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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Agriculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Industry and commerce</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_trade_and_human_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_trade_and_human_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Sex trade and human trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_trade_and_human_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Spanish era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Post-independence era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gastronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> 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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tlaxcala</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 88 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-88" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">88 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ولاية تلاكسكالا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية تلاكسكالا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_Istadu" title="Tlaxcala Istadu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Tlaxcala Istadu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_Chiu" title="Tlaxcala Chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tlaxcala Chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тласкала – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тласкала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тляскаля (штат) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тляскаля (штат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тласкала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тласкала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estat_de_Tlaxcala" title="Estat de Tlaxcala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estat de Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_Tlaxcala" title="Estado de Tlaxcala – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Estado de Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Bundesstaat)" title="Tlaxcala (Bundesstaat) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tlaxcala (Bundesstaat)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_osariik" title="Tlaxcala osariik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tlaxcala osariik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Τλαξκάλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τλαξκάλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="تلاسکالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلاسکالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(%C3%89tat)" title="Tlaxcala (État) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tlaxcala (État)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_de_Tlaxcala" title="Estado de Tlaxcala – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estado de Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8B%80%EB%9D%BD%EC%8A%A4%EC%B9%BC%EB%9D%BC%EC%A3%BC" title="틀락스칼라주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="틀락스칼라주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1_(%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3)" title="Տլասկալա (նահանգ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տլասկալա (նահանգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%C3%A6_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тласкалæ (штат) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Тласкалæ (штат)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(stato)" title="Tlaxcala (stato) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tlaxcala (stato)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%94" title="טלקסקלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלקסקלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ტლასკალის შტატი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტლასკალის შტატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(jimbo)" title="Tlaxcala (jimbo) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tlaxcala (jimbo)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(civitas)" title="Tlaxcala (civitas) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tlaxcala (civitas)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaskala" title="Tlaskala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tlaskala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaskala_(valstija)" title="Tlaskala (valstija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tlaskala (valstija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тласкала – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тласкала" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="त्लास्काला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="त्लास्काला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="تلاسکالا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تلاسکالا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(staat)" title="Tlaxcala (staat) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tlaxcala (staat)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E5%B7%9E" title="トラスカラ州 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラスカラ州" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тласкала (штат) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Тласкала (штат)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Bundesstoot)" title="Tlaxcala (Bundesstoot) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tlaxcala (Bundesstoot)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delstaten_Tlaxcala" title="Delstaten Tlaxcala – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Delstaten Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(estat)" title="Tlaxcala (estat) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tlaxcala (estat)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaskala" title="Tlaskala – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tlaskala" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ٹلاکسالا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹلاکسالا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(stat_federal)" title="Tlaxcala (stat federal) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Tlaxcala (stat federal)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(stan)" title="Tlaxcala (stan) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tlaxcala (stan)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_suyu" title="Tlaxcala suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tlaxcala suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тласкала (штат) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тласкала (штат)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA,_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80" title="ටලැක්ස්කාලා ප්‍රාන්තය, මෙක්සිකෝව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ටලැක්ස්කාලා ප්‍රාන්තය, මෙක්සිකෝව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Тласкала (држава) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тласкала (држава)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(delstat)" title="Tlaxcala (delstat) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tlaxcala (delstat)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Тласкала – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Тласкала" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="รัฐตลัซกาลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐตลัซกาลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Иёлати Тласкала – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иёлати Тласкала" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%9D%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B3" title="ᏝᏍᎧᎳ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏝᏍᎧᎳ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Тласкала (штат) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тласкала (штат)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="تلاکسکالا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تلاکسکالا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala_(stato)" title="Tlaxcala (stato) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Tlaxcala (stato)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tlaxcala" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%9E" title="特拉斯卡拉州 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特拉斯卡拉州" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%9E" title="特拉斯卡拉州 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="特拉斯卡拉州" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tlaxcala&params=19_26_N_98_10_W_region:MX-TLA_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">98°10′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.433°N 98.167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.433; -98.167</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State of Mexico</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tlaxcala (disambiguation)">Tlaxcala (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_Spanish plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this article with text translated from <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcala" class="extiw" title="es:Tlaxcala">the corresponding article</a> in Spanish</b>.  <i><small>(January 2023)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Tlaxcala]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|es|Tlaxcala}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Tlaxcala" title="Talk:Tlaxcala">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State in Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl, Mexico</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Tlaxcala</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><i>Tlaxcallan (<a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>)</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Mexico">State</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span style="position:relative; bottom:0.2em;">Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala</span><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es-MX">Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Mexican_Spanish" title="Mexican Spanish">Spanish</a>)</span></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Nahuatl languages collective text"><i lang="nah">Tlahtohcayotl Tlaxcallan</i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>)</span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Malinche_(volc%C3%A1n).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Malinche (volcano)"><img alt="View of Malinche (volcano)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/La_Malinche_%28volc%C3%A1n%29.jpg/250px-La_Malinche_%28volc%C3%A1n%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/La_Malinche_%28volc%C3%A1n%29.jpg/375px-La_Malinche_%28volc%C3%A1n%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/La_Malinche_%28volc%C3%A1n%29.jpg/500px-La_Malinche_%28volc%C3%A1n%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2734" data-file-height="1685" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">View of <a href="/wiki/Malinche_(volcano)" title="Malinche (volcano)">Malinche (volcano)</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tlaxcala"><img alt="Flag of Tlaxcala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/150px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/225px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/300px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="500" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Tlaxcala" title="Flag of Tlaxcala">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Tlaxcala"><img alt="Coat of arms of Tlaxcala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Tlaxcala" title="Coat of arms of Tlaxcala">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Cuna de la Nación</i></span><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><small>(<i>Cradle of the Nation</i>)</small></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Himno_a_Tlaxcala" title="Himno a Tlaxcala">Himno a Tlaxcala</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlaxcala_in_Mexico_(zoom).