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日语 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书

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id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=spontaneous&amp;uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&amp;returnto=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录,但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&amp;returnto=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录,尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>特徵</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-史前时期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#史前时期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>史前时期</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-史前时期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-上古日语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#上古日语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>上古日语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-上古日语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中古日語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中古日語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>中古日語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中古日語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-中世日語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中世日語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>中世日語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中世日語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-现代日语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#现代日语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>现代日语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-现代日语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>分布</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-語言系屬分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#語言系屬分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>語言系屬分類</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-語言系屬分類-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关語言系屬分類子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-語言系屬分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-常見的假說" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#常見的假說"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>常見的假說</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-常見的假說-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音韻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>音韻</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-音韻-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关音韻子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-音韻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音韻體系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音韻體系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>音韻體系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音韻體系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-元音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#元音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>元音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-元音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輔音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輔音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>輔音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-輔音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-声调" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#声调"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>声调</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-声调-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>文法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关文法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-文法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-句子结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句子结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>句子结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句子结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-题述结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#题述结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>题述结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-题述结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主语废止论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主语废止论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>主语废止论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主语废止论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句子成分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句子成分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>句子成分</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句子成分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-主语、谓语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主语、谓语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>主语、谓语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主语、谓语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-连用修饰语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#连用修饰语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.1</span> <span>连用修饰语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-连用修饰语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-连体修饰语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#连体修饰语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.2</span> <span>连体修饰语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-连体修饰语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-接续语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#接续语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.3</span> <span>接续语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-接续语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-独立语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#独立语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.4</span> <span>独立语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-独立语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-并列语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#并列语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1.5</span> <span>并列语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-并列语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-宾语和补语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#宾语和补语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>宾语和补语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-宾语和补语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-对象语(补语)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对象语(补语)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.1</span> <span>对象语(补语)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对象语(补语)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-状况语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#状况语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2.2</span> <span>状况语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-状况语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-修饰语的特征" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#修饰语的特征"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.3</span> <span>修饰语的特征</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-修饰语的特征-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>词类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-自立语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自立语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>自立语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自立语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-體言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#體言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1.1</span> <span>體言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-體言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-用言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#用言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1.2</span> <span>用言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-用言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他词类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他词类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1.3</span> <span>其他词类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他词类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-附属语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#附属语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>附属语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-附属语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-名词的格" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#名词的格"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>名词的格</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-名词的格-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-活用形及其种类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#活用形及其种类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>活用形及其种类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-活用形及其种类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-书写系统" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书写系统"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>书写系统</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-书写系统-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关书写系统子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-书写系统-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-假名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#假名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>假名</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-假名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-浊音和半濁音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#浊音和半濁音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>浊音和半濁音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-浊音和半濁音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拗音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拗音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>拗音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拗音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-促音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#促音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>促音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-促音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-长音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#长音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>长音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-长音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拨音" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拨音"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>拨音</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拨音-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-假名的演变" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#假名的演变"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>假名的演变</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-假名的演变-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-詞彙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞彙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>詞彙</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-詞彙-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关詞彙子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-詞彙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-词汇的种类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词汇的种类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>词汇的种类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词汇的种类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拟声和拟态词" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拟声和拟态词"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>拟声和拟态词</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拟声和拟态词-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-敬语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#敬语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>敬语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-敬语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-方言" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方言"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>方言</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方言-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>结构</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-结构-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关结构子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-书写" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#书写"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>书写</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-书写-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-句子的结构" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#句子的结构"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>句子的结构</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-句子的结构-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-动词的时态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#动词的时态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>动词的时态</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-动词的时态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-词语的活用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词语的活用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>词语的活用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词语的活用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-辭典" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#辭典"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>辭典</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-辭典-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>外部影响</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-注释-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关注释子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-部分譯文" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#部分譯文"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>部分譯文</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-部分譯文-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">日语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。229种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-229" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">229种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%88%D3%99%D0%B0" title="Аиапон бызшәа – 阿布哈西亚语" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аиапон бызшәа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="阿布哈西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsa_Jeupang" title="Bahsa Jeupang – 亚齐语" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bahsa Jeupang" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="亚齐语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japannees" title="Japannees – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Japannees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Sprache" title="Japanische Sprache – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Japanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8A%9B" title="ጃፓንኛ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃፓንኛ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowal_no_dipong" title="Sowal no dipong – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Sowal no dipong" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_chapon%C3%A9s" title="Idioma chaponés – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma chaponés" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapanisc_spr%C7%A3c" title="Iapanisc sprǣc – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Iapanisc sprǣc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة اليابانية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة اليابانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A0%DC%AB%DC%A2%DC%90_%DC%9D%DC%A6%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܦܢܝܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܠܫܢܐ ܝܦܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جاپونية – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاپونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D9%87_%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="لغه يابانى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لغه يابانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাপানী ভাষা – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাপানী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xapon%C3%A9s" title="Xaponés – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xaponés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_dili" title="Yapon dili – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yapon dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ژاپون دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ژاپون دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Япон теле – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Япон теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Sproch" title="Japanische Sproch – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Japanische Sproch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japuonu_kalba" title="Japuonu kalba – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Japuonu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tataramon_na_Hapones" title="Tataramon na Hapones – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tataramon na Hapones" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Японская мова – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Японская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Японская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Японская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Японски език – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Японски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Japang" title="Basa Japang – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Basa Japang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="জাপানি ভাষা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাপানি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉི་ཧོང་སྐད། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉི་ཧོང་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaneg" title="Japaneg – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Japaneg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Japanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saro_Jepang" title="Saro Jepang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Saro Jepang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Япон хэлэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Япон хэлэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%A8s" title="Japonès – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Japonès" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%ADk-bu%C5%8Dng-ng%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Nĭk-buōng-ngṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nĭk-buōng-ngṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Ипнойн мотт – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ипнойн мотт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinapones" title="Hinapones – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hinapones" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93eta%27xa%C3%A9n%C3%A9hetse" title="Óeta&#039;xaénéhetse – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Óeta&#039;xaénéhetse" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زمانی ژاپۆنی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی ژاپۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon_tili" title="Japon tili – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Japon tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C5%A1tina" title="Japonština – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Japonština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%96%D0%BF%D1%A1%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%A9%EA%99%81%EA%99%91%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Ꙗпѡньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙗпѡньскъ ѩꙁꙑкъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Япон чĕлхи – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Япон чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaneg" title="Japaneg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Japaneg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk_(sprog)" title="Japansk (sprog) – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Japansk (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanische_Sprache" title="Japanische Sprache – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Japanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonki" title="Japonki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Japonki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japa%C5%84%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Japańšćina – 下索布语" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Japańšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="下索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boros_Jipun" title="Boros Jipun – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Boros Jipun" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%A9" title="ޖަޕާނީ – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖަޕާނީ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ιαπωνική γλώσσα – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιαπωνική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Japanese language" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japana_lingvo" title="Japana lingvo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Japana lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_japon%C3%A9s" title="Idioma japonés – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma japonés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_keel" title="Jaapani keel – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaapani keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniera" title="Japoniera – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Japoniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_japonesa" title="Lengua japonesa – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lengua japonesa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان ژاپنی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان ژاپنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanin_kieli" title="Japanin kieli – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Japanin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaapani_kiil" title="Jaapani kiil – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Jaapani kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanskt_m%C3%A1l" title="Japanskt mál – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Japanskt mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonais" title="Japonais – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Japonais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%AAs" title="Japonês – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Japonês" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoonsk_spriak" title="Japoonsk spriak – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Japoonsk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk" title="Japansk – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Japansk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSeap%C3%A1inis" title="An tSeapáinis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSeapáinis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_dili" title="Yapon dili – 加告兹语" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Yapon dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="加告兹语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="日语" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%A8" title="Japonè – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Japonè" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iapanais" title="Iapanais – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iapanais" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_xaponesa" title="Lingua xaponesa – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua xaponesa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hap%C3%B5%C3%B1e%E2%80%99%E1%BA%BD" title="Hapõñe’ẽ – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Hapõñe’ẽ" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shapaanish" title="Shapaanish – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shapaanish" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen_Japan" title="Harshen Japan – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshen Japan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngi%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn-ng%C3%AE" title="Ngi̍t-pún-ngî – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ngi̍t-pún-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%8Clelo_I%C4%81pana" title="ʻŌlelo Iāpana – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻŌlelo Iāpana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="יפנית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יפנית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_bhasa" title="Japanese bhasa – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Japanese bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Japanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Japanšćina – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Japanšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lang_japon%C3%A8" title="Lang japonè – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lang japonè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1n_nyelv" title="Japán nyelv – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Japán nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ճապոներեն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ճապոներեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A7%D5%B6" title="Ճափոներէն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճափոներէն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_japonese" title="Lingua japonese – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lingua japonese" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku_Jipun" title="Jaku Jipun – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku Jipun" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepang" title="Bahasa Jepang – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagsasao_a_Hapon" title="Pagsasao a Hapon – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Pagsasao a Hapon" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Японий мотт – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Японий мотт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoniana_linguo" title="Japoniana linguo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Japoniana linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska" title="Japanska – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Japanska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_giapponese" title="Lingua giapponese – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua giapponese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="日本語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="日本語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaniiz_languij" title="Japaniiz languij – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Japaniiz languij" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ponbau" title="ponbau – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ponbau" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იაპონური ენა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაპონური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_tili" title="Yapon tili – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Yapon tili" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajapunit" title="Tajapunit – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tajapunit" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Японыбзэ – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Японыбзэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sap%C9%94%C5%8B_k%CA%8An%CA%8A%C5%8B" title="Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sapɔŋ kʊnʊŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jopang" title="Bahasa Jopang – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Jopang" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Жапон тілі – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жапон тілі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%93" title="ភាសាជប៉ុន – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភាសាជប៉ុន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B3%B8%EC%96%B4" title="일본어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="일본어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%A0_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاپأنؠ زبان – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جاپأنؠ زبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziman%C3%AA_japon%C3%AE" title="Zimanê japonî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zimanê japonî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Япон кыв – 科米语" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Япон кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="科米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihonek" title="Nihonek – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nihonek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Жапон тили – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жапон тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Iaponica" title="Lingua Iaponica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Iaponica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_japoneza" title="Lingua japoneza – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Lingua japoneza" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanesch" title="Japanesch – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Japanesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7" title="Япониянал маз – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Япониянал маз" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%87%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Япон чӀал – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Япон чӀал" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nion_(lingua)" title="Nion (lingua) – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nion (lingua)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans" title="Japans – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Japans" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_iapanesc" title="Lingaz iapanesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz iapanesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_giapponesa" title="Lengua giapponesa – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua giapponesa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizap%C9%94%CC%81" title="Lizapɔ́ – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lizapɔ́" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8D%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B8%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%99" title="ພາສາຍີ່ປຸ່ນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພາສາຍີ່ປຸ່ນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C5%B3_kalba" title="Japonų kalba – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Japonų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C4%81%C5%86u_valoda" title="Japāņu valoda – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Japāņu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Япононь кяль – 莫克沙语" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Япононь кяль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="莫克沙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_jap%C3%B4ney" title="Fiteny japôney – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny japôney" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Япон йылме – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Япон йылме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_Hapani" title="Reo Hapani – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Reo Hapani" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahaso_Japang" title="Bahaso Japang – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bahaso Japang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јапонски јазик – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јапонски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ജാപ്പനീസ് ഭാഷ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാപ്പനീസ് ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Япон хэл – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Япон хэл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%96%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%81_%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯖꯄꯥꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯖꯄꯥꯅꯤꯁ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जपानी भाषा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जपानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Jepun" title="Bahasa Jepun – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Jepun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_japonesa" title="Lhéngua japonesa – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua japonesa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%95%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဂျပန်ဘာသာစကား – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျပန်ဘာသာစကား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Япононь кель – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Япононь кель" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="جاپونی زوون – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاپونی زوون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japaansche_Spraak" title="Japaansche Spraak – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Japaansche Spraak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans" title="Japans – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Japans" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japans" title="Japans – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Japans" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk" title="Japansk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Japansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japansk" title="Japansk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Japansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejapane" title="Sejapane – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Sejapane" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C3%A9s" title="Japonés – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Japonés" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japounien_kieli" title="Japounien kieli – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Japounien kieli" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଜାପାନୀ ଭାଷା – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାପାନୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Япойнаг æвзаг – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Япойнаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਪਾਨੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amanung_Hapones" title="Amanung Hapones – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Amanung Hapones" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hapones_(idioma)" title="Hapones (idioma) – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hapones (idioma)" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japono%C3%A9s" title="Japonoés – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Japonoés" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_japo%C5%84ski" title="Język japoński – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język japoński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_giapon%C3%A8isa" title="Lenga giaponèisa – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga giaponèisa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="جاپانی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جاپانی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="جاپاني ژبه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاپاني ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_japonesa" title="Língua japonesa – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua japonesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihun_simi" title="Nihun simi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nihun simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_japonez%C4%83" title="Limba japoneză – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba japoneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8nga_giapponese" title="Lènga giapponese – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Lènga giapponese" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Японский язык – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Японский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Японьскый язык – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Японьскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikiyapani" title="Ikiyapani – 卢旺达语" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikiyapani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="卢旺达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="जापानी भाषा – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जापानी भाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Дьоппуон тыла – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьоппуон тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱯᱟᱱᱤᱡᱽ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_giaponesa" title="Limba giaponesa – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba giaponesa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_giappunisa" title="Lingua giappunisa – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lingua giappunisa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_leid" title="Japanese leid – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Japanese leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="جاپاني ٻولي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جاپاني ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C3%A1nagiella" title="Japánagiella – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Japánagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanski_jezik" title="Japanski jezik – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Japanski jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_Tajapunit" title="Tutlayt Tajapunit – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tutlayt Tajapunit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජපන් භාෂාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජපන් භාෂාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Japanese language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C4%8Dina" title="Japončina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Japončina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japon%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Japonščina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Japonščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%CA%BBa_Iapani" title="Faʻa Iapani – 萨摩亚语" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Faʻa Iapani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="萨摩亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chijapani" title="Chijapani – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chijapani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_japoneze" title="Gjuha japoneze – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha japoneze" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Јапански језик – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јапански језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Jepang" title="Basa Jepang – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basa Jepang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanska" title="Japanska – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Japanska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kijapani" title="Kijapani – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kijapani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jap%C5%AF%C5%84sko_godka" title="Japůńsko godka – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Japůńsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="சப்பானிய மொழி – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சப்பானிய மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಜಪಾನಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="జపనీస్ భాష – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జపనీస్ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Забони ҷопонӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони ҷопонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาญี่ปุ่น – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาญี่ปุ่น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dapon_dili" title="Ýapon dili – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýapon dili" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Hapones" title="Wikang Hapones – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Hapones" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japoni_zyvon" title="Japoni zyvon – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Japoni zyvon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokples_Siapan" title="Tokples Siapan – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Tokples Siapan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonca" title="Japonca – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Japonca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kari_Tanah_Tunux" title="Kari Tanah Tunux – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Kari Tanah Tunux" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Япон теле – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Япон теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reo_T%C4%81p%C5%8Dn%C4%93" title="Reo Tāpōnē – 塔希提语" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Reo Tāpōnē" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="塔希提语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Япон дыл – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Япон дыл" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Япон кыл – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Япон кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89" title="ياپون تىلى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياپون تىلى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Японська мова – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Японська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جاپانی زبان – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جاپانی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yapon_tili" title="Yapon tili – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yapon tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngua_japoneza" title="Łéngua japoneza – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngua japoneza" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonan_kel%27" title="Japonan kel&#039; – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Japonan kel&#039;" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Nh%E1%BA%ADt" title="Tiếng Nhật – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Nhật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yap%C3%A4nap%C3%BCk" title="Yapänapük – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yapänapük" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djapon%C3%A8s_(lingaedje)" title="Djaponès (lingaedje) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Djaponès (lingaedje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinapon" title="Hinapon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hinapon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%97%B2%E8%AF%9D" title="日本闲话 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="日本闲话" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD" title="Нипонмудн келн – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Нипонмудн келн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="იაპონური ნინა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იაპონური ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A9" title="יאפאניש – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="יאפאניש" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88d%C3%A8_Japan%C3%AD" title="Èdè Japaní – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Èdè Japaní" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vah_Nyiedbonj" title="Vah Nyiedbonj – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vah Nyiedbonj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⵉⴱⵓⵏⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="日語 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="日語" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%CC%8Dt-p%C3%BAn-g%C3%AD" title="Ji̍t-pún-gí – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ji̍t-pún-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87" title="日文 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="日文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiJapani" title="IsiJapani – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiJapani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5287#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_language" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" hreflang="zh"><span>维基教科书</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E4%BC%9A%E8%AF%9D%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C" hreflang="zh"><span>维基导游</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5287" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div 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</div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科,自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87&amp;redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="日文">日文</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-64fb897f" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="地名"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:语法;zh-hk:文法;zh-tw:文法;語法=&gt;zh-tw:文法;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:单词;zh-tw:單字;單詞=&gt;zh-tw:單字;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span>「<b>日本语</b>」和「<b>日本话</b>」均重定向至此。