CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>生物分类学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"dc6b542a-46a3-4eba-b0ac-086d71cf1493","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"生物分类学","wgTitle":"生物分类学","wgCurRevisionId":84495788,"wgRevisionId":84495788,"wgArticleId":7918,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["自2023年5月需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目","需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目","含有英語的條目","生物分类","生物学分支","生物分類學"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"生物分类学","wgRelevantArticleId":7918,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"动物分类学", "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":7000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q8269924","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas", "ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="生物分类学 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-生物分类学 rootpage-生物分类学 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">主菜单</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z"><span>首页</span></a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科"><span>分类索引</span></a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容"><span>特色内容</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料"><span>新闻动态</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r"><span>最近更改</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x"><span>随机条目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助"><span>帮助</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做"><span>维基社群</span></a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引"><span>方针与指引</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论"><span>互助客栈</span></a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方"><span>知识问答</span></a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求"><span>字词转换</span></a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93"><span>IRC即时聊天</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科"><span>联络我们</span></a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介"><span>关于维基百科</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>搜索</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">外观</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class=""><span>资助维基百科</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class=""><span>创建账号</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>登录</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">个人工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生物命名规范" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物命名规范"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生物命名规范</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物命名规范-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物分界(kingdom)和域(domain)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物分界(kingdom)和域(domain)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>生物分界(kingdom)和域(domain)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物分界(kingdom)和域(domain)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分类表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分类表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>分类表</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-分类表-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关分类表子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-分类表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-生物分類總表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物分類總表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>生物分類總表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物分類總表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物詳細分類表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物詳細分類表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>生物詳細分類表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物詳細分類表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-古菌域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#古菌域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>古菌域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-古菌域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-細菌域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#細菌域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>細菌域</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-細菌域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真核生物域" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真核生物域"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>真核生物域</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-真核生物域-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关真核生物域子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-真核生物域-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-植物界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#植物界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>植物界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-植物界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真菌/後生動物組" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真菌/後生動物組"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>真菌/後生動物組</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真菌/後生動物組-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-動物界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動物界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>動物界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動物界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-真菌界" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#真菌界"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>真菌界</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-真菌界-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其餘真核生物（原生生物和真核藻類）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其餘真核生物（原生生物和真核藻類）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>其餘真核生物（原生生物和真核藻類）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其餘真核生物（原生生物和真核藻類）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>注释</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">生物分类学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。93种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-93" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">93种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetenskaplike_klassifikasie" title="Wetenskaplike klassifikasie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wetenskaplike klassifikasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(Biologie)" title="Taxonomie (Biologie) – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Taxonomie (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa" title="Taxonomía – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Taxonomía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81_(%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="علم التصنيف (أحياء) – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم التصنيف (أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক বৰ্গীকৰণ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জীৱবৈজ্ঞানিক বৰ্গীকৰণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa" title="Taxonomía – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Taxonomía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C_(%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="تاکسونومی (بیولوژی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تاکسونومی (بیولوژی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomiya" title="Taksonomiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Taksonomiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="टैक्सोनॉमी (जीव बिज्ञान) – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="टैक्सोनॉमी (जीव बिज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8)" title="শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ্যা (জীববিজ্ঞান) – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শ্রেণিবিন্যাসবিদ্যা (জীববিজ্ঞান)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_Biologi" title="Klasifikasi Biologi – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Klasifikasi Biologi" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Taxonomia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%AF_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%B7%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%98%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9" title="ᏍᎪᏯ ᏗᏃᎷᏩᏘᏍᎩ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏍᎪᏯ ᏗᏃᎷᏩᏘᏍᎩ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(Biologie)" title="Taxonomie (Biologie) – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taxonomie (Biologie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology) – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Taxonomy (biology)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomio" title="Taksonomio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Taksonomio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa" title="Taxonomía – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Taxonomía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Taxonomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="آرایه‌شناسی (زیست‌شناسی) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آرایه‌شناسی (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia" title="Taksonomia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taksonomia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taxonomie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomii_faan_diarten_an_plaanten" title="Taksonomii faan diarten an plaanten – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Taksonomii faan diarten an plaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacsanoma%C3%ADocht_(bitheola%C3%ADocht)" title="Tacsanomaíocht (bitheolaíocht) – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tacsanomaíocht (bitheolaíocht)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%ADa_(biolox%C3%ADa)" title="Taxonomía (bioloxía) – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Taxonomía (bioloxía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%83%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A3_(%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8)" title="વર્ગીકૃતનામકરણ (જીવવિજ્ઞાન) – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="વર્ગીકૃતનામકરણ (જીવવિજ્ઞાન)" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rang-oardraghey_(bea-oaylleeaght)" title="Rang-oardraghey (bea-oaylleeaght) – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rang-oardraghey (bea-oaylleeaght)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94)" title="טקסונומיה (ביולוגיה) – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טקסונומיה (ביולוגיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="वर्गिकी (जीवविज्ञान) – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्गिकी (जीवविज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija_(biologija)" title="Taksonomija (biologija) – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Taksonomija (biologija)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rendszertan_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Rendszertan (biológia) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rendszertan (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Կենսաբանական դասակարգում – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաբանական դասակարգում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia_(biolohia)" title="Taksonomia (biolohia) – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Taksonomia (biolohia)" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="分類学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分類学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasensartut_(tasnudert)" title="Tasensartut (tasnudert) – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tasensartut (tasnudert)" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Таксономия (биология) – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Таксономия (биология)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF" title="ಟ್ಯಾಕ್ಸಾನಮಿ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಟ್ಯಾಕ್ಸಾನಮಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98%ED%95%99" title="분류학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분류학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%95%DA%98%D9%88%D9%B2%D9%86%D8%A0_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%9B%D9%88%D9%97%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA)" title="رٕژوٲنؠ (زیٛوٗدُت) – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رٕژوٲنؠ (زیٛوٗدُت)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonom%C3%AE_(biyoloj%C3%AE)" title="Taksonomî (biyolojî) – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Taksonomî (biyolojî)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биологиялык классификация – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биологиялык классификация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasonomia" title="Tasonomia – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tasonomia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie" title="Taxonomie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Taxonomie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonom%C3%AFa" title="Taxonomïa – 利古里亚语" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Taxonomïa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="利古里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taksonomija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taksonomija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8)" title="ट्याक्सोनोमी (जीव विज्ञान) – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ट्याक्सोनोमी (जीव विज्ञान)" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Таксономија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Таксономија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവവർഗ്ഗീകരണശാസ്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവവർഗ്ഗീകരണശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="မျိုးခွဲဗေဒ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မျိုးခွဲဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="प्राणी वर्गीकरण विज्ञान – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="प्राणी वर्गीकरण विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biologi)" title="Taksonomi (biologi) – 尼亚斯语" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Taksonomi (biologi)" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="尼亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology) – 北索托语" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Taxonomy (biology)" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="北索托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramaddamee(Taxonomy)" title="Ramaddamee(Taxonomy) – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ramaddamee(Taxonomy)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia" title="Taksonomia – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Taksonomia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia" title="Taksonomia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Taksonomia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A)_%D9%BC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A(" title="ډلبندي) ټکسونومي( – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډلبندي) ټکسونومي(" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomia" title="Taxonomia – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Taxonomia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биологическая таксономия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биологическая таксономия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Таксономия (биология) – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Таксономия (биология)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Биология классификацията – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биология классификацията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassinum%C3%ACa" title="Tassinumìa – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Tassinumìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%8A%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="ٽيڪسانومي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽيڪسانومي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomija" title="Taksonomija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Taksonomija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasnmalayt" title="Tasnmalayt – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasnmalayt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA_(%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%80_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80)" title="වර්ගීකරණය (ජීව විද්‍යාව) – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වර්ගීකරණය (ජීව විද්‍යාව)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon%C3%B3mia_(biol%C3%B3gia)" title="Taxonómia (biológia) – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taxonómia (biológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upangamutowo" title="Upangamutowo – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Upangamutowo" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomia_(biologji)" title="Taksonomia (biologji) – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Taksonomia (biologji)" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Таксономија (биологија) – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Таксономија (биологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klasifikasi_ilmiah" title="Klasifikasi ilmiah – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Klasifikasi ilmiah" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomi" title="Taxonomi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taxonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="உயிரியல் வகைப்பாடு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிரியல் வகைப்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%80_(%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80)" title="టాక్సానమీ (బయాలజీ) – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="టాక్సానమీ (బయాలజీ)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="อนุกรมวิธาน – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุกรมวิธาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomiya" title="Taksonomiya – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Taksonomiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomi_(biyoloji)" title="Taksonomi (biyoloji) – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Taksonomi (biyoloji)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Таксономія (біологія) – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Таксономія (біологія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تصنیفیات (حیاتیات) – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تصنیفیات (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksonomiya" title="Taksonomiya – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Taksonomiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_lo%E1%BA%A1i_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Phân loại sinh học – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân loại sinh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie) – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Taxonomie (biologie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomiya_(biyolohiya)" title="Taxonomiya (biyolohiya) – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Taxonomiya (biyolohiya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物分类学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-l%C5%ABi-ha%CC%8Dk_(seng-bu%CC%8Dt-ha%CC%8Dk)" title="Hun-lūi-ha̍k (seng-bu̍t-ha̍k) – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-lūi-ha̍k (seng-bu̍t-ha̍k)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="生物分類學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="生物分類學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqwangqwa_(kumchazampilo)" title="Ingqwangqwa (kumchazampilo) – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqwangqwa (kumchazampilo)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8269924#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN"><span>大陆简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK"><span>香港繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO"><span>澳門繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY"><span>大马简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG"><span>新加坡简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW"><span>臺灣正體</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&oldid=84495788" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&id=84495788&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2589%25A9%25E5%2588%2586%25E7%25B1%25BB%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E7%2594%259F%25E7%2589%25A9%25E5%2588%2586%25E7%25B1%25BB%25E5%25AD%25A6"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taxonomy_(biology)" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" hreflang="zh"><span>维基教科书</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8269924" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g"><span>维基数据项目</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="动物分类学">动物分类学</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>關於对事物分类的科学，請參見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="分類學">分類學</a></b>」，其他用法請參見「<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9)" class="mw-disambig" title="分類學 (消歧義)">分類學 (消歧義)</a></b>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r74069148"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">  </span><span class="mobile"></span></span>关于相似術語，请见「<b><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></b>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>可参照<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:Taxonomy (biology)">英語維基百科</a>相應條目来扩充</b>，此條目在對應語言版為高品質條目。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2023年5月8日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%AE%88%E5%88%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:翻译守则">参考外语维基百科扩充条目</a>。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%9C%A8%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%86%85%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%86%85%E5%AE%B9" title="Wikipedia:在维基百科内复制内容">版权协议</a>，译文需<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%B7%A8%E8%BC%AF%E6%91%98%E8%A6%81#翻譯文章" title="Wikipedia:編輯摘要">在编辑摘要注明来源</a>，或于讨论页顶部标记<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Translated_page" title="Template:Translated page">Translated page</a>}}</code>标签。