CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:[]},session_replay:{sampling_rate:10.0,mask_text_selector:"",block_selector:"",mask_input_options:{date:true,text_area:true,week:true,select:true,color:true,range:true,textarea:true,url:true,number:true,search:true,month:true,datetime_local:true,tel:true,text:true,time:true,email:true},enabled:true,error_sampling_rate:100.0}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={xpid:"UA8FUVBADwsIV1VaAgQD",licenseKey:"76fb58fb05",applicationID:"788348554"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-full-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>d});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function d(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>p,xN:()=>g});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const d="[data-nr-mask]",u=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(d):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=d:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,u());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},d={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},u={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!u[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return u[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");u[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,d),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(u[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(u[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=u[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>f,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>l,m:()=>c,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),f=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>d});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function d(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function u(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)g(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function g(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>d});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),d=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},u={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:g,addEventListener:g,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(d.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=p(e),u=c.length,l=0;l<u;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var g=v()[s[e]];g&&g.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:p,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function g(e,t){n[e]=p(e).concat(t)}function p(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return u[t]=u[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),u=(0,n.Zm)();u.ee||(u.ee=d)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>d});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function d(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>d,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},d={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>u,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>d,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function d(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function u(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,d="addEventListener",u="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[d,u],"-",g)}function g(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,d);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],d=e[c];u(d)||(e[c]=r(d,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return u(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){d([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,u,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],u="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){d([t,"",[o,a,s],u],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],u,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],u,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],u,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){d([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function d(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function u(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>d});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function d(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>u,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>d,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},d={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},u=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>d,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function d(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>d,Rz:()=>u,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,d="fn"+s,u="pushState",l=1e3},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>P});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),d=r(5289),u=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),g=r(6344);const p=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",g.G4.RECORD,g.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),R=r(3785),x=r(2646),w=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,w.YM)(i),a=new x.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();p.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),_=r(5603),O=r(5284);const N=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function P(e,t={},p,x){let{init:w,info:P,loader_config:j,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=p;const H=(0,h.pV)();P||(w=H.init,P=H.info,j=H.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,w||{}),(0,_.a)(e.agentIdentifier,j||{}),P.jsAttributes??={},u.bv&&(P.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,P);const D=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),L=[P.beacon,P.errorBeacon];I||(D.proxy.assets&&(N(D.proxy.assets),L.push(D.proxy.assets)),D.proxy.beacon&&L.push(D.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===D.soft_navigations.enabled&&D.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...D.ajax.deny_list||[],...D.ajax.block_internal?L:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const p={};var x=s.ee.get(e),w=x.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,x.on(g.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function _(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}p.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,R.R)(x,e,t,r)},p.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),T(x,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{p[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),p.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),p.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},p.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return _(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},p.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return _("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},p.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return _("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},p.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),x.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},p[g.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(g.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},p[g.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)(g.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,x)},p.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const N=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,x),function(){if(w.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw w.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{w.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,x),r?void 0:this}}function P(){r.e(891).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),x.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{N[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),p.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),p.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,x),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,x)},u.RI?(0,d.GG)((()=>P()),!0):P(),p}(e.agentIdentifier,x,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({95:"nr-full-compressor",222:"nr-full-recorder",891:"nr-full"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u<d.length;u++){var l=d[u];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={891:"sha512-Sx2xJQrHp2m/Ngn/ZcfBCUwNr2Xy/C5urYtWpfm3bWpil4spXOQGTtNwIfF5HvPGioGASn9QTyE4Z+zC7r7wcg==",222:"sha512-hMte3OWgwwYeisSiD7WCIx/6tT16zLaPjag9uF4tIZp7ybOvrJKbeyzhe4fz1tDbkdcdOMm8dvgPPLBatSAGeA==",95:"sha512-MPaT9dkHv16XzwEUVZPyqpN1do/Er1XFAZoIAPYWylmv+iGIThqN+GwQq27pUyAX7sNXVJQVZezH96p53Ks3Pg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},g=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={959:0,85:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,d=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);d<a.length;d++)o=a[d],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function d(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var u=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),g=i(6154),p=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(891).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};g.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,p.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class R extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var x=i(384);var w=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class _ extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),g.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,w.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,w.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class N extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),P=i(3304);class j{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,P.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return D(e)?e:new j(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(D(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function H(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new j(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return D(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function D(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class L extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),g.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),g.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,w.p)("err",[H(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var K=i(8990);let M=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===g.gm?0:(0,K.I)(e,U,(function(){return M++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,P.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=g.gm.MutationObserver,s=g.gm.Promise,c=g.gm.setInterval,d="readystatechange",u=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=g.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(d,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,u,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(p?p.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var p=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===d||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",Q=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],J=g.gm.Request,ee=g.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(J&&ee&&g.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,Q.forEach((e=>{r(J[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(g.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),d={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(d.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),d.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(d.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),d}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof g.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,P.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),de=["load","error","abort","timeout"],ue=de.length,le=(0,x.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,x.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,w.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};g.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};ge(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=x,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),g.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},ge(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<ue;s++)r.addEventListener(de[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function d(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function u(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function p(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&g.RI&&(t=""+g.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:g.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:g.