关于日本固有词汇,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="和语">和语</a></b>」。关于日本的多种语言,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="日本語言">日本语言</a></b>」。关于日语的书写系统,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="日語書寫系統">日語書寫系統</a></b>」。关于日本的文字,请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">日本汉字</a></b>」和「<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="日语假名">日语假名</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right" style="width:22em; font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">本頁面使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3#HTML注音" title="漢字注音">HTML注音</a>,若<a href="/wiki/%E7%80%8F%E8%A6%BD%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="瀏覽器">瀏覽器</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3#HTML注音" title="漢字注音">不支持</a>,注音會顯示在文字後方,如:衣(yī)。</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84078810">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;">日语</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold; color: black; background-color: #dddddd;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span lang="ja">日本語</span><br /> <i><span lang="ja">Nihongo</span></i>(<span lang="ja">にほんご</span>)<br /><i><span lang="ja">Nippongo</span></i>(<span lang="ja">にっぽんご</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nihongo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nihongo.svg/75px-Nihongo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nihongo.svg/113px-Nihongo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nihongo.svg/150px-Nihongo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1147" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%A6%E5%86%99%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="日语书写系统">日语书写系统</a>中的“日语”</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">发音</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/nihoNɡo/</span>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɲihoŋɡo]</span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[nʲip̚po̞ŋːo̞]</span>(罕见)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[nʲiho̞ŋɡo̞]</span><sup id="cite_ref-asahi20150305_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asahi20150305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[nʲip̚po̞ŋɡo̞]</span>(罕见)<sup id="cite_ref-asahi20150305_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asahi20150305-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母语国家和地区</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>(参看<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#分布">「分布」</a>一節)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">族群</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="和人">和人</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">母语使用人数</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1.25亿&#160;(2010年)<sup id="cite_ref-NE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B3%BB%E5%B1%9E%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="语言系属分类">語系</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC-%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="日本-琉球语系">日本-琉球语系</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li class="mw-empty-elt"> </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">早期形式</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="上古日語">上古日语</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:15px;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="中古日语">中古日语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:2em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="中世日語">中世日语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="近世日語">近世日语</a><ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1em;padding-left:0"><li><b>日语</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">汉字</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="日語假名">假名</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%9B%B2%E6%96%87" title="日语盲文">日语盲文</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><span class="wrap"><div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="手語">手语形式</a></div></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日语手语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Signed Japanese"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日语手语(页面不存在)">日语手语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signed_Japanese" class="extiw" title="en:Signed Japanese"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Signed Japanese</span></a></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;;">官方地位</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="官方语言">作为官方语言</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>(事实上)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/44px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9B%E7%90%89" title="帛琉">帛琉</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%B7%9E" title="安加爾州">安加爾州</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #dddddd;;">語言代碼</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=ja">ja</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jpn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jpn">jpn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/jpn" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:jpn">jpn</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9E%AD%E6%9C%9B%E7%AB%99" title="语言瞭望站">语言瞭望站</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><code>45-CAA-a</code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_language_extension.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Japanese_language_extension.PNG/300px-Japanese_language_extension.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Japanese_language_extension.PNG/450px-Japanese_language_extension.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Japanese_language_extension.PNG/600px-Japanese_language_extension.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1427" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84565780">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-color-styled{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid var(--border-color-notice,black);color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00BFFF; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160; 日语为多数人口使用的常用语言。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84565780"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;">&#160;</span>&#160; 日语为重要的少数语言。</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#ddddff;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>本条目包含<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="國際音標">国际音标</a>符号。</b>部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>需要<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">特殊字母与符号支持</a>才能正確显示,否则可能显示为<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">乱码</a>、问号、空格等其它符号。</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox vcard plainlist" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #B0C4DE; border-bottom: 1px solid border-top:1px solid; table-layout:fixed;;">日語寫法</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">日語原文</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">日本語</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="注音假名">假名</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">にほんご</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja-Latn" title="日语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Nihongo</span></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>日語</b>,又稱作<b>日本語</b>(日语:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">日本語</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">にほんご</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">Nihongo</span></sup>/<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja"></span></span><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">にっぽんご</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">Nippongo</span></sup><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,<small>日語發音:</small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:日語國際音標">[ɲihoŋɡo]</a></span>&#32;<span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">(<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{&quot;_&quot;:&quot;mw.Phonos.PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/99\/Ja-nihongo.ogg\/Ja-nihongo.ogg.mp3&quot;,&quot;rel&quot;:[&quot;nofollow&quot;],&quot;framed&quot;:false,&quot;icon&quot;:&quot;volumeUp&quot;,&quot;data&quot;:{&quot;ipa&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;text&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;lang&quot;:&quot;zh&quot;,&quot;wikibase&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;file&quot;:&quot;Ja-nihongo.ogg&quot;},&quot;classes&quot;:[&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton&quot;,&quot;noexcerpt&quot;,&quot;ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel&quot;]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/99/Ja-nihongo.ogg/Ja-nihongo.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ja-nihongo.ogg" title="File:Ja-nihongo.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>)</span>或<small></small><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:日語國際音標">[ɲippoŋɡo]</a></span>)、<b>大和言葉</b>(やまとことば<sup>yamatokotoba</sup>),屬<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC-%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="日本-琉球语系">日本-琉球語系</a>,是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%92%8C%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="大和民族">大和民族</a>使用的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>,也是大和民族的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="民族語言">民族语言</a>。日本國并未以<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="憲法">憲法</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>明確規定日語為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="官方語言">官方語言</a>,但各种法令<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>都规定需使用日语,在学校教育中作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="國家語言">国语</a>教授的也是日语。日語是日本<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="通用語">通用語</a>及<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">事實上</a>的官方語言。 </p><p>沒有精確的日語使用人口的統計,如果計算<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="日本人口">日本人口</a>以及居住在日本以外的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%83%91" title="日僑">日僑</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%A3%94" class="mw-redirect" title="日裔">日裔</a>,日語使用者應超過一億三千萬人<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。幾乎所有在日本出生長大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本國國民</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>都以日語為<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E8%AA%9E" title="母語">母語</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。此外,對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%81%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="失聰">失聰</a>者,有對應日語文法及<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻">音韻</a>系統的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="日本手语">日本手語</a>存在。 </p><p>在日语语法学界,如果无特别说明,「日語」(日语:<span lang="ja">日本語</span>)这个詞彙,一般是指以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6" title="江戶">江戶</a>山手地區(今<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="東京">東京</a>中心一帶)的中流階層方言為基礎的日语現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="标准方言">標準語</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,有時也稱作「共通語」(日语:<span lang="ja">共通語</span>)。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徵"><span id=".E7.89.B9.E5.BE.B5"></span>特徵</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="编辑章节:特徵"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日語在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻">音韻</a>方面,除了促音「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」和撥音「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」外,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="音节">開音節</a>(以元音结束的音节)語言的特徵強烈。此外包括標準發音在內的眾多方言都具有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%8B%8D" title="音拍">音拍</a>(<span lang="en">mora</span>)。在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="重音">重音</a>方面,屬於音高重音(<span lang="en">pitch accent</span>,或謂非重音語言)。自古流傳至今的<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="和語">和語</a>具有以下特徵: </p> <ol><li>不以「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%89%E8%A1%8C" title="ら行">ら行</a></span>」假名作為詞語的開頭(因此在<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E9%BE%8D_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2)" title="接龍 (文字遊戲)">日語接龍</a>遊戲中很少見到「<span lang="ja">ら行</span>」開頭的詞語。「<span lang="ja"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r81921555">.mw-parser-output ruby>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby>rtc{font-variant-east-asian:ruby;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large{font-size:250%}.mw-parser-output ruby.larger{font-size:300%}.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby.large>rtc{font-size:.3em}.mw-parser-output ruby.larger>rt,.mw-parser-output ruby.larger>rtc{font-size:.25em}</style><ruby><rb>楽</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>らく</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>(輕鬆)」、「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>喇叭</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>らっぱ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>(喇叭)」、「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>林檎</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>りんご</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>(蘋果)」等都不是和語)。</li> <li>不以濁音作為詞語的開頭[「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>抱</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>だ</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby>く</span>(擁抱)」、「<span lang="ja">どれ</span>(哪個)」、「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>場</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ば</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>(場合)」、「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>薔薇</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>ばら</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>(薔薇、玫瑰)」等詞語上古日语皆无,乃是後世日语發生的變化]。</li> <li>同一詞根内沒有連續元音[「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>青</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>あお</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>(藍色)」、「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb>貝</rb><rp>(</rp><rt>かい</rt><rp>)</rp></ruby></span>(貝殼)」在古代的發音是「<span lang="ja">あを</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/awo̞/</span>」、「<span lang="ja">かひ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/käpi/</span>」]。</li></ol> <p>(参看「<a href="#书写系统">书写系统</a>」一节和「<a href="#音韻">音韻</a>」一节) </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E5%BA%8F" title="語序">語序</a>方面,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a>主要由<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%93%E8%AA%9E" title="賓語">賓語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%82%E8%AA%9E" title="謂語">謂語</a>的順序構成,且是具代表性的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B1%E9%A1%8C%E5%84%AA%E5%85%88%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="話題優先語言">話題優先語言</a>之一。修飾語位於被修飾語之前。另外日語在表現名詞的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>時,并不是通過改變語序或語尾,而是通過在詞后加具有語法功能的機能語(助詞)來表現。因此在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="语言类型学">語言類型學</a>上,日語屬於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%BE%E8%B0%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主宾谓结构">主賓謂結構</a>;在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%9E%E5%9E%8B%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="語言的類型分類">形態學</a>上,日語屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%91%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="黏著語">黏著語</a>(参看<a href="#文法">语法</a>一节)。 </p><p>在词汇方面,除了自古傳下來的<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="和語">和语词</a>外,還有中國傳入的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="漢字詞">汉语词</a>。自近代之後,以西方語言為中心各國傳入的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="外來語">外來語</a>的比例也逐漸增加。(参看<a href="#词汇的种类">词汇的种类</a>一节) </p><p>在對人表現上,日語顯得極富變化;不單有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="口語">口語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B8%E9%9D%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="書面語">書面語</a>的區別,還有普通和鄭重、男與女、老與少等的區別。日語擁有在語法和詞彙上均很發達的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="日語敬語">敬語體系</a>,以表達叙述人物之間微妙的關係。(参看<a href="#敬语">敬语</a>一节) </p><p>日語也有多樣的方言系統,特別是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="琉球群島">琉球群島</a>,方言之間有著很大的差異(参看「<a href="#方言">方言</a>」一节)。直到近世(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B7%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="江户时代">江户时代</a>)中期,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="京都">京都</a>作為日本的政治和文化中心,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="京都方言">京都方言</a>都有著<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E8%AF%AD#日语" class="mw-redirect" title="标准语">標準語</a>的地位<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在近世後期,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%B7%9D%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="德川幕府">德川幕府</a>统治日本後,江戶方言的地位上升,最后以東京山之手的中產以上階層的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="山之手方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="山の手言葉"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%89%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="山之手方言(页面不存在)">山之手方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E3%81%AE%E6%89%8B%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" class="extiw" title="ja:山の手言葉"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">山の手言葉</span></a></span>)</span></span>(<span lang="ja">山の手言葉</span>)為基礎,形成新的標準語<span style="font-weight: normal;">(<span lang="ja">共通語</span>)</span>,亦即<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB" title="明治">明治</a>之後的現代日語。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="日語書寫系統">日語的書寫系統</a>和其他語言相比較為複雜。<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>(含<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="和製漢字">和製漢字</a>。有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%80" title="音讀">音讀</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E8%AE%80" title="訓讀">訓讀</a>等多種讀法)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>是主要使用的文字,稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E6%B7%B7%E5%AF%AB%E6%96%87" title="漢字假名混寫文">漢字假名混寫文</a>,大多數時候都同時使用這三種文字來表記<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。此外也时常使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="拉丁字母">拉丁字母</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="日語羅馬字">日語羅馬字</a>)和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希腊字母">希腊字母</a>(主要用於醫學和科學用語)。此外,日語還同時通用<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%8E%92%E5%88%97%E6%96%B9%E5%90%91" class="mw-redirect" title="東亞文字排列方向">橫向和縱向</a>兩種方向來書寫。 </p><p>在音韵上,日語音节基本上都是由「輔音+元音」构成,元音只有五種,音节构造简单,同時也有直音和拗音的對立、「一音節兩音拍」現象的存在、無声化元音、隨著复合詞彙的形成使得高音位置也隨之變化等特點。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="编辑章节:历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="史前时期"><span id=".E5.8F.B2.E5.89.8D.E6.97.B6.E6.9C.9F"></span>史前时期</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="编辑章节:史前时期"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="原始日语">原始日语</a>,即日语和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球语</a>的共同祖先,据信是在公元前4世纪初至中期(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="彌生時代">弥生时代</a>)由来自朝鲜半岛的定居者带到日本的,取代了原始<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%A9%E6%96%87%E4%BA%BA" title="繩文人">绳文居民</a>的语言<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,包括现代<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="阿伊努語">阿伊努语</a>的祖先。由于当时尚未从中国引入文字,因此没有直接的证据,关于这一时期的任何推论都必须基于<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="中古日語">中古日语</a>的内部重建,或与琉球语和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="日語方言">日本方言</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83%E6%B3%95_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="比較法 (語言學)">比较</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="上古日语"><span id=".E4.B8.8A.E5.8F.A4.E6.97.A5.E8.AF.AD"></span>上古日语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="编辑章节:上古日语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="上古日語">上古日語</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Page from the Man&#39;yōshū" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG/220px-Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG/330px-Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG/440px-Genryaku_Manyosyu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>最古老的日本古典诗歌选集《<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E9%9B%86" title="萬葉集">万叶集</a>》的一页</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字书写系统</a>大约在五世纪初与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教">佛教</a>一起从<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%B5%8E" title="百济">百济</a>传入日本。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>最早的文本是用<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87" title="文言文">汉语文言文</a>书写的,虽然其中一些可能是用汉文训读方法以日语阅读的,并受日语语法的影响,如日语的词序。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>最早的文本《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98" title="古事記">古事记</a>》可以追溯到八世纪初,它完全以汉字书写,这些汉字在不同情况下用于表示汉文、汉文训读和古日语。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>像这一时期的其他文本一样,古日语部分是用<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名">万叶假名</a>书写的,万叶假名既利用汉字的音义也利用其<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E9%A5%B1%E5%92%8C" title="语义饱和">语义值</a>。 </p><p>根据万叶假名系统,古日语可以重建为拥有88个不同音节的语言。用万叶假名书写的文本中,每个现今读作<span lang="ja">き</span> (ki)、<span lang="ja">ひ</span> (hi)、<span lang="ja">み</span> (mi)、<span lang="ja">け</span> (ke)、<span lang="ja">へ</span> (he)、<span lang="ja">め</span> (me)、<span lang="ja">こ</span> (ko)、<span lang="ja">そ</span> (so)、<span lang="ja">と</span> (to)、<span lang="ja">の</span> (no)、<span lang="ja">も</span> (mo)、<span lang="ja">よ</span> (yo) 和 <span lang="ja">ろ</span> (ro) 的音节各使用两套不同的汉字。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>(《古事记》有88个音节,但所有后来的文本都有87个音节。显然,在《古事记》成书后不久,mo<sub>1</sub>和mo<sub>2</sub>之间的区别就消失了。)这些音节在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="中古日語">中古日语</a>早期减少到67个,虽然通过汉语的影响也有一些音节被添加。万叶假名还为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/je/</span>音提供了一个符号,在该时期结束前与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/e/</span>音合并。 </p><p>古日语的一些语法元素在现代语言中仍有残留。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中古日語"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E5.8F.A4.E6.97.A5.E8.AA.9E"></span>中古日語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="编辑章节:中古日語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="中古日語">中古日語</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Genji Monogatari emaki scroll" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg/220px-Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg/330px-Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg/440px-Genji_emaki_01003_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>11世纪的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%90%E6%B0%8F%E7%89%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="源氏物語">源氏物语</a>》<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E5%8D%B7%E7%89%A9" title="繪卷物">绘卷</a>,存于12世纪</figcaption></figure> <p>中古日语是指<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="平安时代">平安时代</a>(794年—1185年)的日语。这一时期的日语构成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="古典日语">古典日语</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="文学语言">文学语言</a>的基础,并一直被广泛使用到20世纪初。 </p><p>在这一时期,日语经历了许多<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB%E5%AD%B8" title="音系學">语音</a>上的变化,其中许多是由于大量的汉语借词涌入所引发的。这些变化包括:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3%E5%BB%B6%E9%95%B7" title="輔音延長">辅音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3%E9%95%B7%E5%BA%A6" title="母音長度">元音</a>的音长区分、腭化辅音(如<span lang="ja">きゃ</span>)、唇音辅音群(如<span lang="ja">くゎ</span>)以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%8A%82" title="闭音节">闭音节</a>的引入。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这些变化使得日语转变成一种<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E6%97%B6%E6%80%A7#音拍等时" title="等时性">音拍等时</a>的语言。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中世日語"><span id=".E4.B8.AD.E4.B8.96.E6.97.A5.E8.AA.9E"></span>中世日語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="编辑章节:中世日語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="中世日語">中世日語</a></div> <p>中世日語是指1185年—1600年的日语,通常分为两个阶段,分别大致对应<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B0%E4%BB%93%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="镰仓时代">镰仓时代</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="室町时代">室町时代</a>。中世日語的后期形式是由外国人记录的,这些来源包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="耶稣会">耶稣会</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%B5%8E%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="方济会">方济会</a>的传教士;因此,对晚期中古日语语音的记录比前期形式更为详尽,例如《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日本大文典" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本大文典"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本大文典(页面不存在)">日本大文典</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A7%E6%96%87%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:日本大文典"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本大文典</span></a></span>)</span></span>》(<i>Arte da Lingoa de Iapam</i>)。在此期间,发生了一些显著的音变,比如音节序列<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/au/</span>合并为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/ɔː/</span>(区别于<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/oː/</span>);汉语中的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/p/</span>音重新引入;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/we/</span>与<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">/je/</span>合并。一些更接近现代日语的形式开始出现。例如,动词的连用形结尾“<span lang="ja">-て</span>”开始缩减到动词本身上(例如,将早期的“<span lang="ja">よみて</span>”简化为“<span lang="ja">よんで</span>”);形容词末尾的 -k- 音逐渐消失(例如,将早期的 “<span lang="ja">しろき</span>” 简化为 “<span lang="ja">しろい</span>”);而在某些情况下,现代标准日语保留了早期的形式(例如,从“hayaku”演变为“hayau”再到“hayɔɔ”,而现代日语只保留了“hayaku”,但在标准问候语“<span lang="ja">おはようございます</span>”(意为“早上好”)中,保留了较晚期的形式;类似的变化也见于“<span lang="ja">おめでとう</span>”(意为“恭喜”),来源于“<span lang="ja">めでたく</span>”)。 </p><p>晚期中古日语时期首次出现了来自欧洲语言的借词——在这个时期借入的现在已经常见的日语词汇包括“<span lang="ja">パン</span>”(pan,意为“面包”)和“<span lang="ja">タバコ</span>”(tabako,意为“烟草”,现意为“香烟”),这两个词都源自<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙语</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="现代日语"><span id=".E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.E6.97.A5.E8.AF.AD"></span>现代日语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="编辑章节:现代日语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>现代日语的开端通常被认为始于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B7%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="江户时代">江户时代</a>(1603年—1867年)。在上古日语时期,事实上的标准日语是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="近畿方言">关西方言</a>,尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="京都">京都</a>的方言。然而,在江户时代,<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6" title="江戶">江户</a>(现为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC" title="东京">东京</a>)发展成为日本最大的城市,并且江户地区的方言逐渐成为标准日语。自1853年<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%81%E5%9B%BD_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="锁国 (日本)">日本锁国</a>结束后,来自欧洲语言的借词数量显著增加。自1945年以来,日语中借入了许多来自其他语言的词汇,比如德语、葡萄牙语和英语。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>特别是许多与科技相关的英语借词大量涌入日语。例如,“<span lang="ja">パソコン</span>”(pasokon,缩写自“personal computer”),“<span lang="ja">インターネット</span>”(intānetto,自“<span lang="en">internet</span>”),以及“<span lang="ja">カメラ</span>” (kamera,自“<span lang="en">camera</span>”)。由于大量英语借词的涌入,现代日语中发展出了一些音韵上的区别,例如<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tɕi]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ti]</span>,以及<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dʑi]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[di]</span>,其中后者仅在借词中出现。<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分布"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.B8.83"></span>分布</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="编辑章节:分布"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日語的使用範圍主要是在日本。雖然日語使用人數缺乏調查,但一般按照日本人口計算<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>日本在法令上沒有直接規定日語為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="官方語言">官方語言</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="國家語言">國家語言</a>,但《<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80%E6%B3%95" title="裁判所法">裁判所法</a>》(法院法)第74條規定:「在法院,使用日語<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。」《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文字・活字文化振興法" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="文字・活字文化振興法"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%83%BB%E6%B4%BB%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%8C%AF%E8%88%88%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="文字・活字文化振興法(页面不存在)">文字・活字文化振興法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%83%BB%E6%B4%BB%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%8C%AF%E8%88%88%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:文字・活字文化振興法"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">文字・活字文化振興法</span></a></span>)</span></span>》中將「日語」與「國語」同等看待(第三條第二款:「要振興文字及活字文化,必須充分的體認到『國語』是日本文化的基石。」、第九條:「國家,應當儘可能…(中略)…支援將『日語』的出版物翻譯為外國語言...」<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。所有的政府公文都只由日语书写,各級學校的「國語科」教授的內容是日語。 </p><p>在日本,無論<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" class="mw-redirect" title="電視">電視</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E6%92%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="廣播">廣播</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電影">電影</a>等廣電領域,還是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="小說">小說</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="日本漫画">漫畫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A0%B1%E7%B4%99" title="報紙">報紙</a>等出版領域,幾乎都使用日語。在播放國外的電視劇及電影時,也幾乎都翻譯為日語,并帶字幕或日語配音播出。外语原版的出版物在日本也有发行,但主要是面向海外的论文、针对在日本居住的外国人或日本的外语学习者的出版物,并不以一般日本人为受众。 </p><p>在日本以外,主要使用日語的有<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="拉丁美洲">拉丁美洲</a><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="夏威夷">夏威夷</a>等地區的日本人移民<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但其中也有很多人在經過三、四代以後就不再說日語了<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>前日本曾經統治的各個地區,例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" title="臺灣">臺灣</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="臺灣日治時期">臺灣日治時期</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%A0%81%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="庫頁島">庫頁島</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%BA%E5%A4%AA%E5%BB%B3" title="樺太廳">樺太廳</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B" title="南洋群岛">南洋群島</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%BB%B3" title="南洋廳">南洋廳</a>)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%97%A5%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E6%9C%9F" title="朝鮮日治時期">朝鮮日治時期</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%A3%E5%B8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="大連市">大連市</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%9C%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="关东州 (日本)">關東州</a>)以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%9D%B1%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="中國東北地區">中國東北地區</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="滿洲國">滿洲國</a>)等地,至今仍有一部分在當時曾受日語教育的人士能夠使用日語<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>因<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="清政府">清政府</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%8D%88%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="甲午戰爭">甲午戰爭</a>中失敗而受到大日本帝國政府統治50年的臺灣在「<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="皇民化">皇民化</a>」政策期間,幾乎所有的臺灣人必須都要學習日語<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在日本統治時期,日語也是朝鮮半島官方語言。 </p><p>此外,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9B%E7%90%89" title="帛琉">帛琉</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="安加爾">安加爾</a>采用日语为官方语言之一<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但是当地并没有居民在日常对话中使用日语,日语作为官方语言只是一个表达與日本友好關係的象征性方案。 </p><p>根据<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91" title="国际交流基金">国际交流基金</a>于2019年的调查,2018年日本国外将日语作为外语学习的学习者共计约384万人,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="中國大陸">中國大陸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E9%96%80" title="澳門">澳門</a>有约100万人,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="印度尼西亚">印度尼西亚</a>约有70万人,在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%9F%93" class="mw-redirect" title="南韓">南韓</a>约有53万人,<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a>约有40万人,<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="中華民國">台灣</a>约有17万人。东亚、东南亚学习者占全部学习者的约76.8%。142个国家和地区开展了日语教学<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%BB%B3" title="文化廳">文化厅</a>于2015年的调查,日本国内的来自海外的日语学习者已达到约19万人,其中亚洲人约有16万<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>2017年3月的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91" title="互联网">互联网</a>使用语言排名中,日语仅次于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="西班牙语">西班牙语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%B0%BC%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印尼語">印尼語</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬來語">馬來語</a>)、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>,排名第八<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="語言系屬分類"><span id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E7.B3.BB.E5.B1.AC.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E"></span>語言系屬分類</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="编辑章节:語言系屬分類"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語的起源(页面不存在)">日語的起源</a></div> <p>日語屬於日本-琉球語系,與其有親戚關係的語言還包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%88%E8%AA%9E" title="八丈語">八丈語</a>(有時會被視作第三個語族),但由於這些語言常被視作方言,因此日語又常被分類為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="孤立語言">孤立語言</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vovin_2017-09-26_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vovin_2017-09-26-37"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="常見的假說"><span id=".E5.B8.B8.E8.A6.8B.E7.9A.84.E5.81.87.E8.AA.AA"></span>常見的假說</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="编辑章节:常見的假說"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自19世紀,語言學界就很熱衷於將日語和其他不同的語言串連在一起,並建立出各式各樣的假說。 </p><p>認為日語屬<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%B0%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="阿爾泰語系">阿爾泰語系</a>的說法自<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB" title="明治">明治時代</a>末期開始受到關注<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。其根據是古代日語的固有詞彙開頭不會出現<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%9F%B3" title="流音">流音</a>、有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3%E5%92%8C%E8%AB%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="元音和諧">元音和諧</a><sup id="cite_ref-G_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G-39"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等理由。然而,在完全找不到同源詞的情況下實在难以证明日语和被认为属于阿爾泰語系的各种具体语言之间相互存在亲属关系<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。因此,古代日語的上述特徵只能證明日語在類型上屬「阿爾泰型」的語言<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,而不能證明更多。值得留意的是,阿爾泰語系本身也是個假說,而且現在已被大多數比較語言學家否定<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>也有觀點指出日語和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系">南島語系</a>在音韻體系和詞彙上有類似之處<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,然而词例並不充足,也有很多例子只是推断,并不確定。而且这种观点並不受到主流接受,因为找不到音韵演化的有规律性关系。 </p><p>有觀點認為日語和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%97%E8%8D%BC%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="达罗毗荼语系">达罗毗荼语系</a>之間存在關係,但承認這一觀點的學者較少。<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E6%99%8B" class="extiw" title="jp:大野晋">大野晋</a>認為日語在詞彙、語法方面和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="泰米爾語">泰米爾語</a>有共同点<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但其在比較語言學的方法上存在問題,受到較多批評<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。詳情请参閱<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E6%99%8B" class="extiw" title="jp:大野晋">クレオールタミル語説</a>一节。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>,特別是古漢語自古以來就利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E#日語" title="漢字詞">漢語</a>對日語的表記及詞彙、語素上有很強影響。日语音韵中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%97%E9%9F%B3" title="拗音">拗音</a>等就是来自于汉语,日語模仿古代漢語書面語的文法、語法的行为,使得人们在日语文法、語法和文體上都能看見漢語對日語的影響。<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>屬於以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" title="中國">中國</a>為中心的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%9C%88" title="漢字文化圈">漢字文化圈</a>。但是,日語的基礎<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="詞彙">詞彙</a>和漢語不对应。而在文法和音韻的特點方面,漢語是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E8%AF%AD" title="分析语">分析語</a>,而日語是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%91%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="黏著語">黏著語</a>。但以<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%94%B0%E9%BE%99%E9%9B%84" title="西田龙雄">西田龙雄</a>为代表的学者认为日语属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%97%8F%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="汉藏语系">汉藏语系</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BE%9D%E5%8A%AA%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="阿依努语">阿依努語</a>雖然在語序(主賓謂語序)上和日語相似,但在語法和形態上和日语屬不同類型的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%BC%8F%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E8%AF%AD" title="多式综合语">多式綜合語</a>。在音韻構造上,阿依努語没有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊音">浊音</a>的区别,有較多<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="音節">閉音節</a>,這點和日語不同。雖有人指出日語在基礎詞彙上和阿依努語類似<sup id="cite_ref-R_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但例子並不充足<sup id="cite_ref-R_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R-50"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。而兩門語言較為相似的詞彙中,有很多都是阿依努語借用自日語的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="外來語">外来语</a><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在目前還缺乏能夠證明兩者有系統性關聯的資料。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">朝鮮語</a>和日語在語法構造上有很多相似之處,但基礎詞彙大不同。