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<span>Content</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Access</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Access-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Access subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aaron_Swartz_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aaron_Swartz_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Aaron Swartz incident</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aaron_Swartz_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Limitations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Increasing_public_access" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Increasing_public_access"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Increasing public access</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_public_access-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">JSTOR</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جايستور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جايستور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0" title="জেস্টোর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেস্টোর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="जेस्टोर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जेस्टोर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جی‌استور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جی‌استور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0" title="जेस्टोर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेस्टोर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جے اسٹور – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جے اسٹور" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC" title="ജെസ്‌റ്റോർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെസ്‌റ്റോർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="జెస్టోర్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జెస్టోర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เจสตอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจสตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="جے اسٹور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جے اسٹور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="JSTOR" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" title="JSTOR (identifier) – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="JSTOR (identifier)" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1420342#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">JSTOR</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JSTOR_vector_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/JSTOR_vector_logo.svg/150px-JSTOR_vector_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/JSTOR_vector_logo.svg/225px-JSTOR_vector_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/56/JSTOR_vector_logo.svg/300px-JSTOR_vector_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="228" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English (includes content in other languages)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ithaka_Harbors" title="Ithaka Harbors">Ithaka Harbors, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-About_Ithaka_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Ithaka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Organizational_founder" title="Organizational founder">Founder(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_G._Bowen" title="William G. Bowen">William G. Bowen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jstor.org">jstor<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1994<span class="noprint">; 30 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1994</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC" title="OCLC">OCLC</a> number</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46609535">46609535 </a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/">www<wbr />.jstor<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1420342#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title list(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/115007466248-JSTOR-Title-Lists">support<wbr />.jstor<wbr />.org<wbr />/hc<wbr />/en-us<wbr />/articles<wbr />/115007466248-JSTOR-Title-Lists</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>JSTOR</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">JAY</span>-stor</i></a>; short for <i><b>Journal Storage</b></i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital library</a> of academic journals, books, and primary sources founded in 1994. Originally containing <a href="/wiki/Digitized" class="mw-redirect" title="Digitized">digitized</a> back issues of academic journals, it now encompasses books and other primary sources as well as current issues of journals in the humanities and social sciences.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_glance_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_glance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides <a href="/wiki/Full-text_search" title="Full-text search">full-text searches</a> of almost 2,000 journals. Most access is <a href="/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">by subscription</a> but some of the site is <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> content is available free of charge.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_G._Bowen" title="William G. Bowen">William G. Bowen</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> from 1972 to 1988,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded JSTOR in 1994. JSTOR was originally conceived as a solution to one of the problems faced by libraries, especially <a href="/wiki/Research_library" title="Research library">research and university libraries</a>, due to the increasing number of academic journals in existence. Most libraries found it prohibitively expensive in terms of cost and space to maintain a comprehensive collection of journals. By digitizing many journal titles, JSTOR allowed libraries to outsource the storage of journals with the confidence that they would remain available long-term. Online access and full-text searchability improved access dramatically.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bowen initially considered using CD-ROMs for distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Ira_Fuchs" title="Ira Fuchs">Ira Fuchs</a>, Princeton University's vice president for Computing and Information Technology, convinced Bowen that CD-ROM was becoming an increasingly outdated technology and that network distribution could eliminate redundancy and increase accessibility (for example, all Princeton's administrative and academic buildings were networked by 1989; the student dormitory network was completed in 1994; and campus networks like the one at Princeton were, in turn, linked to larger networks such as <a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>). JSTOR was initiated in 1995 at seven different library sites, and originally encompassed ten economics and history journals. JSTOR access improved based on feedback from its initial sites, and it became a fully searchable index accessible from any ordinary <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a>. Special software was put in place to make pictures and graphs clear and readable.