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),ge(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function R(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function x(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<ue;t++)e.removeEventListener(de[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,w.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",d),t.on("xhr-load-added",u),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",p),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",R)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function ge(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const pe={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!g.RI||pe[t.debugId]++||(pe[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:Re,d3:xe,Kp:we,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class _e extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,w.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+we,(function(e){(0,w.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,w.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:Re,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class Ne extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,p.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,w.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,p.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#d=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#d){this.#d=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(891),i.e(222)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3333);class Pe extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Ie.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];g.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(Ie.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),Ie.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,w.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var je=i(993),Ce=i(3785);class ke extends b{static featureName=je.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,je.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,Ce.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),g.gm?(this.features={},(0,x.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(R),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,u.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=d(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,x.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[R,_,_e,Ne,he,N,L,Pe,ke],loaderType:"pro"})})()})();</script> <meta name="keywords" content="" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.novusbio.com/antibody-news" /> <meta name="baidu-site-verification" content="xQr2vSIwwB" /> <title>Antibody News: Novus Biologicals</title> <meta name="description" content="Global antibody supplier and research reagent supplier to the life science community. Find antibodies and reagents all backed by our Guarantee+." /> <script id="json-ld" type="application/ld+json">[{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"SiteNavigationElement","about":[{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/sars-cov-research-resources","name":"COVID-19 Research Tools"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/productsearch/novus","name":"Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/primary-antibodies","name":"Primary Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/conjugatedantibodies.html","name":"Conjugated Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/samplesize","name":"Sample Size Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/crispr-cas9-genetic-knockout-antibody-validation-reproducibility","name":"KO Validated Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/recombinant-monoclonals","name":"Recombinant Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/antibody-packs","name":"Antibody Sampler Packs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/antibody-pairs","name":"Antibody Pairs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/GeneralSecondaryAntibodies","name":"Secondary Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/isotype-controls","name":"Isotype Control Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/peptides-and-proteins","name":"Proteins and Peptides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/peptides-and-proteins","name":"Peptides & Proteins"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/blocking-with-immunizing-peptide","name":"Blocking Peptides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/peptides-and-proteins%3Fapplications%3DBioactivity","name":"Biologically Active Proteins"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/lysates","name":"Lysates and Cell Lines"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/lysates","name":"Lysates"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/stem-cells/stem-cell-lines.html","name":"Stem Cell Lines"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/kits","name":"Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/Lightning-Link%20Antibody%20Labeling%20Kits","name":"Antibody Labeling Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/kits%3Fcategory%3DKits%26kit_type%3DChIP%2520Kit","name":"ChIP Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/elisa-kits","name":"ELISA Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/kits%3Fcategory%3DKits%26kit_type%3DFlow%2520Cytometry%2520Kit","name":"Flow Cytometry Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products%3Fcategory%3DSupport%2520Products%26applications%3DLigand%2520Activation","name":"Activators and Inhibitors"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/inhibitors","name":"Inhibitors"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products%3Fcategory%3DSupport%2520Products%26applications%3DLigand%2520Activation","name":"Activators"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products","name":"Support Products"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-topics/cell-biology/exosome-isolation-and-detection","name":"Exosome Isolation"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/flow-cytometry-quality-control-beads","name":"Flow Cytometry Beads"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/control-slides","name":"IHC Tissue Slides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/tissue-microarrays","name":"IHC Microarrays"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/search%3Fkeywords%3Drunblue","name":"Western Blot Gels & Buffers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/wb-membranes","name":"Western Blot Membranes"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/product-type/support-products","name":"All Support Products"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/bulk-and-custom.html","name":"Bulk and Custom"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support.html","name":"Resources"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/support-by-application.html","name":"Protocols"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/video-protocols","name":"Video Protocols"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/troubleshooting","name":"Troubleshooting Guides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/mailing-list","name":"Posters and Literature"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/handbooks-and-guides","name":"Handbooks and Guides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/resources/calculators","name":"Calculators"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/faqs.html","name":"FAQs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/antibody-news","name":"Blogs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/all-diseases.html","name":"Diseases"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/whitepapers.html","name":"Whitepapers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/webform/help-finding-antibodies","name":"Antibody Concierge"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/webinar","name":"Webinars"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-tools.html","name":"Tools"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/spectraviewer","name":"Spectra Viewer"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/novusknowsflow.html","name":"Flow Cytometry Panel Builder"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application","name":"Application"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/elisa","name":"ELISA"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/flow-cytometry","name":"Flow Cytometry"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/products/antibodies-cytof","name":"Mass Cytometry (CyTOF)"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/icc","name":"ICC"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/ihc","name":"IHC"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/application/western-blotting","name":"Western Blotting"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/interviews","name":"Interviews"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/faculty/faculty-interviews","name":"Faculty"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/postdoc/postdoc-interviews","name":"Postdoc"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas.html","name":"By Research Area"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/apoptosis-pathway","name":"Apoptosis"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/autophagy-pathway","name":"Autophagy"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cancer","name":"Cancer"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cell-biology","name":"Cell Biology"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cellular-markers","name":"Cellular Markers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/epigenetics","name":"Epigenetics"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/epitope-tags","name":"Epitope Tags"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/cell-biology/Exosome-research-tools","name":"Exosomes Research"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/hypoxia","name":"Hypoxia"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/immunology","name":"Immunology"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/microbiology","name":"Microbiology"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/neuroscience","name":"Neuroscience"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/research-areas/stem-cells","name":"Stem Cells"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/pathwaypages.html","name":"By Pathway"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/akt-signaling-pathway","name":"AKT "},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/mapkerkpathway.html","name":"ERK1/2/5 Pathway"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/hedgehogpathway.html","name":"Hedgehog"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/hippo-pathway.html","name":"Hippo"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/jnk-signaling-pathway","name":"JNK Pathway"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/mtor-pathway","name":"mTOR"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/necroptosis-pathway","name":"Necroptosis"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/nfkbpathway","name":"NFKB Signaling"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/p38mapkpathway.html","name":"p38 Signaling"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/tgfbetapathway","name":"TGF Beta"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/toll-like-receptors","name":"TLR"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/programs.html","name":"Customer Care"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/guarantee","name":"100% Guarantee"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/innovators-reward.html","name":"Risk Free Testing"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/rewards.html","name":"Novus Rewards Program"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/publications","name":"Publication Rewards Program"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/newlab.html","name":"New Lab Discount"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/scholarship-program.html","name":"Scholarship"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/travelgrant.html","name":"Travel Grants"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/products/promotions","name":"Promotions"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about.html","name":"About us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers","name":"Careers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/collaborations.html","name":"Collaborations"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/events","name":"Events"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/novus-story.html","name":"Novus