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id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">姐妹群</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。32种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="مجموعة شقيقة – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة شقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Сястрынская група – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сястрынская група" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestrinske_vrste" title="Sestrinske vrste – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sestrinske vrste" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0xon_germ%C3%A0" title="Tàxon germà – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tàxon germà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestersk%C3%A1_skupina" title="Sesterská skupina – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sesterská skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwestergruppe" title="Schwestergruppe – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwestergruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sister group" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fratogrupo" title="Fratogrupo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fratogrupo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_hermano" title="Grupo hermano – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grupo hermano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1" title="گروه خواهر – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه خواهر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_fr%C3%A8re" title="Groupe frère – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe frère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_irm%C3%A1n" title="Grupo irmán – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grupo irmán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingruppo" title="Kingruppo – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Kingruppo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takson_saudara" title="Takson saudara – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Takson saudara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%89%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4" title="姉妹群 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="姉妹群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%A7%A4%EA%B5%B0" title="자매군 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자매군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumpulan_bersaudara" title="Kumpulan bersaudara – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kumpulan bersaudara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustergrupp" title="Sustergrupp – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sustergrupp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zustergroep" title="Zustergroep – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zustergroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8stergruppe" title="Søstergruppe – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Søstergruppe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_siostrzana" title="Grupa siostrzana – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grupa siostrzana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_irm%C3%A3o" title="Grupo irmão – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grupo irmão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Сестринская группа – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сестринская группа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestrinske_vrste" title="Sestrinske vrste – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sestrinske vrste" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sister group" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sestrinske_vrste" title="Sestrinske vrste – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sestrinske vrste" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustertaxa" title="Sustertaxa – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sustertaxa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81" title="சகோதர குழு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சகோதர குழு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karde%C5%9F_grup" title="Kardeş grup – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kardeş grup" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Сестринська група – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сестринська група" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_ch%E1%BB%8B_em" title="Nhóm chị em – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm chị em" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-9c97171a" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-9c97171a" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-cn:姐妹群; zh-tw:姊妹群;"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:姐妹; zh-tw:姊妹;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh:系統發生; zh-cn:系统发生; zh-hk:種系發生; zh-tw:親緣關係;"></div></div></div> <p><b>姐妹群</b>或<b>姊妹群</b>（英文：sister group），是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系统发生学</a>上的常用概念，指親緣關係最近的两个<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%96%AE%E5%85%83" title="分類單元">分類單元</a>（分类群），这两个分类群共有一个不为第三者所有的祖先，亦即牠們是由同一祖先分化而来的两个<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="支系">支系</a><sup id="cite_ref-植物学名词_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-植物学名词-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-古生物学名词_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-古生物学名词-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-昆虫学名词_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-昆虫学名词-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>如下图所示： <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r62996521">.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{width:0.7em;padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0 0.15em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> </p> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> D  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r62996521"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> A  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> B  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel">  </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> C  </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>分類群 A 是分類群 B 的姐妹群，同时 B 也是 A 的姐妹群，两者从一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E7%A5%96%E5%85%88" title="最近共同祖先">最近共同祖先</a>演化而来，而关系较远的 C 就是牠們的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%BE%A4" title="外群">外群</a>。A 和 B 也可以组成一个更大的分类群 D，此时 D 就是 C 的姐妹群，反之亦然；以此类推，便可概括更多的姐妹群。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序分類學</a>的定义中，A、B、C 可以是生物类群、具体<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="物种">物种</a>或生物样本。在表述物种之間的姐妹群關係時，常会使用“<b>姐妹种</b>”（英文：sister species）一詞。 </p><p>需要注意的是，学者在使用姐妹群这一概念时，往往只考虑研究中所提及的对象。例如在表述现生动物之间親緣關係时，会提到<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%84%E9%B1%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="鳄鱼">鳄鱼</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟类">鸟类</a>互为姐妹群<sup id="cite_ref-Padian_et_al,_1994_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Padian_et_al,_1994-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kemp,_1988_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kemp,_1988-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，但这仅仅是對於現存类群而言——若将已灭绝的类群算进来，鸟类作为<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%90%E9%BE%99" title="恐龙">恐龙</a>的後裔，与鳄鱼之间还隔着许多已灭绝的旁亲<sup id="cite_ref-Benton,_2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton,_2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。