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the success of this limited project, Bowen, Fuchs, and Kevin Guthrie, the then-president of JSTOR, wanted to expand the number of participating journals. They met with representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society of London</a> and an agreement was made to digitize the <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i> dating from its beginning in 1665. The work of adding these volumes to JSTOR was completed by December 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999 JSTOR started a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Jisc" title="Jisc">Joint Information Systems Committee</a> and created a mirror website at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> to make the JSTOR database available to over 20 higher education institutions in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Andrew_W._Mellon_Foundation" title="Andrew W. Mellon Foundation">Andrew W. Mellon Foundation</a> funded JSTOR initially. Until January 2009, JSTOR operated as an independent, self-sustaining <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> with offices in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor,_Michigan" title="Ann Arbor, Michigan">Ann Arbor, Michigan</a>. Then JSTOR merged with the nonprofit <a href="/wiki/Ithaka_Harbors,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Ithaka Harbors, Inc.">Ithaka Harbors, Inc.</a><sup id="cite_ref-history_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—a nonprofit organization founded in 2003 and "dedicated to helping the <a href="/wiki/Academic_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic community">academic community</a> take full advantage of rapidly advancing information and networking technologies".<sup id="cite_ref-About_Ithaka_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-About_Ithaka-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, JSTOR's revenue was $79 million.<sup id="cite_ref-NonProfitExplorer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NonProfitExplorer-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JSTOR content is provided by more than 900 publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Summary_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Summary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bibliographic_database" title="Bibliographic database">database</a> contains more than 12 million journal articles, in more than 75 disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-history_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-history-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each object is uniquely identified by an integer value, starting at <code>1</code>, which is used to create a stable <a href="/wiki/URL" title="URL">URL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to the main site, the JSTOR labs group operates an open service that allows access to the contents of the archives for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Text_corpus" title="Text corpus">corpus</a> analysis at its <i>Data for Research</i> service.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This site offers a search facility with graphical indication of the article coverage and loose integration into the main JSTOR site. Users may create focused sets of articles and then request a dataset containing word and <a href="/wiki/N-gram" title="N-gram"><var style="padding-right: 1px;">n</var>-gram</a> frequencies and basic metadata. They are notified when the dataset is ready and may download it in either <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> or <a href="/wiki/Comma-separated_values" title="Comma-separated values">CSV</a> formats. The service does not offer full-text, although academics may request that from JSTOR, subject to a non-disclosure agreement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>JSTOR Plant Science<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is available in addition to the main site. JSTOR Plant Science provides access to content such as plant type specimens, taxonomic structures, scientific literature, and related materials and aimed at those researching, teaching, or studying botany, biology, ecology, environmental, and conservation studies. The materials on JSTOR Plant Science are contributed through the Global Plants Initiative (GPI)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are accessible only to JSTOR and GPI members. Two partner networks are contributing to this: the African Plants Initiative, which focuses on plants from Africa, and the Latin American Plants Initiative, which contributes plants from Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JSTOR launched its Books at JSTOR program in November 2012, adding 15,000 current and backlist books to its site. The books are linked with reviews and from citations in journal articles.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2014, JSTOR launched <i>JSTOR Daily</i>, an online magazine meant to bring academic research to a broader audience. Posted articles are generally based on JSTOR entries, and some entries provide the backstory to current events.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Reveal_Digital"></span>Reveal Digital is a JSTOR-hosted collection of documents produced by or about underground, marginalized and dissenting 20th century communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reveal Digital's <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> content includes zines, prison newspapers, AIDS art, student-movement documents, black civil rights materials, and a white supremacy archive.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Access">Access</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>JSTOR is licensed mainly to academic institutions, public libraries, research institutions, museums, and schools. More than 7,000 institutions in more than 150 countries have access.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_glance_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_glance-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JSTOR has been running a pilot program of allowing subscribing institutions to provide access to their alumni, in addition to current students and staff. The Alumni Access Program officially launched in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individual subscriptions also are available to certain journal titles through the journal publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Every year, JSTOR blocks 150 million attempts by non-subscribers to read articles.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inquiries have been made about the possibility of making JSTOR <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>. According to Harvard Law professor, JSTOR had been asked "how much would it cost to make this available to the whole world, how much would we need to pay."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aaron_Swartz_incident">Aaron Swartz incident</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aaron Swartz incident"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz" class="mw-redirect" title="United States v. Aaron Swartz">United States v. Aaron Swartz</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz#United_States_v._Aaron_Swartz_case" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz § United States v. Aaron Swartz case</a></div> <p>In late 2010 and early 2011, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz" title="Aaron Swartz">Aaron Swartz</a>, an American computer programmer, writer, political organizer and Internet activist, used <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a>'s data network to bulk-download a substantial portion of JSTOR's collection of academic journal articles.