Story"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/novus-team.html","name":"Our Team"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/novus-philanthropy.html","name":"Philanthropy"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/press-release.html","name":"Press Releases"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/why-choose-novus.html","name":"Why choose Novus"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/contact-us.html","name":"Contact Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/about/contact-us.html","name":"Customer Service"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/novus-distributors/list","name":"Distributors"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"/support/technical-support.html","name":"Technical Support"}]},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"WPFooter","about":[{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/productsearch/novus","name":"Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/secondary-antibodies","name":"Secondary Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/isotype-controls","name":"Isotype Controls"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/peptides-and-proteins","name":"Proteins and Peptides"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/elisa-kits","name":"ELISA Kits"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/samplesize","name":"Sample Size"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.comhttps://www.novusbio.com/new-product-information-page.html","name":"New Products"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about.html","name":"About Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.comhttps://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers","name":"Careers"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/guarantee","name":"Novus Guarantee"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about/contact-us.html","name":"Contact Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about/novus-team.html","name":"Our Team"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/customer-service/privacy-policy.html","name":"Privacy Policy"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/novus-bio-sitemap.html","name":"Sitemap"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/about/contact-us.html","name":"Contact Us"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/customer-service/terms.html","name":"Terms & Conditions"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/technical-support.html","name":"Technical Support"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/faqs.html","name":"FAQs"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/webform/help-finding-antibodies","name":"Help Finding Antibodies"},{"@type":"Thing","url":"https://www.novusbio.com/support/support-by-application.html","name":"Protocols"}]},{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"WebPage","breadcrumb":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"BreadcrumbList","itemListElement":[{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"ListItem","position":1,"item":{"@context":"http://schema.org","@type":"Thing","@id":"https://www.novusbio.com/","name":"Home"}}]},"potentialaction":{"query":""}}]</script> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.novusbio.com/antibody-news" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Novus Biologicals" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.novusbio.com/antibody-news" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Antibody News" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://resources.bio-techne.com/images/Social/2019NovusLogo.png" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_LyQQziAp-Ie-zmhrx1RDdqrlziy3o8gvzDqRXCb00hg.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_epQTvxkLlfWLGSq94lW04RlDEK26840QgzyS2d_R_fw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_tNmOxVEosy2l9wZ6MEr2is7YS4DOk4IaAhI_iyRMDLw.css" media="all" /> <link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/css/css_8-zvMULc0G5JczOUIWkZin0svexCP7R5pWo6msP_YwM.css" media="all" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_VUlliwzd-_is1_ryJskaiFlvPtaBpYuWsDxU6fMyUEk.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_c8LbWbHV1txem3q8oAzuadnL-HiBShaQH_WRviNqT_g.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_4newT8cBOK9auTS1LAR6RL1VYq1INsyOKwxSb1E2BPI.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_L8lyw9KaYYTt-8qh-mBY7lce378ekr1ZVaQi2f0q5pI.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_4Vv8GAuPg4M6GWetVxgFDPNPYfVcP37nnmzoZnsPOj8.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_V5Fwoup1DkxxL-Rm-7is5QWj_MZhigWTY27_fmKn7S4.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_K8ZpYV2XxxChgHTt_FK-YXPPY2Id3YLkcsxSgGQ5kpc.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_MrgubHtdOA1nVcjDTR4s-m0ya_aIvugR02VlGxCGGDw.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.novusbio.com/sites/novusbio.com/files/js/js_sNIdssRhxhJxJxAR2Pduc4_PqOXIKZf2m8g4hyLSJ8s.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/ico" href="//images.novusbio.com/design/faviconNew.ico"/> <meta name="yandex-verification" content="e7c24419f013b549"/> </head> <body class="html not-front not-logged-in one-sidebar sidebar-second page-antibody-news" >  <noscript> <iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-52KXLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe> </noscript>  <div id="skip-link"> <a href="#main-content" class="element-invisible element-focusable">Skip to main content</a> </div> <noscript aria-hidden="true"><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-52KXLL" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="region region-bt-brands-bar"> <div id="block-bt-brands-bar-bt-brands-bar" class="block block-bt-brands-bar"> <div class="content"> <div id="bt_brands_bar"> <div class="container_16"> <div style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; width:960px;zoom:1;word-wrap:break-word;"> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="Bio-Techne"><div class="brandsSprite_biotechne"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.rndsystems.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="R&D Systems"><div class="brandsSprite_rndsystems"></div></a></li><li class="active"><div class="brandsSprite_novusbio_color"></div></li><li><a href="https://www.tocris.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="Tocris Bioscience"><div class="brandsSprite_tocris"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/brands/proteinsimple" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="ProteinSimple"><div class="brandsSprite_proteinsimple"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.biospacific.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="BiosPacific"><div class="brandsSprite_biospacific"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.cliniqa.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="Cliniqa"><div class="brandsSprite_cliniqa"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://acdbio.com/ " rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="ACD"><div class="brandsSprite_acd"></div></a></li><li><a href="https://www.rndheme.com" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank" aria-label="R&D Heme"><div class="brandsSprite_rndheme"></div></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-et-cookie-policy-cookie-policy" class="block block-et-cookie-policy"> <div class="content"> <div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="overlay"></div> <div id="header"> <div class="bluewide_wrapper"> <div class="container_16"> <div class="grid_16"> <div id="top_bar"> <div class="region region-top-left-bar"> <div id="block-et-internationalization-novus-dist-short" class="block block-et-internationalization"> <div class="content"> <div id="top_bar_support_info"><noscript>Support: 1-888-506-6887</noscript></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="top_bar_novus"> <div class="region region-top-right-bar"> <div id="block-et-quickorder-et-quickorder" class="block block-et-quickorder"> <div class="content"> <div id="quickOrder_topbar">Quick Order  <div class="fp_quickorder_arrow"></div> <div id="quickOrder_dropdown"> <p class="quickOrder_disabled">Quick order is disabled in your country. Please contact Customer Service if you have questions.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-et-internationalization-country-dropdown" class="block block-et-internationalization"> <div class="content"> <div id="internationalization_country_select"> <div class="internationalization_drop"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="content-wrapper" class="container_16"> <div class="grid_4"> <div id="logo"> <a href="/"><img src="//images.novusbio.com/design/novus_color_RGB_small.png" alt="Novus Biologicals Logo"></a> </div> </div> <div class="grid_12"> <div class="region region-login-area"> <div id="block-et-internationalization-sign-in" class="block block-et-internationalization"> <div class="content"> <div id="sign_in"><a href="/user/login" rel="nofollow"><noscript>Account</noscript></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search_form_container"> <div class="region region-search-bar"> <div id="block-et-searchbar-et-searchbar-bar" class="block block-et-searchbar"> <div class="content"> <div class="et_searchbar_wrapper"> <form name="et_searchbar" method="GET" action="/search" class="search_form"><div class="et_searchbar"> <input autocomplete="off" name="keywords" type="text" class="et_searchbar_wide et_searchbar_default" value="" placeholder="Enter Catalog #, Protein, or Keywords." data-default="" /><input type="submit" value="search" class="fp_mag_glass_wideSearch"></div></form><div class="et_spinner_small et_searchbar_spinner"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="bluewide_wrapper"> <div class="container_16"> <div class="grid_16" id="main_menu"> <div class="region region-header"> <div id="block-et-main-menu-et-main-menu-block" class="block block-et-main-menu"> <div class="content"> <div id="main_menu_wrapper"> <ul id="small_menu"> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_products" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/support/sars-cov-research-resources" title="">COVID-19 Research Tools</a></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/productsearch/novus" title="">Antibodies</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/products/primary-antibodies" title="">Primary Antibodies</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/conjugatedantibodies.html" title="">Conjugated Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/samplesize" title="">Sample Size Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/crispr-cas9-genetic-knockout-antibody-validation-reproducibility" title="">KO Validated Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/recombinant-monoclonals" title="">Recombinant Antibodies</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/product-type/antibody-packs" title="">Antibody Sampler Packs</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/antibody-pairs" title="">Antibody Pairs</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/GeneralSecondaryAntibodies" title="">Secondary Antibodies</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/products/isotype-controls" title="">Isotype Control Antibodies</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins" title="">Proteins and Peptides</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/products/peptides-and-proteins" title="">Peptides & Proteins</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/blocking-with-immunizing-peptide" title="">Blocking Peptides</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins?applications=Bioactivity" title="">Biologically Active Proteins</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/product-type/lysates" title="">Lysates and Cell Lines</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/product-type/lysates" title="">Lysates</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/research-areas/stem-cells/stem-cell-lines.html" title="">Stem Cell Lines</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/product-type/kits" title="">Kits</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/Lightning-Link%20Antibody%20Labeling%20Kits" title="">Antibody Labeling Kits</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/product-type/kits?category=Kits&kit_type=ChIP%20Kit" title="">ChIP Kits</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/elisa-kits" title="">ELISA Kits</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/kits?category=Kits&kit_type=Flow%20Cytometry%20Kit" title="">Flow Cytometry Kits</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/product-type/support-products?category=Support%20Products&applications=Ligand%20Activation" title="">Activators and