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="State of Tlaxcala within Mexico"><img alt="State of Tlaxcala within Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tlaxcala_in_Mexico_%28zoom%29.svg/250px-Tlaxcala_in_Mexico_%28zoom%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tlaxcala_in_Mexico_%28zoom%29.svg/375px-Tlaxcala_in_Mexico_%28zoom%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Tlaxcala_in_Mexico_%28zoom%29.svg/500px-Tlaxcala_in_Mexico_%28zoom%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2029" data-file-height="1326" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">State of Tlaxcala within Mexico</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Tlaxcala&params=19_26_N_98_10_W_region:MX-TLA_type:adm1st"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°26′N</span> <span class="longitude">98°10′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19.433°N 98.167°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19.433; -98.167</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala,_Tlaxcala" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Mexico" title="List of cities in Mexico">Largest city</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo_del_Monte,_Tlaxcala" title="San Pablo del Monte, Tlaxcala">San Pablo del Monte</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Mexico" title="Municipalities of Mexico">Municipalities</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Tlaxcala" title="Municipalities of Tlaxcala">60</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Admission</a></th><td class="infobox-data">December 9, 1856<sup id="cite_ref-tlaxcala_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tlaxcala-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">Order</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Mexico" title="Territorial evolution of Mexico">22nd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_state_governors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican state governors">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lorena_Cu%C3%A9llar_Cisneros" title="Lorena Cuéllar Cisneros">Lorena Cuéllar</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morena_Party_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morena"><img alt="Morena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="126" /></a></span> (<a href="/wiki/Morena_(political_party)" title="Morena (political party)">Morena</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Mexico">Senators</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Molina_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Joel Molina Ramírez">Joel Molina Ramírez</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morena_Party_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morena"><img alt="Morena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="126" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ana_Lilia_Rivera_Rivera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ana Lilia Rivera Rivera">Ana Lilia Rivera Rivera</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morena_Party_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morena"><img alt="Morena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="126" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Minerva_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Ramos" title="Minerva Hernández Ramos">Minerva Hernández Ramos</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAN_logo_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAN"><img alt="PAN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Mexico">Deputies</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Mexico">Federal Deputies</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Carre%C3%B3n_Mej%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Carreón Mejía (page does not exist)">Carlos Carreón Mejía</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAN_logo_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAN"><img alt="PAN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• <a href="/wiki/Adriana_D%C3%A1vila_Fern%C3%A1ndez" title="Adriana Dávila Fernández">Adriana Dávila Fernández</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PAN_logo_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PAN"><img alt="PAN" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-PAN_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• <a href="/wiki/Silvano_Garay_Ulloa" title="Silvano Garay Ulloa">Silvano Garay Ulloa</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Worker%27s_Party_logo_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PT"><img alt="PT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Worker%27s_Party_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/20px-Worker%27s_Party_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Worker%27s_Party_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/30px-Worker%27s_Party_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Worker%27s_Party_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg/40px-Worker%27s_Party_logo_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="471" /></a></span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_P%C3%A9rez_Rodr%C3%ADguez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Pérez Rodríguez (page does not exist)">Claudia Pérez Rodríguez</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morena_Party_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morena"><img alt="Morena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="126" /></a></span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Luz_Sosa_Salinas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José de la Luz Sosa Salinas (page does not exist)">José de la Luz Sosa Salinas</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morena_Party_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morena"><img alt="Morena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="126" /></a></span></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rub%C3%A9n_Ter%C3%A1n_%C3%81guila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rubén Terán Águila (page does not exist)">Rubén Terán Águila</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morena_Party_(Mexico).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morena"><img alt="Morena" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/23px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="4" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/35px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg/46px-Morena_Party_%28Mexico%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="126" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,016 km<sup>2</sup> (1,551 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_area" title="List of Mexican states by area">Ranked 31st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Malinche_(volcano)" title="Malinche (volcano)">La Malinche</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,420 m (14,500 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2020)<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,342,977</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_population" title="List of Mexican states by population">28th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">330/km<sup>2</sup> (870/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">  • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_population_density" title="List of Mexican states by population density">3rd</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tlaxcalan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">MXN 158 billion<br />(US$7.8 billion) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">(US$5,594) (2022)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%926" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−6">UTC−6</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Mexico" title="Time in Mexico">Central</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Mexico" title="Postal codes in Mexico">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">90</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Area_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding: 0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Area codes <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_in_Mexico_by_code_(200-299)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes in Mexico by code (200-299)">1</a> and <a href="/wiki/Area_codes_in_Mexico_by_code_(700-799)" class="mw-redirect" title="Area codes in Mexico by code (700-799)">2</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 223</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 241</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 246</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 247</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 248</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 276</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 748</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">• 749</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">MX-TLA</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.772 <span style="color:#0c0">high</span> <small><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_states_by_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mexican states by HDI">Ranked 20th of 32</a></small></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/">Official Web Site</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Tlaxcala</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the 32 federal entities that comprise the <a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Political divisions of Mexico">Federal Entities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. It is divided into <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Tlaxcala" title="Municipalities of Tlaxcala">60 municipalities</a> and the capital city and the largest city is <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_de_Xicoht%C3%A9ncatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl">Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl</a>. </p><p>It is located in east-central Mexico, in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican plateau">altiplano region</a>, with the eastern portion dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bordered by the states of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> to the north, east and south, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">México</a> to the west and <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a> to the northwest. It is the smallest state of the republic, accounting for only 0.2% of the country's territory.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state is named after its capital, Tlaxcala, which was also the name of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> city and culture. The <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcaltec" title="Tlaxcaltec">Tlaxcaltec people</a> allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Mexico">colonial period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican Independence</a>, Tlaxcala was declared a <a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">federal territory</a>, until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation. </p><p>Most of the state's economy is based on agriculture, light industry and tourism. The tourist industry is rooted in Tlaxcala's long history with major attractions being archeological sites such as <a href="/wiki/Cacaxtla" title="Cacaxtla">Cacaxtla</a> and colonial constructions in and around Tlaxcala City.