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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ancient Macedonians</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Ancient_Macedonians" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" 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block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the native inhabitants of the historical <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">kingdom of Macedonia</a>. For the modern ethnic Greek people from <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia, Greece</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians (Greeks)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Macedonian (disambiguation)">Macedonian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Macedonians (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a> around the rivers <a href="/wiki/Haliacmon" title="Haliacmon">Haliacmon</a> and lower <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Axios</a> in the northeastern part of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece#Mainland" title="Geography of Greece">mainland Greece</a>. Essentially an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek people</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Macedonians-1">[1]</a> they gradually expanded from their homeland along the Haliacmon valley on the northern edge of the Greek world, absorbing or driving out neighbouring non-Greek tribes, primarily <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef4-3">[3]</a> They spoke <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a>, which is usually classified by scholars as a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Greek">Northwest Doric Greek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[note 1]</a> and occasionally as a distinct <a href="/wiki/Sister_language" title="Sister language">sister language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[note 2]</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a> dialect.<a href="#cite_note-19">[note 3]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">prestige language</a> of the region during the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical era</a> was <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, replaced by <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic era">Hellenistic era</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph2001-14">[13]</a> Their religious beliefs mirrored those of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">other Greeks</a>, following the main deities of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek pantheon">Greek pantheon</a>, although the Macedonians continued <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">burial practices</a> that had ceased in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> after the 6th century BC. Aside from the monarchy, the core of Macedonian society was its nobility. Similar to the aristocracy of neighboring <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, their wealth was largely built on herding <a href="/wiki/Horses_in_warfare" title="Horses in warfare">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Macedonians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Μακεδόνες</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/250px-Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/375px-Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dc/Deer_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="450"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Stag_Hunt_Mosaic" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic">Stag Hunt Mosaic</a>, 4th century BC</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">ancient Greek religion</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Although composed of various clans, the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">kingdom of Macedonia</a>, established around the 7th century BC, is mostly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a> and the tribe named after it. The dynasty was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">allegedly founded</a> by <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_I_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas I of Macedon">Perdiccas I</a>, descendant of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Temenus" title="Temenus">Temenus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">region of Macedon</a> derived its name from <a href="/wiki/Makedon_(mythology)" title="Makedon (mythology)">Makedon</a>, a figure of <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>. Traditionally ruled by independent families, the Macedonians seem to have accepted Argead rule by the time of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 498 – 454 BC). Under <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 359 – 336 BC), the Macedonians are credited with numerous <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">military innovations</a>, which enlarged their territory and increased their control over other areas extending into <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">consolidation of territory</a> allowed for the exploits of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 336 – 323 BC), <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">the conquest</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">diadochi</a> <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor states</a>, and the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Greece</a>, and the broader <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean region">Mediterranean world</a>. The Macedonians were <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">eventually conquered</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, which dismantled <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">the Macedonian monarchy</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a> (171–168 BC) and established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth Macedonian War</a> (150–148 BC). Authors, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_historiographers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek historiographers">historians</a>, and statesmen of the ancient world often expressed ambiguous if not conflicting ideas about the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic identity">ethnic identity</a> of the Macedonians as either <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, semi-Greeks, or even <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>. This has led to some debate among modern academics about the precise ethnic identity of the Macedonians, who nevertheless embraced many aspects of contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a> such as participation in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek religious cults</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_sport#Ancient_Greece" title="History of sport">athletic games</a>, including the exclusive <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a>. Given the scant linguistic evidence, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">ancient Macedonian</a> is regarded by most scholars as another Greek dialect, possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> or <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwestern Greek">Northwestern Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[a]</a> The ancient Macedonians participated in the production and fostering of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Classical</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>. In terms of <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a>, they produced <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">sculptures</a>, and decorative <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">performing arts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Greek theatrical dramas</a> were highly appreciated, while famous <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">playwrights</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> came to live in Macedonia. The kingdom also attracted the presence of renowned <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">philosophers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, while native Macedonians contributed to the field of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">ancient Greek literature</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Greek_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek historiography">Greek historiography</a>. Their sport and leisure activities included hunting, <a href="/wiki/Foot_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot race">foot races</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chariot_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot race">chariot races</a>, as well as feasting and drinking at aristocratic banquets known as <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposia</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Origins,_consolidation,_and_expansion">2 Origins, consolidation, and expansion</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Historical_overview">2.1 Historical overview</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Prehistoric_homeland">2.2 Prehistoric homeland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Temenids_and_Argeads">2.3 Temenids and Argeads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Expansion_from_the_core">2.4 Expansion from the core</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Ethnogenesis_scenario">2.5 Ethnogenesis scenario</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Culture_and_society">3 Culture and society</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Economy,_society,_and_social_class">3.1 Economy, society, and social class</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Religion_and_funerary_practices">3.2 Religion and funerary practices</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Visual_arts">3.3 Visual arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Theatre,_music_and_performing_arts">3.4 Theatre, music and performing arts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Literature,_education,_philosophy,_and_patronage">3.5 Literature, education, philosophy, and patronage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Sports_and_leisure">3.6 Sports and leisure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Dining_and_cuisine">3.7 Dining and cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Language">3.8 Language</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Identity">4 Identity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Nature_of_sources">4.1 Nature of sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ancient_sources_on_the_Argeads">4.2 Ancient sources on the Argeads</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ancient_sources_on_the_Macedonian_people">4.3 Ancient sources on the Macedonian people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Modern_discourse">4.4 Modern discourse</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#See_also">5 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#References">6 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Footnotes">6.1 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Citations">6.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Bibliography">6.3 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Further_reading">7 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">8 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The <a href="/wiki/Ethnonym" title="Ethnonym">ethnonym</a> Μακεδόνες (Makedónes) stems from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> adjective <a href="/wiki/Makednos" class="mw-redirect" title="Makednos">μακεδνός</a> (makednós), meaning "tall, slim", also the name of a people related to the <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009894-29">[25]</a> It is most likely <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with the adjective μακρός (makrós), meaning "long" or "tall" in Ancient Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009894-29">[25]</a> The name is believed to have originally meant either "highlanders", "the tall ones", or "high grown men".<a href="#cite_note-30">[note 4]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Origins,_consolidation,_and_expansion">Origins, consolidation, and expansion</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Macedonia" title="Demographic history of Macedonia">Demographic history of Macedonia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_overview">Historical overview</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrid dynasty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/250px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="791"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/250px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/375px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg/500px-ExpansionOfMacedon.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">The expansion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">ancient Macedon</a> up to the death of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 359 – 336 BC)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">expansion of the Macedonian kingdom</a> has been described as a three-stage process. As a frontier kingdom on the border of the Greek world with <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">barbarian Europe</a>, the Macedonians first subjugated their immediate northern neighbours — various <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracian</a> tribes — before turning against the states of <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greece" title="Geography of Greece">southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">central Greece</a>. Macedonia then led a <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">pan-Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">military force</a> against their primary objective—the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great#Persia" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">conquest of Persia</a>—which they achieved with remarkable ease.<a href="#cite_note-31">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Death of Alexander the Great">death of Alexander the Great</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Babylon" title="Partition of Babylon">Partition of Babylon</a> in 323 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">diadochi</a> <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor states</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Empire">Ptolemaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empires</a> were established, ushering in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">the Hellenized</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> With Alexander's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, Macedonians <a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">colonized territories</a> as far east as <a href="/wiki/History_of_Central_Asia" title="History of Central Asia">Central Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> The Macedonians continued to rule much of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a> (323–146 BC), forming alliances with <a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Greek leagues</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_League" title="Cretan League">Cretan League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (and prior to this, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Epirus">Kingdom of Epirus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> However, they often fell into conflict with the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a>, the city-state of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic Egypt">Hellenistic Egypt</a> that intervened in wars of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Greece">mainland Greece</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a> After Macedonia <a href="/wiki/Macedonian%E2%80%93Carthaginian_Treaty" title="Macedonian–Carthaginian Treaty">formed an alliance</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Ancient Carthage</a> in 215 BC, the rival <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> responded by fighting <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Wars" title="Macedonian Wars">a series of wars</a> against Macedonia in conjunction with its Greek allies such as <a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War" title="Third Macedonian War">Third Macedonian War</a> (171–168 BC), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">the Romans</a> abolished the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Macedonian kings">Macedonian monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus of Macedon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 179–168 BC– ) and replaced the kingdom with four <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> republics.<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> A brief revival of the monarchy by the <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> <a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Andriscus</a> led to the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Fourth Macedonian War</a> (150–148 BC), after which Rome established the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military" title="Campaign history of the Roman military">subjugated the Macedonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistoric_homeland">Prehistoric homeland</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_(English).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg/250px-Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg/250px-Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg/375px-Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg/500px-Partial_Tribal_ethnes_Map_prior_to_the_expansion_of_Macedon_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The positions of the Balkan tribes prior to the <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">Macedonian expansion</a>, according to <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Nicholas Hammond</a></figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makedon_(mythology)" title="Makedon (mythology)">Makedon</a> is the eponymous hero of Macedonia and is mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anson_2010_16_rhodes_2010_24-42">[37]</a> The first historical attestation of the Macedonians occurs in the works of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> during the mid-5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> The Macedonians are absent in <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Ships" title="Catalogue of Ships">Catalogue of Ships</a> and the term "Macedonia" itself appears late. The <a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> states that upon leaving <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hera" title="Hera">Hera</a> journeyed via <a href="/wiki/Pierian_Mountains" title="Pierian Mountains">Pieria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emathia" title="Emathia">Emathia</a> before reaching <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Athos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a> This is re-iterated by <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a> Nevertheless, archaeological evidence indicates that <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a> contact with or penetration into the Macedonian interior possibly started from the early 14th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> In his A History of Macedonia, <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">Nicholas Hammond</a> reconstructed the earliest phases of Macedonian history based on his interpretation of later literary accounts and archaeological excavations in the region of Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> According to Hammond, the Macedonians are missing from early Macedonian historical accounts because they had been living in the <a href="/wiki/Orestis_(region)" title="Orestis (region)">Orestian highlands</a> since before the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a>, possibly having originated from the same (proto-Greek) population pool that produced other Greek peoples.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> The Macedonian tribes subsequently moved down from Orestis in the upper <a href="/wiki/Haliacmon" title="Haliacmon">Haliacmon</a> to the Pierian highlands in the lower Haliacmon because of pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Molossians" title="Molossians">Molossians</a>, a related tribe who had migrated to Orestis from <a href="/wiki/Pelagonia" title="Pelagonia">Pelagonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> In their new Pierian home north of Olympus, the Macedonian tribes mingled with the proto-<a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>. This might account for traditions which placed the eponymous founder, Makedon, near Pieria and Olympus.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52">[47]</a> Some traditions placed the Dorian homeland in the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountain range in western <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>, whilst Herodotus pushed this further north to the Macedonian Pindus and claimed that the Greeks were referred to as Makednon (Mακεδνόν) and then as Dorians.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> A different, southern homeland theory also exists in traditional historiography. <a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Arnold J. Toynbee</a> asserted that the Makedones migrated north to Macedonia from <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(administrative_region)" title="Central Greece (administrative region)">central Greece</a>, placing the Dorian homeland in <a href="/wiki/Phthiotis" title="Phthiotis">Phthiotis</a> and citing the traditions of fraternity between Makedon and <a href="/wiki/Magnes_(mythology)" title="Magnes (mythology)">Magnes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Temenids_and_Argeads">Temenids and Argeads</h3></div> The Macedonian expansion is said to have been led by the ruling Temenid dynasty, known as "<a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argeads</a>" or "Argives". Herodotus said that <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_I_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas I of Macedon">Perdiccas</a>, the dynasty's founder, was descended from the Heraclid <a href="/wiki/Temenus" title="Temenus">Temenus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> He left Argos with his two older brothers Aeropus and <a href="/wiki/Gayanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gayanes">Gayanes</a>, and travelled via <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lebaea" title="Lebaea">Lebaea</a>, a city in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Macedonia" title="Upper Macedonia">Upper Macedonia</a> which certain scholars have tried to connect with the villages Albus or <a href="/wiki/Velventos" title="Velventos">Velventos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos_1999-57">[52]</a> Here, the brothers served as shepherds for a local ruler. After a vision, the brothers fled to another region in Macedonia near the <a href="/wiki/Midas_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Midas Gardens">Midas Gardens</a> by the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Vermio_Mountains" title="Vermio Mountains">Vermio Mountains</a>, and then set about subjugating the rest of Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond_1972_433%E2%80%93434-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>'s account is similar to that of Herodotus, making it probable that the story was disseminated by the Macedonian court,<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> i.e. it accounts for the belief the Macedonians had about the origin of their kingdom, if not an actual memory of this beginning.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-129-60">[55]</a> Later historians modified the dynastic traditions by introducing variously <a href="/wiki/Caranus_of_Macedon" title="Caranus of Macedon">Caranus</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> or Archelaus, the son of Temenus, as the founding Temenid kings—although there is no doubt that <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a> transformed Caranus to Archelaus meaning "leader of the people" in his play <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(play)" title="Archelaus (play)">Archelaus</a>, in an attempt to please <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelaus I of Macedon">Archelaus I of Macedon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png/250px-Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="793"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 199px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png/250px-Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png" data-width="250" data-height="199" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png/375px-Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png/500px-Route_of_Karanos_to_establish_his_own_kingdom.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The route of the <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argeads</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> to <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> The earliest sources, Herodotus and Thucydides, called the royal family "Temenidae". In later sources (Strabo, Appian, <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a>) the term "Argeadae" was introduced. However, <a href="/wiki/Appian" title="Appian">Appian</a> said that the term Argeadae referred to a leading Macedonian tribe rather than the name of the ruling dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-130-66">[61]</a> The connection of the Argead name to the royal family is uncertain. The words "Argead" and "Argive" derive via <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> Argīvus<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἀργεῖος (Argeios), meaning "of or from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a>",<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> and is first attested in Homer, where it was also used as a collective designation for the Greeks ("Ἀργείων Δαναῶν", Argive <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(Homer)" title="Achaeans (Homer)">Danaans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2.155-175-70">[65]</a> The most common connection to the royal family, as written by Herodotus, is with Peloponnesian Argos.