Inhibitors</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/product-type/inhibitors" title="">Inhibitors</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/support-products?category=Support%20Products&applications=Ligand%20Activation" title="">Activators</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/product-type/support-products" title="">Support Products</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/research-topics/cell-biology/exosome-isolation-and-detection" title="Exosome Isolation and Detection Tools">Exosome Isolation</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/products/flow-cytometry-quality-control-beads" title="Flow Cytometry Calibration, Compensation and Cell Counting Beads">Flow Cytometry Beads</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/control-slides" title="">IHC Tissue Slides</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/tissue-microarrays" title="">IHC Microarrays</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/search?keywords=runblue" title="">Western Blot Gels & Buffers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/product-type/wb-membranes" title="">Western Blot Membranes</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/product-type/support-products" title="">All Support Products</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/support/bulk-and-custom.html" title="">Bulk and Custom</a></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/search?keywords=novus" class="main_menu_parent_link">Products</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_support" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/support/support-by-application.html"><div class="link_button link_protocols_button">Our Protocols</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/support.html" title="">Resources</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/support/support-by-application.html" title="">Protocols</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/video-protocols" title="">Video Protocols</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/troubleshooting" title="">Troubleshooting Guides</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/mailing-list" title="">Posters and Literature</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/handbooks-and-guides" title="">Handbooks and Guides</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/resources/calculators" title="">Calculators</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/faqs.html" title="">FAQs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/antibody-news" title="">Blogs</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/all-diseases.html" title="">Diseases</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/whitepapers.html" title="">Whitepapers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/webform/help-finding-antibodies" title="">Antibody Concierge</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/webinar" title="">Webinars</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><a href="/research-tools.html" title="">Tools</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/spectraviewer" title="">Spectra Viewer</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/novusknowsflow.html" title="">Flow Cytometry Panel Builder</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded"><a href="/application" title="">Application</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/application/elisa" title="">ELISA</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/application/flow-cytometry" title="">Flow Cytometry</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/products/antibodies-cytof" title="">Mass Cytometry (CyTOF)</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/application/icc" title="">ICC</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/application/ihc" title="">IHC</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/application/western-blotting" title="">Western Blotting</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><a href="/interviews" title="">Interviews</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/faculty/faculty-interviews" title="">Faculty</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/postdoc/postdoc-interviews" title="">Postdoc</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/support.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Resources</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_ra" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/pathwaypages.html"><div class="link_button">View Pathways</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/research-areas.html" title="">By Research Area</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/research-areas/apoptosis" title="">Apoptosis</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/autophagy" title="">Autophagy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cancer" title="">Cancer</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology" title="">Cell Biology</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cellular-markers" title="">Cellular Markers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/epigenetics" title="">Epigenetics</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/epitope-tags" title="">Epitope Tags</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/cell-biology/Exosome-research-tools" title="Exosome Research Tools">Exosomes Research</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/hypoxia" title="">Hypoxia</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/immunology" title="">Immunology</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/microbiology" title="">Microbiology</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/research-areas/neuroscience" title="">Neuroscience</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/research-areas/stem-cells" title="">Stem Cells</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/pathwaypages.html" title="">By Pathway</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/akt-signaling-pathway" title="">AKT </a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/apoptosis-pathway" title="">Apoptosis</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/autophagy-pathway" title="">Autophagy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/mapkerkpathway.html" title="">ERK1/2/5 Pathway</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/hedgehogpathway.html" title="">Hedgehog</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/hippo-pathway.html" title="">Hippo</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/jnk-signaling-pathway" title="">JNK Pathway</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/mtor-pathway" title="">mTOR</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/necroptosis-pathway" title="">Necroptosis</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/nfkbpathway" title="">NFKB Signaling</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/p38mapkpathway.html" title="">p38 Signaling</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/tgfbetapathway" title="">TGF Beta</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/toll-like-receptors" title="">TLR</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/research-areas.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Research Areas</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_promotions" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/about/rewards.html"><div class="link_button">Get Rewards</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/programs.html" title="">Customer Care</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/guarantee" title="">100% Guarantee</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/support/innovators-reward.html" title="">Risk Free Testing</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/rewards.html" title="">Novus Rewards Program</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/publications" title="">Publication Rewards Program</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/newlab.html" title="">New Lab Discount</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/scholarship-program.html" title="">Scholarship</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/travelgrant.html" title="">Travel Grants</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/products/promotions" title="">Promotions</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/programs.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Customer Care</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_about" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><a href="/about/careers-at-novus.html"><div class="link_button">Novus Careers</div></a><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/about.html" title="">About us</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers" title="">Careers</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/collaborations.html" title="">Collaborations</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/events" title="Events">Events</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/novus-story.html" title="">Novus Story</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/novus-team.html" title="">Our Team</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/novus-philanthropy.html" title="">Philanthropy</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/about/press-release.html" title="">Press Releases</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/why-choose-novus.html" title="">Why choose Novus</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/about.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">About Us</a> </div> </li> <li class="main_menu_parent"> <div class="main_menu_submenu"><div id="menu_contact" class="menu_drop"> <div class="mm_menu"><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><span title="" class="separator"><hr></span><ul class="menu"><li class="first last expanded"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Contact Us</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Customer Service</a></li> <li class="leaf"><a href="/novus-distributors/list" title="">Distributors</a></li> <li class="last leaf"><a href="/support/technical-support.html" title="">Technical Support</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> </ul><div class="clear"></div></div> </div></div> <div class="menu_header"> <a href="/about/contact-us.html" class="main_menu_parent_link">Contact</a> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="caspertesting"> <div class="container_16"> <div id="page-breadcrumb" class="grid_16"> <div class="breadcrumb"><a href="/">Home</a> » Antibody News</div> </div> <div class="region region-banners"> <div id="block-block-26" class="block block-block"> <div class="content"> <div class="container_12"><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/account/novus-bio-techne/login?_ga=2.17257593.151271452<br />