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesherencia_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesherencia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Tlaxcala</i> pre-dates the state by centuries; it derives from the name of the capital city, which was also used to denote the territory controlled by this city in pre-Hispanic times. According to some historians, the name comes from an ancient word <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">texcalli</i></span> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Classical Nahuatl pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nci-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[teʃˈkalːi]</a></span>), which meant 'crag';<sup id="cite_ref-explorer_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, an alternative etymology stems from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> word <span title="Classical Nahuatl-language text"><i lang="nci">Tlaxcallān</i></span> which means 'place of <a href="/wiki/Corn_tortilla" title="Corn tortilla">corn tortillas</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-explorer_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tourbymexico_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tourbymexico-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Aztec glyph that referred to this place has both elements, two green hills and two hands holding a corn tortilla.<sup id="cite_ref-explorer_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The letter 'x' in the name reflects the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palato-alveolar fricative">voiceless palato-alveolar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/</span>, a historical phoneme present in Nahuatl and in Old Spanish. The conquistadors transcribed this sound using that letter in the Spanish language at the time of colonization and also when codifying the alphabets of the indigenous languages in the Americas for the first time. Due to the <a href="/wiki/Phonological_history_of_Spanish_coronal_fricatives" title="Phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives">evolution of the coronal fricatives</a> that took place in Spanish during the 16th and 17th centuries, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> transitioned into a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">voiceless velar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/</span> (similar to a strong 'H') at the beginning of a word or intervocalically, while it turned into a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">voiceless alveolar fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/</span> at the end of a syllable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus, the pronunciation of Tlaxcala at the time of the sibilant shift transitioned from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[tlaʃˈkala]</a></span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[tlasˈkala]</a></span>. However, the realization <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˈtlaɣskala]</a></span> is also present due to <a href="/wiki/Spelling_pronunciation" title="Spelling pronunciation">spelling pronunciation</a> after the Spanish orthographic reform of 1815, which replaced the letter 'x' with 'j' in words that previously had <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> that transitioned into velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/x/</span>, leaving the letter 'x' with the current pronunciation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡs/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coat-of-arms">Coat-of-arms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Coat-of-arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state's coat of arms is based on the coat of arms that was granted to the city in 1535. Its different elements have the following meanings: the red background represents courage; the castle symbolizes defensive power; the eagle with its open wings represents the spirit of vigilance; the border symbolizes protection and compensation; the green palms stand for victory, and the crowns are the symbol of royal authority. </p><p>The letter <i><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;">I</span></i> refers to <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a>, the mother of <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I of Spain</a>; the letter <i>K</i> (for <i>Karl</i>) represents the name of the king himself; and the letter <i>F</i> (for <i>Felipe</i>) belongs to <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip, later Philip II of Spain</a>. The human skulls and cross-bones represent those who died during the Conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-explorer_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-explorer-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_geography">Political geography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of Tlaxcala is located slightly east of center of Mexico between 97°37′07″ and 98°42′51″W and 19°05′43″ and 19°44′07″N. It is bordered by the states of Hidalgo, Puebla and Mexico. It is the smallest state in terms of territory with only about 4,061 km<sup>2</sup> (1,568 sq mi), representing about 0.2% of the entire country.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state is divided into 60 municipalities, the largest of which are Tlaxcala, <a href="/wiki/Apizaco" title="Apizaco">Apizaco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huamantla" title="Huamantla">Huamantla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zacatelco" title="Zacatelco">Zacatelco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calpulalpan" title="Calpulalpan">Calpulalpan</a>, Chiautempan and <a href="/wiki/Tlaxco_Municipality,_Tlaxcala" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxco Municipality, Tlaxcala">Tlaxco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political heart of the state is its capital, Tlaxcala, even though it is not the state's largest city. Tlaxcala lies at the foot of the northwestern slope of <a href="/wiki/Malinche_(volcano)" title="Malinche (volcano)">La Malinche volcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Madre_Oriental" title="Sierra Madre Oriental">Sierra Madre Oriental</a>. It is one of the oldest cities in Mexico, founded as an organized civilization before the 15th century. The Spanish political entity was founded by <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> between 1520 and 1525 and given the Spanish name of New City of Our Lady of the Assumption. Its economy is still based on the traditional enterprises of agriculture, textiles, and the commerce of products of native peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi">Otomí</a>, especially on market days. Other important cities include Santa Ana Chiautempan, the most populous city in the state, Apizaco, noted for its textile production and Huamantla, a farming and cattle town.<sup id="cite_ref-hutchinson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hutchinson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_geography_and_climate">Natural geography and climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Natural geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malinche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Malinche.jpg/220px-Malinche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Malinche.jpg/330px-Malinche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Malinche.jpg/440px-Malinche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>View of the La Malinche volcano</figcaption></figure> <p>Tlaxcala is a land-locked state situated on the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a>. The average altitude for the state is 2,230 meters above sea level, making it a bit higher than the Valley of Mexico just to the southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The western part of the state lies on the central plateau of Mexico while the east is dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental, home of the 4,461 meter La Malinche volcano.<sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-columbia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the state is rugged terrain dominated by ridges and deep valleys, along with protruding <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a> formations.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruggedness, along with large-scale weather phenomena such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone, gives the state a complex climate. Overall rain patterns for the state are about 400 mm (16 in) in the summer rainy season and 30 mm (1.2 in) in the winter. Locally, however, this varies dramatically between the drier plateaus and valleys and the wetter mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-gaygarcia_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaygarcia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations in altitude produce sub-climates between semi-tropical to temperate, with frosts likely in the higher elevations during the winter.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperate fir (<i><a href="/wiki/Abies_religiosa" title="Abies religiosa">Abies religiosa</a></i>), juniper (<i><a href="/wiki/Juniperus_deppeana" title="Juniperus deppeana">Juniperus deppeana</a></i>), and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt_pine%E2%80%93oak_forests" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests">pine-oak forests</a> dominate the mountain highlands, while the flatlands, with their drier climate, are characterized by agaves and prickly pear cactus (<i><a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">Opuntia</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state has no major lakes or large rivers. The principal water sources are the Atoyac-Zahuapan basin and the reservoir of the Atlangatepec dam.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of Tlaxcala's economy is based on agriculture, livestock and forestry. Principle crops for the state are maize and barley, along with important quantities of wheat, beans, animal feed and potatoes,<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using about 60% of the state's land.<sup id="cite_ref-agropecuario_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agropecuario-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the state has 15 dams and 483 wells to provide water for agriculture, 88% of the state's agriculture is dependent on the summer rainy season, leaving it vulnerable to climatic phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño or La Niña</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gaygarcia_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaygarcia-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agropecuario_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agropecuario-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most livestock raised in the state is beef cattle and dairy cows<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the renowned fighting bulls.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important animals are pigs, sheep, horses, poultry and bees. About 35,842 hectares, or 6.7% of the state is dedicated to livestock. Due to the limited surface water, there is no commercial fishing or fish-farming here.