音韻方面,朝鮮語和日語都具有固有詞彙開頭不出現流音(<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%AD%E9%9F%B3%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="頭音法則">頭音法則</a>)這個共通点,但也有一些重大的差異,例如:朝鲜语有閉音節及<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3" title="复辅音">复辅音</a>的存在,沒有清音、浊音的區別。雖然日語和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="中国东北">中国东北</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="絕跡語言">死語</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97%E8%AA%9E" title="高句麗語">高句麗語</a>在數詞上有相似的詞彙<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但學界對高句麗語的实际情况所知甚少,目前還難以成為語系的判斷依據。 </p><p>另外在過去還有人認為日語和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9F%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="雷布查語">雷布查語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E4%BC%AF%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希伯來語">希伯來語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="烏拉爾語系">烏拉爾語系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞語系">南亞語系</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AF%E4%BE%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="壯侗語系">壯侗語系</a>、甚至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="印歐語系">印歐語系</a>有親屬關係,但都只停留於偽比較語言學範疇<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31-53"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>除了以上的假說外,亦有多個認為日語實際上是一種<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B8%E8%9E%8D%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="歸融語">歸融語</a>的假說存在<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="音韻"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB"></span>音韻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="编辑章节:音韻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="日語音韻體系">日語音韻體系</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音韻體系"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E9.9F.BB.E9.AB.94.E7.B3.BB"></span>音韻體系</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="编辑章节:音韻體系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日語使用者在說「<span lang="ja">いっぽん(一本)</span>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E9%87%8F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日文量詞">量詞</a>,数细长的物品时用)」這個單詞時,分「<span lang="ja">い、っ、ぽ、ん</span>」四個單位來發音。若按<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="音節">音節</a>來彙整的話,這個詞彙將會有兩個發音單位<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ip̚.poɴ]</span>。然而音韻卻與此不同。爲了和<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語音學">語音學</a>單位音節相區別,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">音韻學</a>將「<span lang="ja">い、っ、ぽ、ん</span>」這樣的發音單位稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%8B%8D" title="音拍">音拍</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>日語的音拍已經通過<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="日語假名">假名</a>實現了體系化。「<span lang="ja">いっぽん</span>」和「<span lang="ja">まったく</span>」在語音學上分別是<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ip̚poɴ]</span>和<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[mat̚takɯ]</span>,并沒有共同的音素,而日語使用者卻能發現「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」這個共同的音拍。另外,「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」在語音學上會因後續的發音而有[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɴ</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ</span>]等變化,但由於日語使用者視其為相同的發音,在音韻學上被視為一種音拍。 </p><p>日語幾乎所有的音拍都以元音結尾。因此日語具有很強的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="音節">開音節</a>語音的特徵。而特殊音拍「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」并不是元音。 </p><p>音拍的種類有以下的約111種。不過,因研究者不同,計算方法也有所區別。「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8B%E8%A1%8C" title="か行">が行</a></span>」的音在词中词尾時有時會變為鼻音(也就是所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻濁音">鼻濁音</a>)「<span lang="ja">か゚行</span>」。但是「<span lang="ja">が行</span>」与「<span lang="ja">か゚行</span>」并没有分辨不同单词的功能,不过是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%95%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="同位異音">同一个音位的不同发音</a>罢了。因此除「<span lang="ja">か゚行</span>」外,音拍数目为103个左右。此外,在包括《外来语的表记》(<span lang="ja"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外来語の表記" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="外来語の表記"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="外来語の表記(页面不存在)">外来語の表記</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98" class="extiw" title="ja:外来語の表記"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">外来語の表記</span></a></span>)</span></span></span>)第1表中的「<span lang="ja">シェ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">チェ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ツァ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ツェ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ツォ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ティ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ファ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">フィ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">フェ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">フォ</span>」等外来音拍的情况下,音拍数量还会更多<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。此外,在外来语表记中使用的「<span lang="ja">ヴァ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ヴィ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ヴ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ヴェ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ヴォ</span>」尽管在实际生活中常被发为<span lang="ja">バ行</span>发音,但也有人发成独立于其他音的v,将其算入的话音拍种类还会更多。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82553231">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;color:inherit;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top!important}</style> <div> &#32; <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="直音">直音</a></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%97%E9%9F%B3" title="拗音">拗音</a></th> <th>清濁 </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="母音">母音</a> </th> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%82" title="あ">あ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ア">ア</a><br />a</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%84" title="い">い</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="イ">イ</a><br />i</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%86" title="う">う</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ウ">ウ</a><br />u</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%88" title="え">え</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="エ">エ</a><br /> e</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8A" title="お">お</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="オ">オ</a><br />o</td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td>―― </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="13"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="子音">子音</a>+母音 </th> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8B" title="か">か</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="カ">カ</a><br />ka</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D" title="き">き</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="キ">キ</a><br />ki</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8F" title="く">く</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ク">ク</a><br />ku</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%91" title="け">け</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ケ">ケ</a><br />ke</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%93" title="こ">こ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="コ">コ</a><br />ko</td> <td lang="ja">きゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="キャ(页面不存在)">キャ</a><br />kya</td> <td lang="ja">きゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="キュ(页面不存在)">キュ</a><br />kyu</td> <td lang="ja">きょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="キョ(页面不存在)">キョ</a><br />kyo</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%95" title="さ">さ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="サ">サ</a><br />sa</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%97" title="し">し</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="シ">シ</a><br />shi</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%99" title="す">す</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="ス">ス</a><br />su</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9B" title="せ">せ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="セ">セ</a><br />se</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9D" title="そ">そ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ソ">ソ</a><br />so</td> <td lang="ja">しゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="シャ(页面不存在)">シャ</a><br />sha</td> <td lang="ja">しゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="シュ(页面不存在)">シュ</a><br />shu</td> <td lang="ja">しょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ショ(页面不存在)">ショ</a><br />sho</td> <td>(清音) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9F" title="た">た</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="タ">タ</a><br />ta</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1" title="ち">ち</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%81" class="mw-redirect" title="チ">チ</a><br />chi</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A4" title="つ">つ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%84" class="mw-redirect" title="ツ">ツ</a><br />tsu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A6" title="て">て</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%86" class="mw-redirect" title="テ">テ</a><br />te</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A8" title="と">と</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%88" class="mw-redirect" title="ト">ト</a><br />to</td> <td lang="ja">ちゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="チャ(页面不存在)">チャ</a><br />cha</td> <td lang="ja">ちゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="チュ(页面不存在)">チュ</a><br />chu</td> <td lang="ja">ちょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%81%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="チョ(页面不存在)">チョ</a><br />cho</td> <td>(清音) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AA" title="な">な</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="ナ">ナ</a><br />na</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB" title="に">に</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="ニ">ニ</a><br />ni</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AC" title="ぬ">ぬ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="ヌ">ヌ</a><br />nu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AD" title="ね">ね</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="ネ">ネ</a><br />ne</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AE" title="の">の</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ノ">ノ</a><br />no</td> <td lang="ja">にゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ニャ(页面不存在)">ニャ</a><br />nya</td> <td lang="ja">にゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ニュ(页面不存在)">ニュ</a><br />nyu</td> <td lang="ja">にょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ニョ(页面不存在)">ニョ</a><br />nyo</td> <td>―― </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AF" title="は">は</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="ハ">ハ</a><br />ha</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B2" title="ひ">ひ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ヒ">ヒ</a><br />hi</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B5" title="ふ">ふ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%95" class="mw-redirect" title="フ">フ</a><br />fu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B8" title="へ">へ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%98" class="mw-redirect" title="ヘ">ヘ</a><br />he</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BB" title="ほ">ほ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="ホ">ホ</a><br />ho</td> <td lang="ja">ひゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%92%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ヒャ(页面不存在)">ヒャ</a><br />hya</td> <td lang="ja">ひゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%92%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ヒュ(页面不存在)">ヒュ</a><br />hyu</td> <td lang="ja">ひょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%92%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ヒョ(页面不存在)">ヒョ</a><br />hyo</td> <td>(清音) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BE" title="ま">ま</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="マ">マ</a><br />ma</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BF" title="み">み</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ミ">ミ</a><br />mi</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%80" title="む">む</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="ム">ム</a><br />mu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%81" title="め">め</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="メ">メ</a><br />me</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%82" title="も">も</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="モ">モ</a><br />mo</td> <td lang="ja">みゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ミャ(页面不存在)">ミャ</a><br />mya</td> <td lang="ja">みゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ミュ(页面不存在)">ミュ</a><br />myu</td> <td lang="ja">みょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ミョ(页面不存在)">ミョ</a><br />myo</td> <td>―― </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%89" title="ら">ら</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ラ">ラ</a><br />ra</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A" title="り">り</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="リ">リ</a><br />ri</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8B" title="る">る</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ル">ル</a><br />ru</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8C" title="れ">れ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="レ">レ</a><br />re</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8D" title="ろ">ろ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="ロ">ロ</a><br />ro</td> <td lang="ja">りゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="リャ(页面不存在)">リャ</a><br />rya</td> <td lang="ja">りゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="リュ(页面不存在)">リュ</a><br />ryu</td> <td lang="ja">りょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="リョ(页面不存在)">リョ</a><br />ryo</td> <td>―― </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8C" title="が">が</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="ガ">ガ</a><br />ga</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="ぎ">ぎ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="ギ">ギ</a><br />gi</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%90" class="mw-redirect" title="ぐ">ぐ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="グ">グ</a><br />gu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%92" class="mw-redirect" title="げ">げ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ゲ">ゲ</a><br />ge</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ご">ご</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ゴ">ゴ</a><br />go</td> <td lang="ja">ぎゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ギャ(页面不存在)">ギャ</a><br />gya</td> <td lang="ja">ぎゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ギュ(页面不存在)">ギュ</a><br />gyu</td> <td lang="ja">ぎょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ギョ(页面不存在)">ギョ</a><br />gyo</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ざ">ざ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ザ">ザ</a><br />za</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%98" class="mw-redirect" title="じ">じ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="ジ">ジ</a><br />ji</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ず">ず</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ズ">ズ</a><br />zu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ぜ">ぜ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ゼ">ゼ</a><br />ze</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="ぞ">ぞ</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EF%BD%BF%EF%BE%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ゾ(页面不存在)">ゾ</a><br />zo</td> <td lang="ja">じゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ジャ(页面不存在)">ジャ</a><br />ja</td> <td lang="ja">じゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ジュ(页面不存在)">ジュ</a><br />ju</td> <td lang="ja">じょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ジョ(页面不存在)">ジョ</a><br />jo</td> <td>(濁音) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="だ">だ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%80" class="mw-redirect" title="ダ">ダ</a><br />da</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="ぢ">ぢ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%82" class="mw-redirect" title="ヂ">ヂ</a><br />ji</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="づ">づ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ヅ">ヅ</a><br />zu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="で">で</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%87" class="mw-redirect" title="デ">デ</a><br />de</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="ど">ど</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%89" class="mw-redirect" title="ド">ド</a><br />do</td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td>(濁音) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="ば">ば</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%90" class="mw-redirect" title="バ">バ</a><br />ba</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="び">び</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ビ">ビ</a><br />bi</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="ぶ">ぶ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ブ">ブ</a><br />bu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="べ">べ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%99" class="mw-redirect" title="ベ">ベ</a><br />be</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ぼ">ぼ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="ボ">ボ</a><br />bo</td> <td lang="ja">びゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%93%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ビャ(页面不存在)">ビャ</a><br />bya</td> <td lang="ja">びゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%93%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ビュ(页面不存在)">ビュ</a><br />byu</td> <td lang="ja">びょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%93%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ビョ(页面不存在)">ビョ</a><br />byo</td> <td>(濁音) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="ぱ">ぱ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%91" class="mw-redirect" title="パ">パ</a><br />pa</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="ぴ">ぴ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ピ">ピ</a><br />pi</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="ぷ">ぷ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%97" class="mw-redirect" title="プ">プ</a><br />pu</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="ぺ">ぺ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="ペ">ペ</a><br />pe</td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="ぽ">ぽ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="ポ">ポ</a><br />po</td> <td lang="ja">ぴゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%94%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ピャ(页面不存在)">ピャ</a><br />pya</td> <td lang="ja">ぴゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%94%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ピュ(页面不存在)">ピュ</a><br />pyu</td> <td lang="ja">ぴょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%83%94%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ピョ(页面不存在)">ピョ</a><br />pyo</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="半浊音">半濁音</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%81%8B%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="か゚(页面不存在)">か゚</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AB%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="カ゚(页面不存在)">カ゚</a><br />nga</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%81%8D%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="き゚(页面不存在)">き゚</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="キ゚(页面不存在)">キ゚</a><br />ngi</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%81%8F%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="く゚(页面不存在)">く゚</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AF%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ク゚(页面不存在)">ク゚</a><br />ngu</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">け゚<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B1%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="ケ゚(页面不存在)">ケ゚</a><br />nge</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">こ゚<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B3%E3%82%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="コ゚(页面不存在)">コ゚</a><br />ngo</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">き゚ゃ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%82%9A%E3%83%A3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="キ゚ャ(页面不存在)">キ゚ャ</a><br />ngya</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">き゚ゅ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%82%9A%E3%83%A5&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="キ゚ュ(页面不存在)">キ゚ュ</a><br />ngyu</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">き゚ょ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%AD%E3%82%9A%E3%83%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="キ゚ョ(页面不存在)">キ゚ョ</a><br />ngyo</span></td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻濁音">鼻濁音</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">半子音+母音 </th> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%84" title="や">や</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="ヤ">ヤ</a><br />ya</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%86" title="ゆ">ゆ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="ユ">ユ</a><br />yu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%88" title="よ">よ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ヨ">ヨ</a><br />yo</td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td>―― </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8F" title="わ">わ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="ワ">ワ</a><br />wa</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%92" title="を">を</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="ヲ">ヲ</a><br />wo</td> <td colspan="3"></td> <td>―― </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>&#32; </p> </td> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="20">外来语音拍 </th> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">しぇ<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="シェ(页面不存在)">シェ</a><br />she</td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">ちぇ<br />チェ<br />che</td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja">つぁ<br />ツァ<br />tsa</td> <td lang="ja">つぃ<br />ツィ<br />tsi</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">つぇ<br />ツェ<br />tse</td> <td lang="ja">つぉ<br />ツォ<br />tso </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja">てぃ<br />ティ<br />ti</td> <td lang="ja">とぅ<br />トゥ<br />tu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">てゅ<br />テュ<br />tyu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja">ふぁ<br />ファ<br />fa</td> <td lang="ja">ふぃ<br />フィ<br />fi</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">ふぇ<br />フェ<br />fe</td> <td lang="ja">ふぉ<br />フォ<br />fo </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">じぇ<br />ジェ<br />je</td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja">でぃ<br />ディ<br />di</td> <td lang="ja">どぅ<br />ドゥ<br />du</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">でゅ<br />デュ<br />dyu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">いぇ<br />イェ<br />ye</td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja">うぃ<br />ウィ<br />wi</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">うぇ<br />ウェ<br />we</td> <td lang="ja">うぉ<br />ウォ<br />wo </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja">くぁ<br />クァ<br />kwa</td> <td lang="ja">くぃ<br />クィ<br />kwi</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">くぇ<br />クェ<br />kwe</td> <td lang="ja">くぉ<br />クォ<br />kwo </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"><br />スィ<br />si</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"><br />ズィ<br />zi</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja">ぐぁ<br />グァ<br />gwa</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"><br />スュ<br />syu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"><br />ズュ<br />zyu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja">ゔぁ<br />ヴァ<br />va</td> <td lang="ja">ゔぃ<br />ヴィ<br />vi</td> <td lang="ja">ゔ<br />ヴ<br />vu</td> <td lang="ja">ゔぇ<br />ヴェ<br />ve</td> <td lang="ja">ゔぉ<br />ヴォ<br />vo </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">ふゅ<br />フュ<br />fyu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja">ゔゅ<br />ヴュ<br />vyu</td> <td lang="ja"></td> <td lang="ja"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>&#32; </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">特殊音拍 </th> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" title="ん">ん</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="ン">ン</a><br />n</td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" title="ん">撥音</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="っ">っ</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%83" class="mw-redirect" title="ッ">ッ</a></td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E9%9F%B3" title="促音">促音</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="ー">ー</a></td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="長音">長音</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>此外,<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%9F%B3%E5%9B%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="五十音图">五十音图</a>常常被用来说明音韵体系的结构,但和上述日语音拍表相比,有一些略有不同的地方。请注意:五十音图的出现可上溯至平安时代,它不能反映现代日语的音韵体系(请参看<a href="#特徵">特征</a>一节)。 </p><p>另外请注意,诸如「<span lang="ja">ぢゃ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ぢゅ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ぢょ</span>」之类的音节在现代标准日语中已经消失了(和「<span lang="ja">じゃ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">じゅ</span>」、<span lang="ja">じょ</span>」合并了),故不列入。外来语音节依据日本<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E5%AE%A1%E8%AE%AE%E4%BC%9A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="国语审议会(页面不存在)">国语审议会</a>的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%A1%A8%E8%AE%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="外来语的表记(页面不存在)">外来语的表记</a>》排列<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="元音"><span id=".E5.85.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>元音</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="编辑章节:元音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_(standard)_vowels.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Japanese_%28standard%29_vowels.svg/292px-Japanese_%28standard%29_vowels.svg.png" decoding="async" width="292" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Japanese_%28standard%29_vowels.svg/438px-Japanese_%28standard%29_vowels.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Japanese_%28standard%29_vowels.svg/584px-Japanese_%28standard%29_vowels.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="181" /></a><figcaption>日语5个基本元音的发音位置<br /><small>本图象征性地展示一个向左侧开口的人的嘴部的发音部位。越向左则舌头越向前伸出,越向上则表示口张开得更小。此外,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">o</span>时伴随着圆唇。</small></figcaption></figure> <p>日語中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="元音">元音</a>只有5個,以<span lang="ja">あ</span>、<span lang="ja">い</span>、<span lang="ja">う</span>、<span lang="ja">え</span>、<span lang="ja">お</span>這五個假名來表示。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">音韻學</a>上,日语的元音就只有这5个,其<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位">音位</a>分别记为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[i]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[u]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[e]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[o]</span>。另一方面,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a>上,5个基本元音分别接近<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ä]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[i]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɯ]</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[u]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[e̞]</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɛ̝]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[o̞]</span>或<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɔ̝]</span>。 </p><p>日语的「<span lang="ja">あ</span>」在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a>(IPA)中处于<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開前不圓唇元音">前元音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[a]</span>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="開後不圓唇元音">後元音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɑ]</span>之间。「<span lang="ja">い</span>」接近<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[i]</span>。「<span lang="ja">え</span>」处于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%89%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半閉前不圓唇元音">半闭元音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[e]</span>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%96%8B%E5%89%8D%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="半開前不圓唇元音">半开元音</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɛ]</span>之间,「<span lang="ja">お</span>」也处于半闭元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[o]</span>和半开元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɔ]</span>之间。 </p><p>日语的「<span lang="ja">う</span>」,在东京方言中比起英语等语言中<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[u]</span>这样的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">圆唇後元音</a>更接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="央元音">央元音</a>,随之圆唇性减弱,成为既不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AE%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="央元音">央元音</a>也不是圆唇而是居于两者之间,或是比其更略稍向前突出的发音<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。这符合在唇与舌联动时,前元音不圆唇、后元音圆唇、央元音处于两者之间(不过现行IPA表记还是作为不圆唇处理)的规律<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。但是「<span lang="ja">う</span>」在元音融合等场合,音韵上还是作为<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後圓唇元音">閉後圓唇元音</a>处理<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>为了强调圆唇性之弱,可以像以上那样使用<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɯ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,但是这个符号本来是<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%BE%8C%E4%B8%8D%E5%9C%93%E5%94%87%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉後不圓唇元音">既像i那样完全不圆唇、又像u那样的闭後元音</a>,和圆唇性虽然衰退但还略有残存、比起后元音略微靠前的日语「<span lang="ja">う</span>」音还是不完全相同。日语的/u/是用压缩嘴唇发音,所以有时候也标记为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɯᵝ]</span>. 此外此类元音由于不符合唇与舌联动的规律,因此极少出现在元音少于5个的语言里。「<span lang="ja">う</span>」在圆唇后的发音更接近完整的圆唇元音。另外,西日本方言的「<span lang="ja">う</span>」发音和东京方言相比,舌的部位更深,唇更圆,更接近<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[u]</span>。 </p><p>音韵学中存在像「<span lang="ja">コーヒー</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ひいひい</span>」中的「<span lang="ja">ー</span>」或<span lang="ja">あ</span>行假名那样、表示<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="长元音">长音</a>的单位(音位为记<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">R</span>)。这是基于“将之前的元音单独发一拍”这种发音方法所产生的独立的特殊音拍<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。有许多词,例如「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb><span lang="ja">鳥</span></rb><rp>(</rp><rt><span lang="ja">トリ</span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> </span>」和「<span lang="ja"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r81921555"><ruby><rb><span lang="ja">通り</span></rb><rp>(</rp><rt><span lang="ja">トーリ</span></rt><rp>)</rp></ruby> </span>」,是否有长音构成了意义的不同。但是,长音作为声音没有固定的音值,而是相当于长元音[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">aː</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">iː</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɯː</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">eː</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">oː</span>]的后半部分。 </p><p>文字写作「<span lang="ja">えい</span>」、「<span lang="ja">おう</span>」的,通常读法和「<span lang="ja">ええ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">おお</span>」一样,都是长元音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[eː]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[oː]</span>(「<span lang="ja">けい</span>」、「<span lang="ja">こう</span>」等开头加入了辅音的也是如此)。亦即,「<span lang="ja">衛星</span>」、「<span lang="ja">応答</span>」分別发音发作「<span lang="ja">エーセー</span>」、「<span lang="ja">オートー</span>」。然而,在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="九州 (日本)">九州</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="四国">四国</a>南部、西部,紀伊半島南部等地有人把「えい」念作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ei</span><sup id="cite_ref-D_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外像表示软骨鱼的<span lang="ja">エイ</span>这样的词,依词汇不同有的可以发作双元音,但也有人不这么做。当一拍一拍地仔细地发音的时候,很多人会把「<span lang="ja">エイ</span>」发作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ei</span>。在歌词中唱作2拍时,「<span lang="ja">い</span>」的发音基本上都会清楚地发出来(例如:「<span lang="ja">永遠に</span>」→「<span lang="ja">えーいーえーんーにー</span>」)。 </p><p>处于单词末尾或处于清辅音之间的「<span lang="ja">イ</span>」或「<span lang="ja">ウ</span>」等<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%89%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" title="閉元音">閉元音</a>往往会清化。例如「<span lang="ja">です</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ます</span>」等尾音會清化发为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[desɯ̥]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[masɯ̥]</span>,聽起來會像[des] [mas]。「<span lang="ja">菊</span>」、「<span lang="ja">力</span>」、「<span lang="ja">深い</span>」、「<span lang="ja">放つ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">秋</span>」可以分别发作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kʲi̥kɯ]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʨi̥kaɾa]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɸɯ̥kai]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[hanaʦɯ̥]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[akʲi̥]</span>。但是作为声调核的音拍难以清化。不同的人清化的情况各不相同,说话环境、语素、认真程度的不同对是否清化也有影响。此外不同方言的差别也很大,比如<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="近畿方言">近畿方言</a>几乎不会发生清化。 </p><p>「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" title="ん">ん</a></span>」前的元音倾向于鼻音化。此外,元音前的「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" title="ん">ん</a></span>」因前后的元音成为近似于<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E5%85%83%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="鼻元音">鼻元音</a>的发音。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="輔音"><span id=".E8.BC.94.E9.9F.B3"></span>輔音</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="编辑章节:輔音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%94%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="輔音">輔音</a>方面,<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="音韻學">音韻學</a>上可以区分的有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a>-「<span lang="ja">か・さ・た・な・は・ま・や・ら・わ</span>行」的輔音、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁音">濁音</a>-「<span lang="ja">が・ざ・だ・ば</span>行」的輔音、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="半浊音">半濁音</a>-「<span lang="ja">ぱ</span>行」的輔音。<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BD%8D" title="音位">音位</a>按以下方式记录。至于<span lang="ja">ワ</span>行和<span lang="ja">ヤ</span>行音节开头的辅音,也有人解释为音位u和音位i随其在音节内位置的不同发生的变音。特殊音拍的「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」和「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」,有人认为是音韵上独立的音位,也有人认为「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」是<span lang="ja">ナ</span>行音节开头的辅音n随其在音节位置的变化发生的变音,而「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」不过是二重辅音化的结果,不是音韵上独立的音位。 </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">s</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h</span>(清音)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɡ</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">z</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span>(濁音)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span>(半濁音)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">r</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">w</span>(亦称作半元音)</li></ul> <p>另一方面,<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%AD%A6" title="语音学">语音学</a>上,辅音体系显得更为复杂。主要使用的辅音如下(省略了后面提到的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="顎音化">顎音化</a>音): </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>&#160; </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E9%9F%B3" title="双唇音">双唇音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈音">齿龈音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="捲舌音">捲舌音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%88%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="龈腭音">龈腭音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎音">硬顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟顎音">軟顎音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌音">小舌音</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E9%97%A8%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="声门音">声门音</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a> </th> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇塞音">p</a>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁雙唇塞音">b</a> </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞音">t</a>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞音">d</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清軟顎塞音">k</a>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁軟顎塞音">ɡ</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3_(%E8%BE%85%E9%9F%B3)" title="鼻音 (辅音)">鼻音</a> </th> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="雙唇鼻音">m</a> </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦鼻音">n</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%9F%E9%A1%8E%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="軟顎鼻音">ŋ</a> </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E8%88%8C%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="小舌鼻音">ɴ</a> </td> <td style="background:gray;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="闪音">闪音</a> </th> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E9%96%83%E9%9F%B3" title="齒齦閃音">ɾ</a> </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B7%E8%88%8C%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3" title="卷舌闪音">ɽ</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td style="background:gray;">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%8F%8C%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清双唇擦音">ɸ</a> </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦擦音">s</a>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦擦音">z</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%8E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齦顎擦音">ɕ</a>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%8E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="濁齦顎擦音">ʑ</a> </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清硬顎擦音">ç</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E5%96%89%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清喉擦音">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a> </th> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="硬顎近音">j</a> </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E9%A2%9A%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="软颚近音">ɰ</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a> </th> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清齒齦塞擦音">ʦ</a>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E9%BD%92%E9%BD%A6%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="濁齒齦塞擦音">ʣ</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%BD%A6%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清齦顎塞擦音">ʨ</a>&#160;&#160;<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%9A%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊龈颚塞擦音">ʥ</a> </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td> <td class="IPA">&#160; </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>清辅音<span lang="ja">か行</span>、<span lang="ja">た行</span>、<span lang="ja">ぱ行</span>在出现词首时需发送气<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kʰ]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰ]</span>、<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[pʰ]</span>,出现在词中和词尾时,不送气。 对于发音中的绝大多数辅音,「<span lang="ja">か行</span>」为<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[k]</span>、「<span lang="ja">さ</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[s]</span>(也有一些地方的人发作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[θ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-D_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D-66"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)、「<span lang="ja">た</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">t</span>、「<span lang="ja">な</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span>、「<span lang="ja">は</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h</span>、「<span lang="ja">ま</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span>、「<span lang="ja">や</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">j</span>、「<span lang="ja">だ</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">d</span>、「<span lang="ja">ば</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">b</span>、「<span lang="ja">ぱ</span>行」为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> 。 </p><p>「<span lang="ja">ら行</span>」的辅音在词首类似 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[d]</span> ,是比它更为宽松的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="塞音">塞音</a><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。也有人发作类似英语 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[l]</span> 的音。虽缺乏适当的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E9%9F%B3%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="国际音标">国际音标</a>表示,不过也有人用<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%81%E6%8D%B2%E8%88%8C%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="濁捲舌塞音">濁捲舌塞音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɖ]</span> 来代替<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。此外,在诸如「<span lang="ja">あらっ?</span>」这样出现在词中词尾的时候,也有弹舌头变为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɾ]</span> 或者 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɽ]</span> 的,例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8A%E5%B8%A6%E8%A2%9C%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%BF" title="吊带袜天使">吊带袜天使</a>中恶魔姐妹说「<span lang="ja">ルール</span>」这个词的发音。