5.1724696046-473375462.1712005244" style="margin: 0 10px;" target="_blank"><img alt="Novus Biologicals products are now on bio-techne.com" src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/ready-to-buy-novus-products-login.png" style="height:120px; width:940px" /></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main grid_11"> <h1>Antibody News</h1> <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-et-messages-et-messages-block" class="block block-et-messages"> <div class="content"> <span></span> </div> </div> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content"> <div class="view view-antibody-news view-id-antibody_news view-display-id-page view-dom-id-e9ae32b21354b7eca83fb47e369ad989"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/unlocking-the-potential-of-biosimilars-in-immuno-oncology"><h2>Unlocking the Potential of Biosimilars in Immuno-Oncology</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Monday, October 16, 2023 - 09:31</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-biosimilars-in-io-banner.jpg" alt="Purple and blue antibodies with clear glass vial in the middle on a purple-blue background." width="600" height="150" title="Antibodies and glass vials , banner." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jennifer Jones, M.S.</strong></p> <h2>Biosimilar Antibodies: Imitation Meets Innovation</h2> <p>In the ever-evolving medical landscape, a new class of pharmaceuticals is emerging as a game-changer, poised to transform the way we approach treatment options: <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/reagents/antibodies/biosimilar-antibodies" target="_blank">Biosimilars</a>. Biosimilars are biologics, such as antibodies and proteins, that demonstrate therapeutic equivalency to the original approved drug, also known as the reference product. The...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/unlocking-the-potential-of-biosimilars-in-immuno-oncology">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Unlocking the Potential of Biosimilars in Immuno-Oncology"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="67871941"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-2 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/illuminating-the-future-of-biological-research-mfluor-violet-conjugated-antibodies"><h2>Illuminating the Future of Biological Research: mFluor Violet Conjugated Antibodies</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Wednesday, September 20, 2023 - 10:16</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/mfluor-voilet-conjugated-antibodies-header-for-web.jpg" alt="Orange antibodies with a purple-blue fluorescent conjugate emitting a purple light on a dark purple background." width="600" height="150" title="Antibody with fluorescent conjugate emitting purple light, banner." border="0" /></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Emily Cartwright, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p><h2>The Power of Fluorescence in Biological Research</h2> <p>In the realm of modern biology, technological advancements are continually reshaping the landscape of scientific exploration. Fluorescence technology has revolutionized the way scientists study the intricate machinery of living cells. By tagging specific molecules, like <a href="/products/primary-antibodies">antibodies</a>, with fluorescent markers, researchers can visualize and track their movements and interactions within...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/illuminating-the-future-of-biological-research-mfluor-violet-conjugated-antibodies">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Illuminating the Future of Biological Research: mFluor Violet Conjugated Antibodies"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="67229506"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-3 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/fighting-invisible-foes-role-of-animal-models-in-infectious-disease-research"><h2>Fighting Invisible Foes: Role of Animal Models in Infectious Disease Research</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, July 14, 2023 - 10:31</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-animal-models-big-multi-animal-mash-up-banner-v2.jpg" alt="Four animal icons featuring monkey, chicken, mouse, and pig, on a blue background." width="600" height="150" title="Animal icons on blue banner." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Infectious diseases remain a significant global health challenge. They underscore an intricate game of cat and mouse between the pathogen and host, revealing interactions that can only be properly deciphered through the application of suitable biological models.<sup>1</sup> <a href="/modelspecies.html">Animal models</a>, being the critical players in this pursuit, serve as the magnifying glass enabling us to delve into the microscopic world of host-pathogen interactions.</p> <p> </p> <h2>In the Heart of the...</h2></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/fighting-invisible-foes-role-of-animal-models-in-infectious-disease-research">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Fighting Invisible Foes: Role of Animal Models in Infectious Disease Research"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="65231926"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-4 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/spheroids-vs-organoids-which-3d-cell-culture-model-is-best-for-you"><h2>Spheroids vs. Organoids: Which 3D Cell Culture Model is Best for You?</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, April 21, 2023 - 10:52</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-organoids-header.jpg" alt="3D rendering showing fully complex organoids in fluorescent green, blue, and yellow colors with the appearance of floating in space." width="600" height="150" title="Three-demensional rendering of organoids colored green, blue, and yellow." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jennifer Jones, M.S.</strong></p> <p>Spheroids and organoids are two words that, like “butter” and “margarine”, are often referred to interchangeably but have distinct meanings. The progression and adoption of <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/research-areas/organoids-3d-culture" target="_blank">three-dimensional (3D) cell culture models</a>, such as spheroids and organoids, from traditional two-dimensional (2D) cell culture has helped researchers to better understand complex...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/spheroids-vs-organoids-which-3d-cell-culture-model-is-best-for-you">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Spheroids vs. Organoids: Which 3D Cell Culture Model is Best for You?"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="63382656"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-5 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/rsv-and-influenza-viruses-take-center-stage-as-early-infections-spike-this-year"><h2>RSV and Influenza Viruses Take Center Stage as Early Infections Spike This Year</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, February 24, 2023 - 15:13</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-influenza-and-rsv-influenza-banner-alt-2.jpg?=v2.jpg" alt="Influenza virus and RSV graphic Banner." width="600" height="150" title="3D graphical depiction of influenza virus and RSV." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Victoria Osinski, PhD</strong></p> <p>As our daily routines shift away from those of the peak pandemic days in 2020 and 2021, you may have found yourself or others getting sick a little more often this fall and winter. In November 2022, The <a href="https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/" target="_blank">Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Health Alert Network</a> released a health advisory reporting increased respiratory virus activity. The frequency of infections and hospitalizations, especially amongst children, were higher than years prior and the CDC found increased incidence of both...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/rsv-and-influenza-viruses-take-center-stage-as-early-infections-spike-this-year">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="RSV and Influenza Viruses Take Center Stage as Early Infections Spike This Year"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="61752771"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-6 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/post-covid-conditions-or-long-covid-and-covid-long-haulers"><h2>Post-COVID Conditions or Long COVID and COVID Long-Haulers</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Thursday, December 22, 2022 - 13:12</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-long-covid-banner.jpg" alt="COVID-19 Virus Banner." width="600" height="150" title="3D graphical depiction of SARS-CoV-2 virus." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Post-acute infection syndrome (PAIS) is a phenomenon where ill effects of an infection persist even after the infection itself is over. PAIS in the case of <a href="/support/sars-cov-research-resources">COVID</a> is called the long COVID or post-COVID conditions (PCC): sequelae of <a href="/search?keywords=SARS-CoV-2...</body></html>"></a></p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/post-covid-conditions-or-long-covid-and-covid-long-haulers">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Post-COVID Conditions or Long COVID and COVID Long-Haulers"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="59806501"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-7 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/conventional-flow-cytometry-vs-spectral-flow-cytometry"><h2>Conventional Flow Cytometry vs. Spectral Flow Cytometry</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Monday, November 14, 2022 - 11:17</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" style="width:100%"> <tbody> <tr> <td><em><img alt="Flow cytometry graphic banner" src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-flow-cytometry-banner.jpg" style="height:150px; width:600px" title="3D graphical depiction of flow cytometry" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Hunter Martinez</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>The flow cytometer is a critical piece of equipment in any immunologist’s arsenal. <a href="/application/flow-cytometry">Flow cytometry</a> allows for the acquisition of 4-6x10<sup>5</sup> cells per minute, each resolved at the single cell level. Scientists can interrogate protein, gene expression, as well as metabolic state of a cell using a flow cytometer.</p> <p> </p> <h2>The Basics of Cytometry</h2> <p>A cytometer accomplishes this feat using the principle of fluorescence. Fluorescence occurs when light from a laser is absorbed by a fluorophore, and then emitted as longer wavelength light or lower...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/conventional-flow-cytometry-vs-spectral-flow-cytometry">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Conventional Flow Cytometry vs. Spectral Flow Cytometry"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="58674246"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-8 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/is-monkeypox-still-a-threat"><h2>Is Monkeypox Still A Threat?</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Monday, October 24, 2022 - 08:15</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-bog-monkeypox-banner.jpg" alt="Monkeypox Graphic Banner." width="600" height="150" title="3D graphical depection of monkeypox." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Monkeypox is not deadly like its cousin, smallpox, nor is it as contagious as <a href="/support/sars-cov-research-resources">COVID-19</a>. Yet, it continues to scare the world. In May 2022, a multinational outbreak of a contagious pox (rupture of skin and mucous membrane) was in the news and by July 23, 2022, the <a href="https://www.who.int/" target="_blank">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) had declared <a href="/search?keywords=monkeypox">monkeypox</a> a “public health emergency of international concern”. People’s memory of fatal but now eradicated...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/is-monkeypox-still-a-threat">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Is Monkeypox Still A Threat?"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="58108321"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-9 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/npc1-a-potential-target-for-triple-negative-breast-cancer"><h2>NPC1: A Potential Target For Triple-Negative Breast Cancer</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Wednesday, October 5, 2022 - 09:15</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-breast-cancer-npc1-nbp2-76798-banner.jpg" alt="Immunocytochemical analysis of NPC1 in HeLa cells." width="600" height="150" title="NPC1 expression in HeLa cells, ICC/IF." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Natalia Gurule, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p> <h2>Breast Cancer is a Heterogeneous Disease</h2> <p>Breast cancer is the most frequently identified malignancy in women, accounting for 30% of diagnosed cases of <a href="/research-areas/cancer">cancer</a> in women in the US annually.<sup>1</sup> Although it is so prevalent, 70-80% of patients with early stage, non-metastatic disease experience cures. By contrast, the 5-year survival rate for metastatic breast cancer is 29%.<sup>2</sup> Molecularly, breast cancer can be separated into 5 subtypes: Luminal A, Luminal B, Luminal B-like, HER2+, and Triple-...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/npc1-a-potential-target-for-triple-negative-breast-cancer">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="NPC1: A Potential Target For Triple-Negative Breast Cancer"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="57860786"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-10 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/ire1-alpha-regulates-dendritic-cell-function-in-response-to-viral-infection"><h2>IRE1α Regulates Dendritic Cell Function in Response to Viral Infection</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, September 9, 2022 - 11:16</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-ire1-alpha-blog-banner-ihc-nbp3-05787.jpg" alt="Immunohistochemical analysis of IRE1 alpha in human epididymis. " width="600" height="150" title="IRE1 alpha expression in human epididymis, IHC." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Natalia Gurule, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p> <h2>What is IRE1 alpha?