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agropecuario_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agropecuario-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state's forestry enterprises are located in the municipalities of Tlaxco, <a href="/wiki/Terrenate,_Tlaxcala" title="Terrenate, Tlaxcala">Terrenate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altzayanca" title="Altzayanca">Altzayanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calpulalpan" title="Calpulalpan">Calpulalpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanacamilpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanacamilpa">Nanacamilpa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with about 35,842 hectares of land dedicated to this. However, the amount of land dedicated to forestry has been declining in recent years. To combat this, in 2007 2,484,687 trees were planted on about 2,477 hectares of land.<sup id="cite_ref-agropecuario_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agropecuario-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_commerce">Industry and commerce</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Industry and commerce"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_handcrafts_and_folk_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxcala handcrafts and folk art">Tlaxcala handcrafts and folk art</a></div> <p>Light manufacturing has developed on a significant scale in the state, especially products produced for export outside the state.<sup id="cite_ref-columbia_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These products include clothing, foam and plastic products, paper products, publishing, textiles and automobile works. Organized industrial areas in the state include the Malinche Corridor, the Apizaco-Xalostoc-Huamantla Corridor, the Panzacola Corridor, the “industrial cities” of Xicohténcatli I, Xicohténcatli II and Xicohténcatli III, the industrial parks of Calpulalpan, Xiloxoxtla, Ixtacuixtla, and Nanacamilpa as well as the industrial areas of Velasco and Atlangatepec.<sup id="cite_ref-industria_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industria-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most commercial activity in the state occurs in the municipalities of Apizaco, Chiautempan, Tlaxcala, Huamantla, <a href="/wiki/San_Pablo_del_Monte" title="San Pablo del Monte">San Pablo del Monte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zacatelco" title="Zacatelco">Zacatelco</a>. In the last <a href="/wiki/Censo_Econ%C3%B3mico" title="Censo Económico">economic census</a> in 2003, <a href="/wiki/INEGI" class="mw-redirect" title="INEGI">INEGI</a> registered 21,307 commercial establishments in the state, most of these being small individually or family-owned enterprises. There are also fifty-nine <a href="/wiki/Tianguis" title="Tianguis">tianguis</a> (tent markets which are movable), seventeen <a href="/wiki/Traditional_fixed_markets_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional fixed markets in Mexico">municipal markets</a>, eleven malls, twenty-six department stores and fourteen commercial centers of other types.<sup id="cite_ref-comercio_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comercio-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the state is an important link between Mexico's major eastern port, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, in the interior.<sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexico.Tlax.Cacaxtla.02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mexico.Tlax.Cacaxtla.02.jpg/220px-Mexico.Tlax.Cacaxtla.02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mexico.Tlax.Cacaxtla.02.jpg/330px-Mexico.Tlax.Cacaxtla.02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mexico.Tlax.Cacaxtla.02.jpg/440px-Mexico.Tlax.Cacaxtla.02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>View of the ruins at Cacaxtla</figcaption></figure> <p>Tourist attractions primarily consist of pre-Hispanic archaeological sites and colonial establishments, with examples of both religious and civil constructions.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in comparison with the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala's archaeological and colonial sites are barely known.<sup id="cite_ref-allbusiness_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allbusiness-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tlaxcala's major attractions are the archaeological sites of <a href="/wiki/Cacaxtla" title="Cacaxtla">Cacaxtla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xochit%C3%A9catl" class="mw-redirect" title="Xochitécatl">Xochitécatl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tizatl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tizatlán">Tizatlán</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were not fully investigated until the 20th century, unlike most sites within the state. When Hernán Cortés came, <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> civilization here was considered to be in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Classic_stage" title="Post-Classic stage">Post-Classic stage</a>, and the kingdom was filled with temples, palaces and grand plazas that impressed the Spaniards.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesherencia_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesherencia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cacaxtla2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cacaxtla2.jpg/220px-Cacaxtla2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cacaxtla2.jpg/330px-Cacaxtla2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cacaxtla2.jpg/440px-Cacaxtla2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4454" data-file-height="3192" /></a><figcaption>One of the murals at Cacaxtla</figcaption></figure> <p>Tlaxcala's two major archaeological sites are Xochitécatl and Cacaxtla. Xochitécatl was built between 300 and 400 A.D.,<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably reached its peak between 600 and 800 A.D. There is evidence that occupation of the sites extends much further back in time than the early city’s known habitation. The ceremonial center is situated on a hill with four main structures called “The Spiral Building,” “The Volcano Base,” “The Serpent Pyramid” and “The Flower Pyramid.” The last is the most important, and is topped by two <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolithic pillars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesherencia_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesherencia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pyramid is the fourth largest in Mexico (by base size), and the Spiral Pyramid is one of the few circular ones ever to be found.<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xochitecatl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Xochitecatl.jpg/220px-Xochitecatl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Xochitecatl.jpg/330px-Xochitecatl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Xochitecatl.jpg/440px-Xochitecatl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2970" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>The Flower Pyramid at Xochitécatl</figcaption></figure> <p>Cacaxtla was built later than Xochitécatl, between 600 and 900 A.D., and is the far larger of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only re-discovered in 1975, by farmers from the nearby town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Miguel_del_Milago&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Miguel del Milago (page does not exist)">San Miguel del Milago</a>, who began discovering archaeological artifacts in the fields.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesherencia_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesherencia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main attractions here are the murals, painted with pigments sourced from local minerals. Some of the best works include the Scorpion Man at the Venus Temple, Cacaxtli with corn plant at the Red Temple, the Battle Mural (which is 22 meters long, portraying 48 human figures), and the Bird Man and the Jaguar Man found in “Porch A.”<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another interesting archeological site is called <a href="/wiki/Tizatl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Tizatlán">Tizatlán</a>. This site does not contain pyramids; instead the buildings here are made of <a href="/wiki/Adobe_brick" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe brick">adobe brick</a>, a very unusual construction material for this place and time. The site contains two stucco-covered altars with murals that follow the Borgia Group codex style with images of gods and important human figures, including gods such as Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Mayahuel and were the scene of human sacrifices.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesherencia_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesherencia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tizatlan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tizatlan.jpg/220px-Tizatlan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tizatlan.jpg/330px-Tizatlan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Tizatlan.jpg/440px-Tizatlan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>Mural at Tizatlan</figcaption></figure> <p>The state contains more than 1,000 archeological sites with only seven fully excavated and open to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-allbusiness_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allbusiness-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of these is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocotelulco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocotelulco (page does not exist)">Ocotelulco</a>, situated on a hill near the town of San Francisco Ocotelulco. It is a collection of dwellings with raised areas for ceremonial purposes. Its altar is similar to the one found at <a href="/wiki/Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a>, decorated with colorful frescos with images of <a href="/wiki/Quetzalcoatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Quetzalcoatl">Quetzalcoatl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xolotl" title="Xolotl">Xolotl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli">Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli</a>. These images are in the style of the Post-classic period and have been dated to about 1450.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesherencia_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesherencia-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tlaxcala is home to some of the earliest colonial architecture and art. The oldest church in Mexico, built in 1521 and the first monasteries, built by the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, were built here in 1524. Many other churches and monasteries were built in the state in the 16th and early 17th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesgrandeza_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesgrandeza-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just about every municipality has colonial-era structures such as churches, municipal palaces and plazas but the best examples are in and around the city of Tlaxcala.