965 3.462m-.055-5.377c-2.64 0-4.56 2.264-4.63 4.755-.04 1.428.743 2.647 2.703 2.647 3.06 0 4.676-2.7 4.73-4.714.053-1.57-.944-2.688-2.803-2.688m17.484 3.789c0-.612-.316-1.01-.782-1.01-.404 0-.679.3-.679.677 0 .483.45.613.45 1.239-.001.259-.103.519-.32.765-.31.297-.748.513-2.042.513h-3.142c-.364 0-.465-.154-.313-.587.468-1.341 1.109-2.92 1.241-3.587.176-.876-.203-1.687-1.315-1.687-1.749 0-2.89 1.524-4.426 4.42h-.089s1.115-2.606 1.115-3.464c0-.61-.367-.946-1.026-.946-1.009 0-2.041 1.05-2.486 1.63l.31.302c.203-.255.51-.557.737-.733.402-.312.808-.263.687.407-.155.866-1.328 3.959-1.961 5.535h1.827c1.875-3.756 3.251-6.174 4.345-6.174.317 0 .483.196.483.53 0 .675-.985 2.959-1.389 4.312-.238.8-.183 1.332.52 1.332h3.498c1.451 0 2.618-.677 3.122-1.04 1.003-.68 1.635-1.614 1.635-2.433M10.751 24.923v-2.138H2.058v14.48h2.448V30.94h5.657v-2.143H4.506v-3.874zm71.256-.185c-1.474-1.462-3.291-2.302-5.748-2.302-4.258 0-7.677 3.079-7.676 7.66-.001 4.576 3.074 7.48 7.453 7.48h.014c4.075 0 7.1-2.548 7.115-6.755v-.448h-7.093v2.06h4.397c-.473 2.002-2.291 2.938-4.271 2.938-3.055 0-5.025-2.035-5.028-5.347.008-3.065 2.025-5.4 4.976-5.405 2.104 0 3.426.977 4.223 1.776l1.638-1.657zM4.49 51.483v-4.486h2.005c2.614 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.105 0 .888-.377 2.381-2.901 2.381H4.49zm3.519 1.851s-.018-.018.112-.034c2.109-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.893-4.18-4.818-4.18H2.058v14.535H4.49v-6.019h.592l4.895 6.02h3.09l-5.06-6.07zm9.314-8.445v14.533h9.205v-2.114h-6.68v-4.337h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.21v-2.108zm13.937-.022v14.535h8.865v-2.094h-6.343v-12.44zm24.952 0v2.13h4.494v12.407h2.438V46.995h4.49v-2.13zM71.44 59.402h2.529V44.866H71.44zm35.288-5.305l-9.756-9.776v15.082h2.43v-9.167c.423.418 9.757 9.764 9.757 9.764V44.867h-2.431v9.23zm11.854-3.111c-1.794-.892-2.6-1.555-2.6-2.6 0-1.58 1.623-1.775 2.107-1.775 1.029 0 1.988.344 2.834 1.133l1.234-1.761c-1.366-1.073-2.622-1.393-4.068-1.393-2.648 0-4.5 1.61-4.5 3.924 0 2.215 1.455 3.317 3.917 4.575 1.699.867 2.557 1.632 2.557 2.654 0 1.142-.993 1.819-2.301 1.819-1.38 0-2.47-.465-3.567-1.488l-1.375 1.721c1.582 1.46 3.24 1.87 4.763 1.87 3.286 0 4.942-1.864 4.942-4.14 0-2.331-1.765-3.454-3.943-4.54M12.08 11.201c-1.172 1.342-2.672 2.016-4.33 2.016-2.959 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.403 0-3.105 2.076-5.258 4.862-5.258 1.55 0 2.882.51 4.066 1.695l1.618-1.64C11.686 1.083 9.828.363 7.47.363 3.244.363 0 3.586 0 7.884c0 4.511 3.088 7.523 7.433 7.523 2.561 0 4.584-.862 6.046-2.523l-1.399-1.683zm66.172.03c-1.172 1.341-2.547 1.975-4.422 1.975-3.084 0-5.17-2.004-5.17-5.402 0-3.104 2.084-5.267 4.87-5.267 1.55 0 2.883.51 4.066 1.695l1.6-1.619c-1.39-1.536-3.287-2.25-5.645-2.25-4.343 0-7.472 3.223-7.472 7.521 0 4.511 3 7.523 7.435 7.523 2.677 0 4.676-.822 6.137-2.483l-1.4-1.693zm-38.644 4.05c3.432 0 5.411-1.862 5.973-4.36.11-.496.165-1.217.165-1.834V.548H43.31v8.468c0 2.721-1.342 4.075-3.68 4.075-2.41 0-3.854-1.398-3.854-4.075V.548H33.34v8.54c0 .642.057 1.338.17 1.833.573 2.498 2.598 4.36 6.1 4.36m13.05-9.512c.425.419 9.83 9.91 9.83 9.91V.548h-2.372v9.365L50.294 0v15.082h2.366V5.769zm30.062 9.313h2.525V.548h-2.525zM90.25.548V15.08h8.942v-2.095h-6.41V.548zM22.66 2.403c-2.794 0-5.06 2.216-5.06 5.466s2.154 5.467 5.06 5.467c2.904 0 5.056-2.217 5.056-5.467 