<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> Appian connects it with Orestian Argos.<a href="#cite_note-Ref-1-65">[60]</a> According to another tradition mentioned by Justin, the name was adopted after Caranus moved Macedonia's capital from <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> to <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Aegae</a>, thus appropriating the name of the city for its citizens.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> A figure, Argeas, is mentioned in the Iliad (16.417).<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-130-66">[61]</a> Taking Herodotus's lineage account as the most trustworthy, Appian said that after Perdiccas, six successive heirs ruled: <a href="/wiki/Argaeus_I_of_Macedon" title="Argaeus I of Macedon">Argeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Macedon" title="Philip I of Macedon">Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeropus_I_of_Macedon" title="Aeropus I of Macedon">Aeropus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcetas I of Macedon">Alcetas</a>, Amyntas and Alexander.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 547 – 498 BC) ruled at the time of the <a href="/wiki/European_Scythian_campaign_of_Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="European Scythian campaign of Darius I">Persian invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a> and when <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Macedonia" title="Achaemenid Macedonia">Macedon</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid Persia">Achaemenid Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 498 – 454 BC) is the first truly historic figure. Based on this line of succession and an estimated average rule of 25 to 30 years, the beginnings of the Macedonian dynasty have thus been traditionally dated to 750 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-130-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> Hammond supports the traditional view that the Temenidae did arrive from the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and took charge of Macedonian leadership, possibly usurping rule from a native "Argead" dynasty with Illyrian help.<a href="#cite_note-Hammond_1972_433%E2%80%93434-58">[53]</a> However, other scholars doubt the veracity of their Peloponnesian origins. For example, Miltiades Hatzopoulos takes Appian's testimony to mean that the royal lineage imposed itself onto the tribes of the Middle Heliacmon from <a href="/wiki/Argos_Orestiko" title="Argos Orestiko">Argos Orestikon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos_1999-57">[52]</a> whilst <a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Borza" title="Eugene N. Borza">Eugene N. Borza</a> argues that the Argeads were a family of notables hailing from Vergina.<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_from_the_core">Expansion from the core</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of Macedon">Rise of Macedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Colonies in antiquity</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_(English).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg/250px-Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1453" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg/250px-Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg/375px-Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg/500px-Expulsion_of_the_Pieres_from_the_region_of_Olympus_to_the_region_of_Pangaion_by_the_Macedonians_%28English%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Pieres" title="Pieres">Pieres</a> from the region of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Olympus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pangaion_Hills" title="Pangaion Hills">Pangaion Hills</a> by the Macedonians</figcaption></figure> Both Strabo and Thucydides said that Emathia and <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a> were mostly occupied by Thracians (<a href="/wiki/Pieres" title="Pieres">Pieres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonians</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bottiaeans" title="Bottiaeans">Bottiaeans</a>, as well as some Illyrian and <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirote</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> Herodotus states that the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a> were cohabitants with the Macedonians before their mass migration to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> If a group of ethnically definable Macedonian tribes were living in the Pierian highlands prior to their expansion, the first conquest was of the Pierian piedmont and coastal plain, including Vergina.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a> The tribes may have launched their expansion from a base near Mount Bermion, according to Herodotus.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Thucydides describes the Macedonian expansion specifically as a process of conquest led by the Argeads:<a href="#cite_note-Thucydides2.99-82">[77]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">But the country along the sea which is now called Macedonia, was first acquired and made a kingdom by Alexander [I], father of Perdiccas [II] and his forefathers, who were originally Temenidae from Argos. They defeated and expelled from Pieria the Pierians ... and also expelled the Bottiaeans from Bottiaea ... they acquired as well a narrow strip of Paeonia extending along the Axios river from the interior to Pella and the sea. Beyond the Axios they possess the territory as far as the Strymon called Mygdonia, having driven out the Edoni. Moreover, they expelled from the district now called Eordaea the Eordi ... The Macedonians also made themselves rulers of certain places ... namely Anthemus, Grestonia, and a large part of Macedonia proper.<a href="#cite_note-Thucydides2.99-82">[77]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/250px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="832"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/250px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/375px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg/500px-Macedonian_Kingdom.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Regions of <a href="/wiki/Mygdonia" title="Mygdonia">Mygdonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edonia">Edonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisaltia" title="Bisaltia">Bisaltia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crestonia" title="Crestonia">Crestonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bottiaea" title="Bottiaea">Bottiaea</a></figcaption></figure> Thucydides's account gives a geographical overview of Macedonian possessions at the time of Alexander I's rule. To reconstruct a chronology of the expansion by Alexander I's predecessors is more difficult, but generally, three stages have been proposed from Thucydides' reading. The initial and most important conquest was of Pieria and <a href="/wiki/Bottiaea" title="Bottiaea">Bottiaea</a>, including the locations of <a href="/wiki/Pydna" title="Pydna">Pydna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dium</a>. The second stage consolidated rule in Pieria and Bottiaea, captured <a href="/wiki/Methoni,_Pieria" title="Methoni, Pieria">Methone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, and extended rule over <a href="/wiki/Eordaea" title="Eordaea">Eordaea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Almopia" title="Almopia">Almopia</a>. According to Hammond, the third stage occurred after 550 BC, when the Macedonians gained control over <a href="/wiki/Mygdonia" title="Mygdonia">Mygdonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edonis_(region)" title="Edonis (region)">Edonis</a>, lower Paeonia, <a href="/wiki/Bisaltia" title="Bisaltia">Bisaltia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crestonia" title="Crestonia">Crestonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondGriffith1972437%E2%80%93438-83">[78]</a> However, the second stage might have occurred as late as 520 BC;<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> and the third stage probably did not occur until after 479 BC, when the Macedonians capitalized on the weakened Paeonian state <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">after the Persian withdrawal</a> from Macedon and the rest of their mainland European territories.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-133-85">[80]</a> Whatever the case, Thucydides' account of the Macedonian state describes its accumulated territorial extent by the rule of <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_II_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas II of Macedon">Perdiccas II</a>, Alexander I's son. Hammond has said that the early stages of Macedonian expansion were militaristic, subduing or expunging populations from a large and varied area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammondGriffith1979438-86">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">Pastoralism</a> and highland living could not support a very concentrated settlement density, forcing pastoralist tribes to search for more arable lowlands suitable for agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorza199279%E2%80%9380-87">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnogenesis_scenario">Ethnogenesis scenario</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg/250px-Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg/250px-Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg/375px-Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg/500px-Vergina_Tombs_Entrance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The entrance to the "Great Tumulus" Museum at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a></figcaption></figure> Present-day scholars have highlighted several inconsistencies in the traditionalist perspective first set in place by Hammond.<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> An alternative model of state and <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnos</a> formation, promulgated by an alliance of regional elites, which redates the creation of the Macedonian kingdom to the 6th century BC, was proposed in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-134-89">[84]</a> According to these scholars, direct literary, archaeological, and linguistic evidence to support Hammond's contention that a distinct Macedonian ethnos had existed in the Haliacmon valley since the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_civilizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegean civilizations">Aegean civilizations</a> is lacking. Hammond's interpretation has been criticized as a "conjectural reconstruction" from what appears during later, historical times.<a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> Similarly, the historicity of migration, conquest and population expulsion have also been questioned. Thucydides's account of the forced expulsion of the Pierians and Bottiaeans could have been formed on the basis of his perceived similarity of names of the Pierians and Bottiaeans living in the <a href="/wiki/Struma_(river)" title="Struma (river)">Struma valley</a> with the names of regions in Macedonia; whereas his account of Eordean extermination was formulated because such toponymic correspondences are absent.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-133-85">[80]</a> Likewise, the Argead conquest of Macedonia may be viewed as a commonly used <a href="/wiki/Literary_topos" title="Literary topos">literary topos</a> in classical Macedonian rhetoric. Tales of migration served to create complex genealogical connections between trans-regional ruling elites, while at the same time were used by the ruling dynasty to legitimize their rule, heroicize mythical ancestors and distance themselves from their subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-129-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> Conflict was a historical reality in the early Macedonian kingdom and pastoralist traditions allowed the potential for population mobility. Greek archaeologists have found that some of the passes linking the Macedonian highlands with the valley regions have been used for thousands of years. However, the archaeological evidence does not point to any significant disruptions between the <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Southeastern_Europe#Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Southeastern Europe">Iron Age</a> and Hellenistic period in Macedonia. The general continuity of material culture,<a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass_2000_163-92">[87]</a> settlement sites,<a href="#cite_note-93">[88]</a> and pre-Greek onomasticon contradict the alleged <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> account of early Macedonian expansion.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pella_House_atrium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pella_House_atrium.jpg/250px-Pella_House_atrium.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pella_House_atrium.jpg/250px-Pella_House_atrium.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pella_House_atrium.jpg/375px-Pella_House_atrium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Pella_House_atrium.jpg/500px-Pella_House_atrium.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An atrium with a pebble-mosaic paving in <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, the Macedonian capital</figcaption></figure> The process of state formation in Macedonia was similar to that of its neighbours in Epirus, Illyria, <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and Thessaly, whereby regional elites could mobilize disparate communities for the purpose of organizing land and resources. Local notables were often based in urban-like settlements, although contemporaneous historians often did not recognize them as <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a> because they were not self-ruled but under the rule of a "king".<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> From the mid-6th century, there appears a series of exceptionally rich burials throughout the region—in <a href="/wiki/Trebeni%C5%A1ta" title="Trebeništa">Trebeništa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindos" title="Sindos">Sindos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agia_Paraskevi" title="Agia Paraskevi">Agia Paraskevi</a>, Pella-Archontiko, <a href="/wiki/Aiani" title="Aiani">Aiani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gevgelija" title="Gevgelija">Gevgelija</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a>—sharing a similar burial rite and grave accompaniments, interpreted to represent the rise of a new regional ruling class sharing a common ideology, customs and religious beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-134-89">[84]</a> A common geography, mode of existence, and defensive interests might have necessitated the creation of a political confederacy among otherwise ethno-linguistically diverse communities, which led to the consolidation of a new Macedonian ethnic identity.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-134-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> The traditional view that Macedonia was populated by rural ethnic groups in constant conflict is slowly changing, bridging the cultural gap between southern Epirus and the north Aegean region. Hatzopoulos's studies on Macedonian institutions have lent support to the hypothesis that Macedonian state formation occurred via an integration of regional elites, which were based in city-like centres, including the Argeadae at Vergina, the Paeonian/<a href="/wiki/Edoni" title="Edoni">Edonian</a> peoples in Sindos, <a href="/wiki/Ichnae" title="Ichnae">Ichnae</a> and Pella, and the mixed Macedonian-Barbarian colonies in the <a href="/wiki/Thermaic_Gulf" title="Thermaic Gulf">Thermaic Gulf</a> and western <a href="/wiki/Chalkidiki" title="Chalkidiki">Chalkidiki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos_1999_464-97">[92]</a> The Temenidae became overall leaders of a new Macedonian state because of the diplomatic proficiency of Alexander I and the logistic centrality of Vergina itself. It has been suggested that a breakdown in traditional Balkan tribal traditions associated with adaptation of Aegean socio-political institutions created a climate of institutional flexibility in a vast, resource-rich land.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> Non-Argead centres increasingly became dependent allies, allowing the Argeads to gradually assert and secure their control over the lower and eastern territories of Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos_1999_464-97">[92]</a> This control was fully consolidated by <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Phillip II</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 359 – 336 BC).<a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Culture_and_society">Culture and society</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture of Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg/220px-Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="426"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg/220px-Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg/330px-Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg/440px-Golden_larnax_and_wreath_of_Philip_II_of_Macedon_at_the_Vergina_museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Golden <a href="/wiki/Larnax" title="Larnax">Larnax</a>, at the Museum of <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, which contains the remains <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 359 – 336 BC)</figcaption></figure> Macedonia had a distinct material culture by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whitley_2007_253-100">[95]</a> Typically Balkan burial, ornamental, and ceramic forms were used for most of the Iron Age.<a href="#cite_note-Whitley_2007_253-100">[95]</a> These features suggest broad cultural affinities and organizational structures analogous with Thracian, Epirote, and Illyrian regions.<a href="#cite_note-101">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef1-102">[97]</a> This did not necessarily symbolize a shared cultural identity, or any political allegiance between these regions.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> In the late sixth century BC, Macedonia became open to south Greek influences, although a small but detectable amount of interaction with the south had been present since late Mycenaean times.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> By the 5th century BC, Macedonia was a part of the "Greek cultural milieu" according to Edward M. Anson, possessing many cultural traits typical of the southern Greek city-states.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Anson-2010-19-105">[100]</a> Classical Greek objects and customs were appropriated selectively and used in peculiarly Macedonian ways.<a href="#cite_note-Whitley_2007_254-106">[101]</a> In addition, influences from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Achaemenid Persia</a> in culture and economy are evident from the 5th century BC onward, such as the inclusion of Persian grave goods at Macedonian burial sites as well as the adoption of royal customs such as a Persian-style <a href="/wiki/Throne" title="Throne">throne</a> during the reign of Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-107">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy,_society,_and_social_class">Economy, society, and social class</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy of ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution in ancient Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty in ancient Greece</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CdM,_tesoro_di_tarso,_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_(230_c.)_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG/220px-CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG/220px-CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG/330px-CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG/440px-CdM%2C_tesoro_di_tarso%2C_multiplo_d%27oro_di_alessandro_severo_%28230_c.%29_e_medaglioni_con_le_effigi_di_alessandro_magno_e_di_filippo_il_macedone.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Macedonian coins and medallions depicting <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></figcaption></figure> The way of life of the inhabitants of Upper Macedonia differed little from that of their neighbours in Epirus and Illyria, engaging in seasonal <a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a> supplemented by agriculture. Young Macedonian men were typically expected to engage in <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and martial combat as a byproduct of their transhumance lifestyles of herding <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> such as goats and sheep, while <a href="/wiki/Horse_breeding" title="Horse breeding">horse breeding</a> and raising <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> were other common pursuits.<a href="#cite_note-108">[103]</a> In these mountainous regions, upland sites were important focal points for local communities. In these difficult terrains, competition for resources often precipitated intertribal conflict and raiding forays into the comparatively richer lowland settlements of coastal Macedonia and Thessaly.<a href="#cite_note-109">[104]</a> Despite the remoteness of the upper Macedonian highlands, excavations at Aiani since 1983 have discovered finds attesting to the presence of social organization since the 2nd millennium BC. The finds include the oldest pieces of black-and-white pottery, which is characteristic of the tribes of northwest Greece, discovered so far.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaMac-110">[105]</a> Found with <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_pottery" title="Mycenaean pottery">Μycenaean sherds</a>, they can be dated with certainty to the 14th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaMac-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-AegeoBalkanHistory-112">[107]</a> The finds also include some of the oldest samples of writing in Macedonia, among them inscriptions bearing Greek names like Θέμιδα (Themida). The inscriptions demonstrate that Hellenism in Upper Macedonia was at a high economic, artistic, and cultural level by the sixth century BC—overturning the notion that Upper Macedonia was culturally and socially isolated from the rest of ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-BritannicaMac-110">[105]</a> By contrast, the alluvial plains of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Macedonia" title="Lower Macedonia">Lower Macedonia</a> and Pelagonia, which had a comparative abundance of natural resources such as timber and minerals, favored the development of a native aristocracy, with a wealth that at times surpassed the classical Greek poleis.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> Exploitation of minerals helped expedite the introduction of coinage in Macedonia from the 5th century BC, developing under southern Greek, Thracian and Persian influences.<a href="#cite_note-114">[109]</a> Some Macedonians engaged in farming, often with <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticulture</a> activities supported by the Macedonian state.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> However, the bedrock of the Macedonian economy and state finances was the twofold exploitation of the forests with <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> and valuable <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a> such as copper, iron, gold, and silver with <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> The conversion of these raw materials into finished products and their sale encouraged the growth of urban centers and a gradual shift away from the traditional rustic Macedonian lifestyle during the course of the 5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-hatzopoulos_2011a_48-117">[112]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/220px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/220px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/330px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg/440px-Facade_of_Philip_II_tomb_Vergina_Greece.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Entrance to the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 359 – 336 BC).</figcaption></figure> Macedonian society was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocratic</a> families whose main source of wealth and prestige was their herds of horses and cattle. In this respect, Macedonia was similar to Thessaly and Thrace.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef1-102">[97]</a> These aristocrats were second only to the king in terms of power and privilege, filling the ranks of his administration and serving as commanding officers in the military.<a href="#cite_note-anson_2010_10-118">[113]</a> It was in the more bureaucratic regimes of the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic kingdoms">Hellenistic kingdoms</a> succeeding Alexander the Great's empire where greater <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> for members of society seeking to join the aristocracy could be found, especially in Ptolemaic Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> In contrast with classical Greek poleis, the Macedonians held only few slaves.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities,_history,_geography,_biography,_government,_law,_politics,_industry,_invention,_science,_religion,_literature,_art,_education_and_miscellany_(1904)_(14590266027).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities%2C_history%2C_geography%2C_biography%2C_government%2C_law%2C_politics%2C_industry%2C_invention%2C_science%2C_religion%2C_literature%2C_art%2C_education_and_miscellany_%281904%29_%2814590266027%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1234" data-file-height="1828"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 252px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities%2C_history%2C_geography%2C_biography%2C_government%2C_law%2C_politics%2C_industry%2C_invention%2C_science%2C_religion%2C_literature%2C_art%2C_education_and_miscellany_%281904%29_%2814590266027%29.