<sup id="cite_ref-geografia_9-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geografia-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Temple_and_Ex-monastery_of_San_Francisco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Temple and Ex-monastery of San Francisco (page does not exist)">Temple and Ex-monastery of San Francisco</a>, built in the early 16th century, is located about 14 km southeast of the capital city. Only the church retains its original function; the former monastery now houses a school. The State Government Palace is located in the city proper and was creating by conjoining the former mayor's house, the treasury and the state warehouse, which is architecturally held together with a <a href="/wiki/Plateresque" title="Plateresque">Plateresque</a> facade. The city's cathedral, called Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, built in the 16th century. Its main altar preserves a Baroque altarpiece with a depiction of the baptism of the Lord <a href="/wiki/Maxixcatzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxixcatzin">Maxixcatzin</a>, with Hernán Cortés and <a href="/wiki/Malinche" class="mw-redirect" title="Malinche">Malinche</a> as godparents. A bit later, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basilica_of_Octolan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basilica of Octolan (page does not exist)">Basilica of Octolan</a> was built in the 17th and 18th centuries to comply with a demand of the Virgin Mary who reportedly appeared before <a href="/wiki/Juan_Diego_Bernardino" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Diego Bernardino">Juan Diego Bernardino</a> here in 1541.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesgrandeza_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesgrandeza-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered be the culmination of the <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque style</a> in Tlaxcala.<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state also contains 140 <a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">haciendas</a>, which vary in their state of conservation but some are promoted for tourism.<sup id="cite_ref-allbusiness_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allbusiness-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlaxcala_-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Begegnung_Spanier-Tlaxcalteken_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tlaxcala_-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Begegnung_Spanier-Tlaxcalteken_2.jpg/220px-Tlaxcala_-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Begegnung_Spanier-Tlaxcalteken_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tlaxcala_-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Begegnung_Spanier-Tlaxcalteken_2.jpg/330px-Tlaxcala_-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Begegnung_Spanier-Tlaxcalteken_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tlaxcala_-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Begegnung_Spanier-Tlaxcalteken_2.jpg/440px-Tlaxcala_-_Palacio_de_Gobierno_-_Begegnung_Spanier-Tlaxcalteken_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>The Tlaxcala flag was painted by <a href="/wiki/Desiderio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Xochitiotzin" title="Desiderio Hernández Xochitiotzin">Desiderio Hernández Xochitiotzin</a> in the interior of the State Government Palace</figcaption></figure> <p>Regional festivals here are known for dances featuring men in mustached masks (imitating Spaniards), large-plumed hats and colorful garb. This is especially apparent during <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">Carnival</a>, when over 4,000 folk dancers from different villages come to the capital to celebrate.<sup id="cite_ref-allbusiness_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allbusiness-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a village just north of the capital, in <a href="/w/index.php?title=San_Juan_Totolac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="San Juan Totolac (page does not exist)">San Juan Totolac</a>, every year they commemorate the departure of 400 families in 1591 who went north to colonize the land known as the Great Chichimeca, which primarily covers the northeast of modern Mexico. Streets in Huamantla are decorated with flowers in intricate designs on “La Noche que Nadie Duerme” (The Night No One Sleeps) in August.<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesfiesta_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesfiesta-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other festivals are in the state, many of which display the state's long tradition of bullfighting.<sup id="cite_ref-allbusiness_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allbusiness-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malinche3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Malinche3.jpg/220px-Malinche3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Malinche3.jpg/330px-Malinche3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Malinche3.jpg/440px-Malinche3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>View of La Malinche volcano</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">Ecotourism</a> is relatively new here and much of it centers on La Malinche National Park, home to the La Malinche volcano, which is 4,461 m (14,636 ft) high.<sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mexdesnaturaleza_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesnaturaleza-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here one can camp, mountain bike, horseback ride, rappel and climb the volcano itself. At the peak of La Malinche, it is possible to see the volcanos of <a href="/wiki/Popocat%C3%A9petl" title="Popocatépetl">Popocatépetl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iztacc%C3%ADhuatl" class="mw-redirect" title="Iztaccíhuatl">Iztaccíhuatl</a> (in Puebla/Mexico State) and <a href="/wiki/Pico_de_Orizaba" title="Pico de Orizaba">Pico de Orizaba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-mexdesnaturaleza_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexdesnaturaleza-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ninety five percent of those visiting Tlaxcala are from Mexico and most of these are from neighboring Puebla state. Foreign visitors are mostly German, French and Swiss who are interested in Mexican history.<sup id="cite_ref-allbusiness_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allbusiness-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_trade_and_human_trafficking">Sex trade and human trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sex trade and human trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tenancingo_Municipality,_Tlaxcala" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenancingo Municipality, Tlaxcala">Tenancingo</a>, a town in Tlaxcala, is the beginning of a pipeline in an illicit, international trafficking trade, and considered to be the center for sex trafficking in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roots of the practice of sex trafficking date back to the 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unnamed Mexican charity told the BBC that it estimated of the 10,000 inhabitants of Tenancingo, 1,000 are sex traffickers.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sexual_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual exploitation">Sexual exploitation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pimping" class="mw-redirect" title="Pimping">pimping</a> are a major source of income for the town, although an exact dollar amount is not known.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These practices have been denounced by three <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-governmental agency">NGOs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern-day investigations (as well as the 2014 documentary “Pimp City: A Journey to the Center of the Sex Trade”) by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">US Department of Justice</a> have revealed Tenancingo to be a hub for providing female sex slaves to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the documentary, the entire political structure and police force of the town are implicated in human trafficking and the sex trade.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Tlaxcala</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Source:<sup id="cite_ref-TLAXCALAINEGI_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TLAXCALAINEGI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Tlaxcala" title="Municipalities of Tlaxcala">Municipality</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Capilla_de_San_Cosme,_San_Pablo_del_Monte,_Tlaxcala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="San Pablo del Monte"><img alt="San Pablo del Monte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Capilla_de_San_Cosme%2C_San_Pablo_del_Monte%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg/120px-Capilla_de_San_Cosme%2C_San_Pablo_del_Monte%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Capilla_de_San_Cosme%2C_San_Pablo_del_Monte%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg/180px-Capilla_de_San_Cosme%2C_San_Pablo_del_Monte%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Capilla_de_San_Cosme%2C_San_Pablo_del_Monte%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg/240px-Capilla_de_San_Cosme%2C_San_Pablo_del_Monte%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo_del_Monte,_Tlaxcala" title="San Pablo del Monte, Tlaxcala">San Pablo del Monte</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SLObispoHuamantla01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Huamantla"><img alt="Huamantla" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SLObispoHuamantla01.JPG/120px-SLObispoHuamantla01.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SLObispoHuamantla01.JPG/180px-SLObispoHuamantla01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/SLObispoHuamantla01.JPG/240px-SLObispoHuamantla01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Huamantla" title="Huamantla">Huamantla</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo_del_Monte,_Tlaxcala" title="San Pablo del Monte, Tlaxcala">San Pablo del Monte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/San_Pablo_del_Monte" title="San Pablo del Monte">San Pablo del Monte</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,244 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Guadalupe_en_Chiautempan,_Tlaxcala.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiautempan"><img alt="Chiautempan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iglesia_de_Guadalupe_en_Chiautempan%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg/120px-Iglesia_de_Guadalupe_en_Chiautempan%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iglesia_de_Guadalupe_en_Chiautempan%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg/180px-Iglesia_de_Guadalupe_en_Chiautempan%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Iglesia_de_Guadalupe_en_Chiautempan%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg/240px-Iglesia_de_Guadalupe_en_Chiautempan%2C_Tlaxcala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Chiautempan" title="Chiautempan">Chiautempan</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MonumentJesusGarciaCorona03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Apizaco"><img alt="Apizaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MonumentJesusGarciaCorona03.JPG/120px-MonumentJesusGarciaCorona03.