CINXE.COM

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Low oxygenation plays a role in embryonic development and may be physiologically normal for some adult tissues which maintain a hypoxic environment (e.g., bone marrow microdomains and thymus). However, commonly oxygen deficiency affects cellular functions and disrupts various biological processes including cell proliferation and differentiation, angiogenesis, metabolism, and pH homeostasis. Therefore, hypoxia is associated with various pathophysiological conditions including <a href="/diseases/chronic-obstructive-airway-disease.html">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>, <a href="/diseases/pulmonary-hypertension.html">pulmonary hypertension</a>, <a href="/diseases/congenital-heart-disease.html">congenital heart disease</a>, <a href="/diseases/cerebral-ischemia.html">cerebral ischemia</a>, and <a href="/research-areas/cancer.html">cancer</a>. </p> <p> Learn more about adaptations to hypoxia: <a href="/whitepapers/hypoxia">The Cellular Response to Hypoxia in Cancer White Paper</a> </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"> <h2>Physiologic Median O<sub>2</sub> Levels in Organs and Tissues</h2> <img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/medianO2LevelsHypoxia05.png" alt="Median O2 Levels in Human Organs and Tissues"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <p> Cellular responses to hypoxia are critically dependent on the duration (acute vs chronic) and extent (hypoxia vs anoxia) of the low-oxygen state, and are predominantly mediated by hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs), considered to be “master regulators” of adaptations to low-oxygenation. However, currently it is well accepted that both HIF-dependent and -independent mechanisms play roles in shaping cellular responses to hypoxia in physiology and disease. </p> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> <h2>Defining Hypoxia States*</h2> <table cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4"> <tr bgcolor="#005F9E"> <td width="60%"> <p style="color:white; font-weight:bold;"> <b>Duration</b> </p> </td> <td width="40%"> <p style="color:white; font-weight:bold;"> <b>Extent</b> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> <p> <b>Acute</b></br> Low tissue oxygen from minutes to hours, due to temporary limitations in blood flow </p> </td> <td> <p> <b>Hypoxia</b></br> ~ 1-2% O<sub>2</sub> </p> </td> </tr> <tr style="border-bottom-style: solid; border-color:#005f9e; border-width: 1px;"> <td> <p> <b>Chronic</b></br> Low tissue oxygen from hours to days, due to limitations in the diffusion of oxygen to distant tissues </p> </td> <td> <p> <b>Anoxia</b></br> ~ 0.02% O<sub>2</sub> and below </p> </td> </tr> </table> <p style="font-size:80%">*Definitions for hypoxia are based on conditions used in cancer model systems.</p> <br/> <p align="center"><a href="/research-areas/hypoxia/hypoxia-inducible-factors-hif" class="link_button">Learn About HIFs</a></p> <br/><br/> </td> </tr> </table> <div class="ra-product-block"></div> </div> </div> <div id="novus_footer_line"></div>  </div> <div class="container_16"> <div id="footer"> <div class="grid_16 text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <table class="footer_boxes"> <tr> <th>Popular Products</th> <th>Company Information</th> <th>Support</th> <th>Stay Connected</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/productsearch/novus">Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/secondary-antibodies">Secondary Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/isotype-controls">Isotype Controls</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins">Proteins and Peptides</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/elisa-kits">ELISA Kits</a></li><li><a href="/samplesize">Sample Size</a></li><li><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/new-product-information-page.html">New Products</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/about.html">About Us</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers">Careers</a></li><li><a href="/guarantee">Novus Guarantee</a></li><li><a href="/about/contact-us.html">Contact Us</a></li><li><a href="/about/novus-team.html">Our Team</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/support/technical-support.html">Technical Support</a></li><li><a href="/support/faqs.html">FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/webform/help-finding-antibodies">Help Finding Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/support/support-by-application.html">Protocols</a></li> </ul> </td> <td id="footer_social_links"> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <div id="GTS_CONTAINER" style="float: right;margin-top: 10px;"></div> <div id="footer_officeinfo"> </div> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> <div class="footer_othersites"> <p>Visit our other sites</p> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biotechne"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/"><div class="fp_rnd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_novus"></div></a> <a href="https://www.tocris.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_tocris"></div></a> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/brands/proteinsimple" target="_blank"><div class="fp_proteinSimple"></div></a> <a href="http://www.biospacific.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biospacific"></div></a>  <a href="http://www.acdbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_acd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndheme.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_rndcc"></div></a> </div> <div class="text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="copyright">©2024 Novus Biologicals, All Rights Reserved.</div> <div class="footer_legal"> <ul class="links"><li class="menu-47946 first"><a href="/support/customer-service/privacy-policy.html" title="">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-47956"><a href="/novus-bio-sitemap.html" title="">Sitemap</a></li> <li class="menu-47951"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-47941 last"><a href="/support/customer-service/terms.html" title="">Terms & Conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"76fb58fb05","applicationID":"788348554,30870807","transactionName":"YFdbZBFZXxdWAhAMVlkdeFMXUV4KGA8LAVxoQlhXBmdHDVIW","queueTime":17,"applicationTime":160,"atts":"TBBYEllDTBk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>