部分日剧中还会出现<a href="/wiki/%E9%BD%BF%E9%BE%88%E9%A2%A4%E9%9F%B3" title="齿龈颤音">齿龈颤音</a>的念法。 </p><p>标准日语(共通语)以及标准日语语音所依照的东京方言的发音中,「<span lang="ja">わ行</span>」的辅音和上面列举的「<span lang="ja">う</span>」具有共通的基本性质,为气息通道略狭的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E9%9F%B3" title="近音">近音</a>。因此,虽说在“处于对应<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[u]</span>的近音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[w]</span>和对应<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɯ]</span>的近音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɰ]</span>中间、或者是微圆唇”这一点上可以说是略微接近<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[w]</span>,但是主要发音部位在软腭(后元音的舌的位置)略前的地方,可以说是稍稍使用;双唇发音的二重发音的近音<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。因此,五十音图排列中把<span lang="ja">わ行</span>算作唇音。在本条目中,如无特殊需要,记作 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[w]</span> 。外来语的「<span lang="ja">ウィ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ウェ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ウォ</span>」用的也是这个发音,但有很多人会发作两拍的「<span lang="ja">ウイ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ウエ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ウオ</span>」。 </p><p>「<span lang="ja">が行</span>」辅音在词首发作塞音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɡ]</span> ,词中一般用鼻音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span>(「が行」鼻音、所谓的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%BB%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3" title="鼻濁音">鼻濁音</a>)。现在,发作 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ŋ]</span> 的日语使用者在减少,转而使用和词首相同的塞音或者使用擦音 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɣ]</span> 的人在增多。 </p><p>「<span lang="ja">ざ行</span>」的辅音处于词首或者「ん」之后时,发作<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a>(塞音和擦音组合成的 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʣ]</span> 之类的音),词中多用<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="擦音">擦音</a>(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">z</span> 等)。也有人总使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="塞擦音">塞擦音</a>,但这样的音在「<span lang="ja">手術(しゅじゅつ)</span>」之类的词中难以发音,因而多为擦音。此外,「<span lang="ja">だ行</span>」的「<span lang="ja">ぢ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">づ</span>」,除部分方言外,发音和「<span lang="ja">ざ行</span>」的「<span lang="ja">じ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ず</span>」相同。 </p><p>在元音「<span lang="ja">い</span>」之前的辅音呈现出独特的音色。某些辅音发生前舌面接近<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD" title="腭">硬腭</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3%E5%8C%96" title="腭音化">腭音化</a>。例如,「<span lang="ja">か行</span>」一般为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">k</span> ,唯独<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%8D" title="き">き</a></span>使用 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[kʲ]</span>。腭音化的辅音后接“a”、“u”、“o”的时候,在<span lang="ja">き</span>后加上「<span lang="ja">ゃ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ゅ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ょ</span>」表记成类似于「<span lang="ja">きゃ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">きゅ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">きょ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">みゃ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">みゅ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">みょ</span>」这样的形式。后接“e”的时候加上「<span lang="ja">ぇ</span>」表记为「<span lang="ja">きぇ</span>」,但是这个音节只在外来语中使用。 </p><p>「<span lang="ja">さ行</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ざ行</span>」、「<span lang="ja">た行</span>」、「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」的「<span lang="ja">い段</span>」音的元音也很独特,但发生的不只是腭音化,发音位置还移动到硬腭。「<span lang="ja">し</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ち</span>」的辅音为 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɕ]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʨ]</span> 。外来语中的「<span lang="ja">スィ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ティ</span>」的辅音是腭音化的 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[sʲ]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʲ]</span> 。「<span lang="ja">じ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ぢ</span>」,在词首和「ん」之后是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʥ]</span>,在词中是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʑ]</span>。外来语中的「<span lang="ja">ディ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ズィ</span>」的辅音是腭音化了的 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dʲ]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʣʲ]</span> 以及 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[zʲ]</span> 。「<span lang="ja">ひ</span>」的辅音是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清硬顎擦音">硬腭音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ç]</span> 而非 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[h]</span>。 </p><p>此外,「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%AB" title="に">に</a></span>」的辅音多发为腭音化的 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[nʲ]</span> ,也有人发作<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%BC%BB%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭鼻音">硬腭鼻音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɲ]</span> 。同样地,「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%8A" title="り">り</a></span>」也有人发作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%97%AA%E9%9F%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="硬腭闪音(页面不存在)">硬腭闪音</a>的,「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A1" title="ち">ち</a></span>」也有发作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E7%A1%AC%E9%A1%8E%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清硬顎塞音">清硬顎塞音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[c]</span> 的。 </p><p>此外,「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」中只有「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%B5" title="ふ">ふ</a></span>」的辅音发作<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%99%E5%94%87%E6%93%A6%E9%9F%B3" title="清雙唇擦音">清雙唇擦音</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɸ]</span> ,这是「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」辅音经歷了 [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">p</span> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɸ</span> → <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">h</span>] 的变化所留下的残留。由于「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」在奈良时代发作p,在平安时代发作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɸ]</span>的缘故,五十音图才把它归类为双唇音,这是一个历史遗留现象。外来语中有人发 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">f</span> 的音。由于“现代日语在「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」的后面以及汉语词中「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」的后面接续「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」发音的时候「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」都会变为「<span lang="ja">パ行</span>」(p)的发音,出现连浊的时候也是变为「<span lang="ja">バ行</span>」(b),而不是浊喉擦音<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɦ]</span>”;因此可以说明“「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」的音位就不是h而是p,按擦音化规则除上述「<span lang="ja">ふ</span>」的场合以外都变为h”。即使是现代日语,如果把词汇限定在和语词和近代以前的汉语词的话(不是源自「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」的「<span lang="ja">パ行</span>」都是近代开始才产生的),上述规则都是成立的。这虽违反现代日语使用者的直觉,却能更合理地、成体系地表达「<span lang="ja">バ行</span>」的连浊和「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」後的「<span lang="ja">は行</span>」发音的变化<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>此外,「<span lang="ja">た行</span>」在词首时发送气的<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tʰ]</span>,在词中和词尾时发不送气的 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[t]</span> ,<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A4" title="つ">つ</a></span>」的辅音是 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ʦ]</span> 。在这个辅音後续元音a、e、i、o的时候(主要是外来语中),则添加小字假名「<span lang="ja">ァ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ィ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ェ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ォ</span>」记作「<span lang="ja">ファ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ツァ</span>」(「<span lang="ja">ツァ</span>」在「<span lang="ja">おとっつぁん</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ごっつぁん</span>」等和语词中有使用)。「<span lang="ja">フィ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ツィ</span>」辅音腭音化。但「<span lang="ja">ツィ</span>」多写成念成「<span lang="ja">チ</span>」等等。「<span lang="ja">トゥ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ドゥ</span>」(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[tɯᵝ]</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[dɯᵝ]</span>)等音节,在外来语词中想要尽量接近原音的时候有人会使用。 </p><p>被称作<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E9%9F%B3" title="促音">促音</a>「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%81%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="っ">っ</a></span>」(音位记作<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">Q</span>)和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="拨音">拨音</a>「<span lang="ja"><a href="/wiki/%E3%82%93" title="ん">ん</a></span>」(<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">N</span>)的音,如前所述,是音韵学的概念,和前述的长音都作为特殊音拍处理。「<span lang="ja">っ</span>」在语音学上实际的发音是 [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-k̚k-</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-s̚s-</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-ɕ̚ɕ-</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-t̚t-</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-t̚ʦ-</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-t̚ʨ-</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">-p̚p-</span>] 之类的连续辅音。但是也有时像「<span lang="ja">あっ</span>」这样单独出现,这时它是一个<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E9%96%80%E5%A1%9E%E9%9F%B3" title="聲門塞音">聲門塞音</a>(喉塞音)。 此外,「<span lang="ja">ん</span>」依据后续音的不同,发作 [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ɴ</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">m</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">n</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">ŋ</span>] 等辅音(但是在元音前是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BC%BB%E6%AF%8D%E9%9F%B3&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="鼻母音(页面不存在)">鼻母音</a>)。句末等处使用 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209503"><span title="国际音标" class="IPA">[ɴ]</span> 的人很多。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="声调"><span id=".E5.A3.B0.E8.B0.83"></span>声调</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="编辑章节:声调"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E9%AB%98%E9%87%8D%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日語音高重音">日語音高重音</a></div> <p>日语的「<span lang="ja">アクセント</span>」(accent)和汉语的“声调”(tone)在广义上都属于“高低重音”,也就是以声音(pitch)的高低不同表现重音,而不同于英语的强弱重音。汉语的声调称作“曲线声调”,高低变化在一个音节内实现,日语的声调是在音拍和音拍之间体现,单独的一个音拍不成声调。汉语常常用声调区别同音词的语义,日语很少靠声调区别同音词的语义,因而日语声调的作用主要在语义单位之间划分界限<sup id="cite_ref-HigherEduPress_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HigherEduPress-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。不同的词汇有不同的声调,按音拍发生高低变化。许多时候<b>可以</b>用声调区分<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E8%AF%8D" title="同音词">同音词</a>(汉语则是没声调基本说不清话了)。例如东京方言中,「<span lang="ja">雨</span>」、「<span lang="ja">飴</span>」分别是「<span lang="ja">ア\メ</span>」(頭高型)和「<span lang="ja">ア/メ</span>」(平板型),声调不同(上声调标作“/”,下降调标作“\”)。「<span lang="ja">が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">に</span>」、「<span lang="ja">を</span>」之类的助词没有固定的声调,而是由它们前面的名词来决定。例如「<span lang="ja">箸</span>」、「<span lang="ja">橋</span>」、「<span lang="ja">端</span>」,单独发音是「<span lang="ja">ハ\シ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ハ/シ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ハ/シ</span>」,后接「<span lang="ja">が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">に</span>」、「<span lang="ja">を</span>」等助词后变为「<span lang="ja">ハ\シガ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ハ/シ\ガ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ハ/シガ</span>」。 </p><p>标准语的声调,可以按照“一个词中音高是否有下降,若有下降则是在第几个音拍後下降”来加以区分。音高下降的地方称作<b>下降点</b>(<span lang="ja"><b>下がり目</b></span>)或者<b>声调点</b>(<span lang="ja"><b>アクセントの滝</b></span>),声高下降前的最后一个高读音拍称作<b>声调核</b>(<span lang="ja"><b>アクセント核</b></span>)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。例如「<span lang="ja">箸</span>」第一拍是声调核,「<span lang="ja">橋</span>」第二拍是声调核,「<span lang="ja">端</span>」无声调核。一个单词中要么没有声调核,要么有且只有一个声调核;声调降下去了就没有再升上来的。将声调核用<span lang="ja"><span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;border-right:1px #000 solid;">○</span></span>表示的话,二拍词有<span lang="ja">○○</span>(无核)、<span lang="ja"><span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;border-right:1px #000 solid;">○</span>○</span>、<span lang="ja">○<span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;border-right:1px #000 solid;">○</span></span>3种,三拍词有<span lang="ja">○○○</span>、<span lang="ja"><span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;border-right:1px #000 solid;">○</span>○○</span>、<span lang="ja">○<span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;border-right:1px #000 solid;">○</span>○</span>、<span lang="ja">○○<span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;border-right:1px #000 solid;">○</span></span>4种,随着拍数的增多,声调类型也增加了。没有声调核的词称作平板型,第一拍为声调核称为頭高型,最后一拍为声调核称为尾高型,声调核在在中间而不在头尾的叫中高型。頭高型、中高型、尾高型统称为有起伏或者有核型,平板型称作无起伏或者無核型。 </p><p>此外对于标准语的声调,当只发单词或者<span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="文節" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="文節"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%AF%80" class="mw-redirect" title="文節">文節</a></span></span><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>的发音时,除了头高型外,都会像「<span lang="ja">し/るしが</span>」、「<span lang="ja">た/ま\ごが</span>」这样在第一拍进入第二拍时音高上升。可是这个上升不是单词所固有的,在像「<span lang="ja">あ/かいしるしが</span>」、「<span lang="ja">こ/のたま\ごが</span>」这样的表达中,音高上升出现在不加区分的一整块发音单位(语句)的起始位置。这种上升称之为<b>句音调</b>,起到帮助帮助人切割句与句间隔的作用。另一方面,声调核是固定在每个单词裡面的,「<span lang="ja">たまご</span>」的「<span lang="ja">ま</span>」後出现的下降声调并不消失。标准语的声调从“语句”的第二拍开始上升(语句最初的单词是頭高型的话则从第一拍开始上升),一直到声调核都是平声,在声调核之後下降。因此,也就是说标准语裡面第一拍和第二拍的高低总相反,标准语的句首不会出现「低低高高…」或者「高高高高…」式的音调。声调辞典中会使用「<span lang="ja">し<span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;">るしが</span></span>」、「<span lang="ja">た<span style="border-top:1px #000 solid;border-right:1px #000 solid;">ま</span>ごが</span>」表记声调(《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%97%A5%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="中日交流標準日本語">新版中日交流标准日本语</a>》的单词表也采用这种标法,而老版标日采用的则是写一个数字在词语後面的方法,其中无声调核标0,声调核在第几个音拍上就标几),但是需要注意这是实际上标的是只有一个文节的语句的发音,它把句音调和单词声调核同时标出来<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png/400px-Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png/600px-Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png/800px-Japanese_pitch_accent_map-ja.png 2x" data-file-width="4953" data-file-height="4278" /></a><figcaption>日语方言的声调分布</figcaption></figure> <p>日语不同方言的声调差别很大。日语的声调体系可以分为好多类,不过最常见使用人数最多的是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E5%BC%8F%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="东京式声调(页面不存在)">东京式声调</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%AC%E9%98%AA%E5%BC%8F%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="京阪式声调(页面不存在)">京阪式声调</a>这两种。东京式声调只有有声调核和无声调核的区别,京阪式声调除了声调核和无声调核的区别,还有第一拍是高起式还是低起式的区别(京阪式不要求第一拍第二拍高低不同)。许多人以为日语声调的区别是东西对立,其实实际的声调分布并非东西对立:东京式声调基本分布在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93" title="北海道">北海道</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="东北地方 (日本)">東北地方</a>北部、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E4%B8%9C%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="关东地方">关东地方</a>西部、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E4%BF%A1%E8%B6%8A%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="甲信越地方">甲信越地方</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="東海地方">東海地方</a>大部分地区、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="中国地方">中国地方</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9C%8B" title="四國">四国地方</a>西南部、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="九州 (日本)">九州</a>東北部、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9%E7%B8%A3" title="沖繩縣">沖繩縣</a>部分地区;京阪式声调则是分布在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="近畿地方">近畿地方</a>、四国地方大部分地区、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="北陸地方">北陸地方</a>的部分地区。也就是说,京阪式声调分布在以近畿地方为中心的地区,东边西边都被东京式声调包围着。日本的标准语、共通语的声调以东京的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E4%B9%8B%E6%89%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="山之手方言(页面不存在)">山之手方言</a>为基准,属于东京式声调。 </p><p>九州西南部和冲绳部分地区分布有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二形聲調" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="二型式アクセント"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%BD%A2%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="二形聲調(页面不存在)">二形聲調</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%8F%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" class="extiw" title="ja:二型式アクセント"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">二型式アクセント</span></a></span>)</span></span>,它只有两种声调类型:声调核要么在倒数第二个音拍上,要么在倒数第一个声拍上<sup id="cite_ref-HigherEduPress_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HigherEduPress-72"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%B4%8E%E7%B8%A3" title="宮崎縣">宮崎縣</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82" title="都城市">都城市</a>存在只有一种声调类型的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="一形声调" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="一型式アクセント"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E5%BD%A2%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="一形声调(页面不存在)">一形声调</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%9E%8B%E5%BC%8F%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" class="extiw" title="ja:一型式アクセント"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">一型式アクセント</span></a></span>)</span></span>。此外,<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A9%E6%89%8B%E5%8E%BF" title="岩手县">岩手县</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AB%E7%9F%B3%E7%94%BA" title="雫石町">雫石町</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E6%A2%A8%E5%8E%BF" title="山梨县">山梨县</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E5%B7%9D%E7%94%BA" title="早川町">早川町</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E7%94%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奈良田(页面不存在)">奈良田</a>等地的声调区分的不是发音在何处下降而是发音在何处上升。和这些有声调方言不同的是,在東北地方南部到关东地方东北部的地域,还有九州的东京式声调和二型声调之间包围的地区的日语使用者对声调没有辨别,没有词中何处发音升高的规定(類似現代<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="韓語">韓語</a>)。这就是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="无声调(页面不存在)">无声调</a>(声调崩坏)地区。这些声调的粗略区分中还有者各种小变种,有着各种类型之间的中间类型。 </p><p>正如「<span lang="ja">花が</span>」在东京发作「低高低」、在京都发作「高低低」那样,单词的调值在不同方言中有所不同。但是这并不意味着各地方言中的声调体系毫无对应关系。绝大多数场合下是有规则对应的。例如,「<span lang="ja">花が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">山が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">池が</span>」在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="东京都">东京都</a>念成「低高低」,在京都均念成「高低低」。「<span lang="ja">水が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">鳥が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">風が</span>」在东京都念成「低高高」,在京都均念成「高高高」。「<span lang="ja">松が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">空が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">海が</span>」在东京都念成「高低低」,在京都均念成「低低高」。像这样在某个地方都属于A类发音而在另外一个地方都属于B类发音的词汇集合,称作<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E7%B1%BB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="语类(页面不存在)">语类</a>(<span lang="ja"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語類" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="語類"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E9%A1%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="語類(页面不存在)">語類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E9%A1%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:語類"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">語類</span></a></span>)</span></span></span>)。 </p><p>这个事实说明了各个日本方言的声调系统,都来源于历史上一个共通的声调体系。<span lang="ja"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="服部四郎" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="服部四郎"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%8D%E9%83%A8%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="服部四郎(页面不存在)">服部四郎</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E9%83%A8%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%8E" class="extiw" title="ja:服部四郎"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">服部四郎</span></a></span>)</span></span></span>称其为原始日语的声调<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,并认为是它发展分化形成今天的東京式和京阪式声调。现在有力的假说则认为,<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A2%E6%94%BF" title="院政">院政</a>时代的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%AC%E9%98%AA%E5%BC%8F%E5%A3%B0%E8%B0%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="京阪式声调(页面不存在)">京阪式声调</a><span lang="ja"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="類聚名義抄" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="類聚名義抄"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%9E%E8%81%9A%E5%90%8D%E7%BE%A9%E6%8A%84&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="類聚名義抄(页面不存在)">類聚名義抄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E8%81%9A%E5%90%8D%E7%BE%A9%E6%8A%84" class="extiw" title="ja:類聚名義抄"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">類聚名義抄</span></a></span>)</span></span></span>式声调,是现在一切日语声调体系的先祖。现在的各个方言的声调都是由其渐渐变化而得来的(<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%94%B0%E4%B8%80%E6%98%A5%E5%BD%A6" title="金田一春彦">金田一春彦</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>以及奥村三雄<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。另外,也有人认为各个方言的声调是历史上地方的无声调和中央的京阪式声调交融而产生的(山口幸洋<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文法"><span id=".E6.96.87.E6.B3.95"></span>文法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="编辑章节:文法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="日語文法">日語文法</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句子结构"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E5.AD.90.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>句子结构</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="编辑章节:句子结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Structure_of_Japanese_Sentences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Structure_of_Japanese_Sentences.svg/512px-Structure_of_Japanese_Sentences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="512" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Structure_of_Japanese_Sentences.svg/768px-Structure_of_Japanese_Sentences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Structure_of_Japanese_Sentences.svg/1024px-Structure_of_Japanese_Sentences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>日语句子示例<span style="font-size:smaller;">上方的句子展示的是基于橋本進吉的学说,使用主谓构造解释句子的例子。下方的句子是一个难以用主谓结构解释的句子。三上章称之为题目-叙述结构的句子。</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>造句使用「I read a book」、“我读书”这样的语序,称之为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%B0%93%E5%AE%BE%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主谓宾结构">主谓宾结构</a>,而日语造句使用「<span lang="ja">私は本を読む。</span>」【<span lang="ja">私</span><sub>我</sub><span lang="ja">は</span><sub>[主题标记]</sub><span lang="ja">本</span><sub>书</sub><span lang="ja">を</span><sub>[宾格标记]</sub><span lang="ja">読む</span><sub>读</sub><span lang="ja">。</span>】这样的语序,称作<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%AE%BE%E8%B0%93%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="主宾谓结构">主宾谓结构</a>(不过日语用宾主谓也可以,因为日语是<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E7%9D%80%E8%AF%AD" title="黏着语">黏着语</a>,而非<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="孤立语">孤立语</a>)严格说来,英语句子必须要有动词,日语句子却可以用动词结尾也可以用形容词或者名词+助动词结尾。因此,与其说日语语句的基本结构是「S(主語subject)—V(動詞verb)」,倒不如说是「S(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="主语">主语</a>)—P(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="谓语">谓语</a>predicate)」这一「<b>主谓结构</b>」更为合适。 </p> <ul><li><span lang="ja">1. 私は(が) 社長だ。</span>【<span lang="ja">私</span><sub>我</sub><span lang="ja">は(が)</span><sub>[主题(主格)标记]</sub><span lang="ja">社長</span><sub>社长</sub><span lang="ja">だ</span><sub>是(简体<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>)</sub>。】(我是社长。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">2. 私は(が) 行く。</span>【<span lang="ja">私</span><sub>我</sub><span lang="ja">は(が)</span><sub>[主题(主格)标记]</sub><span lang="ja">行く</span><sub>去</sub><span lang="ja">。</span>】(我去。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">3. 私は(が) 嬉しい。</span>【<span lang="ja">私</span><sub>我</sub><span lang="ja">は(が)</span><sub>[主题(主格)标记]</sub><span lang="ja">嬉しい</span><sub>高兴</sub><span lang="ja">。</span>】(我很高兴。)</li></ul> <p>上述句子都属于「S—P」结构(主谓结构)。在英语中它们分别成「SVC」、「SV」、「SVC」结构,因此分别称1为名词句,2为动词句,3为形容词句。可是在日语中这三种结构没有本质上的区别。因此,刚刚开始学习英语的人,可能会仿造「I am happy.」的形式造出「I am go.」这样的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8F%A5" title="病句">病句</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="题述结构"><span id=".E9.A2.98.E8.BF.B0.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>题述结构</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="编辑章节:题述结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>此外,日语句子中除了主谓结构之外,还有很多句子采用「<b>题述结构</b>」,由「题目+叙述部分」构成。题目指的是一句话的主题(<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%8A%E7%AB%A0" title="三上章">三上章</a>称其为"what we are talking about"<sup id="cite_ref-A_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>),和“主语”是两个不同的概念。主语多用「<span lang="ja">が</span>」标示,是动作和作用的主体,而题目常用「<span lang="ja">は</span>」标示,展现的是句子叙述的中心。当一个句子的题目同时也是主语的时候,题目後标示了「<span lang="ja">は</span>」就不用再标示「<span lang="ja">が</span>」,究其结果也就成主语後标示「<span lang="ja">は</span>」了;而题目同时为宾语也不用再标示「<span lang="ja">を</span>」,只用标示「<span lang="ja">は</span>」。例如: </p> <ul><li><span lang="ja">4. 象は 大きい。</span>【<span lang="ja">象</span><sub>大象</sub><span lang="ja">は</span><sub>[主题标记]</sub><span lang="ja">大きい</span><sub>大</sub>。】(大象大。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">5. 象は 檻に入れた。</span>【<span lang="ja">象</span><sub>大象</sub><span lang="ja">は</span><sub>[主题标记]</sub><span lang="ja">檻</span><sub>笼子</sub><span lang="ja">に</span><sub>[<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8E%E6%A0%BC" title="与格">与格</a>标记]</sub><span lang="ja">入れた</span><sub>放入了</sub><span lang="ja">。</span>】(把大象塞进笼子了。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">6. 象は 餌をやった。</span>【<span lang="ja">象</span><sub>大象</sub><span lang="ja">は</span><sub>[主题标记]</sub><span lang="ja">餌</span><sub>饵食</sub><span lang="ja">を</span><sub>[<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">宾格</a>标记]</sub><span lang="ja">やった</span><sub>喂过了</sub><span lang="ja">。</span>】(给大象喂过食了。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">7. 象は 鼻が長い。</span>【<span lang="ja">象</span><sub>大象</sub><span lang="ja">は</span><sub>[主题标记]</sub><span lang="ja">鼻</span><sub>鼻子</sub><span lang="ja">が</span><sub>[<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>标记]</sub><span lang="ja">長い</span><sub>长</sub><span lang="ja">。</span>】(大象鼻子长。)</li></ul> <p>之类的句子中,「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」在每个句子里都是题目。第4句中的「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」可以替换为「<span lang="ja">象が</span>」,因为此句的主题兼任主语。可是,第5句以后的「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」不能替换为「<span lang="ja">象が</span>」。第5句可以替换为「<span lang="ja">象を</span>」,第6句可以替换为「<span lang="ja">象に</span>」,至于第7句则没有替换词(有人认为可以替换成「<span lang="ja">象の</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,相当于句子改写成“大象<b>的</b>鼻子长”)。这些句子里的「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」这个题目并不表示特定的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="格 (语法)">格</a>,只是表示我现在要讨论和大象相关的问题。 </p><p>这些句子中接续在「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」这个题目後面的都是「叙述部分」<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8E%E6%99%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="大野晋(页面不存在)">大野晋</a>认为,「<span lang="ja">が</span>」和「<span lang="ja">は</span>」分别表示的是未知和已知。例如 </p> <ul><li><span lang="ja">私が佐藤です</span>(<b>我</b>是佐藤)</li> <li><span lang="ja">私は佐藤です</span>(我是<b>佐藤</b>)</li></ul> <p>中,前者意味着“(谁是佐藤呢?)<b>我</b>是佐藤”(已知佐藤而不知“我”),而后者意味着“(我是什么人呢?)我是<b>佐藤</b>”(已知“我”而不知佐藤)。因此,日语里「<span lang="ja">何</span>」、「<span lang="ja">どこ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">いつ</span>」这些疑问词总是後接「<span lang="ja">が</span>」变为「<span lang="ja">何が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">どこが</span>」、「<span lang="ja">いつが</span>」而不会变成「<span lang="ja">何は</span>」、「<span lang="ja">どこは</span>」、「<span lang="ja">いつは</span>」,因为它们总是表示未知的事物。 </p><p>像日语这样拥有题述结构的句子的语言,称之为<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%9D%E9%A2%98%E4%BC%98%E5%85%88%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="话题优先语言">话题优先语言</a>。有些东亚语言,例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鲜语">朝鲜语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="马来语">马来语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E5%8A%A0%E7%A6%84%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="他加禄语">他加禄语</a>,也拥有这种句式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="主语废止论"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.AF.AD.E5.BA.9F.E6.AD.A2.E8.AE.BA"></span>主语废止论</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="编辑章节:主语废止论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:Difference_between_Japanese_and_English_sentences.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Difference_between_Japanese_and_English_sentences.gif" decoding="async" width="280" height="390" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="390" /></a><figcaption>日语、英语造句的区别<div style="font-size: smaller;">三上认为,对于“甲介绍丙给乙”这个句子,日语式句子里「<span lang="ja">紹介シ</span>」这个动词和「<span lang="ja">甲ガ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">乙ニ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">丙ヲ</span>」三个词中任意一个的关系都是对等的。而英语式句子里「<span lang="ja">甲(ガ)</span>」这个主语和谓语「<span lang="ja">紹介シタ</span>」有着特殊的呼应关系(注:简单来说就是需要<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4_(%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95)" title="一致 (語法)">主谓一致</a>),不同于「<span lang="ja">乙ニ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">丙ヲ</span>」和「<span lang="ja">紹介シタ</span>」的关系。</div></figcaption></figure> <p>考虑到上述的「<span lang="ja">象は鼻が長い。</span>」那样、能分解成「题目+叙述部分」而不是「主语+谓语」的句子在日语里非常常见,因此可以说日语句子中的主语原本就不是必须的。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%8A%E7%AB%A0" title="三上章">三上章</a>因而提出主语废止论(停止使用“主语”这一语法术语的提案)。三上表示: </p> <ul><li><span lang="ja">甲ガ乙ニ丙ヲ紹介シタ。</span>【<span lang="ja">甲ガ</span><sub>甲(主格)</sub><span lang="ja">乙ニ</span><sub>乙(与格)</sub><span lang="ja">丙ヲ</span><sub>丙(宾格)</sub><span lang="ja">紹介シタ</span><sub>介绍(动词)</sub>。】(“甲介绍丙给乙。”)</li></ul> <p>一句中,「<span lang="ja">甲ガ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">乙ニ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">丙ヲ</span>」这三个成分都是说清楚「<span lang="ja">紹介シ</span>」这个动作的具体含义所需要的,互相之间没有优劣之分。重要的是把它们整合起来的谓语「<span lang="ja">紹介シタ</span>」。「<span lang="ja">甲ガ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">乙ニ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">丙ヲ</span>」中不管哪一个都是补充说明谓语的词语(补语)。与之相对,英语等语言中的主语却是特别的,因为动词变位需要考虑主语的性、数<sup id="cite_ref-A_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A-82"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>有些句子用英语式观点只能解释为“省略了主语”,按上述的思考方式却可以很好地得到解释。例如: </p> <ul><li><span lang="ja">ハマチの成長したものをブリという。</span>【<span lang="ja">ハマチの成長したものを</span><sub>波馬知长大后的东西(宾格)</sub><span lang="ja">ブリと</span><sub>歩里(与格?)</sub><span lang="ja">いう</span><sub>叫做</sub>。其中小句为「<span lang="ja">ハマチの</span><sub>波馬知(主格)</sub><span lang="ja">成長した</span><sub>长大了(动词)</sub><span lang="ja">もの</span><sub>东西(名词)</sub><span lang="ja"></span>」】(把长大的波馬知(小<a href="/wiki/%E9%B0%A4%E9%AD%9A" title="鰤魚">鰤魚</a>)叫作步里(大鰤魚)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">ここでニュースをお伝えします。</span>【<span lang="ja">ここで</span><sub>这里(<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E6%A0%BC" title="方位格">方位格</a>)</sub><span lang="ja">ニュースを</span><sub>新闻(宾格)</sub><span lang="ja">お伝えします</span><sub>传达(动词,敬体)</sub>。】(在这里传达新闻。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">日一日と暖かくなってきました。</span>【<span lang="ja">日一日と</span><sub>一天比一天(副词)</sub><span lang="ja">暖かく</span><sub>暖和(形容词)</sub><span lang="ja">なってきました</span><sub>变得(动词,敬体)</sub>。】(一天比一天暖和了。)</li></ul> <p>都是上面提到的没有主语的句子。但是从“日语句子是以谓语为中心,补语只是在有必要时才添加”的观点看来,可以说上面的句子不管哪一个都是完整的句子,没有省略成分。 </p><p>由于“主语”这个用语/概念在实际工作中显得很便利,因此今天的语法学说还常常使用这个词。通常把後接了格助詞「<span lang="ja">ガ</span>」的语法项目作为主语。但是,和三上的说法争锋相对、主张日语句子中必须有主语的人在今日的研究者里是少数──只有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="生成文法">生成文法</a>的支持者和鈴木重幸等人的言語学研究会小组那样的学派,由于主语在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="语法学">生成、制造句子</a>中的重要作用而认可主语这个概念。森重敏在分析日语句子时也是立足于“主谓关系”的,但他这里所说的“主语”、“谓语”并不同于一般所说的主语和谓语<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。现在日本学校教学中通行的语法──<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="学校语法" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="学校文法"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="学校语法(页面不存在)">学校语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:学校文法"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">学校文法</span></a></span>)</span></span>──中,往往都会使用以“主语”、“谓语”等概念为代表的传统语法术语,但也有的版本的教科书并不把主语单独拿出来区别看待<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句子成分"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E5.AD.90.E6.88.90.E5.88.86"></span>句子成分</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="编辑章节:句子成分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>即使是认为有主语和谓语就有句子的人,也没法只用这两个要素就说明句子的结构。在主语、谓语之外,还需要加上<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0%E8%AF%AD" title="修饰语">修饰语</a>等成分,才形成复杂的语句。使得句子得以成立的这些成分称作“句子成分”。 </p><p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="学校语法" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="学校文法"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="学校语法(页面不存在)">学校语法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:学校文法"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">学校文法</span></a></span>)</span></span><span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>把句子成分分为“主语”、“谓语”、“修饰语(连用修饰语、连体修饰语)”、“接续语”、“独立语”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>五种。在学校语法中,“并列语(互相并列的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="文节">文节</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9E%E6%96%87%E8%8A%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="连文节(页面不存在)">连文节</a>)”(<span lang="ja">「並立語(並立の関係にある文節/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="連文節" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="連文節"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E6%96%87%E7%AF%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="連文節(页面不存在)">連文節</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E6%96%87%E7%AF%80" class="extiw" title="ja:連文節"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">連文節</span></a></span>)</span></span>どうし)」</span>)<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>和“补语、被补语(互为补充关系的文节、连文节)”<span lang="ja">「補助語・被補助語(補助の関係にある文節/連文節どうし)」</span>都不是句子成分,而是表达文节之间、连文节之间关系的概念,因而总是形成连文节变成上述五种成分之一。于是教科书随之采用“并列关系”、“补助关系”这样的用语(概念),而很少有教科书使用“并列语”、“补助语”的概念。此外,“连体修饰语”原则上不能单独充当成分,总是要和被修饰语在一起才能构成连文节充当句子成分。 </p><p>除<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="学校图书" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="学校図書"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="学校图书(页面不存在)">学校图书</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E5%9B%B3%E6%9B%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:学校図書"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">学校図書</span></a></span>)</span></span>(出版社)之外的其他四家出版社的教科书中,都把能单独构成文节的成分像“主语”那样称作“╳语”,把构成连文节的成分像“主部”那样称作“╳部”。只有学校图书把文节和连文节都称作“╳语”,而把一个句子中能划分成的最大部件称之为“╳部”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="主语、谓语"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.AF.AD.E3.80.81.E8.B0.93.E8.AF.AD"></span>主语、谓语</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=21" title="编辑章节:主语、谓语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>造句子所需的基本成分。其中谓语尤为重要,在句子中起到纲举目张的作用。「<span lang="ja">雨が降る。</span>」、「<span lang="ja">本が多い。</span>」、「<span lang="ja">私は学生だ。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>都是由主语和谓语构成的句子。有的教科书中强调谓语统合全文的作用,而把主语放在修饰语中加以解说(参见上一节<a href="#主语废止论">主语废止论</a>)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="连用修饰语"><span id=".E8.BF.9E.E7.94.A8.E4.BF.AE.E9.A5.B0.E8.AF.AD"></span>连用修饰语</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=22" title="编辑章节:连用修饰语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>和用言相联的修饰语(用言的意思请参照<a href="#自立语">自立语</a>)一节。「<span lang="ja">兄が弟に算数を教える。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>一文中「<span lang="ja">弟に</span>」、「<span lang="ja">算数を</span>」等表示格的部分,就是和谓语动词「<span lang="ja">教える</span>」相联的连用修饰语。此外,「<span lang="ja">算数をみっちり教える。</span>」、「<span lang="ja">算数を熱心に教える。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等句中的「<span lang="ja">みっちり</span>」、「<span lang="ja">熱心に</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等词也是和「<span lang="ja">教える</span>」相联的连用修饰语。不过,如果缺乏了「<span lang="ja">弟に</span>」、「<span lang="ja">算数を</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等词的话,整个句子就会变得不知所云,而「<span lang="ja">みっちり</span>」、「<span lang="ja">熱心に</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>等词即使缺少了,也还是个能传达信息的完整的句子。因此,有人认为前者为句子的主干,应称为<b>补充成分</b>,而后者应称为<b>修饰成分</b><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。有的国语教科书裡对这两者有区分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="连体修饰语"><span id=".E8.BF.9E.E4.BD.93.E4.BF.AE.E9.A5.B0.E8.AF.AD"></span>连体修饰语</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=23" title="编辑章节:连体修饰语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>和体言相联的修饰语(体言的意思请参照<a href="#自立语">自立语</a>)一节。「<span lang="ja">私の本</span>」、「<span lang="ja">動く歩道</span>」、「<span lang="ja">赤い髪飾り</span>」、「<span lang="ja">大きな瞳</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中的「<span lang="ja">私の</span>」、「<span lang="ja">動く</span>」、「<span lang="ja">赤い</span>」、「<span lang="ja">大きな</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>为连体修饰语。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%83%E6%9C%A8%E9%87%8D%E4%BF%A1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="铃木重信(页面不存在)">铃木重信</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%83%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="铃木康之(页面不存在)">铃木康之</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="高桥太郎(页面不存在)">高桥太郎</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%83%E6%9C%A8%E6%B3%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="铃木泰(页面不存在)">铃木泰</a>等人认为,连体修饰语赋予“表现事物的句子成分”以特征,是一种规定“该事物是什么样的事物”的句子成分,因而把连体修饰语称作“<b>规定语</b>”(或者“<b>连体规定语</b>”)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="接续语"><span id=".E6.8E.A5.E7.BB.AD.E8.AF.AD"></span>接续语</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=24" title="编辑章节:接续语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>像「<span lang="ja">疲れたので、動けない。</span>」、「<span lang="ja">買いたいが、金がない。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中的「<span lang="ja">疲れたので</span>」、「<span lang="ja">買いたいが</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>那样,和后续部分有逻辑关系的语。此外,像「<span lang="ja">今日は晴れた。だから、ピクニックに行こう。</span>」、「<span lang="ja">君は若い。なのに、なぜ絶望するのか。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中的「<span lang="ja">だから</span>」、「<span lang="ja">なのに</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>那样连接前文和後文的成分也属于接续语。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="词类">词类</a>中,总是用作接续语的词的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="词性">词性</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E7%BB%AD%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="接续词">接续词</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="独立语"><span id=".E7.8B.AC.E7.AB.8B.E8.AF.AD"></span>独立语</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=25" title="编辑章节:独立语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>独立语像「<span lang="ja">はい、分かりました。</span>」、「<span lang="ja">お兄さん、どこへ行くの。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中的「<span lang="ja">はい</span>」、「<span lang="ja">お兄さん</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>那样,并不和其他成分相联,也不被其他成分相联。从是否和其他词相联这一定义来看,独立语几乎都是一些表示感动、发动号召、应答、提示的语言。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="词类">词类</a>中,总是用作独立语的词的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="词性">词性</a>为<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="感叹词">感叹词</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="并列语"><span id=".E5.B9.B6.E5.88.97.E8.AF.AD"></span>并列语</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=26" title="编辑章节:并列语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在「<span lang="ja">ミカンとリンゴを買う。</span>」、「<span lang="ja">北海道の冬は冷たくて厳しい。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中,「<span lang="ja">ミカンとリンゴを</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和「<span lang="ja">冷たくて厳しい。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>均是由两个互相并列的成分构成。作为一个整体,「<span lang="ja">ミカンとリンゴを</span>」相当于连用修饰部,「<span lang="ja">冷たくて厳しい。</span>」相当于谓部。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="宾语和补语"><span id=".E5.AE.BE.E8.AF.AD.E5.92.8C.E8.A1.A5.E8.AF.AD"></span>宾语和补语</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=27" title="编辑章节:宾语和补语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>现在通行的学校语法中并无相当于英语语法中“宾语”、“补语”的概念。英语语法把“I read a book.”中的“a book”看作宾语,为主谓宾结构的一部分;此外,“I go to the library.”中的“the library”则是看作和<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E7%BD%AE%E8%A9%9E" title="前置詞">前置词</a>一并加入的修饰语。与之相对,日语则是像 </p> <ul><li><span lang="ja">私は本を読む。</span>(我读书。)</li> <li><span lang="ja">私は図書館へ行く。</span>(我去图书馆。)</li></ul> <p>这样,不论是「<span lang="ja">本を</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>还是「<span lang="ja">図書館へ</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,都是“名词+格助词”的结构,没区别,因而都被视作“连用修饰语”这个句子成分。按照学校语法,「<span lang="ja">私は本を読む。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>不用“主语+宾语+动词”(SOV)句型解释,而用“主语+修饰语+谓语”来解释。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="对象语(补语)"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E8.B1.A1.E8.AF.AD.EF.BC.88.E8.A1.A5.E8.AF.AD.EF.BC.89"></span>对象语(补语)</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=28" title="编辑章节:对象语(补语)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%83%E6%9C%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%B9%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="铃木重幸(页面不存在)">铃木重幸</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%83%E6%9C%A8%E5%BA%B7%E4%B9%8B&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="铃木康之(页面不存在)">铃木康之</a>等人认为,“连用修饰语”中属于“宾语”的语,是说明谓语所要描述的动作和状态所不可或缺的“对象语”(Object)<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。