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MonumentJesusGarciaCorona03.JPG/180px-MonumentJesusGarciaCorona03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/MonumentJesusGarciaCorona03.JPG/240px-MonumentJesusGarciaCorona03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Apizaco" title="Apizaco">Apizaco</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huamantla" title="Huamantla">Huamantla</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huamantla_Municipality" title="Huamantla Municipality">Huamantla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,871 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiautempan" title="Chiautempan">Chiautempan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chiautempan_Municipality" title="Chiautempan Municipality">Chiautempan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,373 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apizaco" title="Apizaco">Apizaco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Apizaco_Municipality" title="Apizaco Municipality"> Apizaco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,506 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zacatelco" title="Zacatelco">Zacatelco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zacatelco_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Zacatelco Municipality">Zacatelco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calpulalpan" title="Calpulalpan">Calpulalpan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calpulalpan_Municipality" title="Calpulalpan Municipality">Calpulalpan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Contla_de_Juan_Cuamatzi" title="Contla de Juan Cuamatzi">Contla</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Contla_de_Juan_Cuamatzi" title="Contla de Juan Cuamatzi">Contla de Juan Cuamatzi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,417 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Papalotla_de_Xicoht%C3%A9ncatl" title="Papalotla de Xicohténcatl">Papalotla</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Papalotla_de_Xicoht%C3%A9ncatl" title="Papalotla de Xicohténcatl">Papalotla de Xicohténcatl</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,657 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ocotl%C3%A1n,_Tlaxcala" title="Ocotlán, Tlaxcala">Ocotlán</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_Municipality" title="Tlaxcala Municipality">Tlaxcala</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">24,342 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Teolocholco" title="Teolocholco">Teolocholco</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Teolocholco" title="Teolocholco">Teolocholco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">19,147 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1895<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">168,358</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">172,315</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">184,171</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">178,570</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−3.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1930 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">205,458</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+15.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1940 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">224,063</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">284,551</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">346,699</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">420,638</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">556,597</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+32.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">761,277</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+36.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1995 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">883,924</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">962,646</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2005 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,068,207</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2010 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,169,936</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+9.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2015 </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,272,847</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,342,977</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.5%</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Tlaxcala is the smallest and one of the most densely populated of the states of Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-columbia_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-columbia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state comprises only 0.2% of the nation's territory, but had a population of 1,068,207 in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-poblacion_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poblacion-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Population density ranges from 50 people/km<sup>2</sup> in the rural municipality of Atlangatepec to 269 people/km<sup>2</sup> in the city of Tlaxcala. </p><p>The largest population centers are Tlaxcala, Huamantla, Apizaco, San Pablo del Monte, Zacatelco and Chiautempan, whose 361,328 inhabitants represent over 33% of the state's population. However, the largest population increases are occurring in the municipalities of Tzompamtepec, Yauhquemecan, and Santa Isabel Xiloxoxtla. Of Tlaxcala's 60 municipalities, ten have a poverty index rating of “very low,” twenty-nine have a rating of “low,” seventeen have a ranking of “medium” and only four have a ranking of “high.”<sup id="cite_ref-poblacion_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poblacion-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to data through the II Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) with census date of June 12, 2010, the state of Tlaxcala until this year had a total of 1,169,936 inhabitants; of that number, 565,775 were men and 604,161 were women. The annual growth rate for the entity during the period 2005-2010 was 1.8%. </p><p>The average size of households in the state is 4.3, while the national level is 3.9, according to the 2010 population census, however, by municipality varies from 3.8 to 5 persons per household. </p><p>In the same year (2010) on average in the state of Tlaxcala 293 people per square kilometer, while nationally there are 57 people per square kilometer. Until that year 78% of the population lives in urban areas and 22% in rural, data also the II Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in 2010. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)" title="Tlaxcala (Nahua state)">Tlaxcala (Nahua state)</a></div> <p>The area known as Tlaxcala has officially been a number of different entities, from an indigenous kingdom during the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> era, a district of the colonial <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a>, a territory of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Mexico">Republic of Mexico</a>, and finally a “free and sovereign" state in Mexico. Tlaxcalans consider their fight to remain a distinct entity a hallmark of their history, resisting in turn the Aztecs, the Spanish colonial government, the various monarchies and republics of an independent Mexico, and even the claims on its territory by its neighboring state of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-historia_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Valles1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Valles1.png/220px-Valles1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Valles1.png/330px-Valles1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Valles1.png/440px-Valles1.png 2x" data-file-width="3106" data-file-height="2691" /></a><figcaption>Map showing location of Tlaxcallan kingdom</figcaption></figure> <p>Evidence of human occupation in what is now the state of Tlaxcala extends back to 12,000 BCE<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, with the earliest identified cultures being <a href="/wiki/Tzompantepec" title="Tzompantepec">Tzompantepec</a> (1700–1200 BCE), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlatempa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlatempa (page does not exist)">Tlatempa</a> (1200–800 BCE), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Texoloc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Texoloc (page does not exist)">Texoloc</a> (800–400 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Toltecs also had a presence, but the first major native culture here was the Olmec Xicalanca.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This civilization fell into decline after 900 AD and was replaced by a sub-group of the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimecas</a>. In the 14th century, the Chichimecas were driven out by the Tlaxcalans, a <a href="/wiki/Nahua_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahua peoples">Nahua</a> people and the indigenous ethnicity that still dominates the state. The Tlaxcalans founded the city of Tlaxcala and then began to subdue the surrounding peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, the Tlaxcalan nation would evolve into a confederation of four sub-states called Tepectipac, Ocotelulco, Tizatlán and Quiahuixtlán.<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(Nahua_state)" title="Tlaxcala (Nahua state)">pre-Columbian Tlaxcalan state</a> developed roughly at the same time as another Nahua people, the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a>, were building the vast <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a> with its capital at <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>. From the 14th century, these two nations were in near constant state of war. However, even though the Aztecs managed to build the largest empire in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, they never did conquer Tlaxcala.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historia_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Tlaxcala was an independent enclave nearly completely surrounded by the Aztec Empire. This left Tlaxcala economically isolated, leaving it without goods such as cotton and salt. This and the constant warfare with the Mexica would give the Tlaxcalans reasons to ally with the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_era">Spanish era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Spanish era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conquest">Conquest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"It is more inhabited than other provinces; and its inhabitants, who are the least oppressed of any in New Spain, owe this favour to the alliance that their republican ancestors made with the disciplined robbers whom Cortés commanded, and who subdued the Mexican empire. They are the most intelligent of all the Americans subject to Spain." </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">-<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kitchin" title="Thomas Kitchin">Thomas Kitchin</a>, <i>The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe</i>, 1778<sup id="cite_ref-Kitchin_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitchin-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> and the Spanish landed on the <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a> coast, they were greeted by the <a href="/wiki/Totonac_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Totonac people">Totonacas</a>, who were a subject people of the Aztecs and saw the Spanish as a way to free themselves of rule from Tenochtitlan. They allied with the Spanish, and when Cortés decided to go inland to Tenochtitlan, the Totonacas guided them to other subject peoples who would be willing to ally with them, including and especially the Tlaxcalans. However, after entering Tlaxcalan territory, the Spanish were met by a hostile Tlaxcalan force of 30,000. The Tlaxcalans fought the Spanish and their indigenous allies in a number of battles, with the Spanish inflicting heavy casualties on the Tlaxcalans despite their superior numbers. The Spaniards’ prowess in battle impressed the Tlaxcalan King <a href="/wiki/Xicotencatl_II" title="Xicotencatl II">Xīcohtēncatl Āxāyacatzin</a>, who then not only allowed the Spanish to pass through his territory, but also invited them into the capital city of Tlaxcala.