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84913072">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:100%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-subgroup,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物分类学</a></caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:larger;border-top:1px solid grey"> <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%98%B6%E5%85%83" title="分类阶元">分类阶元</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="域 (生物)">域</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">门</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">纲</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E" title="属">属</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">种</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:larger;border-top:1px solid grey"> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9F%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="三域系統">三域系統</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞生物">细胞生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核域</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:larger;border-top:1px solid grey"> 其他话题</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="二名法">二名法</a></li> <li>“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="非细胞生物">非细胞生物</a>” <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物演化樹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="tree of life (biology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%A8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物演化樹（页面不存在）">生物演化樹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tree_of_life_(biology)" class="extiw" title="en:tree of life (biology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">tree of life (biology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:生物分类学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:生物分类学（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物分类学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> <b>生物分類學</b>（英語：<span lang="en">biotaxonomy</span>）簡稱<b>分類学</b>（<span lang="en">taxonomy</span>），是关于生物个体的鉴定（identification）、归类（classification）和命名（nomenclature）的原理和方法的学科；此三要件间有相互依存的关系。生物分類學範圍包括：研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E7%BE%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="類群">类群</a>间的异同程度，阐明生物间的亲缘关系、演化过程和发展规律。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>要將生物分類，首先要知道<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a>與非生物的定義，但是我們似乎沒有辦法準確定義，以<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>來說，雖然可在其他生物體內寄生並複製，但在生物體外卻沒有一般生物的特徵如製造或攝取營養，<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="生殖">生殖</a>等現象。又如引起<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%8B%E7%89%9B%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="瘋牛病">瘋牛病</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E7%B2%92" class="mw-redirect" title="朊粒">朊粒</a>（prion）可以造成感染卻無<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>成分，一直以來，DNA被視為生命<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="遺傳物質">遺傳物質</a>，經由與<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄">轉錄</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="轉譯">轉譯</a>過程，形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>，再進一步形成組成細胞的各個部分，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞膜">細胞膜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%99%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="胞器">胞器</a>等，而<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">細胞</a>則是我們長久以來所認為組成生命體的最小單位。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物命名规范"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D.E8.A7.84.E8.8C.83"></span>生物命名规范</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生物命名规范"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>关于如何为生物命名的原则有很多国际协议，例如《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="國際植物命名法規">国际植物命名法规</a>》（<span lang="en">International Code of Botanical Nomenclature</span>，简称ICBN）、《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84" title="国际动物命名法规">国际动物命名法规</a>》（International Code of Zoological Nomenclature，简称ICZN）以及《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际细菌命名法规" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际细菌命名法规（页面不存在）">国际细菌命名法规</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_of_Bacteria" class="extiw" title="en:International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria"><span lang="en" dir="auto">International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria</span></a></span>）</span></span>》（International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria，简称ICNB）。第四版的生物命名法规（BioCode）草案在2000年出版，它试图在5个领域标准化命名，但现在还没有被正式采纳。《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际病毒命名和分类法规（页面不存在）">国际病毒命名和分类法规</a>》（International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature，简称ICVCN）是属于生物命名法规的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物分界(kingdom)和域(domain)"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.88.86.E7.95.8C.28kingdom.29.E5.92.8C.E5.9F.9F.28domain.29"></span>生物分界(kingdom)和域(domain)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：生物分界(kingdom)和域(domain)"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>传统上，生物分为五界(kingdom)， </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="原核生物界">原核生物界</a>(bacteria) -- <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="原生生物界">原生生物界</a>(protista) -- <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌界">真菌界</a>(fungus) -- <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="植物界">植物界</a>(plant) -- <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="动物界">动物界</a>(animal)</li></ul> <p>Copeland提出过四界说： </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="原核生物界">原核生物界</a> -- <a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="原生生物界">原生生物界</a> -- <a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="植物界">植物界</a> -- <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="动物界">动物界</a></li></ul> <p>也有人使用<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9F%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="三域系統">三域系統</a>说。这种分类方法是依據细胞是否有<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">核</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A3%81" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞壁">细胞壁</a>的差异。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="古細菌">古菌域</a>(archaea) -- <a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">细菌域</a>(bacteria) -- <a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核域</a>(eukaryota)</li></ul> <p>另有一些不属于上述所有分类的介于生物和非生物之间的生命形式，即只能<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F" title="寄生">寄生</a>于细胞内的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>，而它们在细胞外并不表现出活跃的生命形式。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a> -- <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="类病毒">类病毒</a> -- <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E7%B2%92" class="mw-redirect" title="朊粒">朊粒</a></li></ul> <table style="margin-left: 0.5em; border-collapse: collapse;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡尔·林奈">卡尔·林奈</a><br />1735<sup id="cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linnaeus1735-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·海克尔">恩斯特·海克尔</a><br />1866<sup id="cite_ref-Haeckel_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haeckel-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃德·查頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Édouard Chatton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃德·查頓（页面不存在）">埃德·查頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Chatton" class="extiw" title="en:Édouard Chatton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Édouard Chatton</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />1925<sup id="cite_ref-Chatton1925_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chatton1925-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫伯特·科普蘭" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herbert Copeland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0" title="赫伯特·科普兰">赫伯特·科普蘭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Copeland" class="extiw" title="en:Herbert Copeland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herbert Copeland</span></a></span>）</span></span><br />1938<sup id="cite_ref-Copeland1938_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copeland1938-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%B3%B0%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·魏泰克">罗伯特·魏泰克</a><br />1969<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker1969_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker1969-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·乌斯">卡尔·乌斯</a> et al.<br />1990<sup id="cite_ref-Woese1990_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woese1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th style="padding: 4px; border-bottom: solid black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%BC%97%E5%88%A9%E7%88%BE-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯">湯瑪斯·卡弗利爾-史密斯</a><br />1998<sup id="cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">2 界 </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;">3 界 </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="2域系統" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="two-empire system"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=2%E5%9F%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2域系統（页面不存在）">2域系統</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/two-empire_system" class="extiw" title="en:two-empire system"><span lang="en" dir="auto">two-empire system</span></a></span>）</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界 (生物)</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界 (生物)</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9F%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="三域系統">三域系統</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center; border-bottom: double black 3px; border-left: solid black 1px; padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界 (生物)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 4px;"><i>（未論述）</i> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="4" style="padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; padding-right: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="原核生物界">原核生物界</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="原核生物界">原核生物界</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgrey" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">细菌</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="darkgray" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#e0d0b0" rowspan="5" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="khaki" rowspan="1" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" title="原生動物">原生動物</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="burlywood" rowspan="1" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%97%BB%E7%95%8C" title="色藻界">色藻界</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" rowspan="2" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightgreen" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="lightblue" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a> </td> <td bgcolor="lightblue" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a> </td> <td bgcolor="pink" style="padding-left: 4px; border-left: dotted black 1px;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84913072"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:21em;border:2px solid #90ee90;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding:0.3em 0 0 0; background:#90ee90; font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/190px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/285px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg/380px-Darwin%27s_finches_by_Gould.