</h2> <p>Inositol- requiring enzyme type 1 alpha (<a href="/primary-antibodies/ire1-alpha">IRE1α</a>) is a serine/threonine kinase that is one of the three transducers within the <a href="/product-type/primary-antibodies?research_areas=Unfolded%20Protein%20Response">unfolded protein response (UPR)</a> signaling pathway which becomes activated upon accumulation of misfolded proteins within the <a href="/research-areas/cellular-markers/er-markers.html">endoplasmic reticulum (ER)</a>.<sup>1</sup> IRE1α contains two...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/ire1-alpha-regulates-dendritic-cell-function-in-response-to-viral-infection">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="IRE1α Regulates Dendritic Cell Function in Response to Viral Infection"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="57189921"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-11 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/the-nlrp3-inflammasome-macrophage-activator-and-pathology-driver"><h2>The NLRP3 Inflammasome: Macrophage Activator & Pathology Driver</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Monday, August 22, 2022 - 14:03</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-inflammasome-activation-pathway-banner.jpg" alt="R&D Systems Inflammasome activation pathway banner." width="600" height="150" title="Snapshot of inflammasome activation pathway, R&D Systems." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Victoria Osinski, PhD</strong></p> <h2>What is the NLRP3 Inflammasome?</h2> <p>With its critical role in innate immunity, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (<a href="/primary-antibodies/nlrp3-nalp3">NLRP3</a>) inflammasome is a sensor complex within cells that forms in response to endogenous danger signals, microbial motifs, and other environmental cues. The complex is made up of a sensor (NLRP3), an adaptor called the adaptor protein apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-recruitment domain...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/the-nlrp3-inflammasome-macrophage-activator-and-pathology-driver">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="The NLRP3 Inflammasome: Macrophage Activator & Pathology Driver"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="56625471"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-12 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/dual-ish-ihc-better-together"><h2>Dual ISH-IHC: Better Together</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, July 15, 2022 - 13:08</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-bt-rnascope-ish-banner.jpg" alt="Bio-Techne RNAscope ISH Banner." width="600" height="150" title="RNAscope ISH data image banner, Bio-Techne." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p> <h2>What is Dual ISH-IHC?</h2> <p>On their own, both <a href="https://acdbio.com/science/how-it-works?utm_source=novusbio.com...</body></html>"></a></p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/dual-ish-ihc-better-together">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Dual ISH-IHC: Better Together"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="55780611"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-13 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/good-things-come-in-small-packages-the-power-of-llamabody-camelid-antibodies"><h2>Good Things Come in Small Packages: The Power of LlaMABody-Camelid Antibodies</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, June 3, 2022 - 15:21</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-llamabodies-banner.jpg" alt="Banner image of llamas for LLaMABody product line." width="600" height="150" title="LlaMABody banner image." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jennifer Jones, M.S.</strong></p> <p>When you think of antibody producing animals in the lab you probably think of rabbits, mice, goats, and rats. But what about llamas? Llamas probably aren’t the first animal, or even the fifth animal, that comes to mind when you think of antibody generation, but they’ve recently garnered a lot of attention for their potential to treat <a href="/support/sars-cov-research-resources">COVID-19</a> through neutralization of the <a href="/search?keywords=SARS-CoV-2&category=Primary%20Antibodies">SARS-CoV-2</a> virus.<sup>1</sup> Additionally, they’ve shown potential in combatting other...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/good-things-come-in-small-packages-the-power-of-llamabody-camelid-antibodies">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Good Things Come in Small Packages: The Power of LlaMABody-Camelid Antibodies"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="54659211"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-14 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/epigenetics-of-depression-how-can-psychological-stress-alter-your-dna"><h2>Epigenetics of Depression: How Can Psychological Stress Alter Your DNA? </h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Wednesday, May 18, 2022 - 08:59</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-epigenetics-banner.jpg" alt="Banner schematic showing epigenetic modification targeting DNA." width="600" height="150" title="Epigenetic mechanisms targeting DNA, banner." border="0" /></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Emily Cartwright, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p><h2>How Can Psychological Stress Alter Your DNA? </h2> <p>Traumatic events, work demands, relationship conflicts, and health problems are all examples of psychological stressors that can result in physiological changes including increased cortisol and adrenaline levels. This change in gene expression manifests in physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, blood pressure, headaches, fatigue, muscle pain, and insomnia. In addition to changing gene expression in the short term, psychological stress can impart lasting changes to your DNA by modifying the epigenome. </p><p>...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/epigenetics-of-depression-how-can-psychological-stress-alter-your-dna">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Epigenetics of Depression: How Can Psychological Stress Alter Your DNA? "></span> <span itemprop="text" content="54379446"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-15 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/hypoxia-dependent-car-stabilizing-construct-in-t-cells-improves-solid-tumor-targeting-and-efficacy"><h2>Hypoxia-Dependent CAR Stabilizing Construct in T cells Improves Solid Tumor Targeting and Efficacy</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Monday, April 11, 2022 - 08:54</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-hypoxia-car-t-cell-banner.jpg" alt="Banner image showing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image depicting a CAR T cell." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Victoria Osinski, PhD</strong></p> <p>Despite advances in the development of cancer immunotherapies, those specifically targeting tumors still remains limited. Currently, there is great interest in utilizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies: a strategy that utilizes patients’ T cells and genetically engineers them to produce a T cell receptor to mount an attack against cancer cells. While CAR T cells can effectively kill cancer cells in tumors, they often come with off-tumor effects because these CARs’ target antigens are found endogenously in the body....</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/hypoxia-dependent-car-stabilizing-construct-in-t-cells-improves-solid-tumor-targeting-and-efficacy">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Hypoxia-Dependent CAR Stabilizing Construct in T cells Improves Solid Tumor Targeting and Efficacy"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="53436191"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-16 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/tired-t-cells-hypoxia-drives-t-cell-exhaustion-in-the-tumor-microenvironment"><h2>Tired T cells: Hypoxia Drives T cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Monday, March 14, 2022 - 09:22</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-hypoxia-cancer-cell-banner.jpg" alt="Banner image showing cancer cells in hypoxic conditions." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image depicting hypoxic cancer cells" border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Hunter Martinez</strong></p> <p>The paradigm shifting view of the immune system being leveraged to target cancer has led to numerous therapeutic breakthroughs. One major cell group responsible for this revelation is a <a href="/research-areas/immunology/adaptive-immunity#T%20cell%20Subsets">T cell</a>. T cells functioning in fighting cancer can become tired or “exhausted”. <a href="/research-areas/immunology/immuno-oncology-tumor-Immunity#t-cell-nk-cell-exhaustion">T cell exhaustion</a> is a state of cellular dysfunction resulting from repeated stimulation and chronic exposure to...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/tired-t-cells-hypoxia-drives-t-cell-exhaustion-in-the-tumor-microenvironment">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Tired T cells: Hypoxia Drives T cell Exhaustion in the Tumor Microenvironment"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="52668546"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-17 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/synthetic-biotic-medicine-as-immunotherapy-against-cancer"><h2>Synthetic Biotic Medicine as Immunotherapy Against Cancer: Evidence From Arginine-Producing Engineered Bacteria</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Tuesday, February 1, 2022 - 09:12</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-metabolic-tumor-engineered-bacteria-banner.jpg" alt="3D banner image showing example of pathogenic bacteria." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image depicting pathogenic bacteria." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD</strong></p> <p>What do nuts, dairy and red meat have in common? In addition to the fact that they are all edible, one of the answers is <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/p/small-molecules-peptides/l-arginine_0663" target="blank">L-arginine</a>. This amino acid improves T cell’s response against tumor cells, which typically have low concentration of L-arginine. Increasing L-arginine intra-tumorally, in turn, increases the effect of immunotherapy drugs called immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). To understand ICIs, consider two examples of...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/synthetic-biotic-medicine-as-immunotherapy-against-cancer">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Synthetic Biotic Medicine as Immunotherapy Against Cancer: Evidence From Arginine-Producing Engineered Bacteria"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="51412846"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-18 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/immune-cell-metabolic-flux-influences-type-i-diabetes"><h2>Immune Cell Metabolic Flux Influences Type I Diabetes</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, December 17, 2021 - 09:01</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-immmunometabolism-t1d-blog-header.jpg" alt="Banner image showing mitochondrion and metabolic pathways and targets, from Tocris." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image depicting metabolic pathways and a mitochondrion." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Hunter Martinez</strong></p> <h2>What is Immunometabolism?</h2> <p>It is well established that abnormal metabolic environments can be a risk factor for disease development. One characteristic example is the role of dyslipidemia (high levels of lipids) in development of <a href="/search?keywords=ATHEROSCLEROSIS...</body></html>"></a></p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/immune-cell-metabolic-flux-influences-type-i-diabetes">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Immune Cell Metabolic Flux Influences Type I Diabetes"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="50227426"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-19 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/harnessing-natural-killer-cell-activity-for-anti-tumor-immunotherapy"><h2>Harnessing Natural Killer Cell Activity for Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Wednesday, November 24, 2021 - 09:34</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src=" https://images.novusbio.com/design/nk-cell-io-blog-nk-workflow-banner.jpg" alt="Banner image showing the workflow for Natural Killer (NK) cells." width="600" height="150" title="Depiction of Natural Killer (NK) cell workflow" border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Victoria Osinski, PhD</strong></p> <h2>What’s “Natural” About Natural Killer (NK) Cells?