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cortés stayed in the city of Tlaxcala for 20 days and forged an alliance with the Tlaxcalans to bring down Tenochtitlan. Cortes added 6,000 Tlaxcala warriors to his ranks and arrived to Tenochtitlan in November 1519. They were received by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a>, who understood the potential danger of a Spanish-Tlaxcalan alliance. Despite initial friendliness, intrigue and siege of the capital followed, with the Aztec backlash sending Cortes’ very wounded army limping back to Tlaxcalan territory. The Tlaxcalan king gave the Spanish refuge but promised further assistance in the conquest of Tenochtitlan only under certain conditions including perpetual exemption from tribute of any sort, part of the spoils of war, and control of two provinces that bordered Tlaxcala. Cortés agreed. Cortes and the Tlaxcalans returned to Tenochtitlan in December 1520. After many battles, including street-by-street <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">fighting in Tenochtitlan</a> itself, the Aztec Empire <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">fell</a> in August 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Gibson_(historian)" title="Charles Gibson (historian)">Charles Gibson</a> published (1952) a path breaking study of Tlaxcala, from the indigenous viewpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He particularly focused on ways that the Tlaxcalans shaped the polity's history for its own advantage, and how the four-part organization of the polity was maintained during the early colonial era. A particularly important source for the early colonial history of Tlaxcala is a set of records in the indigenous language of Nahuatl, now published as <i>The Tlaxcalan Actas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These town council records are a type of indigenous language source used by scholars in the field known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Philology_(Latin_America)" title="New Philology (Latin America)">New Philology</a>. <a href="/wiki/James_Lockhart_(historian)" title="James Lockhart (historian)">James Lockhart</a> drew on these materials in his study <i>The Nahuas After the Conquest</i> <sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the most part, the Spanish kept their promise to the Tlaxcalans.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Tenochtitlan and other cities, Tlaxcala was not destroyed after the Conquest. They also allowed many Tlaxcalans to retain their indigenous names. The Tlaxcalans were mostly able to keep their traditional form of government. For 300 years of colonial <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">Viceroyalty of New Spain</a> rule, the Spanish mostly held true to the Tlaxcalans' conditions of 1520.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Writ_of_the_Foundation_of_the_City_of_Tlaxcala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Royal_Writ_of_the_Foundation_of_the_City_of_Tlaxcala.jpg/220px-Royal_Writ_of_the_Foundation_of_the_City_of_Tlaxcala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Royal_Writ_of_the_Foundation_of_the_City_of_Tlaxcala.jpg/330px-Royal_Writ_of_the_Foundation_of_the_City_of_Tlaxcala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Royal_Writ_of_the_Foundation_of_the_City_of_Tlaxcala.jpg/440px-Royal_Writ_of_the_Foundation_of_the_City_of_Tlaxcala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2099" data-file-height="2729" /></a><figcaption>Decree issued by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V</a>, conferring a coat of arms for Tlaxcala, and the title of "Loyal City" in recognition of the services "which the noblemen and towns of the said province have accomplished for us", which was one of only 3 such titles given by the Emperor to cities in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the major cultural interventions, however, was the evangelization of the region. Franciscan friars arrived in 1524. They built monasteries and churches and renamed the city of Tlaxcala “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción.”<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric">archbishopric</a> of New Spain was established here. Most of the conversion work was done by 1530. In 1535, the city of Tlaxcala received its <a href="/wiki/Coat-of-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat-of-arms">coat-of-arms</a> from the Spanish king.<sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala was under the direct protection of the Spanish crown, part of its reward for its support in the Conquest. This shielded the Tlaxcalans from the worst of the oppression of the native peoples, which reached its peak in the 1530s. In fact, Tlaxcalan allegiance to the Spaniards became an enduring partnership. Tlaxcalan forces joined Spanish forces to put down revolts such as the <a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtón Rebellion">Mixtón Rebellion</a> and accompanied them to conquer places such as <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> and northern Mexico. </p><p>In the late 16th century, Christianized and sedentary Tlaxcalans were recruited to settle and pacify the <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimecas</a> in what is now northeast Mexico. Tlaxcalans were used not only to fight but also to establish towns in villages in this nomadic people's territory, to be a kind of example to them. Over 400 Tlaxcalan families would move north, but not until they negotiated and won special concessions from the Spanish. They included orders called “mandamientos de amparo” to ensure that these families’ heirs would not lose the lands that were being granted to them. They also included freedom from tributes, taxes and personal service in perpetuity. These settlers were instrumental in pacifying this part of Mexico, and although these families eventually intermarried with the Chichimeca, they never completely lost their Tlaxcalan identity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the colonial period, the Tlaxcalans were successful in keeping the concessions granted to them by the Spanish crown. In 1585, when the territory of Tlaxcala was formally established, it roughly had the same borders as the old kingdom of Tlaxcala. While the neighboring territory of Puebla had some authority over this territory, the city of Tlaxcala remained independently governed until Mexican Independence in 1821. </p><p>However, the indigenous population who had been living in Tlaxcala were somehow reduced to a small minority. Tlaxcala in 1519 had a population estimated at 150,000 to 500,000, the larger estimate perhaps including allies, such as those in the adjacent Pueblo valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Isaac_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isaac-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schmal_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schmal-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Catholic Encyclopedia, in 1625 the formerly sizeable city of Tlaxcala had only 700 people. The decline in the population was due to epidemics, emigrations, and the construction of a canal which served the Mexican Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-cathenc_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cathenc-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence_era">Post-independence era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Post-independence era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After victory in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexican War of Independence</a> and the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">First Mexican Empire</a> with the <a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">1824 Constitution of Mexico</a>, on November 24, 1824, Tlaxcala was declared a <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Mexico" title="Territories of Mexico">federal territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_Territory" title="Tlaxcala Territory">Tlaxcala Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tlaxcala was finally admitted as a state of the federation on December 9, 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-tlaxcala_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tlaxcala-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state was subdivided into five provinces, but had roughly the same dimensions, but somewhat less than before. Later, the state was able to recover some of that lost territory when the region known as Calpulapan was reunited in the 1860s.<sup id="cite_ref-englishhistoria_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-englishhistoria-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-historia_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historia-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The state was governed from 1885 to 1911 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%B3spero_Cahuantzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Próspero Cahuantzi (page does not exist)">Próspero Cahuantzi</a>, one of the few Mexicans of indigenous origin to be a state governor.<sup id="cite_ref-msn_15-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-msn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gastronomy">Gastronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gastronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cuisine of the state is similar to that of neighboring Hidalgo, Puebla and Federal District of Mexico City, featuring dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Barbacoa" title="Barbacoa">barbacoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixiote" title="Mixiote">mixiote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamale" title="Tamale">tamales</a>, tacos, <a href="/wiki/Quesadilla" title="Quesadilla">quesadillas</a> and more. The state is known for the use of a number of ingredients in these dishes. One of these is the use of a number of edible insects, many of which are considered delicacies, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Escamoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Escamoles">escamoles</a></i> (ant eggs) and <a href="/wiki/Maguey_worm" title="Maguey worm">maguey larvae</a>, as well as others locally known as <i>padrecitos,</i> <i>mecapales,</i> <i>toritos</i> and <i>tenanas</i>. Vegetable items include a wide variety of mushrooms (often harvested from the wild), squash flowers, <a href="/wiki/Chilacayote" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilacayote">chilacayote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xoconostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Xoconostle">xoconostle</a> (a kind of cactus fruit), <a href="/wiki/Nopal" title="Nopal">nopal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epazote" class="mw-redirect" title="Epazote">epazote</a>. Like neighboring Puebla, <a href="/wiki/Mole_(sauce)" title="Mole (sauce)">moles</a> are an important element, especially for dishes made for special occasions. Two local versions include <i>mole prieto</i> and <i>mole de ladrillo.