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.057-5.466m-7.613 5.464C15.042 3.503 18.316.25 22.66.25c4.344 0 7.614 3.254 7.613 7.618.001 4.362-3.136 7.617-7.613 7.617-4.478 0-7.617-3.255-7.613-7.617m5.94 16.692c-2.793 0-5.057 2.216-5.057 5.467 0 3.25 2.152 5.467 5.057 5.467 2.906 0 5.057-2.217 5.057-5.467 0-3.251-2.263-5.467-5.057-5.467m-7.613 5.465c-.005-4.365 3.269-7.62 7.613-7.62 4.345 0 7.616 3.255 7.614 7.62.002 4.363-3.137 7.617-7.614 7.617s-7.618-3.254-7.613-7.617m36.748.788h5.546v-2.108h-5.546v-3.866h6.208v-2.108h-8.734v14.534h9.205v-2.114h-6.679zm11.533 6.452h2.525V22.73h-2.525zm-26.489-7.92v-4.487h2.004c2.613 0 2.919 1.203 2.919 2.107 0 .887-.378 2.38-2.901 2.38h-2.022zm3.519 1.85s-.019-.017.111-.033c2.108-.247 3.73-1.928 3.73-4.252 0-2.538-1.894-4.182-4.818-4.182h-4.975v14.537h2.433v-6.018h.592l4.895 6.018h3.09l-5.058-6.07zm3.449 28.204h2.541l1.416-3.376h5.558l1.393 3.376h2.682l-6.774-15.49-6.816 15.49zm6.732-10.073l1.89 4.542h-3.789l1.9-4.542zm36.612-2.6c-2.792 0-5.056 2.216-5.056 5.466 0 3.251 2.153 5.468 5.056 5.468 2.907 0 5.06-2.217 5.06-5.468 0-3.25-2.264-5.466-5.06-5.466m-7.613 5.464c-.004-4.365 3.27-7.617 7.614-7.617 4.344 0 7.617 3.252 7.614 7.617.002 4.362-3.138 7.618-7.615 7.618s-7.617-3.256-7.613-7.618m11.558-24.238c.424.419 9.829 9.909 9.829 9.909V22.73h-2.37v9.366l-9.823-9.913v15.082h2.364v-9.313z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </a> <div class="main-footer__menu-wrapper"> <ul class="main-footer__menu"> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/about">About</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/member-programs">Member Programs</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/contact-us">Contact</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/support-cfr">Support</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/media">For Media</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://link.cfr.org/join/66n/signup&hash=2d4c5929e9e04cc42f5cd375fb8dcfb1" target="_blank">Newsletters</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/membership">Membership</a> </li> <li class="main-footer__menu-item"> <a href="/career-opportunities">Careers</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="main-footer__fineprint"> <div class="main-footer__fineprint__wrapper"> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">©2024 Council on Foreign Relations.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line">All rights reserved.</span> <span class="main-footer__fineprint-line"> <a href="/privacy-policy" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Privacy Policy</a> and <a href="/terms-use" class="main-footer__fineprint-link">Terms of Use</a>. </span> </div> <div class="main-footer__share-kit-wrapper"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-brown share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--small share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/councilonforeignrelations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" href="https://twitter.com/CFR_org" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/cfr/featured" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-youtube" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8.051 1.999h.089c.822.003 4.987.033 6.11.335a2.01 2.01 0 