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1748" data-file-height="1319" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·古尔德">约翰·古尔德</a>繪製的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E9%9B%80" title="達爾文雀">達爾文雀</a>圖像</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0.55em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化生物學條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of evolutionary biology articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化生物學條目索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of evolutionary biology articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of evolutionary biology articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化的通俗闡釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Introduction to evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E9%80%9A%E4%BF%97%E9%97%A1%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化的通俗闡釋（页面不存在）">闡釋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Introduction to evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Introduction to evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">主條目</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化生物學大綱" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of evolutionary biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化生物學大綱（页面不存在）">大綱</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_evolutionary_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of evolutionary biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of evolutionary biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> </div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化生物學術語表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of evolutionary biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化生物學術語表（页面不存在）">術語表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_evolutionary_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of evolutionary biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of evolutionary biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E8%AD%89%E6%93%9A" title="演化的證據">證據</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="生命史">歷史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#90ee90;">過程與結果</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="群体遗传学">群体遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E8%AE%8A%E7%95%B0" title="遺傳變異">變異</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="遗传多样性">多樣性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="自然选择">自然选择</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="適應">適應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E6%80%81%E6%80%A7_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="多态性 (生物学)">多態性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E6%BC%82%E5%8F%98" title="遗传漂变">遗传漂变</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B5%81%E5%8B%95" title="基因流動">基因流動</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="物种形成">物种形成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E9%81%A9%E6%87%89" title="輻射適應">輻射適應</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="互助 (演化)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cooperation (evolution)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="互助 (演化)（页面不存在）">合作</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperation_(evolution)" class="extiw" title="en:Cooperation (evolution)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cooperation (evolution)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="共同演化">协同演化</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共同滅絕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Coextinction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E6%BB%85%E7%B5%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共同滅絕（页面不存在）">共同滅絕</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coextinction" class="extiw" title="en:Coextinction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Coextinction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E7%95%B0%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="趨異演化">趨異演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8B%E5%90%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="趋同演化">趋同演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%8C%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="平行演化">平行演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E7%81%AD" title="绝灭">灭绝</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#90ee90;">自然史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="生命起源">生命起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="共同起源">共同起源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%8F%B2" title="生命史">生命史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B" title="生命演化历程">生命演化历程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="人類演化">人類演化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系统發生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物分类学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化分類學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化分類學（页面不存在）">演化分類學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary taxonomy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序系統學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E6%B8%A1%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="過渡化石">過渡化石</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%9B%86%E7%BE%A4%E7%81%AD%E7%BB%9D" title="生物集群灭绝">滅絕事件</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#90ee90;">演化论發展史</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="演化思想史">概述</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文藝復興和啟蒙運動中的演化思想" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E5%92%8C%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文藝復興和啟蒙運動中的演化思想（页面不存在）">文藝復興</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_ideas_of_the_Renaissance_and_Enlightenment" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary ideas of the Renaissance and Enlightenment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種變遷論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transmutation of species"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E8%AE%8A%E9%81%B7%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種變遷論（页面不存在）">前達爾文時代</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation_of_species" class="extiw" title="en:Transmutation of species"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transmutation of species</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">達爾文</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物种起源">物种起源</a>》</span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="達爾文主義的日食" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The eclipse of Darwinism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A5%E9%A3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達爾文主義的日食（页面不存在）">前期綜論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_eclipse_of_Darwinism" class="extiw" title="en:The eclipse of Darwinism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The eclipse of Darwinism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%BC%E8%AE%BA" title="现代演化综论">現代綜論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子演化史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子演化史（页面不存在）">分子演化</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6#当前研究课题" title="演化生物学">當前研究</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種形成史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種形成史（页面不存在）">物種形成史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:History of speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物學史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物學史（页面不存在）">古生物學史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物學大事記" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A7%E4%BA%8B%E8%A8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物學大事記（页面不存在）">大事記</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#90ee90;">學科與應用</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化的應用" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Applications of evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E6%87%89%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化的應用（页面不存在）">演化的應用</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applications_of_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Applications of evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Applications of evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物社會犯罪學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Biosocial criminology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物社會犯罪學（页面不存在）">生物社會犯罪學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" class="extiw" title="en:Biosocial criminology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Biosocial criminology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="生態遺傳學">生態遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" title="演化美學">演化美學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="演化人類學">演化人類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" class="mw-redirect" title="演化计算">演化计算</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="演化生態學">演化生態學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="演化经济学">演化经济学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化認識論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化認識論（页面不存在）">演化認識論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="演化伦理学">演化伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8D%9A%E5%BC%88%E8%AE%BA" title="演化博弈论">演化博弈论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="演化語言學">演化語言學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化醫學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary medicine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化醫學（页面不存在）">演化醫學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary medicine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary medicine</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="演化神经科学">演化神經科學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化生理學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary physiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化生理學（页面不存在）">演化生理學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_physiology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary physiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary physiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="演化心理學">演化心理學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化實驗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Experimental evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化實驗（页面不存在）">演化實驗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Experimental evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Experimental evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E8%82%B2%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="选择育种">选择育种</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物種形成的實驗室實驗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laboratory experiments of speciation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物種形成的實驗室實驗（页面不存在）">物種形成實驗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory_experiments_of_speciation" class="extiw" title="en:Laboratory experiments of speciation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laboratory experiments of speciation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="社會生物學">社會生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%80%82%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="普适达尔文主义">普适达尔文主义</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#90ee90;">社會反應</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化的事實和理論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolution as fact and theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6%E5%92%8C%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化的事實和理論（页面不存在）">演化的事實和理論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_as_fact_and_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Evolution as fact and theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolution as fact and theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E5%BD%B1%E9%9F%BF" title="演化論的社會影響">社會影響</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="创造论与科学">創造論與演化論之爭</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AF%BC%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA" title="神导演化论">神导演化论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="對演化論的異議" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Objections to evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8D%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E7%95%B0%E8%AD%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="對演化論的異議（页面不存在）">對演化論的異議</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objections_to_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Objections to evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Objections to evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化論的支持度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Level of support for evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E6%94%AF%E6%8C%81%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化論的支持度（页面不存在）">演化論的支持度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_of_support_for_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:Level of support for evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Level of support for evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="padding:0.4em 0 0 0;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:演化生物學">維基分類</a></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化生物學條目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of evolutionary biology articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化生物學條目索引（页面不存在）">相關條目</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_evolutionary_biology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of evolutionary biology articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of evolutionary biology articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:演化生物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:演化生物学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:演化生物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分类表"><span id=".E5.88.86.E7.B1.BB.E8.A1.A8"></span>分类表</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：分类表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生物分類總表"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E7.B8.BD.E8.A1.A8"></span>生物分類總表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：生物分類總表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%B8%BD%E8%A1%A8" title="生物分類總表">生物分類總表</a></div> <p>这个列表以<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/">NCBI Taxonomy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060206165407/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）上的分類爲基礎<span id="noteTag-cite_ref-sup"><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>註 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生物詳細分類表"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E8.A9.B3.E7.B4.B0.E5.88.86.E9.A1.9E.E8.A1.A8"></span>生物詳細分類表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：生物詳細分類表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8" title="古菌分類表">古菌分類表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8" title="細菌分類表">細菌分類表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8_(NCBI)" title="植物分類表 (NCBI)">植物分類表 (NCBI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E8%A1%A8" title="动物分类表">动物分类表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E8%A1%A8" title="真菌分类表">真菌分类表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8" title="原生生物分類表">原生生物分类表</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="古菌域"><span id=".E5.8F.A4.E8.8F.8C.E5.9F.9F"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="古細菌">古菌域</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：古菌域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8" title="古菌分類表">古菌分類表</a></div> <p>包含<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%9C%E9%B9%BD%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗜鹽菌（页面不存在）">嗜鹽菌</a>、一些<a href="/wiki/%E5%97%9C%E7%86%B1%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="嗜熱菌">超嗜熱菌</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%97%9C%E9%85%B8%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="嗜酸菌（页面不存在）">嗜酸菌</a>等。<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="細菌域"><span id=".E7.B4.B0.E8.8F.8C.E5.9F.9F"></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="細菌">細菌域</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：細菌域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8" title="細菌分類表">細菌分類表</a></div> <p>包含<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E7%BA%BF%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="放线菌">放線菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E5%8E%9F%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="衣原體">衣原體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="支原体">支原體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%AC%A1%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="立克次體">立克次體</a>等。<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="真核生物域"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E6.A0.B8.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.9F.9F"></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物域</a></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：真核生物域"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="植物界"><span id=".E6.A4.8D.E7.89.A9.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="植物界">植物界</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：植物界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8_(NCBI)" title="植物分類表 (NCBI)">植物分類表 (NCBI)</a></div> <p>包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%97%BB" class="mw-disambig" title="綠藻">綠藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%AA%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="輪藻">輪藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%94%E8%98%9A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="苔蘚植物">苔蘚植物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%95%A8%E9%A1%9E%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="蕨類植物">蕨類植物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E5%AD%90%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="種子植物">種子植物</a>等。<br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="真菌/後生動物組"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E8.8F.8C.2F.E5.BE.8C.E7.94.9F.E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9.E7.B5.84"></span>真菌/後生動物組</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：真菌/後生動物組"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>真菌/後生動物組除動物界和真菌外，還包含<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%98%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E8%9F%B2" title="領鞭毛蟲">領鞭毛蟲</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AD%9A%E9%86%89%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="魚醉菌（页面不存在）">魚醉菌</a>等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="動物界"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E7.89.A9.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="動物界">動物界</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：動物界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="動物分類表">動物分類表</a></div> <p>即“後生動物”組。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="真菌界"><span id=".E7.9C.9F.E8.8F.8C.E7.95.8C"></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E7%95%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌界">真菌界</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：真菌界"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="真菌分類表">真菌分類表</a></div> <p>包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%90%E5%9B%8A%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="子囊菌">子囊菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%85%E5%AD%90%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="担子菌">擔子菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E5%90%88%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="接合菌">接合菌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%BA%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="壺菌">壺菌</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="聚合菌（页面不存在）">聚合菌</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="微孢子蟲">微孢子蟲</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其餘真核生物（原生生物和真核藻類）"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E9.A4.98.E7.9C.9F.E6.A0.B8.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.EF.BC.88.E5.8E.9F.E7.94.9F.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.92.8C.E7.9C.9F.E6.A0.B8.E8.97.BB.E9.A1.9E.EF.BC.89"></span>其餘真核生物（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>和真核<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E9%A1%9E" title="藻類">藻類</a>）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：其餘真核生物（原生生物和真核藻類）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>真核生物除<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>三界之外統稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>，爲<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a>。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%89%E8%BE%90%E9%AA%A8%E8%99%AB%E7%BA%B2" title="等辐骨虫纲">等輻骨蟲綱</a>（Acantharea），如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%A3%98%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等棘蟲（页面不存在）">等棘蟲</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%9F%B2" title="放射蟲">放射蟲綱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%99%E6%BB%B4%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雙滴蟲類（页面不存在）">雙滴蟲類</a>（Diplomonadida），如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B2%E6%BB%B4%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曲滴蟲（页面不存在）">曲滴蟲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E7%AC%AC%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="賈第蟲">賈第蟲</a>。