因此，姐妹群只是一个相对的概念，仅用来描述研究中所列出的对象之间相对的亲疏远近关系<sup id="cite_ref-Podani,_2010_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Podani,_2010-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-植物学名词-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-植物学名词_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">第二届植物学名词审定委员会 (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/21738/1">植物学名词</a> (2版). <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2019. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-062178-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-062178-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-062178-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1198145621"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 1198145621</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=010446494">NLC 010446494</a></span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120130039/https://www.termonline.cn/word/21738/1">存档</a>于2022-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%B1%8A%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2019&rft.edition=%282%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-062178-8&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F21738%2F1&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1198145621&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-古生物学名词-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-古生物学名词_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">古生物学名词审定委员会 (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/255533/1">古生物学名词</a> (2版). <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2009. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-025433-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-025433-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-025433-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2010372103"><span title="美国国会图书馆控制码">LCCN 2010372103</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/886143158"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 886143158</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=004299369">NLC 004299369</a></span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120135134/https://www.termonline.cn/word/255533/1">存档</a>于2022-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=%282%E7%89%88%29&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-025433-7&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F255533%2F1&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2010372103&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F886143158&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-昆虫学名词-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-昆虫学名词_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">昆虫学名词审定委员会 (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.termonline.cn/word/250968/1">昆虫学名词</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="北京">北京</a>: <a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="科学出版社">科学出版社</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-7-03-008691-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-7-03-008691-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-7-03-008691-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2009393584"><span title="美国国会图书馆控制码">LCCN 2009393584</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/51302810"><span title="OCLC">OCLC 51302810</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC01&doc_number=000096873">NLC 000096873</a></span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120130107/https://www.termonline.cn/word/250968/1">存档</a>于2022-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&rft.au=%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D%E5%AE%A1%E5%AE%9A%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&rft.btitle=%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%8D%E8%AF%8D&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-7-03-008691-4&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.termonline.cn%2Fword%2F250968%2F1&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009393584&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51302810&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（简体中文）</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Padian_et_al,_1994-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Padian_et_al,_1994_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Padian, Kevin; Lindberg, David R.; Polly, Paul David. Cladistics and the Fossil Record: The Uses of History. <span></span><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="地球与行星科学年评" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E4%B8%8E%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地球与行星科学年评（页面不存在）">Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Earth_and_Planetary_Sciences" class="extiw" title="en:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</span></a></span>）</span></span></i><span></span>. 1994, <b>22</b> (1): 63–89. <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994AREPS..22...63P"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1994AREPS..22...63P</span></a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="可免费查阅"><img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37349525"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 37349525</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.22.050194.000431"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.000431</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Cladistics+and+the+Fossil+Record%3A+The+Uses+of+History&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+David+R.&rft.au=Padian%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Polly%2C+Paul+David&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%27%27%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E4%B8%8E%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B4%E8%AF%84%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EAnnual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EAnnual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%27%27&rft.pages=63-89&rft.volume=22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37349525&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994AREPS..22...63P&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.ea.22.050194.000431&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kemp,_1988-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kemp,_1988_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Kemp, T.S. Haemothermia or Archosauria? The interrelationships of mammals, birds and crocodiles. <span></span><i><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="林奈学会动物学期刊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="林奈学会动物学期刊（页面不存在）">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoological_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society" class="extiw" title="en:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</span></a></span>）</span></span></i><span></span>. 1988, <b>92</b> (1): 67–104. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85128912"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 85128912</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1988.tb01527.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01527.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Haemothermia+or+Archosauria%3F+The+interrelationships+of+mammals%2C+birds+and+crocodiles&rft.au=Kemp%2C+T.S.&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%27%27%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EZoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EZoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E%27%27&rft.pages=67-104&rft.volume=92&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85128912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.1988.tb01527.