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="252" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities%2C_history%2C_geography%2C_biography%2C_government%2C_law%2C_politics%2C_industry%2C_invention%2C_science%2C_religion%2C_literature%2C_art%2C_education_and_miscellany_%281904%29_%2814590266027%29.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Universal_manual_of_ready_reference_-_antiquities%2C_history%2C_geography%2C_biography%2C_government%2C_law%2C_politics%2C_industry%2C_invention%2C_science%2C_religion%2C_literature%2C_art%2C_education_and_miscellany_%281904%29_%2814590266027%29.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, a philosopher from the Macedonian town of <a href="/wiki/Stageira" class="mw-redirect" title="Stageira">Stageira</a>, tutoring young <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Pella" title="Archaeological Museum of Pella">Royal Palace</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>. The Macedonian Kings often sought the best education possible for their heirs. Artwork by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Leon_Gerome_Ferris" title="Jean Leon Gerome Ferris">Jean Leon Gerome Ferris</a>.</figcaption></figure> However, unlike Thessaly, Macedonia was ruled by a monarchy from its earliest history until the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War" title="Fourth Macedonian War">Roman conquest in 167 BC</a>. The nature of <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_kings" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian kings">the kingship</a>, however, remains debated. One viewpoint sees it as an <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">autocracy</a>, whereby the king held absolute power and was at the head of both government and society, wielding arguably unlimited authority to handle affairs of state and public policy. He was also the leader of a very personal regime with close relationships or connections to his <a href="/wiki/Hetairoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetairoi">hetairoi</a>, the core of the Macedonian aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> Any other position of authority, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">including the army</a>, was appointed at the whim of the king himself. The other, "<a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutionalist">constitutionalist</a>", position argues that there was an evolution from a society of many minor "kings" – each of equal authority – to a sovereign military state whereby an <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">army of citizen soldiers</a> supported a central king against a rival class of <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> Kingship was hereditary along the <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">paternal line</a>, yet it is unclear if <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> was strictly observed as an established custom.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> During the Late Bronze Age (circa 15th-century BC), the ancient Macedonians developed distinct, matt-painted wares that evolved from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Helladic" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Helladic">Middle Helladic</a> pottery traditions originating in central and southern Greece.<a href="#cite_note-AegeoBalkanHistory-112">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> The Macedonians continued to use an individualized form of material culture—albeit showing analogies in ceramic, ornamental and burial forms with the so-called <a href="/wiki/Lausitz_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lausitz culture">Lausitz culture</a> between 1200 and 900 BC—and that of the <a href="/wiki/Glasinac_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasinac culture">Glasinac culture</a> after circa 900 BC.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> While some of these influences persisted beyond the sixth century BC,<a href="#cite_note-Snodgrass_2000_163-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> a more ubiquitous presence of items of an Aegean-Mediterranean character is seen from the latter sixth century BC,<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> as Greece recovered from its Dark Ages. Southern Greek impulses penetrated Macedonia via trade with north Aegean colonies such as Methone and those in the <a href="/wiki/Chalcidice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidice">Chalcidice</a>, neighbouring Thessaly, and from the <a href="/wiki/Ionic_colonies_of_Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic colonies of Asia Minor">Ionic colonies of Asia Minor</a>. Ionic influences were later supplanted by those of <a href="/wiki/Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Athenian">Athenian</a> provenance. Thus, by the latter sixth century, local elites could acquire exotic Aegean items such as <a href="/wiki/Red-figure_pottery" title="Red-figure pottery">Athenian red figure pottery</a>, fine tablewares, olive oil and wine amphorae, fine ceramic perfume flasks, glass, marble and precious metal ornaments—all of which would serve as status symbols.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> By the 5th century BC, these items became widespread in Macedonia and in much of the central Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> Macedonian settlements have a strong continuity dating from the Bronze Age, maintaining traditional construction techniques for residential architecture. While settlement numbers appeared to drop in central and southern Greece after 1000 BC, there was a dramatic increase of settlements in Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-131">[126]</a> These settlements seemed to have developed along raised promontories near river flood plains called <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tells</a> (Greek: τύμβοι). Their ruins are most commonly found in western Macedonia between <a href="/wiki/Florina" title="Florina">Florina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Vegoritida" title="Lake Vegoritida">Lake Vergoritis</a>, the upper and middle <a href="/wiki/Haliacmon_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Haliacmon River">Haliacmon River</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bottiaea" title="Bottiaea">Bottiaea</a>. They can also be found on either side of the <a href="/wiki/Vardar" title="Vardar">Axios</a> and in the Chalcidice in eastern Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion_and_funerary_practices">Religion and funerary practices</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_religion" title="Hellenistic religion">Hellenistic religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Ancient Greek temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Greek hero cult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Greco-Roman mysteries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Delphi" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Delphi">Oracle of Delphi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Amphipolis" title="Lion of Amphipolis">Lion of Amphipolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Chaeronea" class="mw-redirect" title="Lion of Chaeronea">Lion of Chaeronea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dion_site,_Greece_-_statue_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="1792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Dion_site%2C_Greece_-_statue_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a> was a centre of the worship of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and the most important spiritual sanctuary of the ancient Macedonians.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg/170px-Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3327" data-file-height="5335"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg/170px-Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg/255px-Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg/340px-Lion_of_Amphipolis_BW_2017-10-05_09-38-25.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lion_of_Amphipolis" title="Lion of Amphipolis">Lion of Amphipolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">northern Greece</a>, a 4th-century BC marble tomb sculpture<a href="#cite_note-Sansone_2017_223-133">[128]</a> erected in honor of <a href="/wiki/Laomedon_of_Mytilene" title="Laomedon of Mytilene">Laomedon of Mytilene</a>, a general who served under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></figcaption></figure> By the 5th century BC the Macedonians and the rest of the Greeks worshiped more or less the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">same deities of the Greek pantheon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> In Macedonia, politics and religion often intertwined. For instance, the head of state for the city of <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> also served as the priest of <a href="/wiki/Asklepios" class="mw-redirect" title="Asklepios">Asklepios</a>, Greek god of medicine; a similar arrangement existed at <a href="/wiki/Cassandreia" title="Cassandreia">Cassandreia</a>, where a cult priest honoring the city's founder <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a> was the nominal municipal leader.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a> Foreign <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">cults from Egypt</a> were fostered by the royal court, such as the temple of <a href="/wiki/Sarapis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarapis">Sarapis</a> at <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, while Macedonian kings <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III of Macedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV of Macedon</a> made <a href="/wiki/Votive_offering" title="Votive offering">votive offerings</a> to the internationally esteemed <a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cabeiri" title="Cabeiri">Cabeiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Mystery_cult" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystery cult">mystery cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-errington_1990_226-136">[131]</a> This was also the same location where <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus of Macedon</a> fled and received sanctuary following his defeat by <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Rome">the Romans</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna" title="Battle of Pydna">Battle of Pydna</a> in 168 BC.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The main sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> was maintained at <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a>, while another at <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Veria</a> was dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Herakles" class="mw-redirect" title="Herakles">Herakles</a> and received particularly strong patronage from <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 239 – 229 BC) when he intervened in the affairs of the municipal government at the behest of the cult's main priest.<a href="#cite_note-errington_1990_226-136">[131]</a> The ancient Macedonians worshipped the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. Evidence of this worship exists from the beginning of the 4th century BC onwards, but little evidence of Macedonian religious practices from earlier times exists.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef2-138">[133]</a> From an early period, Zeus was the single most important deity in the Macedonian pantheon.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef2-138">[133]</a> Makedon, the mythical ancestor of the Macedonians, was held to be a son of Zeus, and Zeus features prominently in Macedonian coinage.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef2-138">[133]</a> The most important centre of worship of Zeus was at <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pieria_(regional_unit)" title="Pieria (regional unit)">Pieria</a>, the spiritual centre of the Macedonians, where beginning in 400 BC King Archelaus established an annual festival, which in honour of Zeus featured lavish sacrifices and athletic contests.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef2-138">[133]</a> Worship of Zeus's son Heracles was also prominent; coins featuring Heracles appear from the 5th century BC onwards.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef2-138">[133]</a> This was in large part because the Argead kings of Macedon traced their lineage to Heracles, making sacrifices to him in the Macedonian capitals of Vergina and Pella.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef2-138">[133]</a> Numerous votive reliefs and dedications also attest to the importance of the worship of Artemis.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Christesen-Murray-2010-431-139">[134]</a> Artemis was often depicted as a huntress and served as a tutelary goddess for young girls entering the coming-of-age process, much as <a href="/wiki/Heracles_Kynagidas" title="Heracles Kynagidas">Heracles Kynagidas</a> (Hunter) did for young men who had completed it.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Christesen-Murray-2010-431-139">[134]</a> By contrast, some deities popular elsewhere in the Greek world—notably <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a>—were largely ignored by the Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef2-138">[133]</a> Other deities worshipped by the ancient Macedonians were part of a local pantheon which included Thaulos (god of war equated with <a href="/wiki/Ares" title="Ares">Ares</a>), Gyga (later equated with <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>), Gozoria (goddess of hunting equated with Artemis), Zeirene (goddess of love equated with <a href="/wiki/Aphrodite" title="Aphrodite">Aphrodite</a>) and Xandos (god of light).<a href="#cite_note-140">[135]</a> A notable influence on Macedonian religious life and worship was neighbouring Thessaly; the two regions shared many similar cultural institutions.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> They were tolerant of, and open to, incorporating foreign religious influences such as the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun worship</a> of the Paeonians.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef4-3">[3]</a> By the 4th century BC, there had been a significant fusion of Macedonian and common Greek religious identity,<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Engels-2010-97-142">[137]</a> but Macedonia was nevertheless characterized by an unusually diverse religious life.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef4-3">[3]</a> This diversity extended to the belief in magic, as evidenced by curse tablets. It was a significant but secret aspect of Greek cultural practice.<a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg/400px-Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2994" data-file-height="1091"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg/400px-Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg" data-width="400" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg/600px-Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg/800px-Hades_abducting_Persephone.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> abducting <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a>, fresco in the small <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Macedonia">Macedonian</a> royal tomb at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia, Greece">Macedonia, Greece</a>, c. 340 BC</figcaption></figure> A notable feature of Macedonian culture was the ostentatious burials reserved for its rulers.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef5-144">[139]</a> The Macedonian elite built lavish tombs at the time of death rather than constructing temples during life.<a href="#cite_note-GroupedRef5-144">[139]</a> Such traditions had been practiced throughout Greece and the central-west Balkans since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. Macedonian burials contain items similar to those at Mycenae, such as burial with weapons, gold death masks etc.<a href="#cite_note-Whitley_2007_254-106">[101]</a> From the sixth century, Macedonian burials became particularly lavish, displaying a rich variety of Greek imports reflecting the incorporation of Macedonia into a wider economic and political network centred on the Aegean city-states. Burials contained jewellery and ornaments of unprecedented wealth and artistic style. This zenith of Macedonian "warrior burial" style closely parallels those of sites in south-central Illyria and western Thrace, creating a <a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">koinon</a> of elite burials.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> Lavish warrior burials had been discontinued in southern and central Greece from the seventh century onwards, where offerings at sanctuaries and the erection of temples became the norm.<a href="#cite_note-Whitley-2007-254%E2%80%93255-146">[141]</a> From the sixth century BC, cremation replaced the traditional inhumation rite for elite Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-134-89">[84]</a> One of the most lavish tombs dating from the 4th century BC, believed to be that of Phillip II, is at Vergina. It contains extravagant grave goods, highly sophisticated artwork depicting hunting scenes and Greek cultic figures, and a vast array of weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> This demonstrates a continuing tradition of the warrior society rather than a focus on religious piety and technology of the intellect, which had become paramount facets of central Greek society in the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whitley-2007-254%E2%80%93255-146">[141]</a> In the three royal tombs at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, professional painters decorated the walls with a mythological scene of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> abducting <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> (Tomb 1) and royal hunting scenes (Tomb 2), while lavish <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> including <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_military_personal_equipment" title="Ancient Greek military personal equipment">weapons, armor</a>, drinking vessels and personal items were housed with the dead, whose bones <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">were burned</a> before <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">burial in decorated gold coffins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> Some grave goods and decorations were common in other Macedonian tombs, yet some items found at Vergina were distinctly tied to royalty, including a <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadem</a>, luxurious goods, and arms and armor.<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> Scholars have debated about the identity of the tomb occupants since <a href="/wiki/Manolis_Andronikos" title="Manolis Andronikos">the discovery</a> of their remains in 1977–1978,<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> yet recent research and forensic examination have concluded with certainty that at least one of the persons buried was <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> (Tomb 2).<a href="#cite_note-151">[146]</a> Located near Tomb 1 are the above-ground ruins of a <a href="/wiki/Heroon" class="mw-redirect" title="Heroon">heroon</a>, a shrine for <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cult (religion)">cult worship</a> of the dead.<a href="#cite_note-152">[147]</a> In 2014, the ancient Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Kasta_Tomb" title="Kasta Tomb">Kasta Tomb</a>, the largest ancient tomb found in Greece (as of 2017), was discovered outside of <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a>, a city that was incorporated into the Macedonian realm after its capture by Philip II in 357 BC.<a href="#cite_note-153">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-dw_1-154">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-telegraph_1-155">[150]</a> The identity of the tomb's occupant is unknown, but archaeologists have speculated that it may be Alexander's close friend <a href="/wiki/Hephaestion" title="Hephaestion">Hephaestion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[151]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Deification" class="mw-redirect" title="Deification">deification</a> of Macedonian monarchs perhaps began with the death of Philip II, yet it was his son Alexander the Great who unambiguously claimed to be a <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">living god</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[152]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">pharaoh</a> of the Egyptians, he was already entitled as <a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Son of Ra</a> and considered the living incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a> by his Egyptian subjects (a belief that the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic kingdom">Ptolemaic successors</a> of Alexander would foster for <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">their own dynasty in Egypt</a>).<a href="#cite_note-158">[153]</a> However, following his visit to the <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Didyma" title="Didyma">Didyma</a> in 334 BC that suggested his divinity, he traveled to the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_of_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle of Ammon">Oracle</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zeus_Ammon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeus Ammon">Zeus Ammon</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Interpretatio_graeca" title="Interpretatio graeca">Greek equivalent</a> of the Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Amun-Ra" class="mw-redirect" title="Amun-Ra">Amun-Ra</a>) at the <a href="/wiki/Siwa_Oasis" title="Siwa Oasis">Siwa Oasis</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Desert" title="Libyan Desert">Libyan Desert</a> in 332 BC to confirm his <a href="/wiki/Sacred_king" title="Sacred king">divine status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[154]</a> After the priest there convinced him that Philip II was merely his mortal father and Zeus his actual father, Alexander began styling himself as the 'Son of Zeus', which brought him into contention with some of his Greek subjects who adamantly believed that living men could not be immortals.<a href="#cite_note-160">[155]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucid</a> and Ptolemaic <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">diadochi</a> <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor states</a> cultivated <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_cult_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great">their own ancestral cults and deification of the rulers</a> as part of state ideology, a similar cult did not exist in the Kingdom of Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-161">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Ancient Greek art</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_art" title="Hellenistic art">Hellenistic art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Music in ancient Greece">Music in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery of ancient Greece</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Ancient Greek sculpture</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:245px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier,_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios,_4th_century_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/130px-Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 130px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/130px-Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="130" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/195px-Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg/260px-Fresco_of_a_Macedonian_soldier%2C_from_the_Tomb_of_Agios_Athanasios%2C_4th_century_BC.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:245px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Mieza,_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia,_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg/134px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="421" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 134px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg/134px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="134" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg/201px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg/268px-Ancient_Mieza%2C_Macedonian_tombs_of_Lefkadia%2C_The_Tomb_of_Jugdement_545fddcedb8f434cdb346f41dbd838ec.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Left: Fresco of a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Macedonian soldier</a> resting a spear and <a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">wearing a cap</a>, from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a>, 4th century BC. Right: Fresco from the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Judgement,_Lefkadia" title="Tomb of Judgement, Lefkadia">Tomb of Judgement</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mieza,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mieza, Macedonia">Mieza</a> (modern-day Lefkadia), <a href="/wiki/Imathia" title="Imathia">Imathia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Macedonia" title="Central Macedonia">Central Macedonia</a>, Greece, depicting religious imagery of <a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">the afterlife</a>, 4th century BC</div></div></div></div> By the reign of <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelaus I of Macedon">Archelaus I of Macedon</a>, the Macedonian elite started importing significantly greater customs, artwork, and art traditions from other regions of Greece. However, they still retained more archaic, perhaps <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homeric</a> funerary rites connected with the <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a> and drinking rites that were typified with items such as decorative metal <a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">kraters</a> that held the ashes of deceased Macedonian nobility in their tombs.