</li> <li>Parabasalidea <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AF%9B%E6%BB%B4%E8%9F%B2%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="毛滴蟲綱（页面不存在）">毛滴蟲綱</a>（Trichomonada）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超鞭毛綱（页面不存在）">超鞭毛綱</a>（Hypermastigia）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E5%8F%B6%E8%B6%B3%E7%BA%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="异叶足纲">異葉足綱</a>（Heterolobosea），如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%86%E8%83%9E%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="集胞菌（页面不存在）">集胞菌</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E8%9F%B2%E9%96%80" class="mw-redirect" title="眼蟲門">眼蟲門</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%AA%E9%AB%94%E7%9B%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動質體目（页面不存在）">動質體目</a>（Kinetoplastida）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%BC%E8%99%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="眼虫">眼蟲綱</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%90%E8%97%BB%E7%BA%B2" title="隐藻纲">隱藻綱</a>（Cryptophyta）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%9A%E9%9E%AD%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="定鞭藻（页面不存在）">定鞭藻綱</a>（Haptophyceae），如<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E7%9F%B3%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="球石藻">球石藻</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E9%9E%AD%E9%87%91%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等鞭金藻（页面不存在）">等鞭金藻</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A3%95%E5%9B%8A%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="棕囊藻（页面不存在）">棕囊藻</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%AD%89%E9%9E%AD%E6%AF%9B%E9%A1%9E" title="不等鞭毛類">不等鞭毛類</a>，除下列分類還包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BC%BB%E7%90%83%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="輻球蟲（页面不存在）">輻球蟲</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%99%E7%89%87%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛙片蟲（页面不存在）">蛙片蟲</a>等。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E8%97%BB" title="金藻">金藻綱</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%85%E9%9E%AD%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="硅鞭藻（页面不存在）">硅鞭藻綱</a>（Dictyochophyceae）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%9D%E8%83%9E%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="針胞藻（页面不存在）">針胞藻綱</a>（Raphidophyceae）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E6%AF%9B%E5%A3%BA%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前毛壺菌（页面不存在）">前毛壺菌綱</a>（Hyphochytriomycetes）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B5%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="卵菌">卵菌綱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="褐藻">褐藻門</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B8%B6" title="海帶">海帶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="巨藻">巨藻</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B0%BE%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="馬尾藻">馬尾藻</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A2%A8%E8%A7%92%E8%97%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="墨角藻（页面不存在）">墨角藻</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%85%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="硅藻">硅藻門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="黃藻">黃藻門</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%8A%E6%B3%A1%E8%99%AB%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="囊泡虫类">囊泡蟲類</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E8%A4%87%E9%96%80" title="頂複門">頂複門</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%98%A7%E5%8E%9F%E8%9F%B2" title="瘧原蟲">瘧原蟲</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%96%E6%AF%9B%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="纖毛蟲">纖毛蟲類</a>，如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%87%E5%8F%AD%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喇叭蟲（页面不存在）">喇叭蟲</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E7%B8%8A%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中縊蟲（页面不存在）">中縊蟲</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%B4%E5%BD%88%E8%9F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="榴彈蟲（页面不存在）">榴彈蟲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%89%E5%B1%A5%E8%99%AB" title="草履虫">草履蟲</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%86%9C%E8%9F%B2" title="四膜蟲">四膜蟲</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="甲藻">甲藻門</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AE%E5%AD%A2%E5%AD%90%E8%9F%B2%E9%96%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="單孢子蟲門（页面不存在）">單孢子蟲門</a>（Haplosporidia）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E8%B6%B3%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="絲足蟲類">絲足蟲類</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B9%E8%85%AB%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="根腫菌（页面不存在）">根腫菌類</a>（Plasmodiophorida）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B2%92%E7%B6%B2%E8%B6%B3%E8%9F%B2%E9%A1%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="粒網足蟲類（页面不存在）">粒網足蟲類</a>（Granuloreticulosea），如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E5%AD%94%E8%9F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="有孔蟲">有孔蟲</a>。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%91%89%E8%B6%B3%E7%B6%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="葉足綱（页面不存在）">葉足綱</a>（Lobosea），如<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E5%BD%A2%E8%9F%B2" title="變形蟲">變形蟲</a>（阿米巴）。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%8F%8C" title="黏菌">黏菌門</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="灰胞藻">灰胞藻綱</a>（Glaucocystophyceae）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%97%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="紅藻">紅藻門</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E8%8A%B1%E8%8F%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="石花菜">石花菜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E8%8F%9C" title="紫菜">紫菜</a>。</li></ul> <p>註：以上<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>列表不完全，尚包括有其他一些未歸類<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">生物学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="进化生物学">进化生物学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>：《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E8%AB%96" title="工具論">工具论</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="林奈">林奈</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="双名法">双名法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="创造分类学">创造分类学</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="注释"><span id=".E6.B3.A8.E9.87.8A"></span>注释</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：注释"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="references-NoteFoot"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">其它中文維基分類表可能依照其它標準，請注意區別。</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=18837">中国大百科智慧藏：分类学</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2019-07-30</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006032735/http://163.17.79.102/%A4%A4%B0%EA%A4j%A6%CA%AC%EC/Content.asp?ID=18837">存档</a>于2020-10-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7%E8%97%8F%EF%BC%9A%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F163.17.79.102%2F%25A4%25A4%25B0%25EA%25A4j%25A6%25CA%25AC%25EC%2FContent.asp%3FID%3D18837&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Linnaeus1735-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Linnaeus1735_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Linnaeus, C. Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species. 1735.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.btitle=Systemae+Naturae%2C+sive+regna+tria+naturae%2C+systematics+proposita+per+classes%2C+ordines%2C+genera+%26+species&rft.date=1735&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haeckel-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haeckel_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Haeckel, E. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Reimer, Berlin. 1866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.aulast=Haeckel&rft.btitle=Generelle+Morphologie+der+Organismen&rft.date=1866&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Reimer%2C+Berlin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chatton1925-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chatton1925_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Chatton, É. <i>Pansporella perplexa</i>. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires. Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale. 1925, <b>10–VII</b>: 1–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Pansporella+perplexa.+R%C3%A9flexions+sur+la+biologie+et+la+phylog%C3%A9nie+des+protozoaires&rft.aufirst=%C3%89.&rft.aulast=Chatton&rft.date=1925&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annales+des+Sciences+Naturelles+-+Zoologie+et+Biologie+Animale&rft.pages=1-84&rft.volume=10-VII&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Copeland1938-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Copeland1938_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Copeland, H. The kingdoms of organisms. Quarterly Review of Biology. 1938, <b>13</b>: 383–420. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F394568"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1086/394568</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=The+kingdoms+of+organisms&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=Copeland&rft.date=1938&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Biology&rft.pages=383-420&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F394568&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker1969-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker1969_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Whittaker, R. H. New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Science. January 1969, <b>163</b> (3863): 150–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1969Sci...163..150W"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1969Sci...163..150W</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5762760"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 5762760</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=New+concepts+of+kingdoms+of+organisms&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.date=1969-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3863&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=150-60&rft.volume=163&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1969Sci...163..150W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.163.3863.150&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5762760&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woese1990-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woese1990_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Woese, C.; Kandler, O.; Wheelis, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/87/12/4576">Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 1990, <b>87</b> (12): 4576–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1990PNAS...87.4576W"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1990PNAS...87.4576W</span></a>. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC54159"><span title="公共医学中心">PMC 54159</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2112744"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 2112744</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Towards+a+natural+system+of+organisms%3A+proposal+for+the+domains+Archaea%2C+Bacteria%2C+and+Eucarya.&rft.au=Kandler%2C+O.&rft.au=Wheelis%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.aulast=Woese&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.pages=4576-9&rft.volume=87&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC54159&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F87%2F12%2F4576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1990PNAS...87.4576W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.87.12.4576&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2112744&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CavalierSmith2004-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CavalierSmith2004_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCavalier-Smith1998" class="citation journal">Cavalier-Smith, T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=685">A revised six-kingdom system of life</a>. Biological Reviews. 1998, <b>73</b> (03): 203–66. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9809012"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 9809012</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=A+revised+six-kingdom+system+of+life&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.aulast=Cavalier-Smith&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=03&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.pages=203-66&rft.volume=73&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.cambridge.org%2Faction%2FdisplayAbstract%3FfromPage%3Donline%26aid%3D685&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9809012&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物分类学（科學分類法）" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bio-taxonomy-new" title="Template:Bio-taxonomy-new"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Bio-taxonomy-new&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Bio-taxonomy-new（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Bio-taxonomy-new" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Bio-taxonomy-new"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物分类学（科學分類法）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物分类学</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="科學分類法">科學分類法</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分類階層</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%9F_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="域 (生物)">域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%95%8C_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="界 (生物)">界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%97%A8_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="门 (生物)">门</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B2" title="纲">纲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="目 (生物)">目</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="科 (生物)">科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%9E" title="属">属</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">种</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="亚种">亚种</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88%E6%B0%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="林奈氏分類系統">林奈氏分類系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="非细胞生物">非細胞生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">动物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="藻类">藻类</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">五界說</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C" title="原核生物界">原核生物界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">動物界</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">四界法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">菌界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原生生物">原生生物界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="动物">動物界</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9F%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="三域系統">三域系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">細菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E8%8F%8C" title="古菌">古菌域</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核域</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E7%BC%98%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="亲缘分支分类法">親緣分支分類法</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系統發生樹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="-&#123;A&#124;zh-hans:系统发生;_zh-hk:系統發生;_zh-tw:親緣關係;&#125;-學" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:系统发生学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:系统发生学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:系统发生学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="-&#123;A&#124;zh-hans:系统发生;_zh-hk:系統發生;_zh-tw:親緣關係;&#125;-學" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生學</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="计算系统发生学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Computational phylogenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算系统发生学（页面不存在）">计算系统发生学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Computational phylogenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Computational phylogenetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="分子系统发生学">分子系统发生学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序系統學</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物分类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化分类学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化分类学（页面不存在）">演化分类学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary taxonomy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系統發生</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分支發生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cladogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分支發生（页面不存在）">分支發生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Cladogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cladogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系統發生樹</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%9B%BE" title="支序图">支序图</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="演化網路">演化網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9E%9D%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="長枝吸引效應">長枝吸引效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支">演化支</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化级" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary grade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化级（页面不存在）">演化级</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary grade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary grade</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="谱系 (演化)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lineage (evolution)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谱系 (演化)（页面不存在）">谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" class="extiw" title="en:Lineage (evolution)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lineage (evolution)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵谱系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost lineage"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵谱系（页面不存在）">幽灵谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_lineage" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost lineage"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost lineage</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵种群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost population"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵种群（页面不存在）">幽靈种群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_population" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost population"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost population</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">推理方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%B0%A1%E7%B4%84%E6%B3%95" title="最大簡約法">最大簡約法</a></li> <li>概率法（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95" title="贝叶斯法">贝叶斯法</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的距离矩阵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的距离矩阵（页面不存在）">距離矩陣法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Distance matrices in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E6%B3%95" title="邻接法">邻接法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不加權算術平均連鎖法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="UPGMA"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8A%A0%E6%AC%8A%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不加權算術平均連鎖法（页面不存在）">不加權算術平均連鎖法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPGMA" class="extiw" title="en:UPGMA"><span lang="en" dir="auto">UPGMA</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理（页面不存在）">最小二乘法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Least squares inference in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三元分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Three-taxon analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三元分析（页面不存在）">三元分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-taxon_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Three-taxon analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Three-taxon analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="親緣包圍法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic bracketing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%8C%85%E5%9C%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="親緣包圍法（页面不存在）">系统发生包圍法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_bracketing" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic bracketing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic bracketing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生和解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生和解（页面不存在）">系统发生和解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic reconciliation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">前沿课题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物谱系命名法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物谱系命名法（页面不存在）">生物谱系命名法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic nomenclature</span></a></span>）</span></span>（《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际系统发生命名法规" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PhyloCode"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际系统发生命名法规（页面不存在）">国际系统发生命名法规</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCode" class="extiw" title="en:PhyloCode"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PhyloCode</span></a></span>）</span></span>》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%A0%81" title="DNA条形码">DNA 条形码</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生比较方法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生比较方法（页面不存在）">系统发生比较方法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic comparative