承认它属于句子的基本成分。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%98%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%AA%E9%83%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="高桥太郎(页面不存在)">高桥太郎</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%93%83%E6%9C%A8%E6%B3%B0&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="铃木泰(页面不存在)">铃木泰</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%A4%E7%9C%9F%E7%94%B1%E7%BE%8E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="工藤真由美(页面不存在)">工藤真由美</a>等则是把相当于“对象语”的成分称作“补语”,认为它对于主语和谓语所描写的事情起到补充说明的效果。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="状况语"><span id=".E7.8A.B6.E5.86.B5.E8.AF.AD"></span>状况语</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=29" title="编辑章节:状况语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>像「<span lang="ja">明日、町で祭がある。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>「<span lang="ja">雨だから、傘を持とう。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中的「<span lang="ja">明日</span>」、「<span lang="ja">町で</span>」、「<span lang="ja">雨だから</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>那样,叙述事件发生的时间、场所、原因、目的的句子成分叫做“状况语”<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。在学校语法中属于“连用修饰语”,但是,“(连用)修饰语”表达的是谓语的内部属性,而“状况语”表达的是外部状况,起的是锦上添花的作用。汉语有“<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%80%E8%AA%9E" title="狀語">状语</a>”的概念<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,但是内涵和外延与日语的“状况语”不完全一致,日语的“修饰语”在汉语里也是“状语”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="修饰语的特征"><span id=".E4.BF.AE.E9.A5.B0.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E7.89.B9.E5.BE.81"></span>修饰语的特征</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=30" title="编辑章节:修饰语的特征"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日语的修饰语总在被修饰语的前面。「<span lang="ja">ぐんぐん進む</span>」、「<span lang="ja">白い雲</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>中的「<span lang="ja">ぐんぐん</span>」、「<span lang="ja">白い</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>分别是「<span lang="ja">進む</span>」、「<span lang="ja">雲</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>的修饰语。日语的修饰语可以变得很长,不过还是前置,例如: </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;"><span lang="ja">ゆく秋の大和の国の薬師寺の塔の上なるひとひらの雲</span><br />(硬译以展现日语句子结构:到了秋天的大和国的药师寺塔上的一片雲)<br /><cite style="display: block; text-align: right;"> —&#8202;佐佐木信纲</cite></div></blockquote> <p>这一<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%AD%8C" title="短歌">短歌</a>中,从句子开头到「<span lang="ja">雲</span>」之前的一大串内容都是「<span lang="ja">雲</span>」的修饰语。 </p><p>在法律条文和译文中,常常出现主语和谓语之间夹着一个长长的修饰语,让人很难一下子看清文意。例如,《<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="日本国宪法">日本国宪法</a>》(原文為<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8A%E5%AD%97%E9%AB%94" title="舊字體">舊字</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3" title="歷史假名遣">舊假名</a>,此處保留原表記)中有這樣一節: </p> <ul><li>日語原文:<span lang="ja"><b>日本國民</b>は、<i>正義と秩序を基調とする國際平和</i>を誠實に希求し、<span style="color:blue">國權の發動たる戰爭</span>と、<span style="color:red">武力による威嚇又は武力の行使</span>は、<span style="color:green">國際紛爭を解決する手段</span><u>として</u>は、永久にこれを<b>放棄する</b>。</span></li> <li>中文翻譯:<b>日本国民</b>衷心谋求<i>基于正义与秩序的国际和平</i>,永远<b>放弃</b>以<span style="color:blue">国权发动的战争</span>、<span style="color:red">武力威胁或武力行使</span><u>作为</u><span style="color:green">解决国际争端的手段</span>。</li> <li>英文翻译:<span lang="en">Aspiring sincerely to <i>an international peace based on justice and order</i>, the <b>Japanese people</b> forever <b>renounce</b> <span style="color:blue">war as a sovereign right of the nation</span> and <span style="color:red">the threat or use of force</span> <u>as</u> <span style="color:green">means of settling international disputes</span>.</span></li></ul> <p align="right">──《日本国宪法》第九条第1款</p> <p>在作为主语(题目)的「<span lang="ja">日本國民</span>」和谓语「<span lang="ja">放棄する</span>」之间,隔了好长的一个修饰语;如果不是读惯这种句子的人,可能一下子读不清楚。这与英语the Japanese people后面马上接renounce正好形成对照。 </p><p>不过,修饰语後置的英语也有时候会出现修饰语弄得句子很难懂的例子,西方人称作<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%92%E5%BE%91%E5%8F%A5%E5%9E%8B" title="園徑句型">園徑句型</a>(英語:<span lang="en">garden path sentence</span>;<span lang="ja">袋小路文</span><sup id="cite_ref-HigherEduPress2_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HigherEduPress2-121"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>): </p> <ul><li>英文:<span lang="en">The <b>horse</b> <span style="color:red">raced past</span> the <span style="color:blue">barn</span> <span style="color:green">fell</span>.</span></li> <li>日译:<span lang="ja"><span style="color:blue">納屋のそば</span>を<span style="color:red">走らされた</span><b>馬が</b><span style="color:green">倒れた</span>。</span></li> <li>中译:<span style="color:red">跑过</span><span style="color:blue">牲口棚</span>的<b>马</b><span style="color:green">倒了下去</span>。(更好的翻译:马跑过牲口棚,便倒了下去。)</li></ul> <p>这个日语句子中和「馬」相联的连体修饰语「<span lang="ja">納屋のそばを走らされた</span>」在「馬」之前,因此不容易误解,但是英语里修饰「<span lang="en">The horse</span>」的「<span lang="en">raced past the barn</span>」在「<span lang="en">The horse</span>」後面,这导致误解──英文版也可以读作“马跑过了倒塌的牲口棚。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="词类"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E7.B1.BB"></span>词类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=31" title="编辑章节:词类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:JapanesePartsOfSpeech.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/JapanesePartsOfSpeech.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="555" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="235" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>学校语法的词类<br /><small>原图刊载于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E6%9C%AC%E9%80%B2%E5%90%89" title="橋本進吉">桥本进吉</a>的《国语法要说》(<span lang="ja">橋本進吉「国語法要説」</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-F_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。本图和现在的国语教科书中都对其加以修正。</small></figcaption></figure> <p>把單詞按其意義、型態或職能加以分類所得的種別叫做<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E9%A1%9E" title="詞類">詞類</a>(<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">品詞</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">ひんし</span></span><sup></sup>)。诸如“形容词”、“名词”这样的“词类”概念,和上述“句子成分”的概念是不同的。例如名词「<span lang="ja">犬</span>」,作为句子成分时,可以做主语也可以做修饰语,像「<span lang="ja">犬だ</span>」这样后接<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞">助动词</a>「<span lang="ja">だ</span>」的时候则是做谓语。动词、形容词、形容动词<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>都是既可做修饰语也可做谓语。副词多用作连用修饰语,连体词专用于连体修饰语,连词(接续词)专用于接续语,叹词专用于独立语;但并非某种特定的词类一定对应某种特定的句子成分。 </p><p>对于究竟是什么决定每种词类所具有的特征这个问题,有着许许多多的回答。通常,表示事物的词语是名词、表示动作的词语是动词、表示性状的词语是形容词;但是也有不少例外,因而这不能作为定义使用。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%8B%E6%9C%AC%E9%80%B2%E5%90%89" title="橋本進吉">橋本進吉</a>在划分词类的时候,完全不考虑词语所表示的意思,而是主要通过词语语法形式上的区别来划分的<sup id="cite_ref-F_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-F-122"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。桥本的这种做法对初学者也很容易理解,因而<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="学校语法(页面不存在)">学校语法</a>也是基于桥本语法的。 </p><p>在给<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="單字">词语</a>分类时,学校语法把「<span lang="ja">太陽</span>」、「<span lang="ja">輝く</span>」、「<span lang="ja">赤い</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ぎらぎら</span>」之类自身可做<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="文节">文节</a>的词语称作“<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="詞性">自立语</a></b>”(<span lang="ja">詞</span>),把「<span lang="ja">ようだ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">です</span>」、「<span lang="ja">が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">を</span>」之类无法单独做文节的、必须依附于自立语使用的词语称作“<b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%9E%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="詞性">附属语</a></b>”(<span lang="ja">辞</span>)。此外,由于日语是在自立语之後依次添入<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E7%BC%80" class="mw-redirect" title="词缀">词缀</a>和附属语来起到对应的语法作用的,因而日语在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%AD%A6" title="语言类型学">语言类型学</a>上属于<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E7%9D%80%E8%AF%AD" title="黏着语">黏着语</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="自立语"><span id=".E8.87.AA.E7.AB.8B.E8.AF.AD"></span>自立语</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=32" title="编辑章节:自立语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自立语可分为有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)" title="活用 (日語)">活用</a>的自立语和无活用的自立语。 </p><p>在无活用的自立语中,能做主语的称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名词</a></b>。在名词中,有人把<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="代名詞">代名词</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E8%A9%9E" title="數詞">数词</a>单独分类。另一方面,不能做主语、能单独做连用修饰语的称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞">副词</a></b>,能做连体修饰语的称作<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9E%E4%BD%93%E8%AF%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="连体词(页面不存在)">连体词</a></b>,能做接续语的称为<b><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="連詞">連詞</a></b>(接續詞),只能做独立语的称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E5%8F%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="感叹词">感叹词</a></b>。对于副词、连体词是否应该各自作为一种词类,还有争议,有人将其更加细分<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,也有人将其和其它词类合并<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在有活用的自立语中,将有命令形的称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="动词">动词</a></b>,没有命令形、连体形以「<span lang="ja">い</span>」结尾的称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="形容词">形容词</a></b>(有的书籍称作「<span lang="ja">イ形容詞</span>」、“第1类形容词”),没有命令形、连体形以「<span lang="ja">な</span>」结尾的称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="形容动词">形容动词</a></b>(有的书籍称作「<span lang="ja">ナ形容詞</span>」、“第2类形容词”)。对于形容动词是否单独是一个词类,也有<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%9E%9D%E8%AF%9A%E8%AE%B0" title="时枝诚记">時枝誠記</a><sup id="cite_ref-B_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B-126"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%B9%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="鈴木重幸(页面不存在)">鈴木重幸</a>等学者持否定意见。 </p><p>此外,在日语中,“名词”和“体言”这两个词往往混用。日本自古以来,在给词语分类的时候,往往就把没有活用(词形从不变化)的词称作“体言”,把有活用(词形有变化)的词称作“用言”<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>,把助词、助动词之类的称作「<span lang="ja">てにをは</span>」<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。现在的学校文法中,“用言”指有活用的自立语(动词、形容词、形容动词),“体言”指无活用自立语中的名词(以及代名词、数词)。也就是说,“体言”和“名词”可以说指的是同一事物,但是在强调它是没有活用的时候称其为“体言”,强调它在句子成分中能充当主语的情况下称作“名词”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="體言"><span id=".E9.AB.94.E8.A8.80"></span>體言</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=33" title="编辑章节:體言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>名詞、代詞和數詞總稱體言,可以做句子的主語、補語、賓語、也可以和斷定助動詞結合起來作謂語,沒有語尾變化。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" title="名詞">名詞</a>(<span lang="ja">名詞</span>):表示事物名稱的單詞。如:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">日本</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">にほん / にっぽん</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">nihon / nippon</span></sup>(日本)、<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">人間</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">にんげん</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">ningen</span></sup>(人)。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E" title="代詞">代詞</a>(<span lang="ja">代名詞</span>):代指人或者事物的單詞。如:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">私</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">わたし</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">watashi</span></sup>(我)、<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">此処</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">ここ</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">koko</span></sup>(这里)等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E8%A9%9E" title="數詞">數詞</a>(<span lang="ja">数詞</span>):數目的稱呼叫做數詞。如:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">一つ</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">ひとつ</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">hitot<i>s</i>u</span></sup>(一个)、<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">第二</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">だいに</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">daini</span></sup>(第二)等。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="用言"><span id=".E7.94.A8.E8.A8.80"></span>用言</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=34" title="编辑章节:用言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>動詞、形容詞和形容動詞總稱用言。用言可以獨立作謂語,也可以獨立作定語(連體修飾語)或狀語(連用修飾語),不過根據後面所接續的助詞,必須改變語尾,即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)" title="活用 (日語)">活用</a>。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="動詞">動詞</a>(<span lang="ja">動詞</span>):表示事物的存在、動作或臨時狀態。如:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">洗う</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">あらう</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">arau</span></sup>(洗)、<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">受ける</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">うける</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">ukeru</span></sup>(接受)等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E8%AF%8D" title="形容词">形容詞</a>(<span lang="ja">形容詞</span>):說明體言的性質或固定狀態。如:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">広い</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">ひろい</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">hiroi</span></sup>(宽敞的)等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%AE%B9%E5%8A%A8%E8%AF%8D" title="形容动词">形容動詞</a>(<span lang="ja">形容動詞</span>):功用與形容詞相近、功能介于动词和形容词之间,但是語尾變化與形容詞和动词不同,是後來從名詞(尤其是漢語名詞)和日語固有的詞根派生而來。如:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">静か</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">しずか</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">shizuka</span></sup>(安静)、<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">純潔</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">じゅんけつ</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">junket<i>s</i>u</span></sup>(纯洁)等。词典学、语法学界也有观点认为形容动词根本不存在,持这一观点的人认为形容动词只不过是名词的一种接续方式而已。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="其他词类"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.AF.8D.E7.B1.BB"></span>其他词类</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=35" title="编辑章节:其他词类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%A3%E9%AB%94%E8%A9%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="連體詞(页面不存在)">連體詞</a>(<span lang="ja">連体詞</span>):只能加在體言前作修飾、如:<span lang="ja">この</span>(這個)、<span lang="ja">その</span>、<span lang="ja">あの</span>(那個)。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E8%A9%9E" title="副詞">副詞</a>(<span lang="ja">副詞</span>):修飾用言的狀態、程度,形容詞與形容動詞經由語尾變化可以變成副詞,如:<span lang="ja">少し</span>(稍微)、<span lang="ja">とても</span>(很、非常)等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9E%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="连词">连词</a>(<span lang="ja">接続詞</span>):用于连接词和词、成分和成分、句子和句子的词。在句與句之中作為承先啟後的作用,用于表达前后两者关系,本身没有活用。如:<span lang="ja">そして</span>(然後;所以)、<span lang="ja">更に/さらに</span>(而且)。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B9%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="叹词">叹词</a>(<span lang="ja">感動詞</span>):表示发话者的感叹、互换或应答。叹词本身无实在的词汇意义,也无词尾变化,可以独立构成句子。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="附属语"><span id=".E9.99.84.E5.B1.9E.E8.AF.AD"></span>附属语</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=36" title="编辑章节:附属语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>附属语同样分为没有活用的和有活用的。 </p><p>没有活用的附属语称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="助词">助词</a></b>。「<span lang="ja">香菜ちゃん<b>が</b>微笑んだ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">買っ<b>て</b>くる</span>」、「<span lang="ja">やる<b>しか</b>ない</span>」、「<span lang="ja">分かった<b>か</b></span>」中的粗体部分皆为助词。助词可分为:表示名词和谓语之间格关系的<b>格助词</b>(参照<a href="#名词的格">名词的格</a>一节),表示活用语和其后接续部分的关系的<b>接续助词</b>,在词语后添加程度、限定等意义并修饰后续用言的<b>副助词</b>,在句末表达疑问、咏叹、感动、禁止等语气和意图的<b>终助词</b>。鈴木重幸、高橋太郎、鈴木康之等人不把助词当作单独的词汇,而是称之为附属辞(“添头”),看作是构成词汇的一部分<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>或词尾<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p>有活用的附属语称作<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞">助动词</a></b>。「<span lang="ja">気を引か<b>れる</b></span>」、「<span lang="ja">私は泣か<b>ない</b></span>」、「<span lang="ja">花が笑っ<b>た</b></span>」、「<span lang="ja">さあ、出かけ<b>よう</b></span>」、「<span lang="ja">今日は来ない<b>そうだ</b></span>」、「<span lang="ja">もうすぐ春<b>です</b></span>」中的粗体部分皆为助动词。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="助詞">助詞</a>(<span lang="ja">助詞</span>):日語最重要的詞類,決定在句中的地位、和其他單詞的關係、句子的時態,或是表示特殊的意義。現代日語有三十幾個助詞,大多是由一兩個音節組成,但是在最重要的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="日語助詞">格助词</a>中也存在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E6%A0%BC%E5%8A%A9%E8%AF%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="复合格助词(页面不存在)">复合格助词</a>,日語的一個句子就是由單詞後面附上助詞,依照大概的順序組合而成。如:<span lang="ja">は・が</span>(提示<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="主題 (語言學)">主题</a>、或分開主語和謂語)、<span lang="ja">を</span>(表動詞的受語)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞">助動詞</a>(<span lang="ja">助動詞</span>):同时具有助词和动词的性质、接續在動詞後面,給動詞增添特殊意義或是派生成被動、使役動詞,接續時前面的動詞語尾必須變化,而有些助動詞本身也會有語尾變化。如:<span lang="ja">られる</span>(代表被動)、<span lang="ja">ない</span>(代表否定)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="名词的格"><span id=".E5.90.8D.E8.AF.8D.E7.9A.84.E6.A0.BC"></span>名词的格</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=37" title="编辑章节:名词的格"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>名词和动词、形容词、形容动词,通过它们的形式变化表现出它们在句中担当的成分。 </p><p>对于名词,通过后置「<span lang="ja">が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">を</span>」、「<span lang="ja">に</span>」之类的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%8A%A9%E8%A9%9E" title="日語助詞">格助词</a>来表达它们和动词的关系(格关系)。由于日语不通过词序表达格关系,日语的词序是比较自由的。例如,“谢尔盖科长把地下空间A的钥匙给了罗伊德”,在日语中可写作: </p> <ul><li><span lang="ja">セルゲイ課長<b>が</b></span><sub>谢尔盖科长(主格)</sub><span lang="ja">ロイドさん<b>に</b></span><sub>罗伊德(与格)</sub><span lang="ja">ジオフロントAの鍵<b>を</b></span><sub>地下空间A的钥匙(宾格)</sub><span lang="ja">あげました</span><sub>给(动词)</sub>。</li> <li><span lang="ja">ロイドさん<b>に</b></span><sub>罗伊德(与格)</sub><span lang="ja">セルゲイ課長<b>が</b></span><sub>谢尔盖科长(主格)</sub><span lang="ja">ジオフロントAの鍵<b>を</b></span><sub>地下空间A的钥匙(宾格)</sub><span lang="ja">あげました</span><sub>给(动词)</sub>。</li> <li><span lang="ja">ジオフロントAの鍵<b>を</b></span><sub>地下空间A的钥匙(宾格)</sub><span lang="ja">セルゲイ課長<b>が</b></span><sub>谢尔盖科长(主格)</sub><span lang="ja">ロイドさん<b>に</b></span><sub>罗伊德(与格)</sub><span lang="ja">あげました</span><sub>给(动词)</sub>。</li></ul> <p>每句话所重点强调的词语不同,但是表示的句意是相同的,在日语中都是正确的句子。 </p><p>主要的格助词及其典型的用法如下,共有六格: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="vertical-align:top; white-space: nowrap;text-align:left">「<span lang="ja">が…</span>」 </th> <td style="vertical-align:top">表动作、作用的主体。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%A0%BC" title="主格">主格</a>。</td> <td>例:「<span lang="ja">空が青い</span>」、「<span lang="ja">犬がいる</span>」 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top; white-space: nowrap;text-align:left">「<span lang="ja">の…</span>」 </th> <td style="vertical-align:top">表连体修饰语。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E%E6%A0%BC" title="属格">属格</a>。</td> <td>例:「<span lang="ja">私の本</span>」、「<span lang="ja">理想の家庭</span>」 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top; white-space: nowrap;text-align:left">「<span lang="ja">を…</span>」 </th> <td style="vertical-align:top">表动作、作用的对象。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BE%E6%A0%BC" title="宾格">宾格</a>。</td> <td>例:「<span lang="ja">本を読む</span>」、「<span lang="ja">人を教える</span>」 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top; white-space: nowrap;text-align:left">「<span lang="ja">と…</span>」 </th> <td style="vertical-align:top">表共同进行动作、作用的人或物。共格。</td> <td>例:「<span lang="ja">友人と帰る</span>」、「<span lang="ja">車とぶつかる</span>」 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top; white-space: nowrap;text-align:left">「<span lang="ja">より…</span>」 </th> <td style="vertical-align:top">表动作、作用的起点或比较的对象。與格。</td> <td>例:「<span lang="ja">旅先より戻る</span>」、「<span lang="ja">花より美しい</span>」 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:top; white-space: nowrap;text-align:left">「<span lang="ja">で…</span>」 </th> <td style="vertical-align:top">表动作、作用所进行的场所。<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E4%BD%8D%E6%A0%BC" title="方位格">方位格</a>。</td> <td>例:「<span lang="ja">川で洗濯する</span>」、「<span lang="ja">風呂で寝る</span>」 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>如上所示,格助词中除了「<span lang="ja">の</span>」只用于连体修饰,表名词和名词之间的关系之外,其他格助词表的都是修饰谓语的名词和谓语之间的关系。此外,上表展示的不过是最典型的用法,也有不少用法在上表之外,例如:不表示主语的「<span lang="ja">が</span>」<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、不表示宾语的「<span lang="ja">を</span>」<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、不表示动作对象的「<span lang="ja">に</span>」<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>、小句中表主体的「<span lang="ja">の</span>」<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>註 27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></span>。 </p><p>格助词中的「<span lang="ja">が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">を</span>」、「<span lang="ja">に</span>」在口语中往往会脱落。此时若无上下文的提示,就将语句最开始的部分视作「<span lang="ja">が</span>」。将「<span lang="ja">ノエル・シーカーをロイド・バニングスがもらってしまった。</span>」除去助词念作「<span lang="ja">ノエル・シーカー、ロイド・バニングスもらってしまった。</span>」时,由于「<span lang="ja">ノエル・シーカー</span>」可以被当作「<span lang="ja">が</span>」格看待,会造成误解。「<span lang="ja">チョコレートを私が食べてしまった。</span>」略作「<span lang="ja">チョコレート、私食べちゃった。</span>」则由于上下文的限制可避免误解。此外,「<span lang="ja">へ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">と</span>」、「<span lang="ja">から</span>」、「<span lang="ja">より</span>」、「<span lang="ja">で</span>」等格助词在口语中也不能省略。 </p><p>在题述结构的句子(参见「<a href="#句子的结构">句子的结构</a>」一节)中,替换特定的格助词为「<span lang="ja">は</span>」。例如「<span lang="ja">空が 青い。</span>」这个句子中,将「<span lang="ja">空</span>」作为题目就是「<span lang="ja">空は 青い。</span>」。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>无题目句</th> <th>有题目句 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">空<b>が</b>青い。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">空<b>は</b>青い。</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">本<b>を</b>読む。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">本<b>は</b>読む。</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">学校<b>に</b>行く。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">学校<b>は</b>行く。(学校<b>には</b>行く。)</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">駅<b>へ</b>向かう。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">駅<b>へは</b>向かう。</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">友人<b>と</b>帰る。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">友人<b>とは</b>帰る。</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">旅先<b>から</b>戻る。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">旅先<b>からは</b>戻る。</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">川<b>で</b>洗濯する。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">川<b>では</b>洗濯する。</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>不同的动词所需要支配的格的个数不同,例如动词「<span lang="ja">走る</span>」成句需要「<span lang="ja">が</span>」格,「<span lang="ja">馬が走る。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>就是一个完整的句子了。但「<span lang="ja">教える</span>」这个词如果只加上「<span lang="ja">が</span>」格,例如「<span lang="ja">兄が教えています。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>还不是个完整的句子;在加上「<span lang="ja">で</span>」格,变成「<span lang="ja">兄が小学校で教えています。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 29<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>就是完整句了。也就是说,「<span lang="ja">教える</span>」需要有「<span lang="ja">が</span>」格、「<span lang="ja">で</span>」格。 </p><p>但是,对于「<span lang="ja">教える</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 30<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>这个义项而言,「<span lang="ja">兄が弟に算数を教えています。</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 31<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>没有「<span lang="ja">で</span>」格也是一个完整句,这时「<span lang="ja">で</span>」格不是必需的。亦即「<span lang="ja">教える</span>」这个词取“任教”之意时需要「<span lang="ja">が</span>」格、「<span lang="ja">で</span>」格,取“教授”之意时需要「<span lang="ja">が</span>」格、「<span lang="ja">に</span>」格、「<span lang="ja">を</span>」格。像这样形成完整句子所必须的格,称之为“必须格”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="活用形及其种类"><span id=".E6.B4.BB.E7.94.A8.E5.BD.A2.E5.8F.8A.E5.85.B6.E7.A7.8D.E7.B1.BB"></span>活用形及其种类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=38" title="编辑章节:活用形及其种类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%8D" title="变位">变位</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)" title="活用 (日語)">活用 (日語)</a></div><p>  </p><p>日语中的名词伴随着格助词呈现出不同的格,与之相对,用言(动词、形容词、形容动词)和助动词则是通过词尾变化展现其在句中所担当的成分以及“<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E6%80%81" title="时态">时态</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%93_(%E8%AF%AD%E6%B3%95)" title="体 (语法)">体</a>”、“一句话是否已经说完”等信息。日语中的动词<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%8D" title="变位">变位</a>,中国编写的日语教材中通常遵循日语中的用语,称之为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)" title="活用 (日語)">活用</a>;而有动词变位的词语,称之为活用语。 </p><p>学校文法认为现代日语白话文中的活用语有6种活用形。以下举例展示动词、形容词、形容动词的活用形。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>活用形</th> <th>動詞</th> <th>形容詞</th> <th>形容動詞 </th></tr> <tr> <th>未然形 </th> <td><span lang="ja"><b>打た</b>ない<br /><b>打と</b>う</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>強かろ</b>う</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>勇敢だろ</b>う</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>連用形 </th> <td><span lang="ja"><b>打ち</b>ます<br /><b>打っ</b>た</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>強かっ</b>た<br /><b>強く</b>なる<br /><b>強う</b>ございます</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>勇敢だっ</b>た<br /><b>勇敢で</b>ある<br /><b>勇敢に</b>なる</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>終止形 </th> <td><span lang="ja"><b>打つ</b>。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>強い</b>。</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>勇敢だ</b>。</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>連体形 </th> <td><span lang="ja"><b>打つ</b>こと</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>強い</b>こと</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>勇敢な</b>こと</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>假定形 </th> <td><span lang="ja"><b>打て</b>ば</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>強けれ</b>ば</span></td> <td><span lang="ja"><b>勇敢なら</b>ば</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>命令形 </th> <td><span lang="ja"><b>打て</b>。</span></td> <td>○</td> <td>○ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="书写系统"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E5.86.99.E7.B3.BB.E7.BB.9F"></span>书写系统</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=39" title="编辑章节:书写系统"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg/220px-Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg/330px-Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg/440px-Nihongo_ichiran_01-converted.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>假名表:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>在頂部,<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>在中間和相等的羅馬化在底部</figcaption></figure> <div class="noprint" style="width: 10em; border: 1px solid #666; text-align: left; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: white; font-size:small; clear: both;"> <div style="text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #666;padding: .5em;"> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E_%E6%9B%B8.png" class="mw-file-description" title="日語書寫系統"><img alt="日語書寫系統" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E_%E6%9B%B8.png/100px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E_%E6%9B%B8.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E_%E6%9B%B8.png/150px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E_%E6%9B%B8.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E_%E6%9B%B8.png/200px-%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E_%E6%9B%B8.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><br /> <b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="日語書寫系統">日語書寫系統</a></b> </p> </div> <div style="padding: .5em;"> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">漢字</a></b> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)" title="假名 (文字)">假名</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a></li></ul> <p><b>使用</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%AF%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="振假名">振假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="送假名">送假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%9F%B3" title="五十音">五十音</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名">萬葉假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="變體假名">變體假名</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日语罗马字">羅馬字</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式罗马字</a>(音译;常用)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AD%E4%BB%A4%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="训令式罗马字">訓令式羅馬字</a>(ISO 3602 宽式)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日本式罗马字">日本式羅馬字</a>(转写;ISO 3602 严式)</li></ul> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="日語書寫系統">日語書寫系統</a></div> <p>现代日语的书写系统包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="日語假名">假名</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">汉字</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日语罗马字">罗马字</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="假名"><span id=".E5.81.87.E5.90.8D"></span>假名</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=40" title="编辑章节:假名"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>假名(<span lang="ja"><b>仮名</b></span><sup>kana</sup>)为日语的表音文字,主要有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8F%B6%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="万叶假名">万叶假名</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E4%BD%93%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="变体假名">变体假名</a>几种类型。万叶假名现已不再使用,但它是前两者的雏形。 </p><p>现代日语中<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>各有46个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a>,分别一一对应。除此之外还有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊音">浊音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="半浊音">半浊音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%97%E9%9F%B3" title="拗音">拗音</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%83%E9%9F%B3" title="促音">促音</a>等变化。 </p><p>平假名为汉字<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E4%B9%A6" title="草书">草书</a>的变形,片假名为汉字<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B7%E4%B9%A6" title="楷书">楷书</a>或汉字<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A8%E9%A6%96" title="部首">部首</a>的变形,一般情况下两者有各自的使用范围。 </p><p>下面是以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%9F%B3" title="五十音">五十音</a>顺排列的日语假名,其他的排列方式还有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%90%95%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="伊吕波">伊吕波</a>顺。每个单元格中,左边为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a>,右边为<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>,上方为其<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日语罗马字">罗马字</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式</a>)。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>a </th> <th>i </th> <th>u </th> <th>e </th> <th>o </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td>a<br /> <span lang="ja">あ ア</span> </td> <td>i<br /> <span lang="ja">い イ</span> </td> <td>u<br /> <span lang="ja">う ウ</span> </td> <td>e<br /> <span lang="ja">え エ</span> </td> <td>o<br /> <span lang="ja">お オ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>K </th> <td>ka<br /> <span lang="ja">か カ</span> </td> <td>ki<br /> <span lang="ja">き キ</span> </td> <td>ku<br /> <span lang="ja">く ク</span> </td> <td>ke<br /> <span lang="ja">け ケ</span> </td> <td>ko<br /> <span lang="ja">こ コ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>S </th> <td>sa<br /> <span lang="ja">さ サ</span> </td> <td>shi<br /> <span lang="ja">し シ</span> </td> <td>su<br /> <span lang="ja">す ス</span> </td> <td>se<br /> <span lang="ja">せ セ</span> </td> <td>so<br /> <span lang="ja">そ ソ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>T </th> <td>ta<br /> <span lang="ja">た タ</span> </td> <td>chi<br /> <span lang="ja">ち チ</span> </td> <td>tsu<br /> <span lang="ja">つ ツ</span> </td> <td>te<br /> <span lang="ja">て テ</span> </td> <td>to<br /> <span lang="ja">と ト</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>N </th> <td>na<br /> <span lang="ja">な ナ</span> </td> <td>ni<br /> <span lang="ja">に ニ</span> </td> <td>nu<br /> <span lang="ja">ぬ ヌ</span> </td> <td>ne<br /> <span lang="ja">ね ネ</span> </td> <td>no<br /> <span lang="ja">の ノ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>H </th> <td>ha<br /> <span lang="ja">は ハ</span> </td> <td>hi<br /> <span lang="ja">ひ ヒ</span> </td> <td>fu<br /> <span lang="ja">ふ フ</span> </td> <td>he<br /> <span lang="ja">へ ヘ</span> </td> <td>ho<br /> <span lang="ja">ほ ホ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>M </th> <td>ma<br /> <span lang="ja">ま マ</span> </td> <td>mi<br /> <span lang="ja">み ミ</span> </td> <td>mu<br /> <span lang="ja">む ム</span> </td> <td>me<br /> <span lang="ja">め メ</span> </td> <td>mo<br /> <span lang="ja">も モ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Y </th> <td>ya<br /> <span lang="ja">や ヤ</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>yu<br /> <span lang="ja">ゆ ユ</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>yo<br /> <span lang="ja">よ ヨ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>R </th> <td>ra<br /> <span lang="ja">ら ラ</span> </td> <td>ri<br /> <span lang="ja">り リ</span> </td> <td>ru<br /> <span lang="ja">る ル</span> </td> <td>re<br /> <span lang="ja">れ レ</span> </td> <td>ro<br /> <span lang="ja">ろ ロ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>W </th> <td>wa<br /> <span lang="ja">わ ワ</span> </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>wo(o)<br /> <span lang="ja">を ヲ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <td colspan="5"><center>n<br /> <span lang="ja">ん ン</span> </center></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>其中,yi、ye、wi(<span lang="ja">ゐ、ヰ</span>)、wu、we(<span lang="ja">ゑ、ヱ</span>)五个假名由于口语的变更已经不使用了。wo(<span lang="ja">を</span>)的发音和 o(<span lang="ja">お</span>)完全相同。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%81%E9%9F%B3" title="五十音">五十音</a>中的各假名,都可大致按照各假名对应的平文式罗马字发音;除了ra行不读作/r/反而更靠近/l/之外,应使用英语的拼写读音规律。然而具体的发音亦不完全相同,详见<a href="#音韻">音韻</a>一节。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="浊音和半濁音"><span id=".E6.B5.8A.E9.9F.B3.E5.92.8C.E5.8D.8A.E6.BF.81.E9.9F.B3"></span>浊音和半濁音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=41" title="编辑章节:浊音和半濁音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="浊音">浊音</a>主要是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%85%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="清音">清音</a>的右上角添加两点(゛、点々、濁点、或濁 <span lang="ja">ら</span>)表示、而ha行假名加上一个圆圈(゜、半濁点、或丸)表示<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E6%B5%8A%E9%9F%B3" title="半浊音">半濁音</a>。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>A </th> <th>I </th> <th>U </th> <th>E </th> <th>O </th></tr> <tr> <th>G </th> <td>ga<br /><span lang="ja">が ガ</span> </td> <td>gi<br /><span lang="ja">ぎ ギ</span> </td> <td>gu<br /><span lang="ja">ぐ グ</span> </td> <td>ge<br /><span lang="ja">げ ゲ</span> </td> <td>go<br /><span lang="ja">ご ゴ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Z </th> <td>za<br /><span lang="ja">ざ ザ</span> </td> <td>ji<br /><span lang="ja">じ ジ</span> </td> <td>zu<br /><span lang="ja">ず ズ</span> </td> <td>ze<br /><span lang="ja">ぜ ゼ</span> </td> <td>zo<br /><span lang="ja">ぞ ゾ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>D </th> <td>da<br /><span lang="ja">だ ダ</span> </td> <td>ji<br /><span lang="ja">ぢ ヂ</span> </td> <td>zu<br /><span lang="ja">づ ヅ</span> </td> <td>de<br /><span lang="ja">で デ</span> </td> <td>do<br /><span lang="ja">ど ド</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>B </th> <td>ba<br /><span lang="ja">ば バ</span> </td> <td>bi<br /><span lang="ja">び ビ</span> </td> <td>bu<br /><span lang="ja">ぶ ブ</span> </td> <td>be<br /><span lang="ja">べ ベ</span> </td> <td>bo<br /><span lang="ja">ぼ ボ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>P </th> <td>pa<br /><span lang="ja">ぱ パ</span> </td> <td>pi<br /><span lang="ja">ぴ ピ</span> </td> <td>pu<br /><span lang="ja">ぷ プ</span> </td> <td>pe<br /><span lang="ja">ぺ ペ</span> </td> <td>po<br /><span lang="ja">ぽ ポ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ng </th> <td>nga<br /><span lang="ja">か゚ カ゚</span> </td> <td>ngi<br /><span lang="ja">き゚ キ゚</span> </td> <td>ngu<br /><span lang="ja">く゚ ク゚</span> </td> <td>nge<br /><span lang="ja">け゚ ケ゚</span> </td> <td>ngo<br /><span lang="ja">こ゚ コ゚</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拗音"><span id=".E6.8B.97.E9.9F.B3"></span>拗音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=42" title="编辑章节:拗音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82553231"> <div> &#32; <table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"> <p>日语中使用i列假名加小写<span lang="ja">ゃ</span>、<span lang="ja">ゅ</span>、<span lang="ja">ょ</span>来表示<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E8%85%AD%E9%9F%B3" title="硬腭音">硬腭音</a>,称作<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%97%E9%9F%B3" title="拗音">拗音</a>(Youon)。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>ya </th> <th>yu </th> <th>yo </th></tr> <tr> <th>K </th> <td>kya<br /><span lang="ja">きゃ キャ</span> </td> <td>kyu<br /><span lang="ja">きゅ キュ</span> </td> <td>kyo<br /><span lang="ja">きょ キョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>S </th> <td>sha<br /><span lang="ja">しゃ シャ</span> </td> <td>shu<br /><span lang="ja">しゅ シュ</span> </td> <td>sho<br /><span lang="ja">しょ ショ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>T </th> <td>cha<br /><span lang="ja">ちゃ チャ</span> </td> <td>chu<br /><span lang="ja">ちゅ チュ</span> </td> <td>cho<br /><span lang="ja">ちょ チョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>N </th> <td>nya<br /><span lang="ja">にゃ ニャ</span> </td> <td>nyu<br /><span lang="ja">にゅ ニュ</span> </td> <td>nyo<br /><span lang="ja">にょ ニョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>H </th> <td>hya<br /><span lang="ja">ひゃ ヒャ</span> </td> <td>hyu<br /><span lang="ja">ひゅ ヒュ</span> </td> <td>hyo<br /><span lang="ja">ひょ ヒョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>M </th> <td>mya<br /><span lang="ja">みゃ ミャ</span> </td> <td>myu<br /><span lang="ja">みゅ ミュ</span> </td> <td>myo<br /><span lang="ja">みょ ミョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>R </th> <td>rya<br /><span lang="ja">りゃ リャ</span> </td> <td>ryu<br /><span lang="ja">りゅ リュ</span> </td> <td>ryo<br /><span lang="ja">りょ リョ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>ya </th> <th>yu </th> <th>yo </th></tr> <tr> <th>G </th> <td>gya<br /><span lang="ja">ぎゃ ギャ</span> </td> <td>gyu<br /><span lang="ja">ぎゅ ギュ</span> </td> <td>gyo<br /><span lang="ja">ぎょ ギョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>J </th> <td>ja<br /><span lang="ja">じゃ ジャ</span> </td> <td>ju<br /><span lang="ja">じゅ ジュ</span> </td> <td>jo<br /><span lang="ja">じょ ジョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>B </th> <td>bya<br /><span lang="ja">びゃ ビャ</span> </td> <td>byu<br /><span lang="ja">びゅ ビュ</span> </td> <td>byo<br /><span lang="ja">びょ ビョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>P </th> <td>pya<br /><span lang="ja">ぴゃ ピャ</span> </td> <td>pyu<br /><span lang="ja">ぴゅ ピュ</span> </td> <td>pyo<br /><span lang="ja">ぴょ ピョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ng </th> <td>ngya<br /><span lang="ja">き゚ゃ キ゚ャ</span> </td> <td>ngyu<br /><span lang="ja">き゚ゅ キ゚ュ</span> </td> <td>ngyo<br /><span lang="ja">き゚ょ キ゚ョ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>&#32; </p> </td> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left;vertical-align: top;"> <p>除此之外,在片假名中,还可以使用其他列的假名加小写 <span lang="ja">ァ</span>、<span lang="ja">ィ</span>、<span lang="ja">ゥ</span>、<span lang="ja">ェ</span>、<span lang="ja">ォ</span>、<span lang="ja">ヮ</span>来表达外国文字读音。 </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>a </th> <th>i </th> <th>u </th> <th>e </th> <th>o </th></tr> <tr> <th>Y </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>ye<br /> <span lang="ja">イェ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>W </th> <td> </td> <td>wi<br /> <span lang="ja">ウィ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>we<br /> <span lang="ja">ウェ</span> </td> <td>wo<br /> <span lang="ja">ウォ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>V </th> <td>va<br /> <span lang="ja">ヴァ</span> </td> <td>vi<br /> <span lang="ja">ヴィ</span> </td> <td>vu<br /> <span lang="ja">ヴ</span> </td> <td>ve<br /> <span lang="ja">ヴェ</span> </td> <td>vo<br /> <span lang="ja">ヴォ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>S </th> <td> </td> <td>si<br /> <span lang="ja">スィ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Z </th> <td> </td> <td>zi<br /> <span lang="ja">ズィ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sh </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>she<br /> <span lang="ja">シェ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>J </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>je<br /> <span lang="ja">ジェ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ch </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>che<br /> <span lang="ja">チェ</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>T </th> <td> </td> <td>ti<br /> <span lang="ja">ティ</span> </td> <td>tu<br /> <span lang="ja">トゥ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>D </th> <td> </td> <td>di<br /> <span lang="ja">ディ</span> </td> <td>du<br /> <span lang="ja">ドゥ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ts </th> <td>tsa<br /> <span lang="ja">ツァ</span> </td> <td>tsi<br /> <span lang="ja">ツィ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>tse<br /> <span lang="ja">ツェ</span> </td> <td>tso<br /> <span lang="ja">ツォ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>F </th> <td>fa<br /> <span lang="ja">ファ</span> </td> <td>fi<br /> <span lang="ja">フィ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>fe<br /> <span lang="ja">フェ</span> </td> <td>fo<br /> <span lang="ja">フォ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Sy </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>syu<br /> <span lang="ja">スュ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Zy </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>zyu<br /> <span lang="ja">ズュ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Ty </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>tyu<br /> <span lang="ja">テュ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dy </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>dyu<br /> <span lang="ja">デュ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Fy </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>fyu<br /> <span lang="ja">フュ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>fyo<br /> <span lang="ja">フョ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vy </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>vyu<br /> <span lang="ja">ヴュ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Kw </th> <td>kwa<br /> <span lang="ja">クヮ</span> </td> <td>kwi<br /> <span lang="ja">クィ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>kwe<br /> <span lang="ja">クェ</span> </td> <td>kwo<br /> <span lang="ja">クォ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Gw </th> <td>gwa<br /> <span lang="ja">グヮ</span> </td> <td>gwi<br /> <span lang="ja">グィ</span> </td> <td> </td> <td>gwe<br /> <span lang="ja">グェ</span> </td> <td>gwo<br /> <span lang="ja">グォ</span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>注:以前“v”音也曾经在 <span lang="ja">わ行</span>的片假名上加浊点来表示:<span lang="ja">ヷ</span> = va,<span lang="ja">ヸ</span> = vi,<span lang="ja">ヹ</span> = ve,<span lang="ja">ヺ</span> = vo,但这种写法现在已经被废止。 &#32; </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="促音"><span id=".E4.BF.83.E9.9F.B3"></span>促音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=43" title="编辑章节:促音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>使用小体书写的平假名“<span lang="ja">っ</span>”或片假名“<span lang="ja">ッ</span>”表示音节突然中断,前一拍的末尾添加後一拍開頭的輔音,形成一个促音。促音是一个单独的音节,在念的时候虽然不发音,但是要停顿。 </p><p>促音通常是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="中古汉语">中古汉语</a>入声字的殘留、在羅馬字中則以重複下一字之子音(若無子音、使用h)為表記。例:<br /> “日本”=“日”+“本”;“日”=“<span lang="ja">にち</span>”(nichi)、“本”=“<span lang="ja">ほん</span>”(hon)。<br /> 当把“日”和“本”放在一起念的时候,“日”的后半个音节“<span lang="ja">ち</span>”(chi)变为促音。由於過去的日語有過<a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E8%A1%8C%E8%BD%89%E5%91%BC" title="ハ行轉呼">p變h的變化</a>,所以“本”的发生半浊音变化,念为“p”。所以“日本”的日文念法由“<span lang="ja">にちほん</span>”(Nichi-hon)缩简为“<span lang="ja">にっぽん</span>”(Nippon唸Ni.p-po.n)。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="长音"><span id=".E9.95.BF.E9.9F.B3"></span>长音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=44" title="编辑章节:长音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日语中有长音,即该假名的母音被拉长为2<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%8D_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="拍 (日语)">拍</a>。 </p><p>使用平假名时,当跟在后面的字母与前一个字母属于同一段时,前面的字母的元音就会变成长音,如<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">お婆さん</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">お<b>ば<u>あ</u></b>さん</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">obaasan</span></sup>(奶奶/姥姥)。另外,「え」段字母的後面的「い」及「お」段字母的后面「う」也用来表明长音,但组合发音应为「ē」、「ō」,而不是「ei」、「ou」。例如<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">警察</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja"><b>け<u>い</u></b>さつ</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">keisatsu</span></sup>(警察)、<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">少年</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja"><b>しょ<u>う</u></b>ねん</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">shounen</span></sup>(少年),ke與sho的元音都要拉長为2拍。 </p><p>使用片假名时,长音大多使用“<span lang="ja">ー</span>”来表示(直書時必須直寫)。例如:<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">拉麺</span></span><small>/</small><span title="片假名表記"><span lang="ja"><b>ラ<u>ー</u></b>メン</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">raamen</span></sup>(拉面) </p><p>轉寫羅馬字時,長音可以写作假名对应的字母或<u>直接加上字母h(多用于地名或姓氏)</u>,亦或在长元音上加上一个长音符(短横)或扬抑符(尖头)来表示。所以 <span lang="ja"><u>けい</u>さつ</span> = <span lang="en">keisatsu / kehsatsu / kēsatsu / kêsatsu</span>、<span lang="ja"><u>しょう</u>ねん</span> = <span lang="en">shounen / shohnen / shōnen / shônen</span>。另外,汉字词中的带 -ng 鼻音韵尾的词,在转为日语词时也多转为长音出现,如 <span lang="ja">け<b>い</b>さつ (警察)</span>。 </p><p>要说明的是,日本的一些专用名称,比如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E4%BA%AC" title="东京">东京</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%98%AA%E5%B8%82" title="大阪市">大阪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD" title="京都">京都</a>,由于它们的名字在英文裏已经用了很长时间,所以它们的<b>罗马字</b>的长音一般不特别表示;要表示也只会在字母上方加一个长音符或扬抑符,如,在写罗马字时,<span lang="ja"><u>とう</u><u>きょう</u> (東京)</span> = <span lang="en">Tokyo / Tōkyō / Tôkyô</span>,但不是 <span lang="en">Toukyou / Tohkyoh</span>。同样的道理,<span lang="ja"><u>おお</u>さか (大阪)</span> = <span lang="en">Osaka / Ōsaka / Ôsaka</span>,但不是 <span lang="en">Oosaka / Ohsaka</span>;<span lang="ja"><u>きょう</u>と (京都)</span> = <span lang="en">Kyoto / Kyōto / Kyôto</span>,但不是 <span lang="en">Kyouto / Kyohto</span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拨音"><span id=".E6.8B.A8.E9.9F.B3"></span>拨音</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=45" title="编辑章节:拨音"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%A8%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="拨音">拨音</a><span lang="ja">ん</span>、<span lang="ja">ン</span> (n) 不出现在词头,但要有一拍的发音长度。受其后面音节的影响,其读音也不同。 </p> <ul><li>在た行、だ行、ら行、な行的音节前发 /n/ 音,如<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">皆</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja"><b>み<u>ん</u></b>な</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">minna</span></sup>(各位)</li> <li>在ぱ行、ば行、ま行音节前发 /m/ 音,如<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">新聞</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja"><b>し<u>ん</u></b>ぶん</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">shinbun</span></sup>(报纸)</li> <li>在か行、が行音节前面发 /ŋ/ 音,如<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja">電気</span></span><small>/</small><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja"><b>で<u>ん</u></b>き</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">denki</span></sup>(电力/电灯)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="假名的演变"><span id=".E5.81.87.E5.90.8D.E7.9A.84.E6.BC.94.E5.8F.98"></span>假名的演变</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=46" title="编辑章节:假名的演变"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日本最早出现文字的文物大约是在公元1世纪、那时的日本学者使用汉字来给日语表音、称为“<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%AD%E8%AF%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="训读">训读</a>”。在这一基础上发展出<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8F%B6%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="万叶假名">万叶假名</a>──最早出现在日本最早的诗歌总集《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8F%B6%E9%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="万叶集">万叶集</a>》中。这种方式借用了汉语的表音功能而舍弃了其结构性,再加上汉语没有词形的活用和缺少<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞">助动词</a>,在公元9世纪先后创造以汉字正体为蓝本的片假名和以汉字草体为蓝本的平假名,将日本的文字彻底进化到<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歷史">表记文字的时代</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞彙"><span id=".E8.A9.9E.E5.BD.99"></span>詞彙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=47" title="编辑章节:詞彙"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="词汇的种类"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.B1.87.E7.9A.84.E7.A7.8D.E7.B1.BB"></span>词汇的种类</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=48" title="编辑章节:词汇的种类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日语的词汇可以分为四类: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox vcard plainlist" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #B0C4DE; border-bottom: 1px solid border-top:1px solid; table-layout:fixed;;">日語寫法</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">日語原文</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">和語</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="注音假名">假名</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">わご</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja-Latn" title="日语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Wago</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>固有词(<span lang="ja">和語</span>):<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="和族">和族</a>原来的词汇,主要是日常生活中的动词、形容词和具象的名词。</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox vcard plainlist" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #B0C4DE; border-bottom: 1px solid border-top:1px solid; table-layout:fixed;;">日語寫法</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">日語原文</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">漢語</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="注音假名">假名</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">かんご</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja-Latn" title="日语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Kango</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>汉字词(<span lang="ja">漢語</span>):自古吸收<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a>學習中華文化,并創造全新的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>词汇,当中包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E5%88%B6%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="和制汉语">和製汉语</a>。大部分与中文意思相同或相近。主要是抽象词汇和對應<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="西洋文化">西洋文化</a>的漢語造詞。</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><table class="infobox vcard plainlist" style="width:22em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #B0C4DE; border-bottom: 1px solid border-top:1px solid; table-layout:fixed;;">日語寫法</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">日語原文</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">外来語</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A8%E9%9F%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="注音假名">假名</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja">がいらいご</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%87%E5%BC%8F%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="平文式罗马字">平文式罗马字</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;"><span lang="ja-Latn" title="日语转写" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none">Gairaigo</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>外来语(<span lang="ja">外来語</span>):主要是來自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>,由於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>本身字庫豐厚,自古受其他歐洲語言影響而來源多元,因此<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>中歐語借詞,其實不少仍然跟<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>吻合。而各个语种在日语中词汇的侧重面不同。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="葡萄牙语">葡萄牙语</a>:主要是生活方面的词汇。參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的葡萄牙語借詞">日語中的葡萄牙語借詞</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷兰语">荷兰语</a>:主要是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="科学技术">科学技术</a>和日用品方面的词汇,还有<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7" title="航海">航海</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8F%E8%A1%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="度量衡">度量衡</a>方面的。參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的荷蘭語借詞">日語中的荷蘭語借詞</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AF%AD" title="法语">法语</a>:最初是<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="军队">军队</a>用语,以后多是<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8D%E9%A5%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="服饰">服饰</a>、饮食方面的,亦有<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="社會學">社會學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="語言學">語言學</a>等用語。參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的法語借詞">日語中的法語借詞</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a>:主要是学术方面的,特别是<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="医学">医学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>方面的。參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的德語借詞">日語中的德語借詞</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语">意大利语</a>:主要是<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="艺术">艺术</a>特别是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90" title="音乐">音乐</a>方面的词汇,多和英語雷同。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a>:词汇量不多,主要是与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="思想">思想</a>有关的。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>:佔外来语的绝大多数(80.8%,1990年)、包含的领域十分广泛、涉及到社会生活的方面。特别是近年来,来自英语的外来语呈爆炸性增长的趋势。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>:词汇量不多,除了地名,还有饮食、植物名和一些形容词。(注:此类词语多数使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>,很少使用汉字,区别于日语中的汉字词。)</li> <li>參見<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="日語中的其他語言借詞">日語中的其他語言借詞</a>。</li></ul></li> <li>混种语:以上三种的混合型,包括日本人生造的看似外来语的词汇(大部份是<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="和製英語">和製英語</a>),例如「<span lang="ja">コスプレ</span>」(<a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">cosplay</a>,是由costume(服裝)加上play(扮演)兩個英文單字組成)。除以上所說的情況外,混種語有另一個定義是將外來語音節簡化。例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>的convenience store(<span lang="ja">コンビニエンス・ストア</span>)會刪減為konbini(<span lang="ja">コンビニ</span>)、personal computer(<span lang="ja">パーソナル・コンピューター</span>)會刪減成pasokon(<span lang="ja">パソコン</span>)。這個现象是由於<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>較喜歡4個假名的字,<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">&#91;來源請求&#93;</span></a></sup>所以近年有很多字都被<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">日本人</a>改成4個<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">假名</a>,而這些字大都是日常生活的常用字。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="拟声和拟态词"><span id=".E6.8B.9F.E5.A3.B0.E5.92.8C.E6.8B.9F.E6.80.81.E8.AF.8D"></span>拟声和拟态词</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=49" title="编辑章节:拟声和拟态词"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%AC%E6%85%8B%E8%AA%9E%C2%B7%E6%93%AC%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="擬態語·擬聲語 (日語)">擬態語 · 擬聲語</a></div> <p>模拟外界的声音或以声音等形象地表达事物的形象和状态的词、称为拟声和拟态词。 </p><p>日语中拟声和拟态词的数量众多,描绘形象的分类十分细致,远远超过其他语言。拟声和拟态词不仅在口语中,而且在文学作品和广告语中的应用都十分广泛,使语言显得活泼生动。例如:<span lang="ja">ぴかぴか、ごわごわ、こそこそ、もじもじ、きらきら、すくすく</span>等都是拟态词。例如:<span lang="ja">どきどき、ぷっ、かかかか</span>~等都是擬聲詞。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="敬语"><span id=".E6.95.AC.E8.AF.AD"></span>敬语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=50" title="编辑章节:敬语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="日語敬語">日語敬語</a></div> <p>所謂敬語就是說話人對聽話人或話題中的人表示敬意的語言現象。說話人在社會關係中,對應該表示敬意的人就必須使用敬語。敬語的使用由以下三個主要因素來決定: </p> <ol><li>說話人的年齡或社會地位處於下方,要對上面的人表示敬意時使用敬語。</li> <li>初次見面時,說話人和聽話人的關係不親密時,要對聽話人表示敬意時用敬語。</li> <li>內、外關係也是在使用敬語時必須考慮的。</li></ol> <p>一些看法認為日語沒有任何作為<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%92%E8%A9%B1" title="髒話">髒話</a>的單詞,但這單純是一種迷思,所有的人類語言都有做為髒話的單詞和其他的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="禁語">禁語</a>,髒話普遍存在於所有的語言當中。<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>雖然因為日本社會傳統的階級概念與隨之而生的敬語系統,使得人們可透過敬語系統的使用來達成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AE%E8%BE%B1" title="侮辱">侮辱</a>的目的,但日語中一樣有一些單詞被視為髒話。詳情可見<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BE%AE%E8%BE%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="日語中的侮辱語言">日语中的侮辱语言</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="方言"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E8.A8.80"></span>方言</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=51" title="编辑章节:方言"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目:<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="日語方言">日語方言</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_dialects-ja.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_dialects-ja.png/500px-Japanese_dialects-ja.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="469" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_dialects-ja.png/750px-Japanese_dialects-ja.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Japanese_dialects-ja.png/1000px-Japanese_dialects-ja.png 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="1905" /></a><figcaption>日语方言(裏面<b>琉球方言</b>指的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a>,<b>本土方言</b>指的是日语)</figcaption></figure> <p>日語大致可分為东部方言、西部方言和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="九州方言">九州方言</a>、又可以进一步分为北海道方言、东北方言、关东方言、东海东山方言、八丈岛方言、北陆方言、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="近畿方言">近畿方言</a>(關西腔)、中国方言、云伯方言、四国方言、丰日方言、肥筑方言和萨隅方言等。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="琉球人">琉球人</a>使用的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a>,和日语的关系密切,在发音、词汇、文法等方面保留了许多古代日语的特色,但它是另一种和日语有亲属关系的语言。而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="沖繩">沖繩</a>流行一種混合了琉球語口音和詞彙的日語方言,即<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="沖繩日語">沖繩日語</a>。 </p><p>日本全国通用的语音叫做標準語(<span lang="ja">ひょうじゅんご</span>)或共通语(<span lang="ja">きょうつうご</span>)、它是以东京方言为基础的。 </p><p>由于教育和大众传媒的推广,日本的共通语普及程度很高,即使说不好的人也能听懂。虽然方言听起来很亲切,但大多数的日本人在與别人进行事务性交往的时候,或在比较正式的场合中,都使用共通语。外国人学日語時都是学共通语(東京方言)的。方言一般局限于家人或同乡人之间的谈话中。电视、电影和小说裡也不时会用上方言来达到娱乐效果,或是使人物形象更为生动。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="结构"><span id=".E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>结构</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=52" title="编辑章节:结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>,內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年5月17日</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="书写"><span id=".E4.B9.A6.E5.86.99"></span>书写</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=53" title="编辑章节:书写"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日语可以使用平假名、片假名或罗马字书写。有的词可以使用汉字书写,但是意义并不一定与汉语对应词相同。日语的片假名通常是用来书写外来语、又或是加強語氣時用的,有时也可作拟声词使用。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>汉字 </th> <th>平假名 </th> <th>片假名 </th> <th>罗马字 </th> <th>中译 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ja">私</span></td> <td><span lang="ja">わたし</span> </td> <td><span lang="ja">ワタシ</span></td> <td>watashi</td> <td>我 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>上例为日语中常見之自稱以几种不同的方法转写时的差别,中文意思相當於“我”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="句子的结构"><span id=".E5.8F.A5.E5.AD.90.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.93.E6.9E.84"></span>句子的结构</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=54" title="编辑章节:句子的结构"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>由于词的語法功能是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="助词">助词</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%93%81%E8%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="小品词">小品词</a>)来决定的,所以日语的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%BA%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="语序">语序</a>相当自由、只是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="谓语">谓语</a>必须放在最后。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="动词的时态"><span id=".E5.8A.A8.E8.AF.8D.E7.9A.84.E6.97.B6.E6.80.81"></span>动词的时态</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=55" title="编辑章节:动词的时态"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日语動詞的时态有“过去”、“现在/未來”兩种。 </p><p>日语的時態、是通過动词词尾的假名变化来实现的。通常日语的动词由两部分构成:<b>词幹</b>和<b>词尾</b>。词幹一般是汉字;而组成词尾的假名叫做<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%81%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="送假名">送假名</a>。例如「<span lang="ja">学ぶ</span>」、「<span lang="ja">学</span>」是词幹、「<span lang="ja">ぶ</span>」是词尾。有兩個特別的动词-「<span lang="ja">来る</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 32<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>和「<span lang="ja">する</span>」<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>譯 33<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup>,词幹和词尾是不能分开的。 </p><p>日语的动词都是以u音结尾的。按照时态变化的方式可以分为四类:五段动词(<span lang="ja">グループI</span>,第一組動詞)、一段动词(<span lang="ja">グループII</span>,第二組動詞)、<span lang="ja">カ</span>行变格动词(只有<span lang="ja">来る</span>一個)和<span lang="ja">サ</span>行变格动词(「<span lang="ja">する</span>」、「汉字词/外来词/拟声拟态词+<span lang="ja">する</span>」)(<span lang="ja">カ</span>行变格动词和<span lang="ja">サ</span>行变格动词合稱<span lang="ja">グループIII</span>,第3組動詞)。其中一段动词又可分为上一段动词和下一段动词。日语的动词除了兩種变格动词之外、时态变化都是规律的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="词语的活用"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E6.B4.BB.E7.94.A8"></span>词语的活用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=56" title="编辑章节:词语的活用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>日语中、能活用的词称为用言。动词、形容词、形容动词都是用言。它们都有时态的变化。和时态变化相类似、它们也是通过词尾的送假名变化来达到词类的活用。几乎所有用言的活用都是规律的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="辭典"><span id=".E8.BE.AD.E5.85.B8"></span>辭典</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=57" title="编辑章节:辭典"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>,內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年5月17日</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>在古時,為了閱讀漢文典籍,因此編寫了大量的詞典。估計<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>最早的詞典記錄,是天武11年(682年)的《新字》44卷(《日本書紀》),由於原書久佚,所以只知道書名是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>,詞典的內容不明。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="奈良時代">奈良時代</a>寫的《楊氏漢語抄》和《辨色立成》兩本詞典,都只有佚文留下,不過是有<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E8%AE%80" title="訓讀">訓讀</a>的漢和詞典。現存最古老的辭典是空海編寫的《篆隸萬象名義》(9世紀),不過,是模仿中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南朝</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%97%E6%9B%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="字書(页面不存在)">字書</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%89%E7%AF%87" title="玉篇">玉篇</a>的部首排列的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>詞典,沒有訓讀。10世紀初編寫的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%92%B0%E5%AD%97%E9%8F%A1" title="新撰字鏡">新撰字鏡</a>》是最古老而有傳本的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%92%8C%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="漢和詞典">漢和詞典</a>,在部首排列<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>之後,用<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名">萬葉假名</a>記下<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E8%AE%80" title="訓讀">訓讀</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="平安時代">平安時代</a>中期編寫的《和名類聚抄》,為根據意義分類的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>附上<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名">萬葉假名</a>,有強烈的漢和詞典百科詞典色彩。<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%A2%E6%94%BF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="院政時代">院政時代</a>有集過去的漢和詞典大成的《類聚名義抄》出版。根據漢字的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E8%AE%80" title="訓讀">訓讀</a>附上的聲調符號系統在院政時期大致確定。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鎌倉時代">鎌倉時代</a>編寫的百科詞典《二中歷》,詩歌創作用的實用韻書《平他字類抄》,語源詞典《塵袋》和《名語記》。到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="室町時代">室町時代</a>,讀寫開始普及至不同的階層,因此有漢詩韻書《聚分韻略》,漢和詞典《倭玉篇》,包含通俗語的日語詞典《下學集》及順序羅列日常語單詞的通俗百科詞典《節用集》等出版。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%9F%E6%A1%83%E5%B1%B1%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="安土桃山時代">安土桃山時代</a>末期,根據<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A9%8C%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="耶穌會">耶穌會</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%95%99%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="傳教士">傳教士</a>,有日語和<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E" title="葡萄牙語">葡萄牙語</a>的詞典《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%91%A1%E8%A9%9E%E5%85%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日葡詞典(页面不存在)">日葡詞典</a>》出版。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="江戶時代">江戶時代</a>,以<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="室町時代">室町時代</a>的《節用集》作為基礎的多本詞典出版。主要有易林本《節用集》和《書言字考節用集》等。此外,還有包含帶滑稽趣味的和歌用語詞典《世話盡》,語源詞典《日本釋名》,俗語詞典《志布可起》及枕詞詞典《冠辭考》。日英英日詞典有1867年的「<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E6%9E%97%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90" title="和英語林集成">和英語林集成</a>」初版。 </p><p>進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="明治時代">明治時代</a>,從1889年開始大槻文彥編輯的小型詞典《言海》出版。這是首部網羅「古典語·日常語」、「五十音圖的順序羅列標題」及「詞性·漢字記載·詞句解釋」的現代日語詞典。《言海》成為後來詞典的模範,後來也有增補版的《大言海》出版。 </p><p>此後,廣泛地被使用的小型日語詞典,有金澤莊三郎編輯的《辭林》,新村出編輯的《辭苑》等。從<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>中到戰後,金田一京助編輯《明解國語詞典》(和尚豪紀執筆),並由今天的《<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%9C%81%E5%A0%82" title="三省堂">三省堂</a>國語詞典》及《新明解國語詞典》承繼。 </p><p>作為中型詞典,有<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="第二次世界大戰">第二次世界大戰</a>前編寫的《大言海》和松井簡治·上田萬年編寫的《大日本國語詞典》,及在戰後新村編輯的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%BE%AD%E8%8B%91" title="廣辭苑">廣辭苑</a>》。現在以林大編輯的《言泉》和松村明編輯的《大辭林》為首,再加上數種中型詞典。 </p><p>今天,最大的日語詞典,是有約50萬字的《日本國語大詞典》。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部影响"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"></span>外部影响</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=58" title="编辑章节:外部影响"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Unreferenced plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/35px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/53px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/70px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章節<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">尚無參考來源</a></b>,內容或許<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">無法查證</a></b>。 <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2024年5月17日</span>)</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吳語">吳語</a>在西元五至六世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>時代對<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>產生了很大的影響。<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E9%9F%B3" title="吳音">吳音</a>(<span lang="ja">呉音</span>)是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="日本漢字音">日本漢字音</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%80" title="音讀">音讀</a>)的一種,一般認為這批<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>讀音在西元五至六世紀的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南北朝</a>時代從<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝">南朝</a>直接或者經<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E5%8D%8A%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="朝鮮半島">朝鮮半島</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="百濟">百濟</a>)傳入日本,而南朝的大致統治區域便是如今中國的<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="長江">長江</a>以南地區,國都和統治中心便在<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="长三角">長三角</a>地區,也就是<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B3%E5%9C%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="吳地">吳地</a>。由於吳音融入日語程度較深(常用於基本詞彙中),古代稱為「和音」。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="平安時代">平安時代</a>之後,由於推動漢音普及的一方對其的蔑稱態度。歸國的日本留學生以長安秦音為正統,称为「汉音」,因此稱其他地區特別是長江以南特別是江東地區的音為「吳音」。 </p><p>吳音同現代吳語有很多相似性,如:日母在吳音與吳語<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%AE%80" class="mw-redirect" title="白讀">白讀</a>中皆為鼻音聲母n;吳音中<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%A3%E6%AF%8D" title="匣母">匣母</a>的脫落現象與吳語類似(如「和」,吳音ワ,上海音/ɦu/)。從日本吳音中可窥得南北朝時期古吳語音系之一斑。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=59" title="编辑章节:注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">将“<span title="漢字或假名表記(原文)"><span lang="ja"></span></span><span title="平假名表記"><span lang="ja">にっぽんご</span></span><sup>&#160;<span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">Nippongo</span></sup>”作为标题语的国语辞典只有<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日本国语大辞典" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本国語大辞典"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本国语大辞典(页面不存在)">日本国语大辞典</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E5%85%B8" class="extiw" title="ja:日本国語大辞典"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本国語大辞典</span></a></span>)</span></span>等少数几个。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">《裁判所法》(法院法)第74条、《会社計算規則》(公司计算規則)第57条、《特許法施行規則》(专利法施行規則)第2条等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">日本國籍擁有者。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">有例外情况。比如如果是兩親中只有一人是日本人组成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E8%A1%80%E5%85%92" title="混血兒">混血兒</a>家庭的話,其子女雖然有日本國籍,不過仍有可能以其他語言為母語,或两者通用。例如,在一个中日混血的家庭中,其子女的母语可能是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>,也可能是日语,或者两者都使用</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">朝鮮語</a>(韓國語)雖然也同時使用漢字、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a>、拉丁文字,但因國家政策導致漢字使用度大幅減少(醫學和法學書籍除外),變成只有在偶爾的情況下才會有混寫的狀況,朝鮮民主主義人民共和國已經正式廢除漢字。(也请参看<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%BC%A2%E6%B7%B7%E7%94%A8%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="韓漢混用文">韓漢混用文</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" title="朝鮮漢字">朝鮮漢字</a>条目)<span lang="ja">呉善花 (2008)『「漢字廃止」で韓国に何が起きたか』PHP研究所</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西">巴西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%98%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="秘魯">秘魯</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="玻利維亞">玻利維亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%8A%A0%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="多明尼加共和國">多明尼加共和國</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%AD" title="巴拉圭">巴拉圭</a>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">現在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E7%B4%8D%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="北馬里亞納群島">北馬里亞納群島</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%9B%E7%90%89" title="帛琉">帛琉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%B9%E7%88%BE%E7%BE%A4%E5%B3%B6" title="馬紹爾群島">馬紹爾群島</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%85%8B%E7%BE%85%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E%E8%81%AF%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="密克羅尼西亞聯邦">密克羅尼西亞</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">松崎 寛 (1993)「外来語音と現代日本語音韻体系」『日本語と日本文学』18</span> 中使用的是加入了许多外来音的音韵体系,由129种音拍构成。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">严格说来,声调核指的是拥有辨别性的声高变动的音拍或音节,是下降核和升高核的总称。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">橋本進吉的用语。日语中自然地切分一个句子所切出的最小意义单位。一个文节由一个自立语或一个自立语加上附属语形成,一个文节作为整体有其语音特征。例如<span lang="ja">象は鼻が長い</span>,切分为「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」、「<span lang="ja">鼻が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">長い</span>」。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%BE%AD%E8%8B%91" title="廣辭苑">广辞苑</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%9E%97" title="大辞林">大辞林</a>》均有此词的解说。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">也就是非敬语。参见<a href="#敬语">敬语</a>一节。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%88%B4%E6%9C%A8%E9%87%8D%E5%B9%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="鈴木重幸(页面不存在)">鈴木重幸</a>『日本語文法・形態論』</span>把5,6中的「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」称作说明语句的题目的「題目語」。但是,句7中的「<span lang="ja">象は</span>」则认为是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%AA%9E" title="主語">主語</a>,「<span lang="ja">鼻が長い</span>」是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%93%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="谓语">谓语</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%8D%E8%AF%AD%E6%90%AD%E9%85%8D" title="词语搭配">搭配</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“把”字中文本可不译,为和日文结构对照而硬译之。<span lang="ja">ハマチ、ブリ</span>尝试填入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%8F%B6%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="万叶假名">万叶假名</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">例如<span lang="ja">東京書籍『新編 新しい国語 1』</span>(初中<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="國家語言">国語</a>教科書)的1977年的检定本里把“主语”、“谓语”一并论之,但在1996年的检定本里首先提到谓语「起到把词语连成句子的重要作用」之後,就把主语和其他修饰语一并讲解。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">初中的国语教科书使用的语法。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「主語」、「述語」、「修飾語」(連用修飾語・連体修飾語)「接続語」、「独立語」</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">橋本進吉的用语。如果若干个文节可以联合在一起像单个文节那样使用,则合称它们为连文节。例如<span lang="ja">桜の花が咲く</span>,切分文节为<span lang="ja">「桜の」、「花が」、「咲く」</span>,但是<span lang="ja">「桜の花が」</span>这个整体相对于<span lang="ja">「咲く」</span>起到主语的作用。《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E8%BE%AD%E8%8B%91" title="廣辭苑">广辞苑</a>》《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%9E%E6%9E%97" title="大辞林">大辞林</a>》也均有此词的解说。另外,现在通行的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E8%BC%B8%E5%85%A5%E6%B3%95" title="日文輸入法">日文输入法</a>大多基于连文节转换。连文节转换和单词转换的区别类似于搜狗拼音和智能ABC的区别。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">俄语、西班牙语也有类似概念。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">在许多比较新的教科书中,形容词、形容动词又分别称作「い形容詞」、「な形容詞」(『<span lang="ja">みんなの日本語</span>』)或「第1类形容词」、「第2类形容词」(人民教育出版社《新版中日交流标准日语》)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">晚清的时候有句话叫做“中学为体,西学为用”,“体言”、“用言”的“体、用”和这里的“体、用”的意思相通。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">这是日语中的四个助词,把助词称作「<span lang="ja">てにをは</span>」,有点像英语中把“学字母表”称作“学ABC”的感觉。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">格助词、并列助词、系助词、副助词、终助词的全部和接续助词「<span lang="ja">し</span>」、「<span lang="ja">が</span>」、「<span lang="ja">けれども</span>」、「<span lang="ja">から</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ので</span>」、「<span lang="ja">のに</span>」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">接续助词中的「<span lang="ja">て</span>」、「<span lang="ja">ば</span>」、「<span lang="ja">たり</span>」。人民教育出版社的《中日交流标准日语》等书籍就是把「<span lang="ja">買って</span>」作为一个整体,那这里的「<span lang="ja"><b>て</b></span>」就不是单独的词了。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">例:「<span lang="ja">水が飲みたい</span>」 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">例:「<span lang="ja">日本を発った</span>」 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">例:被动态中的动作主体「<span lang="ja">先生にほめられた</span>」、地位的所在「<span lang="ja">水戸光圀公にあらせられる</span>」 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">例:「<span lang="ja">私は彼<b>の</b>急いで走っているのをみた</span>」 </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="部分譯文"><span id=".E9.83.A8.E5.88.86.E8.AD.AF.E6.96.87"></span>部分譯文</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=60" title="编辑章节:部分譯文"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">下雨。书多。我是学生。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">哥哥教弟弟算术。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">认真地教算术。热心地教算术。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“认真地”、“热心地”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“弟弟”、“算术”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“认真地”、“热心地”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“我的书”、“走的路”(自动运行的步道,即<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E6%AD%A5%E9%81%93" title="電動步道">电动步道</a>)、“红色的发卡”、“大的眼睛”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“我的”、“走的”、“红色的”、“大的”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“累了,动不了。”、“想买,但没钱。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“累了”、“想买,但”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“今天是个晴天。所以,去郊游吧。”、“你还年轻。明明如此,为什么心灰意冷呢?”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“所以”、“明明如此”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“好的,我知道了。”、“哥哥,要去哪里?”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“好的”、“哥哥”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“买橘子和苹果。”、“<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93" title="北海道">北海道</a>的冬天又冷又难熬。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“橘子和苹果”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“又冷又难熬。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“书”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“图书馆”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“我读书。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“明天镇子有祭典。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“下雨了,带伞吧。”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“明天”、“镇子”、“下雨了”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“勇猛前行”、“白云”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“勇猛”、“白”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“前行”、“雲”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">马跑。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">哥哥任教。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">哥哥在小学任教。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">教授</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">哥哥教授弟弟算术。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">來</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">做/幹</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=61" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">日本国語大辞典(小学館)の日本語の項によれば、ニホンゴ°</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">日本国語大辞典(小学館)の日本語の項によれば、ニッポンゴ°</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-asahi20150305-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-asahi20150305_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-asahi20150305_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASH2W5751H2WUCVL00X.html">「鼻濁音」来世紀ほぼ消滅? もともと使わない地域も…</a>. 朝日新聞デジタル (朝日新聞社). 2015-03-05 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-01-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150305002557/https://www.asahi.com/articles/ASH2W5751H2WUCVL00X.html">存档</a>于2015-03-05).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E9%BC%BB%E6%BF%81%E9%9F%B3%E3%80%8D%E6%9D%A5%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%81%BB%E3%81%BC%E6%B6%88%E6%BB%85%EF%BC%9F+%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%81%A8%E4%BD%BF%E3%82%8F%E3%81%AA%E3%81%84%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E3%82%82%E2%80%A6&amp;rft.date=2015-03-05&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=%E6%9C%9D%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E3%83%87%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AB&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asahi.com%2Farticles%2FASH2W5751H2WUCVL00X.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NE-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NE_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a> "Världens 100 största språk 2010" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/jpnet/articles/JapaneseLanguage.html">Japanese Language</a>. MIT. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2009-05-13</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090720054510/http://web.mit.edu/jpnet/articles/JapaneseLanguage.html">存档</a>于2009-07-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Japanese+Language&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=MIT&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2Fjpnet%2Farticles%2FJapaneseLanguage.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umesakura.jp/20050628180224.html">日本的標準語與共通語</a>. 梅と桜. 2005-06-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2014-01-22</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502050951/http://umesakura.jp/20050628180224.html">存档</a>于2019-05-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%88%87%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%9E&amp;rft.date=2005-06-28&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%A2%85%E3%81%A8%E6%A1%9C&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fumesakura.jp%2F20050628180224.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-japan.org/kidsweb/cn/explore/language/q5.html">日语中有方言吗?</a>. 日本兒童網. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2014-03-14</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502192242/https://web-japan.org/kidsweb/cn/explore/language/q5.html">存档</a>于2019-05-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E4%B8%AD%E6%9C%89%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%90%97%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.pub=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E7%B6%B2&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb-japan.org%2Fkidsweb%2Fcn%2Fexplore%2Flanguage%2Fq5.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Wade, Nicholas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/2012.09.07-005433/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/world/asia/04language.html?_r=1">Finding on Dialects Casts New Light on the Origins of the Japanese People</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>. 2011-05-04 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2012-09-07</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/04/world/asia/04language.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-09-07) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">(美国英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Finding+on+Dialects+Casts+New+Light+on+the+Origins+of+the+Japanese+People&amp;rft.aufirst=Nicholas&amp;rft.aulast=Wade&amp;rft.date=2011-05-04&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F05%2F04%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F04language.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-3"><sup><b>9.3</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-4"><sup><b>9.4</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Frellesvig, Bjarke; Whitman, John. Frellesvig, Bjarke , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/183928566">Proto-Japanese&#160;: issues and prospects</a>. Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Amsterdam&#160;; Philadelphia: John Benjamins Pub. Co. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-272-4809-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-272-4809-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-90-272-4809-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/183928566"><span title="OCLC">OCLC&#160;183928566</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.au=Whitman%2C+John&amp;rft.aufirst=Bjarke&amp;rft.aulast=Frellesvig&amp;rft.btitle=Proto-Japanese+%3A+issues+and+prospects&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-272-4809-1&amp;rft.place=Amsterdam+%3B+Philadelphia&amp;rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.+Co&amp;rft.series=Amsterdam+studies+in+the+theory+and+history+of+linguistic+science&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F183928566&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F183928566&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Seeley, Christopher. A history of writing in Japan. A history of writing in Japan. Brill's Japanese studies library. New York: E.J. Brill, Leiden. 1991: 25–31. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-09081-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-09081-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-90-04-09081-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=A+history+of+writing+in+Japan&amp;rft.aufirst=Christopher&amp;rft.aulast=Seeley&amp;rft.btitle=A+history+of+writing+in+Japan&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-90-04-09081-1&amp;rft.pages=25-31&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=E.J.