</i><sup id="cite_ref-HidTlax_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HidTlax-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The formal state educational system of the state accommodates only 53% of eligible schoolchildren. Almost all of the rest are schooled in pre-schools, indigenous educational systems and other centers. Primary and secondary education is mostly provided by the state Secretary of Education. Indigenous education is a system of preschools and primary schools which meet the cultural demands of indigenous populations of the state. These are largely located in the municipalities of Ixtenco, Contla de Juan C., San Pablo del Monte, Teolocholco, Tetlanohcan and la Magdalena.<sup id="cite_ref-insoc_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insoc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High school and vocational education is provided by state school systems named CBTIS, CETIS, CECYTE, CBTA, COBAT, and CONALEP. Most of these schools are of the vocational type. Higher education is provided by both public and prívate institutions, with the most important of these being the Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UAT), which also offers the widest range of majors. Other public universities and colleges include the Instituto Tecnológico de Apizaco, Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario de Xocoyucan, Escuela Normal Estatal Lic. Benito Juárez, and the Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala. Private institutions include the Universidad del Valle, Universidad de Calpulalpan, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlaxcala and UPAEP Tlaxcala.<sup id="cite_ref-insoc_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insoc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to traditional centers of education there are state-run technical training centers, which are considered to be an educational priority for Tlaxcala. These centers train people with short courses with industrial or trade skills. Some of these centers include the Centro de Capacitación Tecnológica Industrial (CECATI) and the Instituto de capacitación para el Trabajo en Tlaxcala (ICATLAX).<sup id="cite_ref-insoc_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insoc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state also has a library system with 129 public libraries located in 59 municipalities, with a collection of 588,758 volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-insoc_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insoc-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Mexico" title="List of newspapers in Mexico">Newspapers</a> of Tlaxcala include: <i>El Sol de Tlaxcala</i>, and <i>Síntesis, El Periódico de Tlaxcala.</i><sup id="cite_ref-SIC_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SIC-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="mw-redirect" title="Estado de México">Estado de México</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-North_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:North_America" title="Portal:North America">North America portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></span></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">tlə-<span style="font-size:90%">SKAH</span>-lə, tla-</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">tlah-</i></a>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Spanish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[tla(ɣ)sˈkala]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c1\/TlaxcalaPronunciation.ogg\/TlaxcalaPronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"TlaxcalaPronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c1/TlaxcalaPronunciation.ogg/TlaxcalaPronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:TlaxcalaPronunciation.ogg" title="File:TlaxcalaPronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; from <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl languages">Nahuatl languages</a>: <i lang="nah">Tlaxcallān</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nci-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">[t͡ɬaʃˈkalːaːn̥]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/75\/Tlaxkallan.ogg\/Tlaxkallan.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Tlaxkallan.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Tlaxkallan.ogg/Tlaxkallan.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlaxkallan.ogg" title="File:Tlaxkallan.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-tlaxcala-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tlaxcala_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tlaxcala_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091227003735/http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/tlaxcala/nov-dic.html">"Portal Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala"</a> (in Spanish). 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Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/geografia.html">the original</a> on August 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Mexico City: El Universal newspaper, Compañia Periodìsta SA de CV and Radar Editores SA de CV. 2009. p. 2. 04-2009-1013135106000-102 (No. de Reserva de derechos al uso exclusive).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidalgo+Tlaxcala&rft.place=Mexico+City&rft.series=Cocina+Estado+por+Estado&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=El+Universal+newspaper%2C+Compa%C3%B1ia+Period%C3%ACsta+SA+de+CV+and+Radar+Editores+SA+de+CV&rft.date=2009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlaxcala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insoc-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-insoc_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insoc_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insoc_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-insoc_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306005745/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_tlaxcala">"Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones"</a> [Social Infrastructure and Communications]. <i>Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Tlaxcala</i> (in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_tlaxcala">the original</a> on March 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+de+los+Municipios+de+M%C3%A9xico+Estado+de+Tlaxcala&rft.atitle=Infraestructura+Social+y+de+Comunicaciones&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-local.gob.mx%2Fwb2%2FELOCAL%2FEMM_tlaxcala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlaxcala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SIC-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SIC_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sic.gob.mx/?table=impresos&disciplina=&estado_id=29">"Publicaciones periódicas en Tlaxcala"</a>. <i>Sistema de Información Cultural</i> (in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sistema+de+Informaci%C3%B3n+Cultural&rft.atitle=Publicaciones+peri%C3%B3dicas+en+Tlaxcala&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsic.gob.mx%2F%3Ftable%3Dimpresos%26disciplina%3D%26estado_id%3D29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlaxcala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200307192643/http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews">"Latin American & Mexican Online News"</a>. <i>Research Guides</i>. US: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_San_Antonio_Libraries" title="University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries">University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libguides.utsa.edu/latamnews">the original</a> on March 7, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Guides&rft.atitle=Latin+American+%26+Mexican+Online+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibguides.utsa.edu%2Flatamnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlaxcala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlaxcala&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tlaxcala" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tlaxcala (state)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tlaxcala_(state)">"Tlaxcala (state)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1034.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tlaxcala+%28state%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=1034&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATlaxcala" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></span></span> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1375274">Tlaxcala</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tlaxcala.gob.mx/">Government of the State of Tlaxcala</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Tlaxcala&#124;link=Tlaxcala_State_of_Tlaxcala212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala"><img alt="Tlaxcala" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tlaxcala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="875" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> State of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tlaxcala</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(city)" title="Tlaxcala (city)">Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_(city)" title="Tlaxcala (city)">Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apizaco" title="Apizaco">Apizaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huamantla" title="Huamantla">Huamantla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatelco" title="Zacatelco">Zacatelco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiautempan" title="Chiautempan">Santa Ana Chiautempan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxco_Municipality,_Tlaxcala" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlaxco Municipality, Tlaxcala">Tlaxco</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlaxcala_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tlaxcala_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/100px-Tlaxcala_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tlaxcala_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/150px-Tlaxcala_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tlaxcala_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg/200px-Tlaxcala_en_M%C3%A9xico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="653" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Tlaxcala" title="Municipalities of Tlaxcala">List of the sixty municipalities in Tlaxcala with their municipal seats (cabecera municipal)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala_Territory" title="Tlaxcala Territory">Tlaxcala Territory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">History of Tlaxcala</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Geography">Geography of Tlaxcala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche_National_Park" title="La Malinche National Park">La Malinche National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacaxtla" title="Cacaxtla">Cacaxtla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xochitecatl" title="Xochitecatl">Xochitecatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinche_(volcano)" title="Malinche (volcano)">La Malinche</a></li></ul> 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/126675181">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147267611">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4060274-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018596">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119429479">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119429479">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span 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