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTORstatement_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTORstatement-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the bulk-download was discovered, a video camera was placed in the room to film the mysterious visitor and the relevant computer was left untouched. Once video was captured of the visitor, the download was stopped and Swartz was identified. Rather than pursue a civil lawsuit against him, in June 2011 JSTOR reached a settlement wherein Swartz surrendered the downloaded data.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTORstatement_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTORstatement-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following month, federal authorities charged Swartz with several <a href="/wiki/Data_theft" title="Data theft">data theft</a>–related crimes, including <a href="/wiki/Wire_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fraud">wire fraud</a>, computer fraud, unlawfully obtaining information from a <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">protected computer</a>, and recklessly damaging a protected computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Bilton_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bilton-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-open-access-adv_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open-access-adv-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prosecutors in the case claimed that Swartz acted with the intention of making the papers available on <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">P2P file-sharing sites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HuffPost_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuffPost-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feds:_Harvard_fellow_hacked_millions_of_papers_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feds:_Harvard_fellow_hacked_millions_of_papers-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swartz surrendered to authorities, pleaded not guilty to all counts, and was released on $100,000 bail. In September 2012, U.S. attorneys increased the number of charges against Swartz from four to thirteen, with a possible penalty of 35 years in prison and $1 million in fines.<sup id="cite_ref-JusticeGov_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JusticeGov-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wired_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wired-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case still was pending when Swartz <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Swartz#Death" title="Aaron Swartz">died by suicide</a> in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limitations">Limitations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The availability of most journals on JSTOR is controlled by a "<a href="/wiki/Embargo_(academic_publishing)" title="Embargo (academic publishing)">moving wall</a>", which is an agreed-upon delay between the current volume of the journal and the latest volume available on JSTOR. This time period is specified by agreement between JSTOR and the publisher of the journal, which usually is three to five years. Publishers may request that the period of a "moving wall" be changed or request discontinuation of coverage. Formerly, publishers also could request that the "moving wall" be changed to a "fixed wall"—a specified date after which JSTOR would not add new volumes to its database. As of November 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, "fixed wall" agreements were still in effect with three publishers of 29 journals made available<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="This information is over a decade old. (March 2021)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> online through sites controlled by the publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wall_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wall-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, JSTOR started adding current issues of certain journals through its Current Scholarship Program.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Increasing_public_access">Increasing public access</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Increasing public access"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning September 6, 2011, JSTOR made public domain content available at no charge to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_EJC_announcement_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_EJC_announcement-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LibraryJournal_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibraryJournal-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "Early Journal Content" program constitutes about 6% of JSTOR's total content, and includes over 500,000 documents from more than 200 journals that were published before 1923 in the United States, and before 1870 in other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_EJC_announcement_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_EJC_announcement-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LibraryJournal_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibraryJournal-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_EJC_about_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_EJC_about-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JSTOR stated that it had been working on making this material free for some time. The Swartz controversy and Greg Maxwell's protest <a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">torrent</a> of the same content led JSTOR to "press ahead" with the initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-JSTOR_EJC_announcement_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSTOR_EJC_announcement-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LibraryJournal_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LibraryJournal-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, JSTOR does not have plans to extend it to other public domain content, stating that "We do not believe that just because something is in the public domain, it can always be provided for free".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2012, JSTOR started a pilot program, "Register & Read", offering limited no-cost access (not <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a>) to archived articles for individuals who register for the service. At the conclusion of the pilot, in January 2013, JSTOR expanded Register & Read from an initial 76 publishers to include about 1,200 journals from over 700 publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Registered readers may read up to six articles online every calendar month, but may not print or download PDFs.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, more than 8,000 institutions in more than 160 countries had access to JSTOR.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Summary_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Summary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2014, JSTOR is conducting a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JSTOR" title="Wikipedia:JSTOR">pilot program with Wikipedia</a>, whereby established editors are given reading privileges through the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia Library">Wikipedia Library</a>, as with a university library.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2012, JSTOR users performed nearly 152 million searches, with more than 113 million article views and 73.5 million article downloads.