<a href="#cite_note-hardiman_2010_515-162">[157]</a> Among these is the large bronze <a href="/wiki/Derveni_Krater" title="Derveni Krater">Derveni Krater</a> from a 4th-century BC tomb of <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>, decorated with scenes of the Greek god <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Dionysus" title="Cult of Dionysus">his entourage</a> and belonging to an aristocrat who had a military career.<a href="#cite_note-163">[158]</a> Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Metalwork" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalwork">metalwork</a> usually followed <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Athenian styles of vase shapes</a> from the 6th century BC onward, with drinking vessels, jewellery, containers, crowns, <a href="/wiki/Diadem" title="Diadem">diadems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">coins</a> among the many metal objects found in Macedonian tombs.<a href="#cite_note-hardiman_2010_517-164">[159]</a> Surviving Macedonian painted artwork includes <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">murals</a> on walls, but also decoration on <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">sculpted artwork</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">reliefs</a>. For instance, trace colors still exist on the <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-reliefs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sarcophagus" title="Alexander Sarcophagus">Alexander Sarcophagus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-165">[160]</a> Macedonian paintings have allowed historians to investigate the clothing fashions as well as military gear worn by ancient Macedonians, such as the brightly-colored tomb paintings of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a> showing figures wearing headgear ranging from <a href="/wiki/Plume_(feather)" title="Plume (feather)">feathered helmets</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">kausia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petasos" title="Petasos">petasos</a> caps.<a href="#cite_note-166">[161]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/280px-Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="384"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/280px-Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/420px-Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg/560px-Lion_hunt_mosaic_from_Pella.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a> (left), wearing a <a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">kausia</a> and fighting an <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lion</a> with his friend <a href="/wiki/Craterus" title="Craterus">Craterus</a>; late 4th century BC <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-167">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Pella" title="Archaeological Museum of Pella">Archaeological Museum of Pella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a></figcaption></figure> Aside from metalwork and painting, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> serve as another significant form of surviving Macedonian artwork, especially those discovered at <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a> dating to the 4th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-hardiman_2010_517-164">[159]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stag_Hunt_Mosaic" title="Stag Hunt Mosaic">Stag Hunt Mosaic</a> of Pella, with its three dimensional qualities and illusionist style, show clear influence from <a href="/wiki/Mosaics_of_Delos#Connections_to_other_mediums_of_ancient_Greek_art" title="Mosaics of Delos">painted artwork and wider Hellenistic art trends</a>, although the rustic theme of hunting was tailored for Macedonian tastes.<a href="#cite_note-hardiman_2010_518-168">[163]</a> The similar Lion Hunt Mosaic of Pella illustrates either a scene of Alexander the Great with his companion <a href="/wiki/Craterus" title="Craterus">Craterus</a>, or simply a conventional illustration of the generic royal diversion of hunting.<a href="#cite_note-hardiman_2010_518-168">[163]</a> Mosaics with mythological themes include scenes of Dionysus riding a panther and <a href="/wiki/Helen_of_Troy" title="Helen of Troy">Helen of Troy</a> being abducted by <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a>, the latter of which employs illusionist qualities and realistic shading similar to Macedonian paintings.<a href="#cite_note-hardiman_2010_518-168">[163]</a> Common themes of Macedonian paintings and mosaics include warfare, hunting and aggressive masculine sexuality (i.e. abduction of women for rape or marriage). In some instances these themes are combined within the same work, indicating a metaphorical connection that seems to be affirmed by <a href="/wiki/Digenes_Akritas" title="Digenes Akritas">later Byzantine Greek literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre,_music_and_performing_arts">Theatre, music and performing arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in ancient Greece">Theatre in ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Music in ancient Greece">Music in ancient Greece</a></div> Philip II was assassinated by his <a href="/wiki/Somatophylakes" title="Somatophylakes">bodyguard</a> <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Orestis" title="Pausanias of Orestis">Pausanias of Orestis</a> in 336 BC at the <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">theatre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aigai,_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aigai, Macedonia">Aigai, Macedonia</a> amid games and spectacles held inside that celebrated the marriage of his daughter <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_of_Macedon" title="Cleopatra of Macedon">Cleopatra of Macedon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-muller_2010_182-170">[165]</a> Alexander the Great was allegedly a great admirer of both theatre and music.<a href="#cite_note-errington_1990_224-171">[166]</a> He was especially fond of the <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a> by <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athenian" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Athenian">Classical Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tragedian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedian">tragedians</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, whose works formed part of a proper <a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Greece" title="Education in ancient Greece">Greek education</a> for his new eastern subjects alongside studies in the Greek language and <a href="/wiki/Epic_Cycle" title="Epic Cycle">epics</a> of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-worthington_2014_186-172">[167]</a> While he and his army were stationed at <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> (in modern-day Lebanon), Alexander had his generals act as judges not only for athletic contests but also stage performances of Greek tragedies.<a href="#cite_note-173">[168]</a> The contemporaneous famous <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actors</a> <a href="/wiki/Thessalus_(actor)" title="Thessalus (actor)">Thessalus</a> and Athenodorus performed at the event, despite Athenodorus risking a fine for being absent from the simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Dionysia" title="Dionysia">Dionysia</a> festival of Athens where he was scheduled to perform (a fine that his <a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patron</a> Alexander agreed to pay).<a href="#cite_note-174">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">Music</a> was also appreciated in Macedonia. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">agora</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">gymnasium</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theatre</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious sanctuary">religious sanctuaries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">temples</a> dedicated to Greek gods and goddesses, one of the main markers of a true Greek city in the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Alexander_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Alexander the Great">empire of Alexander the Great</a> was the presence of an <a href="/wiki/Odeon_(building)" title="Odeon (building)">odeon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">musical performances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-worthington_2014_183_186-175">[170]</a> This was the case not only for <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt" title="History of Egypt">Egypt</a>, but also cities as distant as <a href="/wiki/Ai-Khanoum" title="Ai-Khanoum">Ai-Khanoum</a> in what is now modern-day <a href="/wiki/History_of_Afghanistan" title="History of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-worthington_2014_183_186-175">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature,_education,_philosophy,_and_patronage">Literature, education, philosophy, and patronage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in ancient Greece">Literature in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education_in_ancient_Greece" title="Education in ancient Greece">Education in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy in ancient Greece">Philosophy in ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Ancient Macedonian calendar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/180px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2241"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 240px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/180px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="240" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/270px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg/360px-Aristoteles_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bust_(sculpture)" title="Bust (sculpture)">Portrait bust</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>; an <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Imperial Roman</a> (1st or 2nd century AD) copy of a lost <a href="/wiki/Bronze_sculpture" title="Bronze sculpture">bronze sculpture</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Lysippos" title="Lysippos">Lysippos</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_II_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas II of Macedon">Perdiccas II of Macedon</a> was able to host well-known Classical Greek intellectual visitors at his royal court, such as the lyric poet <a href="/wiki/Melanippides" title="Melanippides">Melanippides</a> and the renowned medical doctor <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Encomium" title="Encomium">enkomion</a> written for <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I of Macedon</a> may have been composed at his court.<a href="#cite_note-176">[171]</a> Yet <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelaus I of Macedon">Archelaus I of Macedon</a> received a far greater number of Greek scholars, artists, and celebrities at his court than his predecessors, leading M. B. Hatzopoulos to describe Macedonia under his reign as an "active centre of Hellenic culture."<a href="#cite_note-177">[172]</a> His honored guests included the <a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Egypt,_Greece_and_Rome" title="History of painting">painter</a> <a href="/wiki/Zeuxis_(painter)" title="Zeuxis (painter)">Zeuxis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">architect</a> <a href="/wiki/Callimachus_(sculptor)" title="Callimachus (sculptor)">Callimachus</a>, the poets <a href="/wiki/Choerilus_of_Samos" title="Choerilus of Samos">Choerilus of Samos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timotheus_of_Miletus" title="Timotheus of Miletus">Timotheus of Miletus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Agathon" title="Agathon">Agathon</a>, as well as the famous Athenian <a href="/wiki/Playwright" title="Playwright">playwright</a> <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[173]</a> Although Archelaus was criticized by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, supposedly hated by <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a>, and the first known Macedonian king to be insulted with the label of a <a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>, the historian <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a> held the Macedonian king in glowing admiration for his accomplishments, including his engagement in <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Panhellenic">panhellenic</a> sports and fostering of literary culture.<a href="#cite_note-hatzopoulos_2011b_59-179">[174]</a> The philosopher <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, who studied at the <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a> of Athens and established the <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian school of thought</a>, moved to Macedonia, and is said to have tutored the young Alexander the Great, in addition to serving as an esteemed diplomat for Alexander's father Philip II.<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> Among Alexander's retinue of artists, writers, and philosophers was <a href="/wiki/Pyrrho_of_Elis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrrho of Elis">Pyrrho of Elis</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a>, the school of <a href="/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism" title="Philosophical skepticism">philosophical skepticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-worthington_2014_186-172">[167]</a> During the Antigonid period, <a href="/wiki/Antigonos_Gonatas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigonos Gonatas">Antigonos Gonatas</a> fostered cordial relationships with <a href="/wiki/Menedemos_of_Eretria" class="mw-redirect" title="Menedemos of Eretria">Menedemos of Eretria</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Eretrian_school" title="Eretrian school">Eretrian school</a> of philosophy, and <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zenon</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-errington_1990_224-171">[166]</a> In terms of early <a href="/wiki/Greek_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek historiography">Greek historiography</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman historiography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Jacoby" title="Felix Jacoby">Felix Jacoby</a> identified thirteen possible ancient <a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_historiographers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Greek historiographers">historians</a> who wrote histories about Macedonia in his <a href="/wiki/Fragmente_der_griechischen_Historiker" title="Fragmente der griechischen Historiker">Fragmente der griechischen Historiker</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes_2010_23-181">[176]</a> Aside from accounts in the works of <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and Thucydides, the works compiled by Jacoby are only fragmentary, whereas other works are completely lost, such as the history of an <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyrian</a> war fought by <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">Perdiccas III of Macedon</a> written by the Macedonian general and statesman <a href="/wiki/Antipater" title="Antipater">Antipater</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[177]</a> The Macedonian historians <a href="/wiki/Marsyas_of_Pella" title="Marsyas of Pella">Marsyas of Pella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marsyas_of_Philippi" title="Marsyas of Philippi">Marsyas of Philippi</a> wrote histories of Macedonia, while the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> authored a history about Alexander and <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_of_Cardia" title="Hieronymus of Cardia">Hieronymus of Cardia</a> wrote a history about Alexander's royal successors.<a href="#cite_note-183">[178]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Indian campaign of Alexander the Great">Indian campaign of Alexander the Great</a>, the Macedonian military officer <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> wrote a work of his <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">voyage</a> from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Indus_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus river">Indus river</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Errington_1990_225-184">[179]</a> The Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Craterus_(historian)" title="Craterus (historian)">historian Craterus</a> published a compilation of decrees made by the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">popular assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a>, ostensibly while attending the school of Aristotle.<a href="#cite_note-Errington_1990_225-184">[179]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> had manuscripts of the history of Philip II written by <a href="/wiki/Theopompus" title="Theopompus">Theopompus</a> gathered by his court scholars and disseminated with further copies.<a href="#cite_note-errington_1990_224-171">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_leisure">Sports and leisure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sport#Ancient_Greece" title="History of sport">History of sport § Ancient Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(ancient_Greece)" title="Gymnasium (ancient Greece)">Gymnasium (ancient Greece)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Ancient Olympic Games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Music in ancient Greece">Music in ancient Greece</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hades_and_Persephone,_Vergina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/440px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="1740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/440px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg" data-width="440" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/660px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg/880px-Hades_and_Persephone%2C_Vergina.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A fresco showing <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> riding in a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a>, from the tomb of Queen <a href="/wiki/Eurydice_I_of_Macedon" title="Eurydice I of Macedon">Eurydice I of Macedon</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, Greece, 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> When Alexander I of Macedon petitioned to compete in the <a href="/wiki/Foot_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Foot race">foot race</a> of the ancient Olympic Games, the event organizers at first denied his request, explaining that only Greeks were allowed to compete. However, Alexander I produced proof of an <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a> royal <a href="/wiki/Genealogy" title="Genealogy">genealogy</a> showing ancient <a href="/wiki/Argive" class="mw-redirect" title="Argive">Argive</a> <a href="/wiki/Temenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Temenid">Temenid</a> lineage, a move that ultimately convinced the Olympic <a href="/wiki/Hellanodikai" title="Hellanodikai">Hellanodikai</a> authorities of his Greek descent and ability to compete, although this did not necessarily apply to common Macedonians outside of his royal dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-185">[180]</a> By the end of the 5th century BC, the Macedonian king Archelaus I was crowned with the <a href="/wiki/Olive_wreath" title="Olive wreath">olive wreath</a> at both <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Pythian_Games" title="Pythian Games">Pythian Games</a>) for winning <a href="/wiki/Chariot_racing" title="Chariot racing">chariot racing</a> contests.<a href="#cite_note-hatzopoulos_2011b_59-179">[174]</a> Philip II allegedly heard of the Olympic victory of his horse (in either an individual <a href="/wiki/Horse_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Horse race">horse race</a> or chariot race) on the same day his son Alexander the Great was born, on either 19 or 20 July 356 BC.<a href="#cite_note-186">[181]</a> In addition to literary contests, Alexander the Great also staged <a href="/wiki/Music_competition" title="Music competition">competitions for music</a> and athletics across his empire.<a href="#cite_note-worthington_2014_186-172">[167]</a> The Macedonians created their own athletic games and, after the late 4th century BC, non-royal Macedonians competed and became victors in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a><a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Anson-2010-19-105">[100]</a> and other athletic events such as the Argive <a href="/wiki/Heraean_Games" title="Heraean Games">Heraean Games</a>. However, athletics were a less favored pastime compared to hunting.<a href="#cite_note-norika_sawada_2010_403-187">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dining_and_cuisine">Dining and cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wine_in_ancient_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Wine in ancient Greece">Wine in ancient Greece</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banquet,_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg/520px-Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg" decoding="async" width="520" height="151" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="898"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 520px;height: 151px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg/520px-Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg" data-width="520" data-height="151" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg/780px-Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg/1040px-Banquet%2C_tombe_d%27Agios_Athanasios.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Banquet" title="Banquet">banquet</a> scene from a Macedonian tomb of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a>, 4th century BC; six men are shown <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">reclining on couches</a>, with food arranged on nearby tables, a male servant in attendance, and female musicians providing entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-188">[183]</a></figcaption></figure> Ancient Macedonia produced very few fine foods or beverages that were highly appreciated elsewhere in the Greek world, namely <a href="/wiki/Eel" title="Eel">eels</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Strymonian_Gulf" title="Strymonian Gulf">Strymonian Gulf</a> and special <a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">wine</a> brewed in <a href="/wiki/Chalcidice" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcidice">Chalcidice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalby_1997_157-189">[184]</a> The earliest known use of flat bread as a plate for meat was made in Macedonia during the 3rd century BC, which perhaps influenced the later <a href="/wiki/Trencher_(tableware)" title="Trencher (tableware)">'trencher' bread</a> of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Europe">medieval Europe</a> if not Greek <a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> and Italian <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalby_1997_157-189">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a> were consumed, although there was no notice of Macedonian mountain <a href="/wiki/History_of_cheese" title="History of cheese">cheeses</a> in literature until the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dalby_1997_157-189">[184]</a> As exemplified by works such as the plays by the comedic playwright <a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a>, Macedonian dining habits penetrated <a href="/wiki/History_of_Athens" title="History of Athens">Athenian</a> high society; for instance, the introduction of meats into the <a href="/wiki/Dessert" title="Dessert">dessert</a> course of a meal.<a href="#cite_note-190">[185]</a> The Macedonians also most likely introduced mattye to Athenian cuisine, a dish usually made of chicken or other spiced, salted, and sauced meats served <a href="/wiki/Full_course_dinner" class="mw-redirect" title="Full course dinner">during the wine course</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[186]</a> This particular dish was derided and connected with licentiousness and drunkenness in a play by the Athenian comic poet <a href="/wiki/Alexis_(poet)" title="Alexis (poet)">Alexis</a> about the declining morals of Athenians in the age of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I of Macedon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[187]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a> (plural: symposia) in the Macedonian and wider Greek realm was a banquet for the nobility and privileged class, an occasion for feasting, drinking, entertainment, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Symposium_(Plato)" title="Symposium (Plato)">philosophical discussion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[188]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hetairoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetairoi">hetairoi</a>, leading members of the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>, were expected to attend such feasts with their king.<a href="#cite_note-anson_2010_10-118">[113]</a> They were also expected to accompany him on royal hunts for the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Game_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Game meat">game meat</a> as well as for sport.<a href="#cite_note-anson_2010_10-118">[113]</a> Symposia had several functions, amongst which was providing relief from the hardship of battle and marching. Symposia were Greek traditions since <a href="/wiki/Homeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric">Homeric</a> times, providing a venue for interaction amongst Macedonian elites. An ethos of egalitarianism surrounded symposia, allowing all male elites to express ideas and concerns, although built-up rivalries and excessive drinking often led to quarrels, fighting and even murder. The degree of extravagance and propensity for violence set Macedonian symposia apart from classical Greek symposia.<a href="#cite_note-194">[189]</a> Like symposia, hunting was another focus of elite activity, and it remained popular throughout Macedonia's history. Young men participating in symposia were only allowed to recline after having killed their first <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Ancient Macedonian language</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pellatab.