</h2> For immunologists, the term cytotoxicity often conjures up images of an army of antigen specific <a href="/primary-antibodies/cd8">CD8+</a> T cells deploying to find and kill their target cells. However, <a href="/research-areas/immunology/immuno-oncology-tumor-Immunity#nk-cells">natural killer (NK) cells</a> are a distinct subset of cytotoxic immune lymphoid cells with both <a href="/research-areas/immunology">innate and adaptive immune</a> functions. Innate functions are first-...</div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/harnessing-natural-killer-cell-activity-for-anti-tumor-immunotherapy">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Harnessing Natural Killer Cell Activity for Anti-Tumor Immunotherapy"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="49564986"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-20 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/understanding-y-in-breast-cancer-crucial-role-of-dna-rna-binding-protein-yb1"><h2>Understanding ‘Y’ in Breast Cancer: Crucial Role of DNA/RNA-binding Protein YB-1 in the Development, Pre-Invasive, and Metastatic Phases</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Thursday, October 21, 2021 - 10:08</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-breast-cancer-yb1-akt-mab2055-icc-banner.jpg" alt="Akt expression in immersion fixed MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line using Mouse Anti-Akt Monoclonal Antibody and stained with NorthernLights 557-conjugated IgG Secondary Antibody." width="600" height="150" title="MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line showing Akt staining, ICC." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD </strong></p> <p>In the United States, 1 in 8 women will be diagnosed with <a href="/antibody-news/antibodies/breast-cancer-infographic">breast cancer</a> in her lifetime.<sup>1</sup> Despite the prevalence, <a href="/research-areas/cancer">cancer</a> genesis is a mystery. The heterogeneity of cancers makes it difficult to study the precise mechanism of breast cancer development in vivo. Yet, research has shown that...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/understanding-y-in-breast-cancer-crucial-role-of-dna-rna-binding-protein-yb1">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Understanding ‘Y’ in Breast Cancer: Crucial Role of DNA/RNA-binding Protein YB-1 in the Development, Pre-Invasive, and Metastatic Phases"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="48553886"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-21 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/successful-transplantation-of-friedreich-ataxia-ipsc-derived-sensory-neurons-in-dorsal-root-ganglia-of-adult-rodents"><h2>Successful Transplantation of Friedreich Ataxia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Sensory Neurons in Dorsal Root Ganglia of Adult Rodents</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Thursday, October 7, 2021 - 15:31</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-banner-ipsc-frda.jpg" alt="3D rendering of neuronal induced pluripotent stem cells as a banner image." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image depicting neuronal iPSCs." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD </strong></p> <p>The dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are a collection of cell bodies of sensory nerves carrying sensory information – including nociception, mechanoreception and proprioception – from peripheral nervous system (PNS) to the central nervous system (CNS). Degeneration of DRG, as observed in the autosomal recessive disease <a href="/diseases/friedreich-ataxia">Friedreich ataxia</a> (FRDA), manifests physiologically as impaired speech, difficulty walking, and loss of sensation in arms and legs. To mitigate FRDA, cell replacement therapy (CRT), such as...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/successful-transplantation-of-friedreich-ataxia-ipsc-derived-sensory-neurons-in-dorsal-root-ganglia-of-adult-rodents">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Successful Transplantation of Friedreich Ataxia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Derived Sensory Neurons in Dorsal Root Ganglia of Adult Rodents"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="48214231"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-22 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/taking-biomarker-discovery-from-2d-to-3d-increased-biological-activity-of-evs-iIsolated-from-3d-prostate-cancer-cultures"><h2>Taking Biomarker Discovery From 2D to 3D: Increased Biological Activity of EVs Isolated From 3D Prostate Cancer Cultures</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Friday, September 24, 2021 - 10:03</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-ev-3d-2d-exosome-banner.jpg" alt="3D rendering of extracellular vesicles released from cells as a banner image." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image depicting extracellular vesicles released from cells." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD </strong></p> <p>Tissues within the human body are made of a three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of cells working together to perform vital functions. The commonly used 2D monolayer cultures have limited expandability and cell-cell communication, making them less relevant to human physiology. By contrast, in 3D cultures, such as spheroids or <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/organoid-and-3d-culture-reagents" target="_blank">organoids</a>, cells can easily permeate through the scaffold allowing the cells to stretch out and have...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/taking-biomarker-discovery-from-2d-to-3d-increased-biological-activity-of-evs-iIsolated-from-3d-prostate-cancer-cultures">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Taking Biomarker Discovery From 2D to 3D: Increased Biological Activity of EVs Isolated From 3D Prostate Cancer Cultures"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="47865571"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-23 views-row-odd"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/using-cometchip-to-characterize-extracellular-regulators-of-dna-repair"><h2>Using CometChip to Characterize Extracellular Regulators of DNA Repair: Does CD73 Levels in Cancer Cells Affect DNA Repair by Regulating Levels of Intracellular NAD+?</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Thursday, August 26, 2021 - 11:50</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-dna-repair-cometchip-banner-image.jpg" alt="3D rendering of CometChip as a banner image." width="600" height="150" title="Banner depicting CometChip imaging." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>By Natalia Gurule, PhD</strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Historically, <a href="/research-areas/cancer/dna-repair.html">DNA repair</a> pathways have been viewed from a tumor cell centric vantage point. Currently, the <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/products/cancer-immunotherapy-tumor-microenvironment" target="_blank">tumor microenvironment</a> (TME) is recognized as having the potential to be a source of components that can participate in how a <a href="/research-areas/cancer">cancer</a> cell responds to DNA damage. Within the TME, there are metabolites that can promote tumor cell growth and modulate immune cell...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/using-cometchip-to-characterize-extracellular-regulators-of-dna-repair">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Using CometChip to Characterize Extracellular Regulators of DNA Repair: Does CD73 Levels in Cancer Cells Affect DNA Repair by Regulating Levels of Intracellular NAD+?"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="47272861"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-24 views-row-even"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/staufen1-overabundance-and-the-consequent-mtor-hyperactivity-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-spinocerebellar-ataxia-type-2-alzheimers-parkinsons-and-huntingtons-diseases"><h2>Staufen1 Overabundance and the Consequent mTOR Hyperactivity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s Diseases</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Thursday, August 12, 2021 - 15:24</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-staufen-neurodegeneration-banner-image.jpg" alt="3D rendering of neurons as a banner image." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image depicting neuronal connections." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD </strong></p> <p>Neurodegenerative disorders involve loss of function and, ultimately, death of neurons. Selective neuronal vulnerability has been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. For example, <a href="/research-areas/neuroscience/neurodegeneration#als">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS) and <a href="/diseases/spinocerebellar-ataxia-type-2">spinocerebellar ataxia type 2</a> (SCA2) attack motor neurons, while <a href="/research-areas/neuroscience/neurodegeneration#alzheimers">Alzheimer’s disease</a> (AD),...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/staufen1-overabundance-and-the-consequent-mtor-hyperactivity-in-amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-spinocerebellar-ataxia-type-2-alzheimers-parkinsons-and-huntingtons-diseases">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Staufen1 Overabundance and the Consequent mTOR Hyperactivity in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 2, Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, and Huntington’s Diseases"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="46889336"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> <div class="views-row views-row-25 views-row-odd views-row-last"> <span> <span><a href="/antibody-news/early-t-cell-response-is-associated-with-mild-covid-19-and-rapid-sars-cov-2-clearance"><h2>Early T cell response is associated with mild COVID-19 and rapid SARS-CoV-2 clearance</h2></a></span> </span> <div class="views-field views-field-created"> <span class="field-content"><div class="text_small">Thursday, July 29, 2021 - 10:10</div></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-body"> <div class="field-content"><table width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody> <tr align="left"> <td><em><img src="https://images.novusbio.com/design/nb-blog-t-cell-response-covid-19-banner-image.jpg" alt="3D rendering of T cells as a banner image." width="600" height="150" title="Banner image showing T cells." border="0" /></em></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p><strong>Jamshed Arslan, Pharm D, PhD </strong></p> <p><a href="/search?keywords=SARS-CoV-2">SARS-CoV-2</a> induces both humoral and cellular immunity. A vaccine or natural infection invokes SARS-CoV-2-specific <a href="/research-areas/immunology/b-cell-development-and-differentiation-markers">humoral components</a> (antibodies from activated B cells) and <a href="/research-areas/immunology/adaptive-immunity#T%20cell%20Subsets">cellular response</a> (<a href="/common-name/cd4">CD4</a>+, <a href="/common-name/cd8">CD8</a>+ T cells) that can protect against subsequent infections. Following SARS-CoV-2 infection, the levels of...</p></div> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-view-node"> <span class="field-content"><a href="/antibody-news/early-t-cell-response-is-associated-with-mild-covid-19-and-rapid-sars-cov-2-clearance">Read More</a></span> </div> <div class="views-field views-field-php"> <span class="field-content"><div itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"> <span itemprop="name" content="Early T cell response is associated with mild COVID-19 and rapid SARS-CoV-2 clearance"></span> <span itemprop="text" content="46401216"></span> </div></span> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="element-invisible">Pages</h2><div class="item-list"><ul class="pager"><li class="pager-current first">1</li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 2" href="/antibody-news?page=1">2</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 3" href="/antibody-news?page=2">3</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 4" href="/antibody-news?page=3">4</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 5" href="/antibody-news?page=4">5</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 6" href="/antibody-news?page=5">6</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 7" href="/antibody-news?page=6">7</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 8" href="/antibody-news?page=7">8</a></li> <li class="pager-item"><a title="Go to page 9" href="/antibody-news?page=8">9</a></li> <li class="pager-ellipsis">…</li> <li class="pager-next"><a title="Go to next page" href="/antibody-news?page=1">next ›</a></li> <li class="pager-last last"><a title="Go to last page" href="/antibody-news?page=46">last »</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-21" class="block block-block"> <div class="content">  <div class="embeddedServiceInvitation" id="snapins_invite" aria-live="assertive" role="dialog" aria-atomic="true" style="display: none;"> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationHeader" aria-labelledby="snapins_titletext" aria-describedby="snapins_bodytext"> <img id="embeddedServiceAvatar" /> <span class="embeddedServiceTitleText" id="snapins_titletext">Need help?