0 1 1.415 1.42c.101.38.172.883.22 1.402l.01.104.022.26.008.104c.065.914.073 1.77.074 1.957v.075c-.001.194-.01 1.108-.082 2.06l-.008.105-.009.104c-.05.572-.124 1.14-.235 1.558a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415 1.42c-1.16.312-5.569.334-6.18.335h-.142c-.309 0-1.587-.006-2.927-.052l-.17-.006-.087-.004-.171-.007-.171-.007c-1.11-.049-2.167-.128-2.654-.26a2.007 2.007 0 0 1-1.415-1.419c-.111-.417-.185-.986-.235-1.558L.09 9.82l-.008-.104A31.4 31.4 0 0 1 0 7.68v-.123c.002-.215.01-.958.064-1.778l.007-.103.003-.052.008-.104.022-.26.01-.104c.048-.519.119-1.023.22-1.402a2.007 2.007 0 0 1 1.415-1.42c.487-.13 1.544-.21 2.654-.26l.17-.007.172-.006.086-.003.171-.007A99.788 99.788 0 0 1 7.858 2h.193zM6.4 5.209v4.818l4.157-2.408L6.4 5.209z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__instagram" href="https://www.instagram.com/cfr_org/" target="_blank"> <svg viewBox="0 0 16 16" class="icon icon-instagram" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M8 0C5.829 0 5.556.01 4.703.048 3.85.088 3.269.222 2.76.42a3.917 3.917 0 0 0-1.417.923A3.927 3.927 0 0 0 .42 2.76C.222 3.268.087 3.85.048 4.7.01 5.555 0 5.827 0 8.001c0 2.172.01 2.444.048 3.297.04.852.174 1.433.372 1.942.205.526.478.972.923 1.417.444.445.89.719 1.416.923.51.198 1.09.333 1.942.372C5.555 15.99 5.827 16 8 16s2.444-.01 3.298-.048c.851-.04 1.434-.174 1.943-.372a3.916 3.916 0 0 0 1.416-.923c.445-.445.718-.891.923-1.417.197-.509.332-1.09.372-1.942C15.99 10.445 16 10.173 16 8s-.01-2.445-.048-3.299c-.04-.851-.175-1.433-.372-1.941a3.926 3.926 0 0 0-.923-1.417A3.911 3.911 0 0 0 13.24.42c-.51-.198-1.092-.333-1.943-.372C10.443.01 10.172 0 7.998 0h.003zm-.717 1.442h.718c2.136 0 2.389.007 3.232.046.78.035 1.204.166 1.486.275.373.145.64.319.92.599.28.28.453.546.598.92.11.281.24.705.275 1.485.039.843.047 1.096.047 3.231s-.008 2.389-.047 3.232c-.035.78-.166 1.203-.275 1.485a2.47 2.47 0 0 1-.599.919c-.28.28-.546.453-.92.598-.28.11-.704.24-1.485.276-.843.038-1.096.047-3.232.047s-2.39-.009-3.233-.047c-.78-.036-1.203-.166-1.485-.276a2.478 2.478 0 0 1-.92-.598 2.48 2.48 0 0 1-.6-.92c-.109-.281-.24-.705-.275-1.485-.038-.843-.046-1.096-.046-3.233 0-2.136.008-2.388.046-3.231.036-.78.166-1.204.276-1.486.145-.373.319-.64.599-.92.28-.28.546-.453.92-.598.282-.11.705-.24 1.485-.276.738-.034 1.024-.044 2.515-.045v.002zm4.988 1.328a.96.96 0 1 0 0 1.92.96.96 0 0 0 0-1.92zm-4.27 1.122a4.109 4.109 0 1 0 0 8.217 4.109 4.109 0 0 0 0-8.217zm0 1.441a2.667 2.667 0 1 1 0 5.334 2.667 2.667 0 0 1 0-5.334z" fill="none" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> <a class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/council-on-foreign-relations" target="_blank"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <script id="share-kit--template" type="text/template"> <div class="share-kit share-kit--icon-color-white share-kit--bg-color-white share-kit--theme-none" data-share-anchor="" data-share-query="" data-share-name="" data-share-description="" data-share-caption="" data-share-picture="" data-share-type="" > <div class="share-kit__icons"> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__facebook" onclick="CFR.Share.facebook(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-facebook" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16 8.049c0-4.446-3.582-8.05-8-8.05C3.58 