+Brill%2C+Leiden&amp;rft.series=Brill%27s+Japanese+studies+library&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护:日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护:日期与年">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shinkichi Hashimoto (February 3, 1918)「国語仮名遣研究史上の一発見―石塚龍麿の仮名遣奥山路について」『帝国文学』26–11(1949)『文字及び仮名遣の研究(橋本進吉博士著作集 第3冊)』(岩波書店)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Labrune, Laurence. Consonants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.001.0001/acprof-9780199545834">The Phonology of Japanese</a>. The Phonology of the World's Languages. Oxford University Press. 2012: 89–91 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-10-14</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-19-954583-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-19-954583-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-19-954583-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545834.003.0003"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.003.0003</span></a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027181824/https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199545834.001.0001/acprof-9780199545834">存档</a>于2021-10-27).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Consonants&amp;rft.aufirst=Laurence&amp;rft.aulast=Labrune&amp;rft.btitle=The+Phonology+of+Japanese&amp;rft.date=2012&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-19-954583-4&amp;rft.pages=89-91&amp;rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&amp;rft.series=The+Phonology+of+the+World%27s+Languages&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxford.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545834.001.0001%2Facprof-9780199545834&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199545834.003.0003&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Miura, Akira. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englishinjapanes0000miur">English in Japanese&#160;: a selection of useful loanwords</a> 1st Weatherhill ed. New York: Weatherhill. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8348-0421-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8348-0421-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;978-0-8348-0421-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/97051891"><span title="美国国会图书馆控制码">LCCN&#160;97051891</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语;日语网页">(英语;日语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.aufirst=Akira&amp;rft.aulast=Miura&amp;rft.btitle=English+in+Japanese+%3A+a+selection+of+useful+loanwords&amp;rft.date=1998&amp;rft.edition=1st+Weatherhill+ed&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-8348-0421-0&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.pub=Weatherhill&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglishinjapanes0000miur&amp;rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F97051891&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护:冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护:冗余文本">link</a>) 引文格式1维护:未识别语文类型 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%9C%AA%E8%AF%86%E5%88%AB%E8%AF%AD%E6%96%87%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Category:引文格式1维护:未识别语文类型">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hall, Kathleen Currie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cla-acl.ca/pdfs/actes-2013/Hall-2013.pdf">Documenting phonological change: A comparison of two Japanese phonemic splits</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. Luo, Shan (编). Proceedings of the 2013 Annual Conference of the Canadian Linguistic Association. 2013 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2024-06-07</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121072328/https://cla-acl.ca/pdfs/actes-2013/Hall-2013.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2024-01-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Documenting+phonological+change%3A+A+comparison+of+two+Japanese+phonemic+splits&amp;rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Currie&amp;rft.aulast=Hall&amp;rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+2013+Annual+Conference+of+the+Canadian+Linguistic+Association&amp;rft.date=2013&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcla-acl.ca%2Fpdfs%2Factes-2013%2FHall-2013.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">請參考<span lang="ja">亀井 孝・河野 六郎・千野 栄一 [編] (1997)『言語学大辞典セレクション 日本列島の言語』(三省堂)</span>中南不二男所写的<span lang="ja">「日本語・総説」</span>。Ethnologue网页版認為,1985年日本的日语使用者有1億2100萬人,全世界有1億2208萬0100人<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=jpn">[1]</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120305064940/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=jpn">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) (2010-01-03瀏覽)。<br />據田野村忠温在1977年至1997年期間刊登的10份 (若包含不同版次的話則有16份) 資料的調査結果,其記載的日語使用者人數最少的有1.02億人,最多的超過1.25億人<br /><cite class="citation journal">田野村忠温. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.joao-roiz.jp/SJL/search/start/author=%2B%25E7%2594%25B0%25E9%2587%258E%25E6%259D%2591%2B%25E5%25BF%25A0%25E6%25B8%25A9%2B%2B&amp;year=1997"><bdi lang="ja">日本語の話者数順位について: 日本語は世界第六位の言語か?</bdi></a>. <span lang="ja">国語学</span>: 37–41.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%A9%B1%E8%80%85%E6%95%B0%E9%A0%86%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%3A+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AF%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%AD%E4%BD%8D%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%8B%EF%BC%9F&amp;rft.au=%E7%94%B0%E9%87%8E%E6%9D%91%E5%BF%A0%E6%B8%A9&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.issue=189%E9%9B%86&amp;rft.jtitle=%3Cspan+lang%3D%22ja%22+xml%3Alang%3D%22ja%22%3E-%7B%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3A%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE&amp;rft.pages=37-41&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.joao-roiz.jp%2FSJL%2Fsearch%2Fstart%2Fauthor%3D%252B%2525E7%252594%2525B0%2525E9%252587%25258E%2525E6%25259D%252591%252B%2525E5%2525BF%2525A0%2525E6%2525B8%2525A9%252B%252B%26year%3D1997&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="自2017年12月失效">永久失效連結</span></a>&#93;</span></sup> <br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.let.osaka-u.ac.jp/~tanomura/intro/kokugogaku.html">表 (増補2版、2010-01-03閲覧)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110722073522/http://www.let.osaka-u.ac.jp/~tanomura/intro/kokugogaku.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">(日語)</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112040205/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=1&amp;H_NAME=%8d%d9%94%bb%8f%8a%96%40&amp;H_NAME_YOMI=%82%a0&amp;H_NO_GENGO=H&amp;H_NO_YEAR=&amp;H_NO_TYPE=2&amp;H_NO_NO=&amp;H_FILE_NAME=S22HO059&amp;H_RYAKU=1&amp;H_CTG=1&amp;H_YOMI_GUN=1&amp;H_CTG_GUN=1"><bdi lang="ja">法令データ提供システム:裁判所法</bdi></a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2008-01-20</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=1&amp;H_NAME=%8d%d9%94%bb%8f%8a%96%40&amp;H_NAME_YOMI=%82%a0&amp;H_NO_GENGO=H&amp;H_NO_YEAR=&amp;H_NO_TYPE=2&amp;H_NO_NO=&amp;H_FILE_NAME=S22HO059&amp;H_RYAKU=1&amp;H_CTG=1&amp;H_YOMI_GUN=1&amp;H_CTG_GUN=1">原始内容</a>存档于2017-01-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%EF%BC%9A%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.e-gov.go.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fidxselect.cgi%3FIDX_OPT%3D1%26H_NAME%3D%258d%25d9%2594%25bb%258f%258a%2596%2540%26H_NAME_YOMI%3D%2582%25a0%26H_NO_GENGO%3DH%26H_NO_YEAR%3D%26H_NO_TYPE%3D2%26H_NO_NO%3D%26H_FILE_NAME%3DS22HO059%26H_RYAKU%3D1%26H_CTG%3D1%26H_YOMI_GUN%3D1%26H_CTG_GUN%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">(日語)</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112040253/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=1&amp;H_NAME=%95%b6%8e%9a%81%45%8a%88%8e%9a%95%b6%89%bb%90%55%8b%bb%96%40&amp;H_NAME_YOMI=%82%a0&amp;H_NO_GENGO=H&amp;H_NO_YEAR=&amp;H_NO_TYPE=2&amp;H_NO_NO=&amp;H_FILE_NAME=H17HO091&amp;H_RYAKU=1&amp;H_CTG=1&amp;H_YOMI_GUN=1&amp;H_CTG_GUN=1"><bdi lang="ja">法令データ提供システム:文字・活字文化振興法</bdi></a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2008-01-20</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://law.e-gov.go.jp/cgi-bin/idxselect.cgi?IDX_OPT=1&amp;H_NAME=%95%b6%8e%9a%81%45%8a%88%8e%9a%95%b6%89%bb%90%55%8b%bb%96%40&amp;H_NAME_YOMI=%82%a0&amp;H_NO_GENGO=H&amp;H_NO_YEAR=&amp;H_NO_TYPE=2&amp;H_NO_NO=&amp;H_FILE_NAME=H17HO091&amp;H_RYAKU=1&amp;H_CTG=1&amp;H_YOMI_GUN=1&amp;H_CTG_GUN=1">原始内容</a>存档于2017-01-12).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=%E6%B3%95%E4%BB%A4%E3%83%87%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E6%8F%90%E4%BE%9B%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0%EF%BC%9A%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%83%BB%E6%B4%BB%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%8C%AF%E8%88%88%E6%B3%95&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flaw.e-gov.go.jp%2Fcgi-bin%2Fidxselect.cgi%3FIDX_OPT%3D1%26H_NAME%3D%2595%25b6%258e%259a%2581%2545%258a%2588%258e%259a%2595%25b6%2589%25bb%2590%2555%258b%25bb%2596%2540%26H_NAME_YOMI%3D%2582%25a0%26H_NO_GENGO%3DH%26H_NO_YEAR%3D%26H_NO_TYPE%3D2%26H_NO_NO%3D%26H_FILE_NAME%3DH17HO091%26H_RYAKU%3D1%26H_CTG%3D1%26H_YOMI_GUN%3D1%26H_CTG_GUN%3D1&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span>引號為編者所加。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">見坊 豪紀</span>(1964)〈<span lang="ja">アメリカの邦字新聞を読む</span>〉(〈閱讀美國的日語新聞〉,《言語生活》第157期,後收錄於《<span lang="ja">ことば さまざまな出会い</span>》(三省堂,1983))。此篇文章中提到1960年代洛杉磯及夏威夷的日語報紙的用字遣詞。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">井上 史雄(1971)〈<span lang="ja">ハワイ日系人の日本語と英語</span>〉(〈日裔夏威夷人的日語與英語〉,載於《言語生活》第236期),是一篇包括日裔夏威夷人的談話引用的報告。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">本堂 寛 (1996)〈<span lang="ja">ブラジル日系人の日本語についての意識と実態―ハワイ調査との対比から</span>〉(〈日裔巴西人關於日語的意識與實態─由與夏威夷調查的對比談起〉,收錄於《<span lang="ja">日本語研究諸領域の視点 上</span>》),此篇文章中提到在1979~1980年的調査中,生於1950年以前的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%A3%94%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="日裔巴西人">日裔巴西人</a>中,自認「能夠很好地使用日語」的人佔20.6%,而1950年以後出生的人中做同樣回答者佔8.3%。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">可參考南不二男〈<span lang="ja">中國語・総説</span>〉,收於《<span lang="ja">言語学大辞典セレクション 日本列島の言語》,亀井 孝・河野 六郎・千野 栄一 [編]</span>(三省堂,1997)等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">真田 信治(2002)〈<span lang="ja">ポナペ語における日本語からの借用語の位相―ミクロネシアでの現地調査から</span>〉(〈波納佩語中由日語而來的外來語的位向─從在玻里尼西亞的實地調查談起〉,收於《<span lang="ja">国語論究</span>》9-25期),根據此篇文章,在密克羅尼西亞,曾接受過日語殖民教育的世代,他們之間的會話至今依然使用日語,且一般會話中也混入了很多由日語而來的語句。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">青柳 森 (1986)「台湾山地紀行」『東京消防』1986年10月(网页版参见:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanpen.or.jp/e-bungeikan/essay/aoyagishigeru.html">日本ペンクラブ:電子文藝館・地球ウォーカー</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120715050442/http://www.japanpen.or.jp/e-bungeikan/essay/aoyagishigeru.html">存檔</a>,存档日期2012-07-15.)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">矢崎幸生『現代先端法学の展開』信山社出版、2001年10月、10-11頁、</span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/479723038X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 4-7972-3038-X</a>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/about/press/2019/dl/2019-029-02.pdf">2018年度海外日本語教育機関調査結果(速報値)</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210322173456/https://www.jpf.go.jp/j/about/press/2019/dl/2019-029-02.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) (<span class="PDFlink">&#8203;</span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF&#160;(1.68&#160;MB)</span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/tokeichosa/nihongokyoiku_jittai/h27/pdf/h27_zenbun.pdf">文化庁調査「平成27年度国内の日本語教育の概要」</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180809115422/http://www.bunka.go.jp/tokei_hakusho_shuppan/tokeichosa/nihongokyoiku_jittai/h27/pdf/h27_zenbun.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) (2015)。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm">INTERNET WORLD USERS BY LANGUAGE</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2012-08-19</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426122721/http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats7.htm">存档</a>于2012-04-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=INTERNET+WORLD+USERS+BY+LANGUAGE&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.internetworldstats.com%2Fstats7.htm&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Kindaichi, Haruhiko. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=japanese+isolated+language&amp;pg=PT17">Japanese Language: Learn the Fascinating History and Evolution of the Language Along With Many Useful Japanese Grammar Points</a>. Tuttle Publishing. 2011-12-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-06-21</span>&#93;</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781462902668" title="Special:网络书源/9781462902668"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span>&#160;9781462902668</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211115024826/https://books.google.com/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&amp;q=japanese+isolated+language&amp;pg=PT17">存档</a>于2021-11-15) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.aufirst=Haruhiko&amp;rft.aulast=Kindaichi&amp;rft.btitle=Japanese+Language%3A+Learn+the+Fascinating+History+and+Evolution+of+the+Language+Along+With+Many+Useful+Japanese+Grammar+Points&amp;rft.date=2011-12-20&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.isbn=9781462902668&amp;rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAbRAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Djapanese%2Bisolated%2Blanguage%26pg%3DPT17&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas Pellard. The comparative study of the Japonic languages. Approaches to endangered languages in Japan and Northeast Asia: Description, documentation and revitalization, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics, Aug 2018, Tachikawa, Japan. ffhal-01856152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vovin_2017-09-26-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vovin_2017-09-26_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Vovin, Alexander. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277">Origins of the Japanese Language</a>. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 26 September 2017 <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Japanese+Language&amp;rft.aufirst=Alexander&amp;rft.aulast=Vovin&amp;rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&amp;rft.date=2017-09-26&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.277&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">藤岡 勝二 (1908)「日本語の位置」『國學院雑誌』14。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-G_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">有坂 秀世 (1931)「国語にあらはれる一種の母音交替について」『音声の研究』第4輯(1957年の『国語音韻史の研究 増補新版』(三省堂)に収録)。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">北村 甫 [編] (1981)『講座言語 第6巻 世界の言語』(大修館書店)p.121</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">亀井 孝・河野 六郎・千野 栄一 [編] (1996)『言語学大辞典6 術語編』(三省堂)の「アルタイ型」</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"While 'Altaic' is repeated in encyclopedias and handbooks most specialists in these languages no longer believe that the three traditional supposed Altaic groups, Turkic, Mongolian and Tungusic, are related." Lyle Campbell &amp; Mauricio J. Mixco, A Glossary of Historical Linguistics (2007, University of Utah Press), pg. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When cognates proved not to be valid, Altaic was abandoned, and the received view now is that Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic are unrelated." Johanna Nichols, Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time (1992, Chicago), pg. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Careful examination indicates that the established families, Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, form a linguistic area (called Altaic)...Sufficient criteria have not been given that would justify talking of a genetic relationship here." R.M.W. Dixon, The Rise and Fall of Languages (1997, Cambridge), pg. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...[T]his selection of features does not provide good evidence for common descent" and "we can observe convergence rather than divergence between Turkic and Mongolic languages--a pattern than is easily explainable by borrowing and diffusion rather than common descent", Asya Pereltsvaig, Languages of the World, An Introduction (2012, Cambridge) has a good discussion of the Altaic hypothesis (pp. 211-216).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=A7D36A55C4A29AEB34AA39715F46F706.tomcat1?fromPage=online&amp;aid=17033">Georg <i>et al.</i> 1999:</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160303180656/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=A7D36A55C4A29AEB34AA39715F46F706.tomcat1?fromPage=online&amp;aid=17033">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) 73–74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">泉井 久之助 (1952)「日本語と南島諸語」『民族学研究』17-2(1975年の『マライ=ポリネシア諸語 比較と系統』(弘文堂)に収録)。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">大野 晋 (1987)請參考『日本語以前』(岩波新書)</span>。也請參考<span lang="ja">大野 晋 (2000)『日本語の形成』(岩波書店)</span>一書,這本書是其研究的集大成。大野教授以1961年英國牛津大學出版的《達羅毗茶語語源辭典》爲依據,對泰米爾語和日語的詞語進行比較研究,找出了幾百對相應的詞語,作了五百多張卡片。大野教授的研究表明:現代日語中不少詞語跟泰米爾語相對應,而古代日語的詞語,比如日本古籍《古事記》、《萬葉集》等書裏頭出現的古詞語,跟泰米爾語對應的就更多了。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">主要的批評和反论有以下著作。<span lang="ja">家本 太郎・児玉 望・山下 博司・長田 俊樹 (1996)「「日本語=タミル語同系説」を検証する―大野晋『日本語の起源 新版』をめぐって」『日本研究(国際文化研究センター紀要)』13/大野 晋 (1996)「「タミル語=日本語同系説に対する批判」を検証する」『日本研究』15/山下 博司 (1998)「大野晋氏のご批判に答えて―「日本語=タミル語同系説」の手法を考える」『日本研究』17</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R_50-0"><sup><b>43.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R_50-1"><sup><b>43.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">服部 四郎 (1959)『日本語の系統』(岩波書店、1999年に岩波文庫)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">中川 裕 (2005)「アイヌ語にくわわった日本語」『国文学 解釈と鑑賞』70-1</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">新村 出 (1916)「国語及び朝鮮語の数詞に就いて」『芸文』7-2・4(1971年の『新村出全集 第1巻』(筑摩書房)に収録)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKindaichiHirano197830–31_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKindaichiHirano1978">Kindaichi &amp; Hirano 1978</a>,第30–31頁.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn模板錯誤: 無指向目標: CITEREFKindaichiHirano1978 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320915864">Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal</a>. ResearchGate. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2019-03-28</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190219015825/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320915864">存档</a>于2019-02-19) <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Austronesian+influence+and+Transeurasian+ancestry+in+Japanese%3A+A+case+of+farming%2Flanguage+dispersal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F320915864&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/kumar1996does.pdf">Does Japanese have an Austronesian stratum? - Ann Kumar (1996)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-06-21</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211103064933/http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/kumar1996does.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-11-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=Does+Japanese+have+an+Austronesian+stratum%3F+-+Ann+Kumar+%281996%29&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsealang.net%2Fsala%2Farchives%2Fpdf8%2Fkumar1996does.pdf&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">服部 四郎 (1950) "Phoneme, Phone and Compound Phone" <span lang="ja">『言語研究』16(1960年の『言語学の方法』(岩波書店)に収録)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">亀井 孝 (1956)「「音韻」の概念は日本語に有用なりや」『国文学攷』15</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044928/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/t19910207001/t19910207001.html"><bdi lang="ja">外来語の表記(答申)(抄)</bdi></a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2012-10-16</span>&#93;</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/t19910207001/t19910207001.html">原始内容</a>存档于2018-09-01).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.btitle=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%A1%A8%E8%A8%98%EF%BC%88%E7%AD%94%E7%94%B3%EF%BC%89%EF%BC%88%E6%8A%84%EF%BC%89&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mext.go.jp%2Fb_menu%2Fhakusho%2Fnc%2Ft19910207001%2Ft19910207001.html&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「日本語の音声」窪園晴夫</span>、1999、p35~p37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「日本語の音声」窪園晴夫</span>、1999、p34~p35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「日本語の音声」窪園晴夫</span>、1999、p100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「日本語の音声」窪園晴夫</span>、1999、p35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">请参照<span lang="ja">金田一 春彦 (1950) 「「五億」と「業苦」―引き音節の提唱」『国語と国文学』27-1</span>(在1967年曾以「<span lang="ja">「里親」と「砂糖屋」―引き音節の提唱</span>」这一名称被收录在<span lang="ja">『国語音韻の研究』(東京堂出版)</span>中。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-D-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-D_66-0"><sup><b>58.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-D_66-1"><sup><b>58.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">徳川 宗賢 [編] (1989) 『日本方言大辞典 下』(小学館)の「音韻総覧」</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">服部 四郎 (1984) 『音声学』(岩波書店)。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">斎藤 純男 (1997)『日本語音声学入門』(三省堂、2006年に改訂版)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「日本語の音声」窪園晴夫、1999、p59</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「p音考」、上田萬年、1898</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">「ハ行子音の分布と変化」、田中伸一、2008、東京大学教養学部の講義「言語科学2」にて。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HigherEduPress-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HigherEduPress_72-0"><sup><b>64.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HigherEduPress_72-1"><sup><b>64.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">翟东娜(2006)《日语语言学》(高等教育出版社)第一章 日语语音 第三节 韵律</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8A%E9%87%8E%E5%96%84%E9%81%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="上野善道(页面不存在)">上野善道</a> (1989)「日本語のアクセント」『講座日本語と日本語教育 第2巻 日本語の音声・音韻(上)』(明治書院)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">服部 四郎 (1951)「原始日本語のアクセント」『国語アクセント論叢』(法政大学出版局)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">金田一 春彦 (1954)「東西両アクセントのちがいができるまで」『文学』22-8</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">奥村 三雄 (1955)「東西アクセント分離の時期」『国語国文』20-1</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">山口 幸洋 (2003)『日本語東京アクセントの成立』(港の人) p.9-p.61。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">酒井 邦嘉(2002)『言語の脳科学』(中公新書)105頁</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_82-0"><sup><b>71.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_82-1"><sup><b>71.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">三上 章 (1972) 『続・現代語法序説』(くろしお出版)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">三上 章 (1960)『象は鼻が長い―日本文法入門』(くろしお出版)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">森重 敏 (1965)『日本文法―主語と述語』(武蔵野書院)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">北原 保雄 (1981) 『<span lang="ja">日本語の世界 6 日本語の文法</span>』(中央公論社)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">汉语“宾语”一般对应日语的「<span lang="ja">目的語</span>」。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">鈴木重幸『日本語文法・形態論』、高橋太郎他『日本語の文法』他。</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HigherEduPress2-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HigherEduPress2_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">翟东娜(2006)《日语语言学》(高等教育出版社)第十八章 心理语言学研究 第二节 心理语言学的主要研究课题</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-F-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-F_122-0"><sup><b>78.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-F_122-1"><sup><b>78.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">橋本 進吉 (1948)『国語法研究(橋本進吉博士著作集 第2冊)』(岩波書店)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">参照<span lang="ja">渡辺 実 [編] (1983)『副用語の研究』(明治書院)</span>等。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">鈴木 一彦 (1959)「副詞の整理」『国語と国文学』36-12</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-B_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span lang="ja">時枝 誠記 (1950) 『日本文法 口語篇』(岩波全書)</span>。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Len Fisher. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/do-all-cultures-have-swear-words/">Do all cultures have swear words?</a>. Science Focus. <span class="reference-accessdate"> &#91;<span class="nowrap">2021-12-27</span>&#93;</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226235146/https://www.sciencefocus.com/the-human-body/do-all-cultures-have-swear-words/">存档</a>于2021-12-26).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;rft.atitle=Do+all+cultures+have+swear+words%3F&amp;rft.au=Len+Fisher&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Science+Focus&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencefocus.com%2Fthe-human-body%2Fdo-all-cultures-have-swear-words%2F&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;section=62" title="编辑章节:参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span 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0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>日語</b>在维基百科的<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%AA%92%E4%BD%93%E5%A7%8A%E5%A6%B9%E9%A1%B9%E7%9B%AE" title="Wikipedia:维基媒体姊妹项目"><span id="sister-projects">姊妹项目</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基词典上的<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:日語">字词解释</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基共享资源上的<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Japanese_language" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Japanese language">多媒体资源</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基文库上的<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/ja:Main_Page" class="extiw" title="s:ja:Main Page">原始文献</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基教科书上的<a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="b:日語">教科书和手册</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基导游上的<a href="https://zh.wikivoyage.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%9C%83%E8%A9%B1%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A" class="extiw" title="voy:日語會話手冊">旅行资讯</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基百科上的<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="ja:">Japanese版本</a></span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link">维基数据上的<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287" class="extiw" title="d:Q5287">数据项</a></span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423000147/http://dir.yahoo.co.jp/Social_Science/Linguistics_and_Human_Languages/Languages/Japanese/">Yahoo! Japan <span lang="ja">日本語</span></a><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="日語">(日語)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=jpn">Ethnologue report for language codejpn</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120305064940/http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=jpn">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)<span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">(英文)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/english/">National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210323154647/http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/english/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tangorin.com/handbook/">Japanese Language Student's Handbook</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210323154646/http://tangorin.com/handbook/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Japanese_language&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Japanese language(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Japanese_language" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Japanese language"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="日语" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">日语</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC-%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="日本-琉球语系">日本-琉球语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="原始日语">日本祖語</a>†</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">日语</a> <ul><li>本土日語</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%88%E8%AA%9E" title="八丈語">八丈語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AF%AD" title="原始琉球语">原始琉球语</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E8%AA%9E" title="奄美語">奄美語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沖永良部與論沖繩北部諸方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="沖永良部与論沖縄北部諸方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%96%E6%B0%B8%E8%89%AF%E9%83%A8%E8%88%87%E8%AB%96%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E8%AB%B8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="沖永良部與論沖繩北部諸方言(页面不存在)">国頭語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E6%B0%B8%E8%89%AF%E9%83%A8%E4%B8%8E%E8%AB%96%E6%B2%96%E7%B8%84%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E8%AB%B8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:沖永良部与論沖縄北部諸方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">沖永良部与論沖縄北部諸方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="沖繩語">沖繩語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="宮古語">宮古語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="八重山語">八重山語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%87%E9%82%A3%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="與那國語">與那國語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E5%80%AD%E8%AF%AD" title="大陆倭语">大陆倭语</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8)" title="變體 (語言學)">語言變體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="日語方言">方言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="東日本方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="東日本方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="東日本方言(页面不存在)">東日本方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:東日本方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">東日本方言</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北海道方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="北海道方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北海道方言(页面不存在)">北海道方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:北海道方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">北海道方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="东北方言 (日本)">東北方言</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="關東方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="関東方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%97%9C%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="關東方言(页面不存在)">關東方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%A2%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:関東方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">関東方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="東海東山方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="東海東山方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%B1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="東海東山方言(页面不存在)">東海東山方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%B5%B7%E6%9D%B1%E5%B1%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:東海東山方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">東海東山方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%88%E8%AA%9E" title="八丈語">八丈方言</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西日本方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="西日本方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="西日本方言(页面不存在)">西日本方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:西日本方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">西日本方言</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="北陸方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="北陸方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%99%B8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="北陸方言(页面不存在)">北陸方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%99%B8%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:北陸方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">北陸方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E7%95%BF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="近畿方言">近畿方言</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" title="京言葉">京都方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="四国方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="四国方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="四国方言(页面不存在)">四国方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:四国方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">四国方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中国方言 (日本)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="中国方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="中国方言 (日本)(页面不存在)">中国方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:中国方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">中国方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雲伯方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="雲伯方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B2%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="雲伯方言(页面不存在)">雲伯方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%B2%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:雲伯方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">雲伯方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="九州方言">九州方言</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="豐日方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="豊日方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B1%90%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="豐日方言(页面不存在)">豐日方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B1%8A%E6%97%A5%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:豊日方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">豊日方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A5%E7%AD%91%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="肥筑方言">肥筑方言</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="薩隅方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="薩隅方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%96%A9%E9%9A%85%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="薩隅方言(页面不存在)">薩隅方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%9A%85%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:薩隅方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">薩隅方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="山窩語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="サンカ語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%B1%E7%AA%A9%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="山窩語(页面不存在)">山窩語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:サンカ語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">サンカ語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="唐語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="カラゴ"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="唐語(页面不存在)">唐語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B4" class="extiw" title="ja:カラゴ"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">カラゴ</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="又鬼言葉" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="マタギ言葉"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%88%E9%AC%BC%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="又鬼言葉(页面不存在)">又鬼言葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%BF%E3%82%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" class="extiw" title="ja:マタギ言葉"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">マタギ言葉</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="濱言葉" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="浜言葉"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%B1%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="濱言葉(页面不存在)">濱言葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%9C%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" class="extiw" title="ja:浜言葉"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">浜言葉</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="新方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="新方言(页面不存在)">新方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:新方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">新方言</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="首都圈方言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="首都圏方言"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%88%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="首都圈方言(页面不存在)">首都圈方言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%9C%8F%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" class="extiw" title="ja:首都圏方言"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">首都圏方言</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="关西共通语">关西共通语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="唐芋標準語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="唐芋標準語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E8%8A%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="唐芋標準語(页面不存在)">唐芋標準語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E8%8A%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:唐芋標準語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">唐芋標準語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li>域外日语方言 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="沖繩日語">沖繩日語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奄美日语" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="トン普通語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奄美日语(页面不存在)">奄美日语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:トン普通語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">トン普通語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="台灣日語">台湾日语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="夏威夷的日语借词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Japanese loanwords in Hawaii"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%A4%B7%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="夏威夷的日语借词(页面不存在)">夏威夷日语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_loanwords_in_Hawaii" class="extiw" title="en:Japanese loanwords in Hawaii"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Japanese loanwords in Hawaii</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="标准方言">標準語</a>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共通語 (語言)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="共通語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%9E_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="共通語 (語言)(页面不存在)">共通語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:共通語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">共通語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日本媒體用語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="放送用語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本媒體用語(页面不存在)">日本媒體用語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:放送用語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">放送用語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">發音</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="日語音系">日語音系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E9%AB%98%E4%BD%8E%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%BF" title="日語高低音調">日語高低音調</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="類 (音調)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="類 (アクセント)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A1%9E_(%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%BF)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="類 (音調)(页面不存在)">類</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A1%9E_(%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AF%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88)" class="extiw" title="ja:類 (アクセント)"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">類 (アクセント)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%BE%BF" title="音便">音便</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="四假名" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="四つ仮名"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9B%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="四假名(页面不存在)">四假名</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E3%81%A4%E4%BB%AE%E5%90%8D" class="extiw" title="ja:四つ仮名"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">四つ仮名</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="一假名方言">一假名方言</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" title="日語文法">文法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="現代日語文法" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="現代日本語文法"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="現代日語文法(页面不存在)">現代日語文法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="ja:現代日本語文法"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">現代日本語文法</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語第一人稱代詞" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本語の一人称代名詞"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語第一人稱代詞(页面不存在)">日語第一人稱代詞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:日本語の一人称代名詞"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本語の一人称代名詞</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語第二人稱代詞" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本語の二人称代名詞"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%A8%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A9%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語第二人稱代詞(页面不存在)">日語第二人稱代詞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%90%8D%E8%A9%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:日本語の二人称代名詞"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本語の二人称代名詞</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%95%AC%E8%AA%9E" title="日語敬語">日語敬語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="位相 (語言学)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="位相 (語言学)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BD%8D%E7%9B%B8_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="位相 (語言学)(页面不存在)">位相語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%8D%E7%9B%B8_(%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)" class="extiw" title="ja:位相 (語言学)"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">位相 (語言学)</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="男性語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="男性語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="男性語(页面不存在)">男性語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:男性語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">男性語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="女性語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="女性語(页面不存在)">女性語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:女性語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">女性語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="御姐言葉" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="オネエ言葉"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%A1%E5%A7%90%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="御姐言葉(页面不存在)">御姐言葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8D%E3%82%A8%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" class="extiw" title="ja:オネエ言葉"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">オネエ言葉</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若者言葉" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="若者言葉"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E8%80%85%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="若者言葉(页面不存在)">若者言葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%A5%E8%80%85%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" class="extiw" title="ja:若者言葉"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">若者言葉</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="打工敬語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="バイト敬語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E5%B7%A5%E6%95%AC%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="打工敬語(页面不存在)">打工敬語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E6%95%AC%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:バイト敬語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">バイト敬語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E5%A6%B9%E8%AA%9E" title="辣妹語">辣妹語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="KY語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="KY語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=KY%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="KY語(页面不存在)">KY語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/KY%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:KY語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">KY語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="「っす」体" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="「っす」体"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E3%80%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%99%E3%80%8D%E4%BD%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="「っす」体(页面不存在)">「っす」体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%80%8C%E3%81%A3%E3%81%99%E3%80%8D%E4%BD%93" class="extiw" title="ja:「っす」体"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">「っす」体</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="老人語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="老人語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="老人語(页面不存在)">老人語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:老人語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">老人語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幼兒語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="幼児語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%92%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="幼兒語(页面不存在)">幼兒語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B9%BC%E5%85%90%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:幼児語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">幼児語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="役割語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="役割語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%B9%E5%89%B2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="役割語(页面不存在)">役割語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BD%B9%E5%89%B2%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:役割語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">役割語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E5%96%AE%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="簡單日語">簡單日語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9A%E8%AA%9E" title="俚語">俚語</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%97%E8%AA%9E" title="俗語">俗語</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E8%AF%9D" title="黑话">黑话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%AB%E7%88%B5%E8%AA%9E" title="士爵語">士爵語</a></li> <li>倒讀 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%AE%80" title="反讀">反讀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E6%96%87" title="回文">回文</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%AF%8D" title="新词">新词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB" title="縮寫">縮寫</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廢語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="廃語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%A2%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="廢語(页面不存在)">廢語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%83%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:廃語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">廃語</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E8%B7%A1%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="絕跡語言">絕跡語言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A3%E5%A6%B9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="辣妹文字">辣妹文字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD" title="互联网用语">互联网用语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASCII%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="ASCII艺术">ASCII艺术</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2ch用語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="2ちゃんねる用語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2ch%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="2ch用語(页面不存在)">2ch用語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/2%E3%81%A1%E3%82%83%E3%82%93%E3%81%AD%E3%82%8B%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:2ちゃんねる用語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">2ちゃんねる用語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kusachū語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="クサチュー語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kusach%C5%AB%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kusachū語(页面不存在)">Kusachū語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:クサチュー語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">クサチュー語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%92%E8%A9%B1" title="髒話">髒話</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="放送禁止用語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="放送禁止用語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="放送禁止用語(页面不存在)">放送禁止用語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E7%A6%81%E6%AD%A2%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:放送禁止用語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">放送禁止用語</span></a></span>)</span></span>/<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="放送問題用語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="放送問題用語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="放送問題用語(页面不存在)">放送問題用語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E9%80%81%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:放送問題用語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">放送問題用語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%AE%E8%BE%B1" title="侮辱">侮辱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E8%A7%86%E8%AF%AD" title="歧视语">歧视语</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">歷史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語起源" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本語の起源"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語起源(页面不存在)">日語起源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" class="extiw" title="ja:日本語の起源"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本語の起源</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="邪馬台國語言" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="邪馬台国の言語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%AA%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%B0%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="邪馬台國語言(页面不存在)">邪馬台國語言</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%AA%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%B0%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:邪馬台国の言語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">邪馬台国の言語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="上古日語">上古日語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="上代東國方言">上代東国方言</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="中古日語">中古日語</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E8%A1%8C%E8%BD%89%E5%91%BC" title="ハ行轉呼">ハ行轉呼</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="中世日語">中世日語</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女房言葉" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="女房言葉"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="女房言葉(页面不存在)">女房言葉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%88%BF%E8%A8%80%E8%91%89" class="extiw" title="ja:女房言葉"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">女房言葉</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%96%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="近世日語">近世日語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="近代日語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="近代語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="近代日语">近代日語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:近代語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">近代語</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="廓詞" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="廓詞"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%93%E8%A9%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="廓詞(页面不存在)">廓詞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%93%E8%A9%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:廓詞"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">廓詞</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="流行語">流行語</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語之亂" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本語の乱れ"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B9%8B%E4%BA%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語之亂(页面不存在)">日語之亂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1%E3%82%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:日本語の乱れ"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本語の乱れ</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語種 (日語)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="語種"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E7%A8%AE_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="語種 (日語)(页面不存在)">語種</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E7%A8%AE" class="extiw" title="ja:語種"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">語種</span></a></span>)</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>和語 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="和語">和語</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="漢語 (日語)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="漢語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="漢語 (日語)(页面不存在)">漢語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:漢語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">漢語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="外來語 (日語)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="外来語"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E8%AA%9E_(%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="外來語 (日語)(页面不存在)">外来語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="ja:外来語"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">外来語</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="皮钦语">皮钦语</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克里奧爾語">克里奧爾語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8F%E5%92%8C%E8%AF%AD" title="协和语">协和语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9B%E9%98%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="军队中国语">军队中国语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="小笠原語">小笠原語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E6%BF%B1%E7%9A%AE%E6%AC%BD%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="橫濱皮欽日語">橫濱皮欽日語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%BA%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="寒溪語">寒溪語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="伪中国语">伪中国语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">近鄰語言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="阿伊努語">阿伊努語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="鄂罗克语">鄂罗克语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="尼夫赫語">尼夫赫語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">朝鮮語</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語和朝鮮語比較" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Comparison of Japanese and Korean"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語和朝鮮語比較(页面不存在)">日語和朝鮮語比較</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_Japanese_and_Korean" class="extiw" title="en:Comparison of Japanese and Korean"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Comparison of Japanese and Korean</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="在日朝鮮語">在日朝鮮語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B6%E9%A4%98%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="扶餘語系">扶餘語系</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="韩语支">韩语支</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%80%BB%E8%AF%AD" title="伽倻语">伽倻语</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E7%BE%85%E8%AA%9E" title="新羅語">新羅語</a>†</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%BD%E7%BE%85%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="耽羅語(页面不存在)">耽羅語</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%B0%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="阿尔泰语系">阿尔泰语系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="日本手语">日本手语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語手語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本語対応手話"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語手語(页面不存在)">日語手語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E5%AF%BE%E5%BF%9C%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:日本語対応手話"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本語対応手話</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奄美大島手語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="奄美大島手話"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奄美大島手語(页面不存在)">奄美大島手語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:奄美大島手話"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">奄美大島手話</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="宮窪手語" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="宮窪手話"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%AE%E7%AA%AA%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="宮窪手語(页面不存在)">宮窪手語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E7%AA%AA%E6%89%8B%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="ja:宮窪手話"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">宮窪手話</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="文字">文字</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="日語書寫系統">日語書寫系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="汉字">汉字</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B1%89%E5%AD%97" title="日本汉字">日本汉字</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E7%BF%92" title="和習">和習</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D_(%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97)" title="假名 (文字)">假名</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="平假名">平假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3" title="現代假名遣">現代假名遣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3" title="歷史假名遣">歷史假名遣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E4%BB%A3%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E9%81%A3" title="上代特殊假名遣">上代特殊假名遣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E9%AB%94%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="變體假名">變體假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E7%95%A5%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="合略假名">合略假名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E8%91%89%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="萬葉假名">萬葉假名</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="神代文字">神代文字</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神代文字列表" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="神代文字の一覧"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="神代文字列表(页面不存在)">列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E4%BB%A3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E3%81%AE%E4%B8%80%E8%A6%A7" class="extiw" title="ja:神代文字の一覧"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">神代文字の一覧</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Woshite" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="ヲシテ"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woshite&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Woshite(页面不存在)">Woshite</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B2%E3%82%B7%E3%83%86" class="extiw" title="ja:ヲシテ"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">ヲシテ</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Kaidā文字" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="カイダ文字"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaid%C4%81%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaidā文字(页面不存在)">Kaidā文字</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%80%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="extiw" title="ja:カイダ文字"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">カイダ文字</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E6%96%87%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="言文一致運動">言文一致運動</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%AF%AD%E4%BD%93" title="文语体">文语体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%B1%E6%9B%B8%E8%88%87%E6%A9%AB%E6%9B%B8" title="縱書與橫書">縱書與橫書</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%97" title="日语罗马字">日语罗马字</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D%E6%B7%B7%E5%AF%AB%E6%96%87" title="漢字假名混寫文">漢字假名混寫文</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">語言文化</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="日本文学">日本文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%B8%B8%E6%88%8F" title="Category:日本文字游戏">Category:日本文字游戏</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="繪文字 (消歧義)" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="絵文字"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%AA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="繪文字 (消歧義)(页面不存在)">繪文字</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="extiw" title="ja:絵文字"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">絵文字</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盲曆" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="盲暦"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B2%E6%9B%86&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="盲曆(页面不存在)">盲曆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%B2%E6%9A%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:盲暦"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">盲暦</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="繪心經" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="絵心経"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%AA%E5%BF%83%E7%B6%93&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="繪心經(页面不存在)">繪心經</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E5%BF%83%E7%B5%8C" class="extiw" title="ja:絵心経"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">絵心経</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="繪文字文化" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="絵文字文化"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B9%AA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="繪文字文化(页面不存在)">繪文字文化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="extiw" title="ja:絵文字文化"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">絵文字文化</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%AA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="繪文字">手提電話繪文字</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%9C%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="颜文字">颜文字</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">研究等</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="國學 (日本)">國學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語學" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本語学"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%B8&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語學(页面不存在)">日語學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:日本語学"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本語学</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日語論" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="日本語論"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日語論(页面不存在)">日語論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%96" class="extiw" title="ja:日本語論"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">日本語論</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%AF%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AD%97%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="国语国字问题">国语国字问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="日语教育">日语教育</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>† 表示已滅絕語言</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="class=notpageimage&amp;#124;22x20px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=日本&amp;#124;link=日本_日本語言" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Template:日本語言"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:日本語言(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:日本語言"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="class=notpageimage&amp;#124;22x20px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=日本&amp;#124;link=日本_日本語言" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本"><img alt="日本" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="日本語言">日本語言</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" class="mw-redirect" title="通用语言">通用语言</a>及其變體</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">日语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="日語方言">东部</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="東日本">東日本</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="日語方言">西部</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="西日本">西日本</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%9D%E5%B7%9E%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="九州方言">九州</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E4%B8%88%E8%AA%9E" title="八丈語">八丈</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他本地语言</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%A5%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="古西伯利亞語言">古西伯利亚语言</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="阿伊努語">阿伊努語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%B7%E9%81%93%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="北海道阿伊努語">北海道阿伊努语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%AB%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="庫里爾阿伊努語">庫里爾阿伊努語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%93%88%E6%9E%97%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%8A%E5%8A%AA%E8%AA%9E" title="薩哈林阿伊努語">薩哈林阿伊努語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="尼夫赫語">尼夫赫语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%A4%AB%E8%B5%AB%E8%AA%9E" title="尼夫赫語">尼夫赫语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%90%83%E8%AA%9E" title="琉球語">琉球語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E7%B9%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="沖繩語">沖繩語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%A0%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="國頭語">國頭語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%87%E8%AB%96%E8%AA%9E" title="與論語">與論語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E8%AA%9E" title="奄美語">奄美语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="北奄美大島語">北奄美語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="南奄美大島語">南奄美語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E7%95%8C%E8%AA%9E" title="喜界語">喜界語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E4%B9%8B%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E" title="德之島語">德之島語</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E6%B0%B8%E8%89%AF%E9%83%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="沖永良部語">沖永良部語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%AE%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E" title="宮古語">宮古語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E9%87%8D%E5%B1%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="八重山語">八重山語</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%87%E9%82%A3%E5%9C%8B%E8%AA%9E" title="與那國語">與那國語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1-%E9%80%9A%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="满-通古斯语系">满-通古斯语系</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%82%E7%BD%97%E5%85%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="鄂罗克语">鄂罗克语</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">朝鲜語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="在日朝鮮語">在日朝鮮語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80#日本" title="海外華人語言">汉语</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%A4%E8%AF%AD" title="粤语">粤语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="闽语">闽语</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E7%89%87" title="泉漳片">闽南语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%B7%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="福州話">福州話</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B4%E8%AF%AD" title="吴语">吴语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E5%AE%B6%E8%AF%9D" title="客家话">客语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="官话">官话</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="现代标准汉语">现代标准汉语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%97%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="东北官话">东北官话</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E8%BE%BD%E5%AE%98%E8%AF%9D" title="胶辽官话">胶辽官话</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%AF%AD" title="皮钦语">皮钦语</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="克里奧爾語">克里奧爾語</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="日本皮钦英语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Japanese_Pidgin_English"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本皮钦英语(页面不存在)">日本皮钦英语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Pidgin_English" class="extiw" title="en:Japanese Pidgin English"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Japanese_Pidgin_English</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E6%BF%B1%E7%9A%AE%E6%AC%BD%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" title="橫濱皮欽日語">横滨皮钦日语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盟占皮钦英语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bamboo_English"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E5%8D%A0%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="盟占皮钦英语(页面不存在)">盟占皮钦英语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_English" class="extiw" title="en:Bamboo English"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bamboo_English</span></a></span>)</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盟占日本皮钦英语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Japanese Bamboo_English"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E5%8D%A0%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="盟占日本皮钦英语(页面不存在)">盟占日本皮钦英语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Bamboo_English" class="extiw" title="en:Japanese Bamboo English"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Japanese Bamboo_English</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="盟占韩国皮钦英语" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Korean Bamboo English"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%9F%E5%8D%A0%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%AE%E9%92%A6%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="盟占韩国皮钦英语(页面不存在)">盟占韩国皮钦英语</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Bamboo_English" class="extiw" title="en:Korean Bamboo English"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Korean Bamboo English</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E7%AC%A0%E5%8E%9F%E8%AA%9E" title="小笠原語">小笠原語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主要外语</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AF%AD" title="巴西葡萄牙语">巴西葡萄牙语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语">俄语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E8%AF%AD" title="土耳其语">土耳其语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E8%AF%AD" title="越南语">越南语</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鮮語">韩語</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">手語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%89%8B%E8%AF%AD" title="日本手语">日本手语</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奄美大島手語" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Amami Oshima Sign Language"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%84%E7%BE%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%B3%B6%E6%89%8B%E8%AA%9E&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="奄美大島手語(页面不存在)">奄美大島手語</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amami_Oshima_Sign_Language" class="extiw" title="en:Amami Oshima Sign Language"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Amami Oshima Sign Language</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="22x20px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=&amp;#124;class=notpageimage_日本主題" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template:日本主題"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Template talk:日本主題"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%BB%E9%A1%8C" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:日本主題"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22x20px&amp;#124;border_&amp;#124;alt=&amp;#124;link=&amp;#124;class=notpageimage_日本主題" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span>&#160;</span><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC" title="日本">日本</a>主題</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="日本历史">歷史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">年表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%88%8A%E7%9F%B3%E5%99%A8%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="日本舊石器時代">舊石器</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%A9%E7%B4%8B%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="繩紋時代">繩紋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%8C%E7%94%9F%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="彌生時代">彌生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9D%9F%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古坟时代">古墳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%88%E8%89%AF%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="奈良時代">奈良</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%AE%89%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="平安时代">平安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%8C%E5%80%89%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="鎌倉時代">鎌倉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="室町时代">室町</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9C%9F%E6%A1%83%E5%B1%B1%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="安土桃山时代">安土桃山</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B7%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="江户时代">江戶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB" title="明治">明治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%AD%A3" title="大正">大正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%AD%E5%92%8C" title="昭和">昭和</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E6%88%90" title="平成">平成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A4%E5%92%8C" title="令和">令和</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">主题类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%8F%B2" title="日本經濟史">經濟史</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%8F%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本軍事史(页面不存在)">軍事史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E9%99%B8%E8%BB%8D" title="大日本帝國陸軍">陸軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="大日本帝國海軍">海軍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="日本海军历史">海軍歷史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="日本的名稱">國名</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/100px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/150px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/200px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="日本政治">政治</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="大日本帝国">帝國</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95" title="日本国宪法">宪法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%A4" title="日本皇室">皇室</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87" title="天皇">天皇</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%A9%E7%9A%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本天皇列表">列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="日本選舉">選舉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%94%BF%E9%BB%A8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本政黨列表">政黨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="日本法律">法律</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%AD%BB%E5%88%91%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="日本死刑制度">死刑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%A4%96%E4%BA%A4" title="日本外交">外交</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A" title="日本人權">人權</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%ACLGBT%E6%9D%83%E7%9B%8A" title="日本LGBT权益">LGBT權益</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="政府" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="日本国政府">政府</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%9C%83_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="國會 (日本)">國會</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E8%AD%B0%E9%99%A2_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="參議院 (日本)">參議院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%97%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="众议院 (日本)">眾議院</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A3%81%E5%88%A4%E6%89%80" title="日本裁判所">司法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3" title="日本內閣">內閣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3" title="內閣總理大臣">內閣總理大臣</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%85%A7%E9%96%A3%E7%B8%BD%E7%90%86%E5%A4%A7%E8%87%A3%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本內閣總理大臣列表">列表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%A9%9F%E9%97%9C" title="日本行政機關">行政機關</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8D%AB%E9%98%9F" title="自卫队">自卫队</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A" title="航空自衛隊">航空</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B8%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A" title="陸上自衛隊">陸上</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%9B%E9%9A%8A" title="海上自衛隊">海上</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86" title="日本地理">地理</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本環境政策(页面不存在)">環境政策</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%88%86%E5%8C%BA" title="日本地理分区">地理分區</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E5%8A%83" title="日本行政區劃">行政區劃</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9F%8E%E5%B8%82&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本城市(页面不存在)">城市</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%A1_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="郡 (日本)">郡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%BA" title="町">町</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%91_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="村 (日本)">村</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%B0%E5%9D%80%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本地址系統(页面不存在)">地址系統</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%B3%B6%E5%B6%BC%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本島嶼列表">島嶼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本湖泊列表">湖泊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本河流列表">河流</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E6%A5%B5%E9%BB%9E" title="日本的地理極點">極點</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%81%97%E4%BA%A7%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="日本世界遗产列表">世界遺產</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" title="日本經濟">經濟</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E3%80%81%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%AD%E5%8F%8A%E6%BC%81%E6%A5%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本農業、林業及漁業(页面不存在)">一級產業</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%A3%BD%E9%80%A0%E6%A5%AD&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本製造業(页面不存在)">二級產業</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8B%9E%E5%8A%9B%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本勞力市場(页面不存在)">勞力</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本通訊(页面不存在)">通訊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%A4%E9%80%9A" title="日本交通">交通</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%90%B5%E8%B7%AF%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8" title="日本鐵路運輸">鐵路運輸</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%9C%93" title="日圓">日圓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%93%B6%E8%A1%8C" title="日本银行">中央銀行</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%83%BD%E6%BA%90&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本能源(页面不存在)">能源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%B2%A7%E7%AA%AE%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="日本貧窮問題">貧窮問題</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="日本文化">文化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93" title="日本藝術">藝術</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%86%E6%99%AF" title="盆景">盆景</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E8%97%9D%E8%83%BD" title="日本傳統藝能">傳統藝能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%99%E7%90%86" title="日本料理">料理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="日本文学">文學</a></li> <li>音樂 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%82%B3%E7%B5%B1%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="日本傳統音樂">傳統音樂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%82" title="日本流行音樂">流行音樂</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89" title="日本建築">建築</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%81%8A%E6%88%B2&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本遊戲(页面不存在)">遊戲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8A%A8%E7%94%BB" title="日本动画">動畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%BC%AB%E7%94%BB" title="日本漫画">漫畫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96" title="日本電視">電視</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1" title="日本电影">電影</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B0%91%E4%BF%97&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本民俗(页面不存在)">民俗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%AD%E5%85%B8_(%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC)" title="祭典 (日本)">祭典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" title="日本神話">神話</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%BA%AD%E5%9C%92" title="日本庭園">庭園</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BA%E5%A6%93" title="艺妓">艺妓</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E9%81%93" title="華道">華道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%8C%B6%E9%81%93" title="日本茶道">茶道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%8F%AF%E6%84%9B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="日本可愛文化">可愛文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94" title="日本媒體">媒體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%BC%8F%E6%BA%AB%E6%B3%89" title="日式溫泉">日式溫泉</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%A2%E6%B9%AF" title="錢湯">錢湯</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">社會</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="日本美學">美學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="日本人口">人口</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="日本語言">語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%96%87%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="日文文字">文字</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%89&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本治安(页面不存在)">治安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="日本教育">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E7%A6%AE%E5%84%80&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本禮儀(页面不存在)">禮儀</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%8F%E5%AE%85&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="日本住宅(页面不存在)">住宅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="日本法律">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA" title="日本人">人種</a></li> <li><a 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aria-labelledby="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&amp;#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&amp;#125;--&amp;#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&amp;#125;-_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5287#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/981565/">FAST</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932171r">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932171r">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4114069-2">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&amp;local_base=NLX10&amp;find_code=UID&amp;request=987007531546705171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85069643">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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