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pellatab.jpg/520px-Pellatab.jpg" decoding="async" width="520" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="174"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 520px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pellatab.jpg/520px-Pellatab.jpg" data-width="520" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Pellatab.jpg/780px-Pellatab.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Pellatab.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a> (Greek katadesmos): from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brynmawr.edu/classics/redmonds/csts212w4.html">Prof. Radcliffe G. Edmonds III, Bryn Mawr College</a>.</figcaption></figure> For administrative and political purposes, <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic Greek</a> seems to have operated as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among the ethno-linguistically diverse communities of Macedonia and the north Aegean region, creating a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic linguistic area</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[note 5]</a> Attic Greek was standardized as the language of the court, formal discourse and diplomacy from as early as the time of Archelaus at the end of the 5th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> Attic was further spread by Macedonia's conquests.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> Although Macedonian continued to be spoken well into <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid</a> times,<a href="#cite_note-Roisman_2010_loc=Chapter_5:_Johannes_Engels,_Macedonians_and_Greeks,_p._96-199">[193]</a> it became the prevalent oral dialect in Macedonia and throughout the Macedonian-ruled Hellenistic world.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> However, Macedonian became <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a> in either the Hellenistic or the Roman period, and entirely replaced by <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-94-201">[195]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_Philopator" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VII Philopator">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a>, the last active ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, spoke Koine Greek as a first language, and by her reign (51–30 BC), or some time before it, the Macedonian language was no longer used.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> Attempts to classify Ancient Macedonian are hindered by the lack of surviving Ancient Macedonian texts; it was a mainly oral language and most archaeological inscriptions indicate that in Macedonia there was no dominant written language besides Attic and later Koine Greek.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-94-201">[195]</a> All surviving epigraphical evidence from grave markers and public inscriptions is in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> Classification attempts are based on a vocabulary of 150–200 words and 200 personal names assembled mainly from the 5th century lexicon of <a href="/wiki/Hesychius_of_Alexandria" title="Hesychius of Alexandria">Hesychius of Alexandria</a> and a few surviving fragmentary inscriptions, coins and occasional passages in ancient sources.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-94-201">[195]</a> Most of the vocabulary is regular Greek, with tendencies toward <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic Greek</a>. There can be found some <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_language" title="Illyrian language">Illyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_language" title="Thracian language">Thracian</a> elements.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-94-201">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borza-1992-93-204">[198]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>, which was found in 1986 at Pella and dates to the mid-4th century BC or slightly earlier,<a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> is believed to be the only substantial attested text in Macedonian. The language of the tablet is a distinctly recognizable form of <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Greek">Northwest Greek</a>. The tablet has been used to support the argument that <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">ancient Macedonian</a> was a Northwest Greek dialect and mainly a Doric Greek dialect.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-95-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crespo2017-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-OxfordCD1-209">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dosuna2012-8">[8]</a> Hatzopoulos's analysis revealed some tendencies toward the Aeolic Greek dialect.<a href="#cite_note-Borza-1992-93-204">[198]</a> Hatzopoulos also states that the native language of the ancient Macedonians also betrays a slight <a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetic</a> influence from the languages of the original inhabitants of the region who were <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilated</a> or expelled by the invading Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-hatzopoulos_2011a_43_45-210">[204]</a> He also asserts that little is known about the languages of these original inhabitants aside from <a href="/wiki/Phrygian_language" title="Phrygian language">Phrygian</a> spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Bryges" title="Bryges">Bryges</a>, who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hatzopoulos_2011a_43_45-210">[204]</a> However, according to Hatzopoulos, Bruno Helly expanded and improved his own earlier suggestion and presented the hypothesis of a (North-)'<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Achaean</a>' substratum extending as far north as the head of the <a href="/wiki/Thermaic_Gulf" title="Thermaic Gulf">Thermaic Gulf</a>, which had a continuous relation in prehistoric times, both in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessaly</a> and Macedonia, with the Northwest Greek-speaking populations living on the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Pindus" title="Pindus">Pindus</a> mountain range, and contacts became cohabitation when the Argead Macedonians completed their wandering from <a href="/wiki/Orestis_(region)" title="Orestis (region)">Orestis</a> to Lower Macedonia, in the 7th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2017-211">[205]</a> According to this hypothesis, Hatzopoulos concludes that the Macedonian dialect of the 4th century BC, as attested in the Pella curse tablet, was a sort of Macedonian 'koine' resulting from the encounter of the idiom of the 'Aeolic'-speaking populations around <a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pierian_Mountains" title="Pierian Mountains">Pierian Mountains</a>, whose phonetics had been influenced by a non-Greek (possibly Phrygian or Pelasgian) adstratum, with the Northwest Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a> Macedonians hailing from <a href="/wiki/Argos_Orestiko" title="Argos Orestiko">Argos Orestikon</a>, who founded the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Macedonia" title="Lower Macedonia">Lower Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2017-211">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_inscribed_stele,_mid_4th_century_B.C.,_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/170px-Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/170px-Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/255px-Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg/340px-Relief_inscribed_stele%2C_mid_4th_century_B.C.%2C_Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An ancient Macedonian funerary stele, with an <a href="/wiki/Epigram" title="Epigram">epigram</a> written at the top, mid 4th century B.C., <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia,_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia, Greece">Macedonia, Greece</a></figcaption></figure> In Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Onomastics" title="Onomastics">onomastics</a>, most personal names are recognizably Greek (e.g. Alexandros, Philippos, Dionysios, Apollonios, Demetrios), with some dating back to Homeric (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_(name)#Etymology" title="Ptolemy (name)">Ptolemaeos</a>) or Mycenean times and there are also a few non-Greek names (Illyrian or Thracian; e.g. "Bithys"). This material supports the observation that Macedonian personal names have a predominantly Greek character.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-94-201">[195]</a> Macedonian toponyms and hydronyms are mostly of Greek origin (e.g. Aegae, Dion, Pieria, Haliacmon), as are the names of the months of the Macedonian calendar and the names of most of the deities the Macedonians worshiped. Hammond states that these are not late borrowings.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> Macedonian has a close structural and lexical affinity with other Greek dialects, especially Northwest Greek and Thessalian.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> Most of the words are Greek, although some of these could represent loans or cognate forms.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-Woodard-2008b-11-216">[210]</a> Alternatively, a number of phonological, lexical and onomastic features set Macedonian apart.<a href="#cite_note-Woodard-2008b-11-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> These latter features, possibly representing traces of a <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substrate language</a>, occur in what are considered to be particularly conservative systems of the language.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> Several hypotheses have consequently been proposed as to the position of Macedonian, all of which broadly regard it as either a peripheral Greek dialect, a closely related but separate language (see <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic languages</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Woodard-2008b-11-216">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> or a hybridized idiom incorporating Brygian, Northwest Greek and <a href="/wiki/Thessalian_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalian Greek">Thessalian Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a> Drawing on the similarities between Macedonian, Greek and Brygian, <a href="/wiki/Fanula_Papazoglu" title="Fanula Papazoglu">Fanula Papazoglu</a> wrote that she formed an <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Indo-European</a> macro-dialectical group,<a href="#cite_note-Papazoglou_1977_65%E2%80%9383-223">[217]</a> which, according to Georgiev, split before circa 14th–13th century BC before the appearance of the main Greek dialects.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a> The same data has been analyzed in an alternative manner, which regards the formation of the main Greek dialects as a later convergence of related but distinct groups. According to this theory, Macedonian did not fully participate in this process, making its ultimate position—other than being a contiguous, related 'minor' language—difficult to define.<a href="#cite_note-225">[219]</a> Hatzopoulos, who offers a critical review of recent research on Macedonian speech, argues that all available evidence points to the conclusion that Macedonian is a Greek dialect of the North-West group.<a href="#cite_note-:0-226">[220]</a> Another source of evidence is <a href="/wiki/Metalinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalinguistic">metalinguistics</a> and the question of mutual intelligibility. The available literary evidence has no details about the exact nature of Macedonian; however it suggests that Macedonian and Greek were sufficiently different that there were communication difficulties between Greek and Macedonian contingents, necessitating the use of interpreters as late as the time of Alexander the Great.<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> Based on this evidence, Papazoglou has written that Macedonian could not have been a Greek dialect,<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> however, evidence for non-intelligibility exists for other ancient Greek dialects such as <a href="/wiki/Aetolia" title="Aetolia">Aetolian</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[225]</a> and Aeolic Greek.<a href="#cite_note-232">[226]</a> Hornblower suggests that Greeks were intelligible to Macedonians without an interpreter,<a href="#cite_note-Hornblower2002-233">[227]</a> as supported by the Athenian orator <a href="/wiki/Aeschines" title="Aeschines">Aeschines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> wrote that when <a href="/wiki/Aemilius_Paulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilius Paulus">Aemilius Paulus</a> called together representatives of the defeated Macedonian communities, his Latin pronouncements were translated for the benefit of the assembled Macedonians into Greek.<a href="#cite_note-235">[229]</a> According to Hatzopoulos, the sole direct attestation of Macedonian speech preserved in an ancient author, is a verse in a non-Attic <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Greek dialect</a> that the 4th century BC Athenian poet <a href="/wiki/Strattis" title="Strattis">Strattis</a> in his comedy 'The Macedonians' places a character, presumably Macedonian, to give as an answer to the question of an Athenian: – ἡ σφύραινα δ’ ἐστὶ τίς; (‘the sphyraena, what's that?’) – κέστραν μὲν ὔμμες, ὡτικκοί, κικλήσκετε (‘it's what ye in Attica dub cestra’).<a href="#cite_note-236">[230]</a> Georgios Giannakis writes that recent scholarship has established the position of ancient Macedonian within the dialect map of <a href="/wiki/North-West_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="North-West Greek">North-West Greek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-226">[220]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergina_sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vergina_sun.svg/250px-Vergina_sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="282" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="249"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 282px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vergina_sun.svg/250px-Vergina_sun.svg.png" data-width="250" data-height="282" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vergina_sun.svg/375px-Vergina_sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Vergina_sun.svg/500px-Vergina_sun.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vergina_Sun" title="Vergina Sun">Vergina Sun</a> has been proposed as a symbol of ancient Macedonia or of the Argead dynasty by archeologists.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(terminology)" title="Macedonia (terminology)">Macedonia (terminology)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians (Greeks)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nature_of_sources">Nature of sources</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Greek_historiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek historiography">Greek historiography</a></div> Most ancient sources on the Macedonians come from outside Macedonia.<a href="#cite_note-Rhodes_2010_23-181">[176]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Borza" title="Eugene N. Borza">Eugene N. Borza</a>, most of these sources are either ill-informed, hostile or both, making the Macedonians one of the "silent" peoples of the ancient Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Borza_1992_5-237">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Badian" title="Ernst Badian">Ernst Badian</a> notes that nearly all surviving references to antagonisms and differences between Greeks and Macedonians exist in the written speeches of <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, who lived during a period (i.e. the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>) in which any notion of an ethnic disparity between Macedonians and other Greeks was incomprehensible.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> Most of the literary evidence comes from later sources focusing on the campaigns of Alexander the Great rather than on Macedonia itself. Most contemporaneous evidence on Philip is Athenian and hostile.<a href="#cite_note-Anson-2010-7-239">[233]</a> Moreover, most ancient sources focus on the deeds of Macedonian kings in connection with political and military events such as the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_War" title="Peloponnesian War">Peloponnesian War</a>. Evidence about the ethnic identity of Macedonians of lower social status from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period is highly fragmentary and unsatisfactory.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman_2010_loc=Chapter_5:_Johannes_Engels,_Macedonians_and_Greeks,_p._85-240">[234]</a> For information about Macedonia before Philip, historians must rely on archaeological inscriptions and material remains, a few fragments from historians whose work is now lost, occasional passing mentions in <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>, and universal histories from the Roman era.<a href="#cite_note-Anson-2010-7-239">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources_on_the_Argeads">Ancient sources on the Argeads</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dionysos_on_a_cheetah,_Pella,_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg/250px-Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1995" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 241px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg/250px-Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="241" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg/375px-Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg/500px-Dionysos_on_a_cheetah%2C_Pella%2C_Greece.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The god <a href="/wiki/Dionysos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysos">Dionysos</a> riding a <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> floor in the "House of Dionysos" at <a href="/wiki/Pella" title="Pella">Pella</a>, Greece, c. 330–300 BC</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>, the term Argead was used as a collective designation for the Greeks ("Ἀργείων Δαναῶν", Argive <a href="/wiki/Danaans" class="mw-redirect" title="Danaans">Danaans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-2.155-175-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> The earliest version of the Temenid foundation myth was circulated by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I</a> via Herodotus during his apparent appearance at the Olympic Games.<a href="#cite_note-5.22-242">[236]</a> Despite protests from some competitors, the <a href="/wiki/Hellanodikai" title="Hellanodikai">Hellanodikai</a> ("Judges of the Greeks") accepted Alexander's Greek genealogy, as did Herodotus and later Thucydides. Alexander had proved to the judges that he was an Argive Greek (descendant from the mythical king of <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temenus" title="Temenus">Temenus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-5.22-242">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a> Surviving fragments of the <a href="/wiki/Pindaric_ode" class="mw-redirect" title="Pindaric ode">Pindaric ode</a> seem to confirm his participation, by praising "his pentathlon victory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESprawski2010142-244">[238]</a> Nevertheless, the historicity of Alexander I's participation in the Olympics has been doubted by some scholars, who see the story as a piece of propaganda engineered by the Argeads and spread by Herodotus. Alexander's name does not appear in any <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">list of Olympic victors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> That there were protests from other competitors suggests that the supposed Argive genealogy of the Argeads "was far from mainstream knowledge".<a href="#cite_note-Barr-Sharrar_1982_loc=E._Badian,_Greeks_and_Macedonians,_p._34-246">[240]</a> Although some have formulated that the appellation "Philhellene" was "surely not an appellation that could be given to an actual Greek",<a href="#cite_note-Barr-Sharrar_1982_loc=E._Badian,_Greeks_and_Macedonians,_p._34-246">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a> ancient Greek authors had confirmed that the term "philhellene" (fond of Greece) was also used as a title for Greek patriots.<a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> Whatever the case, according to Hall, "what mattered was that Alexander had played the genealogical game à la grecque and played it well, perhaps even excessively".<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> The emphasis on the Heraclean ancestry of the Argeads served to heroicize the royal family and to provide a sacred genealogy which established a "divine right to rule" over their subjects.<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> The Macedonian royal family, like those of Epirus, emphasized "blood and kinship in order to construct for themselves a heroic genealogy that sometimes also functioned as a Hellenic genealogy".<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gold_stater,_Alexander_the_Great,_323_BC,_Memphis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg/250px-Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="405"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 127px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg/250px-Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="127" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg/375px-Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg/500px-Gold_stater%2C_Alexander_the_Great%2C_323_BC%2C_Memphis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Gold Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Stater" title="Stater">stater</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, struck at the <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Egypt" title="Memphis, Egypt">Memphis</a> mint, dated c. 332–323 BC. Obv: Goddess <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a> wearing <a href="/wiki/Corinthian_helmet" title="Corinthian helmet">Corinthian helmet</a>. Rev: Goddess <a href="/wiki/Nike_(mythology)" title="Nike (mythology)">Nike</a> standing.</figcaption></figure> Pre-Hellenistic Greek writers expressed an ambiguity about the Greekness of Macedonians —specifically their monarchic institutions and their background of Persian alliance—often portraying them as a potential barbarian threat to Greece.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> For example, the late 5th century sophist <a href="/wiki/Thrasymachus_of_Chalcedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrasymachus of Chalcedon">Thrasymachus of Chalcedon</a> wrote, "we Greeks are enslaved to the barbarian Archelaus" (Fragment 2).<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> This fragment is an adaptation of a verse from <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>' tragedy Telephos which was destined to become a stock expression. Hatzopoulos states that given the fragment's conventional character, it can hardly be taken literally as ethnological or linguistic evidence.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> The issue of Macedonian Hellenicity and that of their royal house was particularly pertinent in the 4th century BC regarding the politics of invading Persia. <a href="/wiki/Demosthenes" title="Demosthenes">Demosthenes</a> regarded Macedonia's monarchy to be incongruous with an Athenian-led Pan-Hellenic alliance. He castigated Philip II for being "not only no Greek, nor related to the Greeks, but not even a barbarian from any place that can be named with honor, but a pestilent knave from Macedonia, whence it was never yet possible to buy a decent slave".<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> This was obvious political slander and is regarded as "an insulting speech",<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a> but "the orator clearly could not do this, if his audience was likely to regard his claim as nonsense: it could not be said of a Theban, or even a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thessaly" title="Ancient Thessaly">Thessalian</a>";<a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> however, he also calls <a href="/wiki/Meidias" title="Meidias">Meidias</a>, an Athenian statesman, "barbarian"<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> and in an event mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Athenaeus" title="Athenaeus">Athenaeus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotians</a>, the Thessalians and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Elis" title="Ancient Elis">Eleans</a> were labeled "barbarians".<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> Demosthenes regarded only those who had reached the cultural standards of southern Greece as Greek and he did not take ethnological criteria into consideration,<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> and his corpus is considered by Eugene N. Borza as an "oratory designed to sway public opinion at Athens and thereby to formulate public policy."<a href="#cite_note-Borza_1992_5-237">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isocrates" title="Isocrates">Isocrates</a> believed that only Macedonia was capable of leading a war against Persia; he felt compelled to say that Phillip was a "bona fide" <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Hellene</a> by discussing his Argead and Heraclean heritage.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aeschines" title="Aeschines">Aeschines</a> also sought to defend Philip and publicly described him at a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Athenian popular assembly</a> as being "entirely Greek".<a href="#cite_note-Errington-1990-3-4-264">[258]</a> Moreover, Philip, in his letter to the council and people of Athens, mentioned by Demosthenes, places himself "with the rest of the Greeks".