methods</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生生态位保守性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生生态位保守性（页面不存在）">系统发生生态位保守性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生信号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic signal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生信号（页面不存在）">系統發生信號</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic signal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic signal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of phylogenetics software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生软件列表（页面不存在）">系统发生软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of phylogenetics software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of phylogenetics software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生基因组学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenomics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生基因组学（页面不存在）">系统发生基因组学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenomics" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenomics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenomics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="親緣地理學">系统发生生物地理学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群特徵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始 (系统发生学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始 (系统发生学)（页面不存在）">原始特徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" class="extiw" title="en:Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primitive (phylogenetics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祖徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖徵（页面不存在）">祖徵／共有祖徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li>衍生特徵（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5" title="共有衍徵">衍徵／共有衍徵</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自有衍徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Autapomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自有衍徵（页面不存在）">自有衍徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Autapomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Autapomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群性質</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB" title="单系">单系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群">多系群（複系群）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他術語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%BE%A4" title="冠群">冠群／幹群／泛群（總群）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="姐妹群">姐妹群（姊妹群）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%BE%A4" title="外群">外群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%A4" title="基群">基群</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超樹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supertree"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E6%A8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超樹（页面不存在）">超樹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertree" class="extiw" title="en:Supertree"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Supertree</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:系统发生学">相關頁面</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="共享资源页面"><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phylogenetics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phylogenetics">共享資源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:生物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:生物学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物学史">生物学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物学史（页面不存在）">植物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of botany</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="解剖学史">解剖学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之前)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (through 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之前)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之前)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(through_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (through 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (through 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之后)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (since 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之后)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之后)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(since_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (since 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (since 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物分类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of plant systematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类学史（页面不存在）">植物分类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" class="extiw" title="en:History of plant systematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of plant systematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物学史（页面不存在）">古生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学史（页面不存在）">生态学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:History of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模式生物史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of model organisms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模式生物史（页面不存在）">模式生物史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" class="extiw" title="en:History of model organisms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of model organisms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藻类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of phycology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藻类学史（页面不存在）">藻类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_phycology" class="extiw" title="en:History of phycology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of phycology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遗传学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of genetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学史（页面不存在）">遗传学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of genetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化学的历史">生物化学的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物學史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RNA生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of RNA biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA生物学史（页面不存在）">RNA生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" class="extiw" title="en:History of RNA biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of RNA biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子演化学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子演化学史（页面不存在）">分子演化学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of immunology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫学史（页面不存在）">免疫学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of immunology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of immunology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物技术史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of biotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术史（页面不存在）">生物技术史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:History of biotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of biotechnology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">主領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="糖生物学">糖生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="脂类组学">脂类组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="代谢物组学">代谢物组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">動物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人体生理学">人体生理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物資訊學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="時間生物學">時間生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="胚胎学">胚胎学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞遗传学">细胞遗传学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物分类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="真菌學">真菌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学">海洋生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">跨領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">數理生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="低温生物学">低温生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物繁殖方式" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q130077803"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物繁殖方式（页面不存在）">生物繁殖方式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130077803" class="extiw" title="d:Q130077803"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q130077803</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:生物学">分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:生物學">專題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=生物分类学&oldid=84495788">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=生物分类学&oldid=84495788</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Category:生物分类">生物分类</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:生物学分支">生物学分支</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:生物分類學">生物分類學</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2023%E5%B9%B45%E6%9C%88%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2023年5月需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目">自2023年5月需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%BE%9E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目">需要從英語維基百科翻譯的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年10月7日 (星期一) 09:59。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>）<br /> Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。<br /> 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。<br /></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2fxxf","wgBackendResponseTime":180,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.785","walltime":"1.053","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4097,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":244064,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5509,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":25,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":70,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":74388,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":2,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 857.857 1 -total"," 20.19% 173.188 1 Template:Bio-taxonomy"," 18.00% 154.410 1 Template:Sidebar"," 15.85% 135.990 1 Template:Expand_language"," 14.88% 127.647 1 Template:Ambox"," 13.89% 119.121 65 Template:Le"," 13.80% 118.371 3 Template:Navbox"," 12.06% 103.425 1 Template:Lang-en"," 11.81% 101.300 1 Template:Reflist"," 8.55% 73.384 1 Template:进化生物学"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.390","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":25455868,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-xl5gk","timestamp":"20241124094949","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u751f\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u5b66","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8269924","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8269924","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-25T14:49:13Z","dateModified":"2024-10-07T09:59:48Z","headline":"\u7814\u7a76\u751f\u7269\u5206\u7c7b\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u539f\u7406\u7684\u751f\u7269\u5b66\u5206\u652f\u5b66\u79d1"}</script> </body> </html>