</span> <button type="button" id="closeInvite" class="embeddedServiceCloseIcon" aria-label="Exit invitation">×</button> </div> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationBody"> <p id="snapins_bodytext">How can we help you?</p> </div> <div class="embeddedServiceInvitationFooter" aria-describedby="snapins_bodytext"> <button type="button" class="embeddedServiceActionButton" id="rejectInvite">Close</button> <button type="button" class="embeddedServiceActionButton" id="acceptInvite">Start Chat</button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="right_column grid_5"> <div class="region region-sidebar-second"> <div id="block-novus-blocks-blog-info" class="block block-novus-blocks"> <div class="content"> <br /> <strong>Blog Topics</strong><br /> <select id="blog_topic_select"> <option value="">Select Topic</option><option value="category/alzheimer’s">Alzheimer’s</option><option value="category/antibody-data">Antibody data</option><option value="antibody-news/category/neuroscience/auditory">Auditory</option><option value="category/breast-cancer">Breast Cancer</option><option value="category/cell-biology">Cell Biology</option><option value="category/cell-culture">Cell Culture</option><option value="category/conjugate-antibodies">Conjugate antibodies</option><option value="category/covid-19">COVID-19</option><option value="antibody-news/category/lipid-metabolism/diabetes-lipid-metabolism">Diabetes</option><option value="antibody-news/category/support-products/epitope-tags">Epitope Tags</option><option value="category/exosomes">Exosomes</option><option value="category/gut-brain-axis">Gut-Brain Axis</option><option value="category/immuno-oncology">Immuno-Oncology</option><option value="category/immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</option><option value="category/immunotherapy">Immunotherapy</option><option value="antibody-news/category/immunology/inflammation">Inflammation</option><option value="category/jennifer-sokolowski">Jennifer Sokolowski</option><option value="category/microbiology">Microbiology</option><option value="category/mitochondria">Mitochondria</option><option value="category/necroptosis">Necroptosis</option><option value="category/oxidative-stress">Oxidative Stress</option><option value="antibody-news/category/neuroscience/neurodegeneration/parkinsons">Parkinsons</option><option value="category/pyroptosis">Pyroptosis</option><option value="antibody-news/category/cancer/tumor">Tumor</option><option value="category/virology-bacteria-and-parasite">Virology Bacteria and Parasite</option><option value="category/virology-bacteria-parasites">virology-bacteria-parasites</option><option value="antibody-news/category/neuroscience/neurodegeneration/alzheimers-neurodegeneration">Alzheimer's</option><option value="antibody-news/category/cancer/leukmia">Leukemia</option><option value="antibody-news/category/neuroscience/neurodegeneration">Neurodegeneration</option><option value="antibody-news/category/immunology/virology-bacteria-parasites">Virology Bacteria and Parasites</option><option value="antibody-news/category/cancer/angiogenesis">Angiogenesis</option><option value="antibody-news/category/antibodies">Antibodies</option><option value="antibody-news/category/immunology/rheumatoid-arthritis-immunology">Rheumatoid Arthritis</option><option value="category/antibody">antibody</option><option value="antibody-news/category/antibody-catalog">Antibody catalog</option><option value="antibody-news/category/antibody-database">Antibody database</option><option value="category/antibody-database-and-antibody-suppliers">Antibody database and Antibody Suppliers</option><option value="category/antibody-news">antibody news</option><option value="category/antibody-supplier">antibody supplier</option><option value="antibody-news/category/antibody-suppliers">Antibody suppliers</option><option value="category/antibody-suppliers-cancer">Antibody suppliers Cancer</option><option value="antibody-news/category/apoptosis">Apoptosis</option><option value="category/arthritis">Arthritis</option><option value="category/astrocytes">Astrocytes</option><option value="category/autophagosome">Autophagosome</option><option value="antibody-news/category/autophagy">Autophagy</option><option value="antibody-news/category/bone-research">Bone Research</option><option value="antibody-news/category/cancer">Cancer</option><option value="category/cancer-research">Cancer Research</option><option value="category/cell-signaling">Cell Signaling</option><option value="antibody-news/category/cell-signalling">Cell Signalling</option><option value="category/charity">Charity</option><option value="category/conjugated-antibodies">Conjugated Antibodies</option><option value="antibody-news/category/dna-repair">DNA Repair</option><option value="category/emt">EMT</option><option value="antibody-news/category/epigenetics">Epigenetics</option><option value="antibody-news/category/flow-cytometry-2">Flow Cytometry</option><option value="antibody-news/category/heart-disease">Heart Disease</option><option value="antibody-news/category/heat-shock-proteins">Heat Shock Proteins</option><option value="category/hippo-signaling">Hippo signaling</option><option value="antibody-news/category/hypoxia">Hypoxia</option><option value="antibody-news/category/immunology">Immunology</option><option value="category/innate-immunity">Innate Immunity</option><option value="category/late-endosome-markers">Late Endosome Markers</option><option value="antibody-news/category/lipid-metabolism">Lipid and Metabolism</option><option value="antibody-news/category/membrane-trafficking-and-chaperone">Membrane Trafficking and Chaperone</option><option value="category/metastasis">Metastasis</option><option value="category/neurons">Neurons</option><option value="antibody-news/category/neuroscience">Neuroscience</option><option value="category/parkinsons">Parkinson's</option><option value="category/parkinson’s">Parkinson’s</option><option value="antibody-news/category/product-review">Product Review</option><option value="antibody-news/category/signal-transduction">Signal Transduction</option><option value="antibody-news/category/stem-cells">Stem Cells</option><option value="antibody-news/category/support-products">Support Products</option><option value="antibody-news/category/transcription-regulation">Transcription Regulation</option><option value="antibody-news/category/uncategorized">Uncategorized</option><option value="category/unfolded-protein-response">Unfolded protein response</option><option value="category/unfolded-protein-response-upr">Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)</option><option value="category/western-blot">Western Blot</option> </select><br /><br /> <strong>Archives</strong><br /> <ul><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/11">November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/10">October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/09">September 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/08">August 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/07">July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/06">June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/05">May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/04">April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/03">March 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/02">February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2024/01">January 2024</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2023">2023</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2022">2022</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2021">2021</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2020">2020</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2019">2019</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2018">2018</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2017">2017</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2016">2016</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2015">2015</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2014">2014</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2013">2013</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2012">2012</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2011">2011</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2010">2010</a></li><li><a href="/antibody-news/2009">2009</a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="novus_footer_line"></div>  </div> <div class="container_16"> <div id="footer"> <div class="grid_16 text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <table class="footer_boxes"> <tr> <th>Popular Products</th> <th>Company Information</th> <th>Support</th> <th>Stay Connected</th> </tr> <tr> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/productsearch/novus">Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/secondary-antibodies">Secondary Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/isotype-controls">Isotype Controls</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/peptides-and-proteins">Proteins and Peptides</a></li><li><a href="/product-type/elisa-kits">ELISA Kits</a></li><li><a href="/samplesize">Sample Size</a></li><li><a href="https://www.novusbio.com/new-product-information-page.html">New Products</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/about.html">About Us</a></li><li><a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/about/careers">Careers</a></li><li><a href="/guarantee">Novus Guarantee</a></li><li><a href="/about/contact-us.html">Contact Us</a></li><li><a href="/about/novus-team.html">Our Team</a></li> </ul> </td> <td> <ul class='links'><li><a href="/support/technical-support.html">Technical Support</a></li><li><a href="/support/faqs.html">FAQs</a></li><li><a href="/webform/help-finding-antibodies">Help Finding Antibodies</a></li><li><a href="/support/support-by-application.html">Protocols</a></li> </ul> </td> <td id="footer_social_links"> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="grid_16"> <div id="GTS_CONTAINER" style="float: right;margin-top: 10px;"></div> <div id="footer_officeinfo"> </div> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> <div class="footer_othersites"> <p>Visit our other sites</p> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biotechne"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndsystems.com/"><div class="fp_rnd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.novusbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_novus"></div></a> <a href="https://www.tocris.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_tocris"></div></a> <a href="https://www.bio-techne.com/brands/proteinsimple" target="_blank"><div class="fp_proteinSimple"></div></a> <a href="http://www.biospacific.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_biospacific"></div></a>  <a href="http://www.acdbio.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_acd"></div></a> <a href="https://www.rndheme.com/" target="_blank"><div class="fp_rndcc"></div></a> </div> <div class="text_center"> <div class="fp_horzline"></div> </div> <div class="copyright">©2024 Novus Biologicals, All Rights Reserved.</div> <div class="footer_legal"> <ul class="links"><li class="menu-47946 first"><a href="/support/customer-service/privacy-policy.html" title="">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li class="menu-47956"><a href="/novus-bio-sitemap.html" title="">Sitemap</a></li> <li class="menu-47951"><a href="/about/contact-us.html" title="">Contact Us</a></li> <li class="menu-47941 last"><a href="/support/customer-service/terms.html" title="">Terms & Conditions</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="clear"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"76fb58fb05","applicationID":"788348554,30870807","transactionName":"YFdbZBFZXxdWAhAMVlkdeFMXUV4KGBcNAE5EbUlRBF0=","queueTime":34,"applicationTime":308,"atts":"TBBYEllDTBk=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>