<sup id="cite_ref-Annual_Summary_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Annual_Summary-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> JSTOR has been used as a resource for linguistics research to investigate trends in language use over time and also to analyze gender differences and inequities in scholarly publishing, revealing that in certain fields, men predominate in the prestigious first and last author positions and that women are significantly underrepresented as authors of single-authored papers.<sup id="cite_ref-Lexicology_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lexicology-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>JSTOR metadata is available through <a href="/wiki/CrossRef" class="mw-redirect" title="CrossRef">CrossRef</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Unpaywall" class="mw-redirect" title="Unpaywall">Unpaywall</a> dump,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which as of 2020 identifies nearly 3 million works hosted by JSTOR as <a href="/wiki/Toll_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Toll access">toll access</a>, as opposed to over 200,000 available in <a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">open access</a> (mainly through third party <a href="/wiki/Open_access_repositories" class="mw-redirect" title="Open access repositories">open access repositories</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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title="JHOVE">JHOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_academic_databases_and_search_engines" title="List of academic databases and search engines">List of academic databases and search engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project Muse</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-About_Ithaka-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-About_Ithaka_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-About_Ithaka_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120430202320/http://www.ithaka.org/about-ithaka">"About"</a>. Ithaka. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ithaka.org/about-ithaka">the original</a> on April 30, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=Ithaka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ithaka.org%2Fabout-ithaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_F._MorganMarcus_D._IngleCraig_W._Shinn2018" class="citation book cs1">Douglas F. Morgan; Marcus D. Ingle; Craig W. Shinn (September 3, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=109tDwAAQBAJ"><i>New Public Leadership: Making a Difference from Where We Sit</i></a>. Routledge. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780429832918" title="Special:BookSources/9780429832918"><bdi>9780429832918</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200803224243/https://books.google.com/books?id=109tDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on August 3, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2020</span>. <q>JSTOR means journal storage, which is an online service created in 1994 to provide electronic access to an extensive array of academic journals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Public+Leadership%3A+Making+a+Difference+from+Where+We+Sit&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018-09-03&rft.isbn=9780429832918&rft.au=Douglas+F.+Morgan&rft.au=Marcus+D.+Ingle&rft.au=Craig+W.+Shinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D109tDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSTOR_glance-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_glance_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSTOR_glance_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenicot2012" class="citation journal cs1">Genicot, Léopold (February 13, 2012). "At a glance". <i>Études Rurales</i> (PDF) (45): 131–133. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20120213">20120213</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89tudes+Rurales&rft.atitle=At+a+glance&rft.issue=45&rft.pages=131-133&rft.date=2012-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20120213%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Genicot&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9opold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001004448/http://about.jstor.org/download/file/fid/1423">"Register and read beta"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://about.jstor.org/download/file/fid/1423">the original</a> on October 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 14,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Register+and+read+beta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabout.jstor.org%2Fdownload%2Ffile%2Ffid%2F1423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeitch1978" class="citation web cs1">Leitch, Alexander (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011224203/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/bowen_william_gordon.html">"Bowen, William Gordon"</a>. <i>A Princeton Companion</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/bowen_william_gordon.html">the original</a> on October 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Princeton+Companion&rft.atitle=Bowen%2C+William+Gordon&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcweb.princeton.edu%2FCampusWWW%2FCompanion%2Fbowen_william_gordon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.jstor.org/mission-history/">"About: Mission and history"</a>. JSTOR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About%3A+Mission+and+history&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.jstor.org%2Fmission-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchonfeld2003" class="citation book cs1">Schonfeld, Roger C. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jstorhistory00scho"><i>JSTOR: A History</i></a></span>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11531-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11531-3"><bdi>978-0-691-11531-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt7s6z3">j.ctt7s6z3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JSTOR%3A+A+History&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt7s6z3%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11531-3&rft.aulast=Schonfeld&rft.aufirst=Roger+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjstorhistory00scho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2001" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, John (2001). 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JSTOR. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180326142153/https://support.jstor.org/hc/en-us/articles/360000585347-NEW-MyJSTOR-Read-Online-Free">Archived</a> from the original on March 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=My+JSTOR+Read+Online+Free&rft.pub=JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsupport.jstor.org%2Fhc%2Fen-us%2Farticles%2F360000585347-NEW-MyJSTOR-Read-Online-Free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlowitzEarley2014" class="citation web cs1">Orlowitz, Jake; Earley, Patrick (January 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2014/01/discovery/librarypedia-future-libraries-wikipedia/">"Librarypedia: The Future of Libraries and Wikipedia"</a>. The Digital Shift. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220040150/http://www.thedigitalshift.com/2014/01/discovery/librarypedia-future-libraries-wikipedia/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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INFOdocket. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_Journal" title="Library Journal">Library Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220035814/http://www.infodocket.com/2014/06/22/wikipedia-library-programs-expands-with-new-accounts-from-database-providers/">Archived</a> from the original on December 20, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+Journal&rft.atitle=Wikipedia+Library+Program+Expands+With+More+Accounts+from+JSTOR%2C+Credo%2C+and+Other+Database+Providers&rft.date=2014-06-22&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infodocket.com%2F2014%2F06%2F22%2Fwikipedia-library-programs-expands-with-new-accounts-from-database-providers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lexicology-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lexicology_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiro1998" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, Fred R. (1998). "A Study in Computer-Assisted Lexicology: Evidence on the Emergence of <i>Hopefully</i> as a Sentence Adverb from the JSTOR Journal Archive and Other Electronic Resources". <i>American Speech</i>. <b>73</b> (3): 279–296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F455826">10.2307/455826</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/455826">455826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Speech&rft.atitle=A+Study+in+Computer-Assisted+Lexicology%3A+Evidence+on+the+Emergence+of+Hopefully+as+a+Sentence+Adverb+from+the+JSTOR+Journal+Archive+and+Other+Electronic+Resources&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-296&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F455826&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F455826%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=Fred+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Wilson, Robin (October 22, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/The-Hard-Numbers-Behind/135236/">"Scholarly Publishing's Gender Gap"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_Higher_Education" title="The Chronicle of Higher Education">The Chronicle of Higher Education</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150106104720/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Hard-Numbers-Behind/135236/">Archived</a> from the original on January 6, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Scholarly+Publishing%27s+Gender+Gap&rft.date=2012-10-22&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FThe-Hard-Numbers-Behind%2F135236%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestJacquetKingCorrell2013" class="citation journal cs1">West, Jevin D.; Jacquet, Jennifer; King, Molly M.; Correll, Shelley J.; Bergstrom, Carl T. (July 22, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718784">"The Role of Gender in Scholarly Authorship"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>8</b> (7): e66212. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.1759">1211.1759</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PLoSO...866212W">2013PLoSO...866212W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066212">10.1371/journal.pone.0066212</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718784">3718784</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23894278">23894278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Gender+in+Scholarly+Authorship&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e66212&rft.date=2013-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3718784%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PLoSO...866212W&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1211.1759&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23894278&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0066212&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Jevin+D.&rft.au=Jacquet%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=King%2C+Molly+M.&rft.au=Correll%2C+Shelley+J.&rft.au=Bergstrom%2C+Carl+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3718784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2018" class="citation web cs1">Heather (September 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.ourresearch.org/openinfra/">"It's time to insist on #openinfrastructure for #openscience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/OurResearch" title="OurResearch">OurResearch</a> blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200630201122/https://blog.ourresearch.org/openinfra/">Archived</a> from the original on June 30, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OurResearch+blog&rft.atitle=It%27s+time+to+insist+on+%23openinfrastructure+for+%23openscience&rft.date=2018-09-14&rft.au=Heather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.ourresearch.org%2Fopeninfra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaugerKacena2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gauger, Barbara J.; Kacena, Carolyn (2006). "JSTOR Usage Data and What It Can Tell Us About Ourselves: Is There Predictability Based on Historical Use by Libraries of Similar Size?". <i>OCLC Systems & Services</i>. <b>22</b> (1): 43–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F10650750610640801">10.1108/10650750610640801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OCLC+Systems+%26+Services&rft.atitle=JSTOR+Usage+Data+and+What+It+Can+Tell+Us+About+Ourselves%3A+Is+There+Predictability+Based+on+Historical+Use+by+Libraries+of+Similar+Size%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-55&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F10650750610640801&rft.aulast=Gauger&rft.aufirst=Barbara+J.&rft.au=Kacena%2C+Carolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeds2002" class="citation journal cs1">Seeds, Robert S. (November 2002). "Impact of a Digital Archive (JSTOR) on Print Collection Use". <i>Collection Building</i>. <b>21</b> (3): 120–22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F01604950210434551">10.1108/01604950210434551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+Building&rft.atitle=Impact+of+a+Digital+Archive+%28JSTOR%29+on+Print+Collection+Use&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=120-22&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F01604950210434551&rft.aulast=Seeds&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinella2007" class="citation journal cs1">Spinella, Michael P. (2007). "JSTOR: Past, Present, and Future". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Library_Administration" title="Journal of Library Administration">Journal of Library Administration</a></i>. <b>46</b> (2): 55–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1300%2FJ111v46n02_05">10.1300/J111v46n02_05</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216117863">216117863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Library+Administration&rft.atitle=JSTOR%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-78&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1300%2FJ111v46n02_05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216117863%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spinella&rft.aufirst=Michael+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpinella2008" class="citation journal cs1">Spinella, Michael (2008). "JSTOR and the Changing Digital Landscape". <i>Interlending & Document Supply</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 79–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2F02641610810878549">10.1108/02641610810878549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interlending+%26+Document+Supply&rft.atitle=JSTOR+and+the+Changing+Digital+Landscape&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-85&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2F02641610810878549&rft.aulast=Spinella&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJSTOR" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=JSTOR&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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