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton,_2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Benton,_2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈克尔·本顿（页面不存在）">Benton, M.J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081019121413/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/benton/vertclass.html">Appendix: Classification of the vertebrates</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6_(%E6%9C%AC%E9%A1%BF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古脊椎动物学 (本顿)（页面不存在）"><i>Vertebrate Palaeontology</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" class="mw-redirect" title="England">England</a>: <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="布莱克威尔出版社" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Blackwell Publishing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布莱克威尔出版社（页面不存在）">Blackwell Publishing</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="extiw" title="en:Blackwell Publishing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Blackwell Publishing</span></a></span>）</span></span>. 2005: 389–403 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-03-23</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-632-05637-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-632-05637-1"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-632-05637-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lccn.loc.gov/2003028152"><span title="美国国会图书馆控制码">LCCN 2003028152</span></a>. <span title="中国国家图书馆联机公共目录查询系统（OPAC）"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F?func=direct&local_base=NLC09&doc_number=001102922">NLC 001102922</a></span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/benton/vertclass.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-10-19）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Classification+of+the+vertebrates&rft.au=Benton%2C+M.J.&rft.btitle=Vertebrate+Palaeontology&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=%283rd+ed.%29&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-632-05637-1&rft.pages=389-403&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Blackwell+Publishing%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3EBlackwell+Publishing%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EBlackwell+Publishing%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk%2Fbenton%2Fvertclass.html&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2003028152&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Podani,_2010-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Podani,_2010_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Podani, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podani.web.elte.hu/Podani_TAXEVO_SYNBHUNG.pdf">Taxonomy in Evolutionary Perspective - An essay on the relationships between taxonomy and evolutionary theory</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <span></span><i>Synbiologia Hungarica</i><span></span>. 2010, <b>6</b>: 1–42. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1219-9370"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1219-9370</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323131037/http://podani.web.elte.hu/Podani_TAXEVO_SYNBHUNG.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2022-03-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A7%90%E5%A6%B9%E7%BE%A4&rft.atitle=Taxonomy+in+Evolutionary+Perspective+-+An+essay+on+the+relationships+between+taxonomy+and+evolutionary+theory&rft.au=Podani%2C+J.&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1219-9370&rft.jtitle=%27%27Synbiologia+Hungarica%27%27&rft.pages=1-42&rft.volume=6&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpodani.web.elte.hu%2FPodani_TAXEVO_SYNBHUNG.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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data-foreign-title="Computational phylogenetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算系统发生学（页面不存在）">计算系统发生学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_phylogenetics" class="extiw" title="en:Computational phylogenetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Computational phylogenetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="分子系统发生学">分子系统发生学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="支序分類學">支序系統學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E5%88%86%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="系統分類學">系統分類學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化分类学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary taxonomy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化分类学（页面不存在）">演化分类学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary taxonomy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary taxonomy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">系統發生</a>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分支發生" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cladogenesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分支發生（页面不存在）">分支發生</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cladogenesis" class="extiw" title="en:Cladogenesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cladogenesis</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">系統發生樹</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%AF%E5%BA%8F%E5%9B%BE" title="支序图">支序图</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="演化網路">演化網路</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9E%9D%E5%90%B8%E5%BC%95%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="長枝吸引效應">長枝吸引效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%94%AF" title="演化支">演化支</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化级" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary grade"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化级（页面不存在）">演化级</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_grade" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary grade"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary grade</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="谱系 (演化)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lineage (evolution)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB_(%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="谱系 (演化)（页面不存在）">谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineage_(evolution)" class="extiw" title="en:Lineage (evolution)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lineage (evolution)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵谱系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost lineage"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵谱系（页面不存在）">幽灵谱系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_lineage" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost lineage"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost lineage</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="幽灵种群" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ghost population"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%BD%E7%81%B5%E7%A7%8D%E7%BE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="幽灵种群（页面不存在）">幽靈种群</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_population" class="extiw" title="en:Ghost population"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ghost population</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">推理方法</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E7%B0%A1%E7%B4%84%E6%B3%95" title="最大簡約法">最大簡約法</a></li> <li>概率法（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%BC%E7%84%B6%E4%BC%B0%E8%AE%A1" title="最大似然估计">最大似然估计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%95" title="贝叶斯法">贝叶斯法</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的距离矩阵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%B7%9D%E7%A6%BB%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的距离矩阵（页面不存在）">距離矩陣法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance_matrices_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Distance matrices in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Distance matrices