<a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources_on_the_Macedonian_people">Ancient sources on the Macedonian people</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg/250px-Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="102" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="285"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 102px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg/250px-Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="102" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg/375px-Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg/500px-Agios_Athanasios_1_fresco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Agios-Athanasios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Agios-Athanasios.jpg/250px-Agios-Athanasios.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="345"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Agios-Athanasios.jpg/250px-Agios-Athanasios.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="250" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Agios-Athanasios.jpg/375px-Agios-Athanasios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Agios-Athanasios.jpg/500px-Agios-Athanasios.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">Ancient frescos of Macedonian soldiers from the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Agios_Athanasios,_Thessaloniki" title="Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki">Agios Athanasios, Thessaloniki</a>, Greece, 4th century BC</div></div></div></div> The earliest reference about Greek attitudes towards the Macedonian ethnos as a whole comes from <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Women" title="Catalogue of Women">Catalogue of Women</a>. The text maintains that the Macedonians descended from <a href="/wiki/Makedon_(mythology)" title="Makedon (mythology)">Makedon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thyia_(mythology)" title="Thyia (mythology)">Thyia</a> (daughter of <a href="/wiki/Deucalion" title="Deucalion">Deucalion</a>), and was therefore a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Hellen" title="Hellen">Hellen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_the_Greek_gods" title="Family tree of the Greek gods">progenitor of the Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-anson_2010_16_rhodes_2010_24-42">[37]</a> Magnes, brother of the eponymous Makedon, was also said to be a son of Zeus and Thyia.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-52">[47]</a> The Magnetes, descendants of Magnes, were an <a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolian</a> tribe; according to Hammond this places the Macedonians among the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-266">[260]</a> Engels also wrote that Hesiod counted the Macedonians as Greeks, while Hall said that "according to strict genealogical logic, [this] excludes the population that bears [Makedon's] name from the ranks of the Hellenes".<a href="#cite_note-267">[261]</a> Two later writers deny Makedon a lineage from Hellen: <a href="/wiki/Apollodorus_of_Athens" title="Apollodorus of Athens">Apollodorus</a> (3.8.1) makes him a son of Lycaon, son of earth-born <a href="/wiki/Pelasgus" title="Pelasgus">Pelasgus</a>, whilst <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Scymnus" title="Pseudo-Scymnus">Pseudo–Scymnos</a> (6.22) makes him born directly from the earth;<a href="#cite_note-Malkin_2001_loc=Chapter_6:_Jonathan_M._Hall,_Contested_Ethnicities:_Perceptions_of_Macedonia_within_Evolving_Definitions_of_Greek_Identity,_p._169-268">[262]</a> Apollodorus (3.8.1), however, is technically identifying Makedon with the Greek royalty of Arcadia, thus placing Macedonia within the orbit of the most archaic of Greek myths.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> At the end of the 5th century BC <a href="/wiki/Hellanicus_of_Lesbos" title="Hellanicus of Lesbos">Hellanicus of Lesbos</a> asserted Macedon was the son of <a href="/wiki/Aeolus" title="Aeolus">Aeolus</a>, the latter a son of Hellen and ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Aeolians" title="Aeolians">Aeolians</a>, one of the major <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribes</a> of the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-anson_2010_16_rhodes_2010_24-42">[37]</a> Hellanicus modified Hesiod's genealogy by making Makedon the son of Aeolus, firmly placing the Macedonians in the Aeolic Greek-speaking family.<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> In addition to belonging to tribal groups such as the Aeolians, <a href="/wiki/Dorians" title="Dorians">Dorians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaeans_(tribe)" title="Achaeans (tribe)">Achaeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionians</a>, Anson also stresses the fact that some Greeks even distinguished their ethnic identities based on the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a> (i.e. city-state) they originally came from.<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> These early writers and their formulation of genealogical relationships demonstrate that before the 5th century, Greekness was defined on an ethnic basis and was legitimized by tracing descent from eponymous Hellen.<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> Subsequently, cultural considerations assumed greater importance. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thueros_affresco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thueros_affresco.jpg/170px-Thueros_affresco.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="3564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thueros_affresco.jpg/170px-Thueros_affresco.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thueros_affresco.jpg/255px-Thueros_affresco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Thueros_affresco.jpg/340px-Thueros_affresco.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fresco of an <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">ancient Makedonian</a> soldier (<a href="/wiki/Thorakitai" title="Thorakitai">thorakitai</a>) wearing <a href="/wiki/Chainmail" class="mw-redirect" title="Chainmail">chainmail</a> armor and bearing a <a href="/wiki/Thureos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thureos">thureos</a> shield, 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> Herodotus regarded the Macedonians as either northern Greeks, or an intermediate group between "pure" Greeks and barbarians.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-84-273">[267]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a> (5.20.4) Herodotus calls king Alexander I an anēr Hellēn, Makedonōn huparchos (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: ἀνὴρ Ἕλλην, Μακεδόνων ὕπαρχος), which translates to either a "Greek viceroy of Macedonia",<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a> or "a Greek who ruled over Macedonians".<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-84-273">[267]</a> In 7.130.3, he says that the Thessalians were the "first of the Greeks" to submit to Xerxes.<a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> In the first book of the Histories, Herodotus recalls a reliable tradition according to which the Greek ethnos, in its wandering, was called "Macedonian" when it settled around Pindus and "Dorian" when it came to the Peloponnese,<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> and in the eighth book he groups several Greek tribes under "Macedonians" and "Dorians", implying that the Macedonians were Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> In parts of his work, Thucydides placed the Macedonians on his cultural continuum closer to barbarians than Hellenes,<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> or an intermediate category between Greeks and non–Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Engels-2010-85-280">[274]</a> In other parts, he distinguishes between three groups fighting in the Peloponnesian War: The Greeks (including Peloponnesians), the Macedonians and the barbarian Illyrians.<a href="#cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Engels-2010-85-280">[274]</a> Recounting <a href="/wiki/Brasidas" title="Brasidas">Brasidas</a>' expedition to <a href="/wiki/Lynkestis" title="Lynkestis">Lyncus</a>, Thucydides considers Macedonians separate from the barbarians; he says, "In all there were about three thousand Hellenic heavy infantry, accompanied by all the Macedonian cavalry with the Chalcidians, near one thousand strong, besides an immense crowd of barbarians",<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> and "night coming on, the Macedonians and the barbarian crowd took fright in a moment in one of those mysterious panics to which great armies are liable".<a href="#cite_note-282">[276]</a> More explicit is his recounting of Brasidas' speech where he tells his Peloponnesian troops to dispel fear of fighting against "barbarians: because they had already fought against Macedonians".<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> Euripides, in his work <a href="/wiki/Archelaus_(play)" title="Archelaus (play)">Archelaus</a>, tells us that the Macedonians were Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-:1-284">[278]</a> Ancient geographers differed in their views on the size of Macedonia and on the ethnicity of the Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-88-285">[279]</a> Most ancient geographers did not include the core territories of the Macedonian kingdom in their definition of Greece, the reasons for which are unknown. For example, <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> says that while "Macedonia is of course part of Greece, yet now, since I am following the nature and shape of the places geographically, I have chosen to classify it apart from the rest of Greece".<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-88-285">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> Strabo supports the Greek ethnicity of the Macedonian people and wrote of the "Macedonians and the other Greeks",<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> as does Pausanias, the latter of which did not include Macedonia in Hellas as indicated in Book 10 of his Description of Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-88-285">[279]</a> Pausanias said that the Macedonians took part in the <a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a> and that Caranus of Macedon—the mythical founder of the Argead dynasty—set up a trophy after the Argive fashion for a victory against Cisseus.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg/170px-Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="393" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="2848"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 393px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg/170px-Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="393" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg/255px-Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg/340px-Terrakota_Statue_eines_Makedoniers_3_Jhdt_v_Chr.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Macedonian terracotta figurine, 3rd century BC; the Persians referred to the Macedonians as "Yaunã Takabara" ("<a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">Greeks with hats that look like shields</a>").<a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a></figcaption></figure> Isocrates defended Philip's Greek origins but perhaps did not think the same of his people. In Hall's version, he wrote, "He (<a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdiccas I">Perdiccas I</a>) left the Greek world alone completely, but he desired to hold the kingship in Macedonia; for he understood that Greeks are not accustomed to submit themselves to monarchy whereas others are incapable of living their lives without domination of this sort ... for he alone of the Greeks deemed it fit to rule over an ethnically unrelated population".<a href="#cite_note-Malkin_2001_loc=Chapter_6:_Jonathan_M._Hall,_Contested_Ethnicities:_Perceptions_of_Macedonia_within_Evolving_Definitions_of_Greek_Identity,_p._169-268">[262]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cosmopoulos" title="Michael Cosmopoulos">Michael Cosmopoulos</a> reports that Isocrates clearly states that the Macedonians were Greeks,<a href="#cite_note-:1-284">[278]</a> as in <a href="/wiki/George_Norlin" title="George Norlin">George Norlin</a>'s translation, Isocrates describes Perdiccas' people as being rather of "kindred race" with the Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-291">[285]</a> Nevertheless, Philip named the federation of Greek states he created with Macedon at its head—nowadays referred to as the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a>—as simply "The Hellenes" (i.e. Greeks). The Macedonians were granted two seats in the exclusively Greek <a href="/wiki/Great_Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Amphictyonic League">Great Amphictyonic League</a> in 346 BC when the <a href="/wiki/Phocians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocians">Phocians</a> were expelled. Badian sees it as a personal honour awarded to Phillip and not to the Macedonian people as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-Sharrar-Borza-Badian-1982-34-292">[286]</a> Aeschines said that Phillip's father <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas III">Amyntas III</a> joined other Greeks in the Panhellenic congress of the Lacedaemonian allies, known as the "Congress of Sparta", in a vote to help Athens recover possession of Amphipolis.<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a> Amyntas' son and Phillip's older brother, <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">Perdiccas III</a>, served as <a href="/wiki/Theorodokoi" title="Theorodokoi">theorodokos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: θεωρόδοκος or θεαροδόκος) in the <a href="/wiki/Panhellenic_Games" title="Panhellenic Games">Panhellenic Games</a> that took place in <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a> around 360/359 BC.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> With Philip's conquest of Greece, Greeks and Macedonians enjoyed privileges at the royal court, and there was no social distinction among his court hetairoi, although Philip's armies were only ever led by Macedonians. The process of Greek and Macedonian syncretism culminated during the reign of Alexander the Great, and he allowed other Greeks to command his armies.<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> In his speech at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus" title="Battle of Issus">battle of Issus</a>, mentioned in Arrian's <a href="/wiki/The_Anabasis_of_Alexander" class="mw-redirect" title="The Anabasis of Alexander">Anabasis</a>, Alexander is seen to place himself among the Greeks, further acknowledging that, while the Greek allies of <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> fight for pay, his own army fights for the Greek cause.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> The persisting antagonism between Macedonians and other Greeks however, continued into Antigonid times.<a href="#cite_note-297">[291]</a> Some Greek citizens continued to rebel against their Macedonian overlords throughout the Hellenistic era.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> They rejoiced on the death of Phillip II<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> and they revolted against Alexander's Antigonid successors. The Greeks called this conflict the Hellenic War.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> However, Pan-Hellenic sloganeering was used by Greeks against Antigonid dominance and also by Macedonians to corral popular support throughout Greece. Those who considered Macedonia as a political enemy, such as <a href="/wiki/Hypereides" title="Hypereides">Hypereides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chremonides" title="Chremonides">Chremonides</a>, likened the <a href="/wiki/Lamian_War" title="Lamian War">Lamian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_War" title="Chremonidean War">Chremonidean War</a>, respectively, to the earlier <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a> and efforts to liberate Greeks from tyranny.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a> Yet even those who considered Macedonia an ally, such as Isocrates, were keen to stress the differences between their kingdom and the Greek city states, to assuage fears about the extension of the Macedonian-style monarchism into the governance of their poleis.<a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> After the 3rd century BC, and especially in Roman times, the Macedonians were consistently regarded as Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a> To begin with, <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> considers the Macedonians as Greeks and sets them apart from their neighboring non-Greek tribes.<a href="#cite_note-:1-284">[278]</a> For example, in his <a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)">Histories</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnanian</a> character Lyciscus tells the Spartans that they are "of the same tribe" as the Achaeans and the Macedonians,<a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a> who should be honoured because "throughout nearly their whole lives are ceaselessly engaged in a struggle with the barbarians for the safety of the Greeks".<a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> Polybius also used the phrase "Macedonia and the rest of Greece",<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> and says that <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> associates himself with "the rest of the Greeks".<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a> In his text <a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita_libri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ab urbe condita libri">History of Rome</a>, Livy states that the Macedonians, Aetolians and Acarnanians were "all men of the same language".<a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> Similar opinions are shared by Arrian,<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-310">[304]</a> Strabo<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, who wrote of Aristotle advising Alexander "to have regard for the Greeks as for friends and kindred";<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> more specifically, to be "a leader to the Greeks and a despot to the barbarians, to look after the former as after friends and relatives, and to deal with the latter as with beasts or plants".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199158%E2%80%9359-313">[307]</a> M. B. Hatzopoulos points out that passages in Arrian's text also reveal that the terms "Greeks" and "Macedonians" were at times synonymous. For instance, when Alexander the Great held a feast accompanied by Macedonians and Persians, with religious rituals performed by Persian <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">magi</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">Greek seers</a>", the latter of whom were Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> Any preconceived ethnic differences between Greeks and Macedonians faded soon after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pydna_(148_BC)" title="Battle of Pydna (148 BC)">Roman conquest of Macedonia</a> by 148 BC and then <a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">the rest of Greece</a> with the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corinth_(146_BC)" title="Battle of Corinth (146 BC)">Battle of Corinth (146 BC)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:257px;max-width:257px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/103px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="1009"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 103px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/103px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="103" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/155px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg/206px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia_soldier_circa_480_BCE_cleaned_up.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:195px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg/146px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="196" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="465"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 146px;height: 196px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg/146px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="146" data-height="196" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg/219px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg/292px-Xerxes_I_tomb_Ionian_with_petasos_or_kausia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The "Ionians with shield-hats" (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8E%B9%F0%90%8E%A2%F0%90%8E%B4%F0%90%8E%A0_%F0%90%8F%90_%F0%90%8E%AB%F0%90%8E%A3%F0%90%8E%B2%F0%90%8E%BC%F0%90%8E%A0" class="extiw" title="wikt:𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠 𐏐 𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠">𐎹𐎢𐎴𐎠𐏐𐎫𐎣𐎲𐎼𐎠</a>, Yaunā takabarā)<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a> depicted on the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rustam" class="mw-redirect" title="Naqsh-e Rustam">Naqsh-e Rustam</a>, were probably Macedonian soldiers in the service of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid army">Achaemenid army</a>, wearing their characteristic <a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">kausia</a>, c.480 BC.<a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a></div></div></div></div> The Persians referred to both Greeks and Macedonians as <a href="/wiki/Yona" title="Yona">Yauna</a> ("Ionians", their term for "Greeks"), though they distinguished the "Yauna by the sea and across the sea" from the Yaunã Takabara or "Greeks with hats that look like shields", ostensibly referring to the Macedonian <a href="/wiki/Kausia" title="Kausia">kausia</a> hat.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-87-318">[312]</a> According to another interpretation, the Persians used such terms in a geographical rather than an ethnic sense. Yauna and its various attributes possibly referred to regions to the north and west of Asia Minor.<a href="#cite_note-Kinzl-319">[313]</a> Overall, Persian inscriptions indicate that the Persians considered the Macedonians to be Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> In Hellenistic times, most Egyptians and Syrians included the Macedonians among the larger category of Greeks, as the Persians had done earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-87-318">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_discourse">Modern discourse</h3></div> Modern scholarly discourse has produced several hypotheses about the Macedonians' place within the Greek world. Considering material remains of Greek-style monuments, buildings, inscriptions dating from the 5th century and the predominance of Greek personal names, one school of thought says that the Macedonians were "truly Greeks" who had retained a more archaic lifestyle than those living in southern Greece. This cultural discrepancy was used during the political struggles in Athens and Macedonia in the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-Engels-2010-84-273">[267]</a> This has been the predominant viewpoint since the 20th century. Worthington wrote, "... not much need to be said about the Greekness of ancient Macedonia: it is undeniable".<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> Hatzopoulos argues that there was no real ethnic difference between Macedonians and Greeks, only a political distinction contrived after the creation of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> in 337 BC (which was led by Macedonia through the league's elected <a href="/wiki/Hegemon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegemon">hegemon</a> Philip II, despite him not being a member of the league itself).<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> Hatzopoulos stresses the fact that Macedonians and other peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirotes</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Cyprus" title="History of Cyprus">Cypriots</a>, despite speaking a Greek dialect, worshiping in Greek cults, engaging in panhellenic games, and upholding traditional Greek institutions, nevertheless occasionally had their territories excluded from contemporary geographic definitions of "<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Hellas</a>" and were even considered non-Greek barbarians by some.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> Other academics who concur that the difference between the Macedonians and Greeks was a political rather than a true ethnic discrepancy include Michael B. Sakellariou,<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Malcolm_Errington" title="Robert Malcolm Errington">Robert Malcolm Errington</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Errington-1990-3-4-264">[258]</a> and Craige B. Champion.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto,_Amphipolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/330px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="239" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="995" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 239px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/330px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg" data-width="330" data-height="239" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/495px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg/660px-The_Abduction_of_Persephone_by_Pluto%2C_Amphipolis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kasta_Tomb" title="Kasta Tomb">Kasta Tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> depicting the abduction of <a href="/wiki/Persephone" title="Persephone">Persephone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pluto_(mythology)" title="Pluto (mythology)">Pluto</a>, 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> Another perspective interprets the literary evidence and the archaeological-cultural differences between Macedonia and central-southern Greece before the 6th century and beyond as evidence that the Macedonians were originally non-Greek tribes who underwent a process of Hellenization.<a href="#cite_note-Danforth_1997_169-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barr-Sharrar-Borza-Badian-1982-47-327">[321]</a> Accepting that political factors played a part, they highlight the degree of antipathy between Macedonians and Greeks, which was of a different quality to that seen among other Greek states—even those with a long-term history of mutual animosity (e.g. Sparta and Athens).