0-.002 3.603-.002 8.05c0 4.017 2.926 7.347 6.75 7.951v-5.625h-2.03V8.05H6.75V6.275c0-2.017 1.195-3.131 3.022-3.131.876 0 1.791.157 1.791.157v1.98h-1.009c-.993 0-1.303.621-1.303 1.258v1.51h2.218l-.354 2.326H9.25V16c3.824-.604 6.75-3.934 6.75-7.951z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__twitter" onclick="CFR.Share.twitter(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 1350 1377" class="icon icon-twitter" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="none" class="icon-fill" /> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__linkedin" onclick="CFR.Share.linkedin(this)"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="icon icon-linkedin" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M0 1.146C0 .513.526 0 1.175 0h13.65C15.474 0 16 .513 16 1.146v13.708c0 .633-.526 1.146-1.175 1.146H1.175C.526 16 0 15.487 0 14.854V1.146zm4.943 12.248V6.169H2.542v7.225h2.401zm-1.2-8.212c.837 0 1.358-.554 1.358-1.248-.015-.709-.52-1.248-1.342-1.248-.822 0-1.359.54-1.359 1.248 0 .694.521 1.248 1.327 1.248h.016zm4.908 8.212V9.359c0-.216.016-.432.08-.586.173-.431.568-.878 1.232-.878.869 0 1.216.662 1.216 1.634v3.865h2.401V9.25c0-2.22-1.184-3.252-2.764-3.252-1.274 0-1.845.7-2.165 1.193v.025h-.016a5.54 5.54 0 0 1 .016-.025V6.169h-2.4c.03.678 0 7.225 0 7.225h2.4z" class="icon-fill"/> </svg> </button> <button class="share-kit__hotspot share-kit__e-mail-filled" onclick="CFR.Share.email(this)"> <svg viewBox="0 0 23 14" class="icon icon-e-mail-filled" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <title>Email</title> <path d="M.915 0l10.258 7.808L21.673 0H.915zm10.258 8.804L0 .297V14h22.615V.297L11.173 8.804z" class="icon-fill" fill="none"/> </svg> </button> </div> </div> </script> </div> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_RPRJFQV46TOLgNRJ5Pk-Es1-Oz_TZRdkrFzXEf1imug.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> <script src="https://unpkg.com/web-vitals@0.2.4/dist/web-vitals.es5.umd.min.js" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_BlJ7xjc-edcuDH8YRQeq9uszQiCUvjSVaH8AIbBPZVg.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> <script src="/modules/custom/cfr_homepage_sections/js/advanced_autocomplete.js?snkdv8" async defer></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/data-layer-helper/0.1.0/data-layer-helper.min.js"></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_X3SqHxkq7D31KTHtEezB093dWPZkLGrshg2vmTVFkqA.js?scope=footer&delta=5&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/eu_cookie_compliance/js/eu_cookie_compliance.min.js?v=10.2.7" defer></script> <script src="/sites/default/files/js/js_0n1pSk1tDm_uNkcHmCwo0BhvEOBkkO4SxP9Z7WQniIE.js?scope=footer&delta=7&language=en&theme=cfr_theme&include=eJx9ktFy3CAMRX8ILx-RTGby3PaZkUFraIUhkvDW-fpie7K7aXbywowOF-lKyJ_ZacSMdqIyAg2EE_jV-M4PYjPwGZF2FEvGChM6Qa-pzGIhLDB7DA6aFl9yJVTctQKJNHKzv2EB8ZyqOqjJURoZeDUBFAhWZBuRKvIdGDHCkgqLIXhf7XYYQWAfP5Wxu_NTTnPKQCcvYnxhtIFb7fEnR7KKYrYjCBpszpfyJ6Hbr9PWgH0EXcAzNFITgru6c1oKib3Grz2vPFL4Jlryc8o4S5_VU5kVZ_25VnykriV4EH3pzUj8RvBDgR8a-q_cL0F-AsWpbLP-Kl9SwNKTaRNTgWFiqFE-ZncjpzbXNlI3hWH_12NdIkJAHvzW1F9tQHd3by29D9ua3DEg7LZv8TgN_dMmHOSS1McvmY0kxUv36PaXto9FzZLwsjnv5ymX0AgP5NJ83gR9Lz0XokMyfNDhoP8AFBQnEA"></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

In Briefs | Council on Foreign Relations