in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%BB%E6%8E%A5%E6%B3%95" title="邻接法">邻接法</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="不加權算術平均連鎖法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="UPGMA"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%8A%A0%E6%AC%8A%E7%AE%97%E8%A1%93%E5%B9%B3%E5%9D%87%E9%80%A3%E9%8E%96%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不加權算術平均連鎖法（页面不存在）">不加權算術平均連鎖法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UPGMA" class="extiw" title="en:UPGMA"><span lang="en" dir="auto">UPGMA</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%8C%E4%B9%98%E6%B3%95%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生中的最小二乘法推理（页面不存在）">最小二乘法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares_inference_in_phylogeny" class="extiw" title="en:Least squares inference in phylogeny"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Least squares inference in phylogeny</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="三元分析" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Three-taxon analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%85%83%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三元分析（页面不存在）">三元分析</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-taxon_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Three-taxon analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Three-taxon analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="親緣包圍法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic bracketing"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%8C%85%E5%9C%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="親緣包圍法（页面不存在）">系统发生包圍法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_bracketing" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic bracketing"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic bracketing</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生和解" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生和解（页面不存在）">系统发生和解</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_reconciliation" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic reconciliation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic reconciliation</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">前沿课题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物谱系命名法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B0%B1%E7%B3%BB%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物谱系命名法（页面不存在）">生物谱系命名法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic nomenclature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic nomenclature</span></a></span>）</span></span>（《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="国际系统发生命名法规" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="PhyloCode"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95%E8%A7%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="国际系统发生命名法规（页面不存在）">国际系统发生命名法规</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PhyloCode" class="extiw" title="en:PhyloCode"><span lang="en" dir="auto">PhyloCode</span></a></span>）</span></span>》）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%9D%A1%E5%BD%A2%E7%A0%81" title="DNA条形码">DNA 条形码</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生比较方法" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E6%AF%94%E8%BE%83%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生比较方法（页面不存在）">系统发生比较方法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_comparative_methods" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic comparative methods"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic comparative methods</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生生态位保守性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E4%BD%8D%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生生态位保守性（页面不存在）">系统发生生态位保守性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_niche_conservatism" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic niche conservatism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic niche conservatism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生信号" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenetic signal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生信号（页面不存在）">系統發生信號</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_signal" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenetic signal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenetic signal</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生软件列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of phylogenetics software"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生软件列表（页面不存在）">系统发生软件</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_phylogenetics_software" class="extiw" title="en:List of phylogenetics software"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of phylogenetics software</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="系统发生基因组学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phylogenomics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系统发生基因组学（页面不存在）">系统发生基因组学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenomics" class="extiw" title="en:Phylogenomics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phylogenomics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%AA%E7%B7%A3%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="親緣地理學">系统发生生物地理学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群特徵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="原始 (系统发生学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%A7%8B_(%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原始 (系统发生学)（页面不存在）">原始特徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" class="extiw" title="en:Primitive (phylogenetics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Primitive (phylogenetics)</span></a></span>）</span></span>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="祖徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%96%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="祖徵（页面不存在）">祖徵／共有祖徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesiomorphy_and_symplesiomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Plesiomorphy and symplesiomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li> <li>衍生特徵（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5" title="共有衍徵">衍徵／共有衍徵</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自有衍徵" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Autapomorphy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E6%9C%89%E8%A1%8D%E5%BE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自有衍徵（页面不存在）">自有衍徵</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autapomorphy" class="extiw" title="en:Autapomorphy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Autapomorphy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">類群性質</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%BB" title="单系">单系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A6%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="並系群">並系群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="多系群">多系群（複系群）</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他術語</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E7%BE%A4" title="冠群">冠群／幹群／泛群（總群）</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">姐妹群（姊妹群）</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%BE%A4" title="外群">外群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%BE%A4" title="基群">基群</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="超樹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supertree"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B6%85%E6%A8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="超樹（页面不存在）">超樹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertree" class="extiw" title="en:Supertree"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Supertree</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" 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