<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> According to these scholars, the Macedonians came to be regarded as "northern Greeks" only with the ongoing Hellenization of Macedonia and the emergence of Rome as a common enemy in the west. This coincides with the period during which ancient authors such as Polybius and Strabo called the ancient Macedonians "Greeks".<a href="#cite_note-Danforth_1997_169-326">[320]</a> By this point, to have been a Greek could have defined a quality of culture and intelligence rather than a racial or ethnic affinity.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> In the context of ethnic origins of the companions of the <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid kings</a>, James L. O'Neil distinguishes Macedonians and Greeks as separate ethnic groups, the latter becoming more prominent in Macedonian affairs and the royal court after Alexander the Great's reign.<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg/260px-%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="390" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3651" data-file-height="5478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 390px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg/260px-%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="390" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg/390px-%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg/520px-%2B_2009_wurde_das_Arch%C3%A4ologische_Museum_in_Pella_er%C3%B6ffnet._16.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Funerary marble stela from Pella with Attic influence, 4th-century BC, now kept in the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Pella" title="Archaeological Museum of Pella">Archaeological Museum of Pella</a>.</figcaption></figure> Others have adopted both views. According to Sansone, "there is no question that, in the fifth and fourth centuries, there were noticeable difference between the Greeks and the Macedonians," yet the issue of Macedonian Hellenicity was ultimately a "political one".<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> Hall adds, "to ask whether the Macedonians 'really were' Greek or not in antiquity is ultimately a redundant question given the shifting semantics of Greekness between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. What cannot be denied, however, is that the cultural commodification of Hellenic identity that emerged in the 4th century might have remained a provincial artifact, confined to the Balkan peninsula, had it not been for the Macedonians."<a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a> Eugene Borza emphasized the Macedonians "made their mark in antiquity as Macedonians, not as a tribe of some other people"<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> but argued that "the 'highlanders' or 'Makedones' of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock."<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> Worthington concludes that "there is still more than enough evidence and reasoned theory to suggest that the Macedonians were racially Greek."<a href="#cite_note-Worthington-2014-10-336">[330]</a> Anson argues that some Hellenic authors expressed complex if not ever-changing and ambiguous ideas about the exact ethnic identity of the Macedonians, who were considered by some as barbarians, and by others as semi-Greek or fully Greek.<a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a> Panagiotis Filos notes that the term "barbarian" was often used by ancient Greek authors in a very broad sense, referring not only to non-Greek populations, but also to Greek populations on the fringe of the Greek world with dialectal differences, such as the Macedonians.<a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a> The term was also known for being used in a pejorative and politically motivated manner, especially by the Athenians, to deride other Greek tribes and states such as Epirotes, Eleans, Boeotians and Aeolic-speakers.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> Roger D. Woodard asserts that in addition to persisting uncertainty in modern times about the proper classification of the Macedonian language and its relation to Greek, ancient authors also presented conflicting ideas, such as Demosthenes when labeling Philip II of Macedon inaccurately as a "barbarian",<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> whereas Polybius called the Achaeans and Macedonians as homophylos (i.e. part of the same race or <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a> Carol J. King elaborates that finding the reason why "ancient Greeks themselves differentiated between Greeks and Macedonians" is limited by the fact that "if one seeks historical truth about an ancient people who have left no definitive record, one may have to let go of the hope for a definitive answer" especially considering that ancient Macedonia was composed of Greeks, people akin to Greeks and non-Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Simon Hornblower</a> supports the Greek identity of the Macedonians, taking into consideration their origin, language, cults and customs.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Macedonia" title="Demographic history of Macedonia">Demographic history of Macedonia</a> – Historical overview of Macedonia's demographics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Government of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a> – Political history topic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians (Greeks)</a> – Greek regional and historical population group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macednon" title="Macednon">Macednon</a> – ancient region of MacedoniaPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> &#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_20-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1989%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-20">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-OxfordCD1b-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2017b-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crespo2017b-27">[24]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Pioneered by Friedrich Wilhelm Sturz (1808),<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2020-4">[4]</a> and subsequently supported by <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Masson" title="Olivier Masson">Olivier Masson</a> (1996),<a href="#cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Meier-Br%C3%BCgger" title="Michael Meier-Brügger">Michael Meier-Brügger</a> (2003),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Johannes Engels (2010),<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> J. Méndez Dosuna (2012),<a href="#cite_note-Dosuna2012-8">[8]</a> Joachim Matzinger (2016),<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Emilio Crespo (2017),<a href="#cite_note-Crespo2017-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Claude_Brixhe" title="Claude Brixhe">Claude Brixhe</a> (2018)<a href="#cite_note-Brixhe2018-11">[11]</a> and M. B. Hatzopoulos (2020).<a href="#cite_note-Hatzopoulos2020-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Suggested by Georgiev (1966),<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> Joseph (2001)<a href="#cite_note-Joseph2001-14">[13]</a> and Hamp (2013).<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Suggested by <a href="/wiki/August_Fick" title="August Fick">August Fick</a> (1874),<a href="#cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-5">[5]</a> Otto Hoffmann (1906),<a href="#cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. G. L. Hammond">N. G. L. Hammond</a> (1997)<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> and Ian Worthington (2012).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington201271-18">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFBorza1995">Borza 1995</a>, p. 114; <a href="/wiki/Eugene_N._Borza" title="Eugene N. Borza">Eugene N. Borza</a> writes that the "highlanders" or "Makedones" of the mountainous regions of western Macedonia are derived from northwest Greek stock; they were akin to those who at an earlier time may have migrated south to become the historical "Dorians". </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> There were Dorian and Euboean colonies, as well as tribal ethne speaking Greek, Illyrian, Thracian, Paeonian, Brygian, etc.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Macedonians-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Macedonians_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014a">Worthington 2014a</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFHornblower2008">Hornblower 2008</a>, pp. 55–58; <a href="#CITEREFJoint_Association_of_Classical_Teachers1984">Joint Association of Classical Teachers 1984</a>, pp. 50–51; <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>; <a href="#CITEREFFine1983">Fine 1983</a>, pp. 607–608; <a href="#CITEREFHall2000">Hall 2000</a>, p. 64; <a href="#CITEREFHammond2001">Hammond 2001</a>, p. 11; <a href="#CITEREFJones2001">Jones 2001</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFOsborne2004">Osborne 2004</a>, p. 127; <a href="#CITEREFHammond1989">Hammond 1989</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFHammond1993">Hammond 1993</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFStarr1991">Starr 1991</a>, pp. 260, 367; <a href="#CITEREFToynbee1981">Toynbee 1981</a>, p. 67; <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2008">Worthington 2008</a>, pp. 8, 219; <a href="#CITEREFChamoux2002">Chamoux 2002</a>, p. 8; <a href="#CITEREFCawkwell1978">Cawkwell 1978</a>, p. 22; <a href="#CITEREFPerlman1973">Perlman 1973</a>, p. 78; <a href="#CITEREFHamilton1974">Hamilton 1974</a>, Chapter 2: The Macedonian Homeland, p. 23; <a href="#CITEREFBryant1996">Bryant 1996</a>, p. 306; <a href="#CITEREFO'Brien1994">O'Brien 1994</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrudgill2002">Trudgill 2002</a>, p. 125; <a href="#CITEREFTheodossiev2000">Theodossiev 2000</a>, pp. 175–209. </li> <li id="cite_note-GroupedRef4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef4_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GroupedRef4_3-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristesenMurray2010">Christesen & Murray 2010</a>, p. 428. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatzopoulos2020-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2020_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2020_4-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2020" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2020). "The speech of the ancient Macedonians". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-cIEAAAQBAJ">Ancient Macedonia</a>. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 64, 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071876-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-071876-8"><bdi>978-3-11-071876-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122000614/https://books.google.com/books?id=r-cIEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+speech+of+the+ancient+Macedonians&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pages=64%2C+77&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-11-071876-8&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-cIEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordClassicalDictionary-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordClassicalDictionary_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordClassicalDictionary_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OxfordClassicalDictionary_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masson, Olivier (2003). "[Ancient] Macedonian language". In Hornblower, Simon; Spawforth, Antony (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a> (revised 3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 905–906. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860641-3"><bdi>978-0-19-860641-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BAncient%5D+Macedonian+language&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=905-906&rft.edition=revised+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860641-3&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Michael Meier-Brügger, Indo-European linguistics, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p.28,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC&q=Macedonian+Doric">on Google books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006213535/https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC&q=Macedonian+Doric">Archived</a> 6 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-Dosuna2012-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dosuna2012_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dosuna2012_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDosuna2012" class="citation book cs1">Dosuna, J. Méndez (2012). "Ancient Macedonian as a Greek dialect: A critical survey on recent work (Greek, English, French, German text)". In Giannakis, Georgios K. (ed.). Ancient Macedonia: Language, History, Culture. Centre for Greek Language. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-960-7779-52-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-960-7779-52-6"><bdi>978-960-7779-52-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Macedonian+as+a+Greek+dialect%3A+A+critical+survey+on+recent+work+%28Greek%2C+English%2C+French%2C+German+text%29&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia%3A+Language%2C+History%2C+Culture&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Centre+for+Greek+Language&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-960-7779-52-6&rft.aulast=Dosuna&rft.aufirst=J.+M%C3%A9ndez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatzinger2016" class="citation speech cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matzinger, Joachim (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/meldungen/gastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016/matzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf">Die Altbalkanischen Sprachen</a> (PDF) (Speech) (in German). <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015143034/https://www.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de/downloads/meldungen/gastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016/matzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 October 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Altbalkanischen+Sprachen&rft.pub=Ludwig+Maximilian+University+of+Munich&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Matzinger&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanologie.uni-muenchen.de%2Fdownloads%2Fmeldungen%2Fgastvortrag_matzinger_nov_2016%2Fmatzinger-mu_nchen30112016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespo2017-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crespo2017_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crespo2017_10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo2017" class="citation book cs1">Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Softening+of+Obstruent+Consonants+in+the+Macedonian+Dialect&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Crespo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brixhe2018-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Brixhe2018_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrixhe2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Brixhe" title="Claude Brixhe">Brixhe, Claude</a> (2018). "Macedonian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ">Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. pp. 1862–1867. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-054243-1"><bdi>978-3-11-054243-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122000615/https://books.google.com/books?id=SuR8DwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonian&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Comparative+and+Historical+Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=1862-1867&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-054243-1&rft.aulast=Brixhe&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuR8DwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Vladimir Georgiev, "The Genesis of the Balkan Peoples", The Slavonic and East European Review 44:103:285-297 (July 1966) </li> <li id="cite_note-Joseph2001-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph2001_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joseph2001_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph2001" class="citation book cs1">Joseph, Brian D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/joseph.1/articles/gancient.htm">"Ancient Greek"</a>. In Garry, Jane; Rubino, Carl; <a href="/wiki/Adams_Bodomo" title="Adams Bodomo">Bodomo, Adams B.</a>; Faber, Alice; French, Robert (eds.). Facts about the World's Languages: An Encyclopedia of the World's Major Languages, Past and Present. <a href="/wiki/H._W._Wilson_Company" title="H. W. Wilson Company">H. W. Wilson Company</a>. p. 256. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824209704" title="Special:BookSources/9780824209704"><bdi>9780824209704</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016063637/https://www.asc.ohio-state.edu/joseph.1/articles/gancient.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ancient+Greek&rft.btitle=Facts+about+the+World%27s+Languages%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Major+Languages%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=256&rft.pub=H.+W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780824209704&rft.aulast=Joseph&rft.aufirst=Brian+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asc.ohio-state.edu%2Fjoseph.1%2Farticles%2Fgancient.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Eric Hamp & Douglas Adams (2013) "The Expansion of the Indo-European Languages", Sino-Platonic Papers, vol 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1997" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, N.G.L (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwiAQAAIAAJ">Collected Studies: Further studies on various topics</a>. A.M. Hakkert. p. 79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122000621/https://books.google.com/books?id=1mwiAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Studies%3A+Further+studies+on+various+topics&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=A.M.+Hakkert&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=N.G.L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1mwiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorthington201271-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorthington201271_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2012">Worthington 2012</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id='cite_note-FOOTNOTEHammond1989[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-20'><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHammond1989%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2021%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(October_2021)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;_20-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1989">Hammond 1989</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordCD1b-21"><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordCD1b_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masson, Olivier (2003) [1996]. "[Ancient] Macedonian language". In Hornblower, S.; Spawforth A. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a> (revised 3rd ed.). USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 905–906. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860641-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860641-9"><bdi>0-19-860641-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%5BAncient%5D+Macedonian+language&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=905-906&rft.edition=revised+3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-860641-9&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier-BrüggerFritzMayrhofer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Meier-Br%C3%BCgger" title="Michael Meier-Brügger">Meier-Brügger, Michael</a>; Fritz, Matthias; <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Mayrhofer" title="Manfred Mayrhofer">Mayrhofer, Manfred</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC">Indo-European Linguistics</a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017433-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017433-5"><bdi>978-3-11-017433-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017433-5&rft.aulast=Meier-Br%C3%BCgger&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fritz%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Mayrhofer%2C+Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D49xq3UlKWckC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Roisman, Worthington, 2010, "A Companion to Ancient Macedonia", Chapter 5: Johannes Engels, "Macedonians and Greeks", p. 95: "This (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Pella_curse_tablet" title="Pella curse tablet">Pella curse tablet</a>) has been judged to be the most important ancient testimony to substantiate that Macedonian was a north-western Greek and mainly a Doric dialect". </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "[W]e may tentatively conclude that Macedonian is a dialect related to North-West Greek.", <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Masson" title="Olivier Masson">Olivier Masson</a>, French linguist, “Oxford Classical Dictionary: Macedonian Language”, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassonDubois2000">Masson & Dubois 2000</a>, p. 292: "..."Macedonian Language" de l'Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906: "Macedonian may be seen as a Greek dialect, characterized by its marginal position and by local pronunciation (like Βερενίκα for Φερενίκα etc.)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatzopoulos2017b-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos2017b_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2017" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives"</a>. In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122000613/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+in+the+Ancient+Macedonian+Dialect%3A+Consolidation+and+New+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXFLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bmacedonian%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPT301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crespo2017b-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Crespo2017b_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrespo2017" class="citation book cs1">Crespo, Emilio (2017). "The Softening of Obstruent Consonants in the Macedonian Dialect". In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Softening+of+Obstruent+Consonants+in+the+Macedonian+Dialect&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Crespo&rft.aufirst=Emilio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009894-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009894_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeekes2009894_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeekes2009">Beekes 2009</a>, p. 894. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarle1998">Harle 1998</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanson2012">Hanson 2012</a>, Ian Worthington, "5. Alexander the Great, Nation Building, and the Creation and Maintenance of Empire", p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKristinsson2010">Kristinsson 2010</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinzl2010">Kinzl 2010</a>, p. 553. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2010">Adams 2010</a>, pp. 208–211, 216–217; <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 117–120, 129, 145–147; <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann 2007</a>, p. 61; for a discussion about the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a> in both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Mediterranean">Western Mediterranean</a> regions <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">in antiquity</a>, see <a href="#CITEREFPragQuinn2013">Prag & Quinn 2013</a>, pp. 1–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, pp. 365–367. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2010">Adams 2010</a>, p. 223; <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 174, 242; <a href="#CITEREFGreenwalt2010">Greenwalt 2010</a>, pp. 289–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2010">Adams 2010</a>, pp. 221–224; <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 167–174, 179–185; </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 191–216; <a href="#CITEREFEckstein2010">Eckstein 2010</a>, pp. 231–245; <a href="#CITEREFGreenwalt2010">Greenwalt 2010</a>, p. 302; <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann 2007</a>, pp. 79–88, 97–99. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 216–217; <a href="#CITEREFEckstein2010">Eckstein 2010</a>, p. 245; <a href="#CITEREFGreenwalt2010">Greenwalt 2010</a>, p. 304; <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann 2007</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 216–217; <a href="#CITEREFEckstein2010">Eckstein 2010</a>, pp. 246–248; <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann 2007</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-anson_2010_16_rhodes_2010_24-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anson_2010_16_rhodes_2010_24_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anson_2010_16_rhodes_2010_24_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anson_2010_16_rhodes_2010_24_42-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFRhodes2010">Rhodes 2010</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 7 <a href="#CITEREFAsirvatham2010">Asirvatham 2010</a>, pp. 101–102, 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Homer. Iliad, 14.226. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Strabo. Geography, Book 7 (Fragment 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBestde_Vries1989">Best & de Vries 1989</a>, R. F. Hoddinott, "Thracians, Mycenaeans and 'The Trojan Question'", p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 7–9; <a href="#CITEREFBorza1982">Borza 1982</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 84 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderpool1982">Vanderpool 1982</a>, Eugene N. Borza, "Athenians, Macedonians, and the Origins of the Macedonian Royal House", p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> On pages 433–434 of "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", A. Panayotou describes the geographical delimitations of ancient Macedon as encompassing the region from Mount Pindus to the Nestos River, and from Thessaly to Paeonia (the area occupied by the kingdom of Philip II, which preceded the much larger Roman province of the same name). </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_52-1">b</a> Hesiod. Catalogue of Women, Fragment 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Herodotus. Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2707/2707-h/2707-h.htm#link2H_4_0003">1.56.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180919172559/https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2707/2707-h/2707-h.htm#link2H_4_0003">Archived</a> 19 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "For these were the most eminent races in ancient time, the second being a Pelasgian and the first a Hellenic race: and the one never migrated from its place in any direction, while the other was very exceedingly given to wanderings; for in the reign of Deucalion this [Hellenic] race dwelt in Pthiotis, and in the time of Doros the son of Hellen in the land lying below Ossa and Olympos, which is called Histiaiotis; and when it was driven from Histiaiotis by the sons of Cadmos, it dwelt in Pindos and was called Makedonian; and thence it moved afterwards to Dryopis, and from Dryopis it came finally to Peloponnesus, and began to be called Dorian"., 8.43.1; <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1972">Hammond & Griffith 1972</a>, pp. 430–440. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> This was but one of several traditions regarding the "Dorian homeland" variously placing it in Phthiotis, Dryopis, Erineos, etc. For the formation of Dorian ethnicity, and its traditions, see chapters 3 and 4 of Johnathan Hall's Ethnic Identity in Greek Antiquity. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFToynbee1969">Toynbee 1969</a>, Chapter 3: "What was the Ancestral Language of the Makedones?", pp. 66–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hatzopoulos_1999-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos_1999_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hatzopoulos_1999_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos1999">Hatzopoulos 1999</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammond_1972_433–434-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_1972_433%E2%80%93434_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammond_1972_433%E2%80%93434_58-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1972">Hammond & Griffith 1972</a>, pp. 433–434. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSprawski2010">Sprawski 2010</a>, pp. 127–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-129-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-129_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-2010-129_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSprawski2010">Sprawski 2010</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Titus Livius, "The History of Rome", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0168%3Abook%3D45%3Achapter%3D9">45.9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200911141143/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0168%3Abook%3D45%3Achapter%3D9">Archived</a> 11 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "This was the end of the war between the Romans and Perseus, after four years of steady campaigning, and also the end of a kingdom famed over a large part of Europe and all of Asia. They reckoned Perseus as the twentieth after Caranus, who founded the kingdom." </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Marcus Velleius Paterculus, "History of Rome", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Velleius_Paterculus/1*.html">1.6</a>: "In this period, sixty-five years before the founding of Rome, Carthage was established by the Tyrian Elissa, by some authors called Dido. About this time also Caranus, a man of royal race, eleventh in descent from Hercules, set out from Argos and seized the kingship of Macedonia. From him Alexander the Great was descended in the seventeenth generation, and could boast that, on his mother's side, he was descended from Achilles, and, on his father's side, from Hercules". </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Plutarch, "Alexander", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1">2.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616120324/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D1">Archived</a> 16 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "As for the lineage of Alexander, on his father's side he was a descendant of Heracles through Caranus, and on his mother's side a descendant of Aeacus through Neoptolemus; this is accepted without any question." </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGagarin2010">Gagarin 2010</a>, "Argeads", p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ref-1-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ref-1_65-1">b</a> Appian. Roman History, 11.63.333. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-130-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-130_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-130_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman-Worthington-Sprawski-130_66-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSprawski2010">Sprawski2010</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DArgivus">Argīvus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807191114/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0059%3Aentry%3DArgivus">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*%29argei%3Dos">Ἀργεῖος</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210207042007/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D*)argei%3Dos">Archived</a> 7 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203185108/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/Argive?q=argive">Argive</a>, Oxford Dictionaries. </li> <li id="cite_note-2.155-175-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2.155-175_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2.155-175_70-1">b</a> Homer. Iliad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.155&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134">2.155–175</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807185435/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Il.+2.155&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0134">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.%20Il.%204.8&lang=original">4.8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200912205648/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.%20Il.%204.8&lang=original">Archived</a> 12 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Odyssey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.%20Od.%208.578&lang=original">8.578</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023091609/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.%20Od.%208.578&lang=original">Archived</a> 23 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+4.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218">4.6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807185938/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+4.6&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218">Archived</a> 7 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Herodotus. Histories, 5.22. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Justin, Historiarum Philippicarum, 7.1.7–10: "But Caranus, accompanied by a great multitude of Greeks, having been directed by an oracle to seek a settlement in Macedonia, and having come into Emathia, and followed a flock of goats that were fleeing from a tempest, possessed himself of the city of Edessa, before the inhabitants, on account of the thickness of the rain and mist, were aware of his approach; and being reminded of the oracle, by which he had been ordered 'to seek a kingdom with goats for his guides,' he made this city the seat of his government, and afterwards religiously took care, whithersoever he led his troops, to keep the same goats before his standards, that he might have those animals as leaders in his enterprises which he had had as guides to the site of his kingdom. He changed the name of the city, in commemoration of his good fortune, from Edessa to Aegeae, and called the inhabitants Aegeatae." </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Herodotus. Histories, 8.139. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, pp. 343–345. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">Histories</a>, 5.17.1–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1972">Hammond & Griffith 1972</a>, p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1979">Hammond & Griffith 1979</a>, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Herodotus. Histories, 7.73, 8.138; <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011a">Hatzopoulos 2011a</a>, p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1972">Hammond & Griffith 1972</a>, p. 434; <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1972">Hammond & Griffith 1972</a>, p. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thucydides2.99-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thucydides2.99_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thucydides2.99_82-1">b</a> Thucydides. 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G. L. Hammond, "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia in the Early Iron Age", pp. 621–624. </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaMac-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaMac_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaMac_110-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaMac_110-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/260307/84137/Ancient-artifacts-that-have-been-discovered-in-Aiani-prove-that#default">"Encyclopædia Britannica – Hellenism in Macedonia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110215095548/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic-art/260307/84137/Ancient-artifacts-that-have-been-discovered-in-Aiani-prove-that#default">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 2 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+%E2%80%93+Hellenism+in+Macedonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic-art%2F260307%2F84137%2FAncient-artifacts-that-have-been-discovered-in-Aiani-prove-that%23default&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIordanidisGarcia-GuineaKaramitrou-Mentessidi2007">Iordanidis, Garcia-Guinea & Karamitrou-Mentessidi 2007</a>, pp. 1796–1807. </li> <li id="cite_note-AegeoBalkanHistory-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AegeoBalkanHistory_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AegeoBalkanHistory_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaramitrou-Mentessidi2007">Karamitrou-Mentessidi 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrockHodkinson2000">Brock & Hodkinson 2000</a>, Chapter 12: Zosia Halina Archibald, "Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace", p. 212. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011a">Hatzopoulos 2011a</a>, pp. 47–48; for a specific example of <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> near <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>, see <a href="#CITEREFHammondWalbank2001">Hammond & Walbank 2001</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011a">Hatzopoulos 2011a</a>, p. 48; <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 7–8, 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-hatzopoulos_2011a_48-117"><a href="#cite_ref-hatzopoulos_2011a_48_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011a">Hatzopoulos 2011a</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-anson_2010_10-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-anson_2010_10_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anson_2010_10_118-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-anson_2010_10_118-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondWalbank2001">Hammond & Walbank 2001</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2010">King 2010</a>, pp. 374–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKing2010">King 2010</a>, pp. 376–377. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHorejs2007">Horejs 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1972">Hammond & Griffith 1972</a>, pp. 420–426; <a href="#CITEREFSnodgrass2000">Snodgrass 2000</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSnodgrass2000">Snodgrass 2000</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoardman1982">Boardman 1982</a>, [Part III: The Balkans and the Aegean] Chapter 15: N.G.L. 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"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seeker.com/remains-of-alexander-the-greats-father-confirmed-found-1769168761.html">Remains of Alexander the Great's Father Confirmed Found: King Philip II's bones are buried in a tomb along with a mysterious woman-warrior</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118215400/http://www.seeker.com/remains-of-alexander-the-greats-father-confirmed-found-1769168761.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Seeker. 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(30 September 2015). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/09/30/hephaestions-monogram-found-at-amphipolis-tomb/">Hephaestion's Monogram Found at Amphipolis Tomb</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151001135401/http://greece.greekreporter.com/2015/09/30/hephaestions-monogram-found-at-amphipolis-tomb/">Archived</a> 1 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Greek_Reporter" title="Greek Reporter">Greek Reporter</a>. Retrieved 31 March 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2012">Worthington 2012</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014b">Worthington 2014b</a>, p. 180; <a href="#CITEREFSansone2017">Sansone 2017</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014b">Worthington 2014b</a>, pp. 180–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2012">Worthington 2012</a>, p. 319; <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014b">Worthington 2014b</a>, pp. 182–183. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 219–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-hardiman_2010_515-162"><a href="#cite_ref-hardiman_2010_515_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardiman2010">Hardiman 2010</a>, p. 515. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardiman2010">Hardiman 2010</a>, pp. 515–517. </li> <li id="cite_note-hardiman_2010_517-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardiman_2010_517_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardiman_2010_517_164-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardiman2010">Hardiman 2010</a>, p. 517. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHead2016">Head 2016</a>, pp. 12–13; <a href="#CITEREFPiening2013">Piening 2013</a>, pp. 1182. </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHead2016">Head 2016</a>, p. 13; <a href="#CITEREFAldreteBartellAldrete2013">Aldrete, Bartell & Aldrete 2013</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Olga_Palagia" title="Olga Palagia">Olga Palagia</a> (2000). 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Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815287-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-815287-3">978-0-19-815287-3</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-hardiman_2010_518-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hardiman_2010_518_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardiman_2010_518_168-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hardiman_2010_518_168-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHardiman2010">Hardiman 2010</a>, p. 518. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2010">Cohen 2010</a>, pp. 13–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-muller_2010_182-170"><a href="#cite_ref-muller_2010_182_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFM%C3%BCller2010">Müller 2010</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-errington_1990_224-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-errington_1990_224_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-errington_1990_224_171-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-errington_1990_224_171-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-worthington_2014_186-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worthington_2014_186_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worthington_2014_186_172-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worthington_2014_186_172-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014b">Worthington 2014b</a>, p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014b">Worthington 2014b</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014b">Worthington 2014b</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-worthington_2014_183_186-175">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worthington_2014_183_186_175-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worthington_2014_183_186_175-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014b">Worthington 2014b</a>, pp. 183, 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, p. 58; 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see also <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, p. 224 for further details. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 224–225; For <a href="/wiki/Marsyas_of_Pella" title="Marsyas of Pella">Marsyas of Pella</a>, see also <a href="#CITEREFHammondWalbank2001">Hammond & Walbank 2001</a>, p. 27 for further details. </li> <li id="cite_note-Errington_1990_225-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Errington_1990_225_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Errington_1990_225_184-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, p. 225. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian1982">Badian 1982</a>, p. 34, <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 16; <a href="#CITEREFSansone2017">Sansone 2017</a>, pp. 222–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNawotka2010">Nawotka 2010</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-norika_sawada_2010_403-187"><a href="#cite_ref-norika_sawada_2010_403_187-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawada2010">Sawada 2010</a>, p. 403. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2010">Cohen 2010</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-dalby_1997_157-189">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalby_1997_157_189-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalby_1997_157_189-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalby_1997_157_189-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalby1997">Dalby 1997</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalby1997">Dalby 1997</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalby1997">Dalby 1997</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDalby1997">Dalby 1997</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 10; <a href="#CITEREFCohen2010">Cohen 2010</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawada2010">Sawada 2010</a>, pp. 392–408. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawada2010">Sawada 2010</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristid%C4%93sArapopoulouChrit%C4%932007">Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007</a>, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 433. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roisman_2010_loc=Chapter_5:_Johannes_Engels,_Macedonians_and_Greeks,_p._96-199"><a href="#cite_ref-Roisman_2010_loc=Chapter_5:_Johannes_Engels,_Macedonians_and_Greeks,_p._96_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engels-2010-94-201">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-94_201-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-94_201-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-94_201-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-94_201-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-94_201-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-Borza-1992-93-204">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borza-1992-93_204-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borza-1992-93_204-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVoutiras1998">Voutiras 1998</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engels-2010-95-206"><a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-95_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMassonDubois2000">Masson & Dubois 2000</a>, p. 292: "... "Macedonian Language" de l'Oxford Classical Dictionary, 1996, p. 906. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMasson1996">Masson 1996</a>, "Macedonian Language", pp. 905–906. </li> <li id="cite_note-OxfordCD1-209"><a href="#cite_ref-OxfordCD1_209-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Masson, Olivier (2003) [1996]. "[Ancient] Macedonian language". In Hornblower, S.; Spawforth A. (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" title="Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a> (revised 3rd ed.). 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(2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives"</a>. In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 321–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122000613/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+in+the+Ancient+Macedonian+Dialect%3A+Consolidation+and+New+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=321-322&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXFLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bmacedonian%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPT301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2003">Worthington 2003</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristid%C4%93sArapopoulouChrit%C4%932007">Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007</a>, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", pp. 431–433. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHornblowerMatthewsFraser2000">Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000</a>, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoardman1982">Boardman 1982</a>, Chapter 20c: R. A. Crossland, "Linguistic Problems of the Balkan Areya in Late Prehistoric and Early Classical Periods", p. 846. </li> <li id="cite_note-Woodard-2008b-11-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woodard-2008b-11_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodard-2008b-11_216-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woodard-2008b-11_216-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodard2008b">Woodard 2008b</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoardman1982">Boardman 1982</a>, Chapter 20c: R. A. 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Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 163–165. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHornblowerMatthewsFraser2000">Hornblower, Matthews & Fraser 2000</a>, Miltiade Hatzopoulos, ""L'histoire par les noms" in Macedonia", p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChristid%C4%93sArapopoulouChrit%C4%932007">Christidēs, Arapopoulou & Chritē 2007</a>, Chapter 6: A. Panayotou, "The Position of the Macedonian Dialect", p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-Papazoglou_1977_65–83-223"><a href="#cite_ref-Papazoglou_1977_65%E2%80%9383_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglou1977">Papazoglou 1977</a>, pp. 65–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGeorgiev1981">Georgiev 1981</a>, pp. 170, 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGarrett1999">Garrett 1999</a>, pp. 146–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiannakis2017" class="citation book cs1">Giannakis, Georgios (2017). "From Central Greece to the Black Sea: Introductory Remarks". In Giannakis, Georgios; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects. Emilio Crespo, Panagiotis Filos. De Gruyter. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110532135">10.1515/9783110532135</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053213-5"><bdi>978-3-11-053213-5</bdi></a>. <q>Recent scholarship has established the position of (ancient) Macedonian within the dialect map of North-West Greek (see, among others, Méndez Dosuna 2012, 2014, 2015; Crespo 2012, 2015). Here belongs the study by M. Hatzopoulos, who offers a critical review of recent research on the Macedonian dialect, arguing that all available evidence points to the conclusion that this is a Greek dialect of the North-West group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea%3A+Introductory+Remarks&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110532135&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053213-5&rft.aulast=Giannakis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 161–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1999">Borza 1999</a>, pp. 42–43. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarr-SharrarBorza1982">Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982</a>, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazoglou2000">Papazoglou 2000</a>, pp. 771–777. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=thuc.+3.94">3.94</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104082608/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=thuc.+3.94">Archived</a> 4 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Plato. Protagoras, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Prot.+341c&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0178">341c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616055357/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plat.+Prot.+341c&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0178">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornblower2002-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Hornblower2002_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornblower2002" class="citation book cs1">Hornblower, Simon (2002). "Macedon, Thessaly and Boiotia". The Greek World, 479–323 BC (Third ed.). Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16326-9"><bdi>0-415-16326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedon%2C+Thessaly+and+Boiotia&rft.btitle=The+Greek+World%2C+479%E2%80%93323+BC&rft.pages=90&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-16326-9&rft.aulast=Hornblower&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Aeschines. Against Ctesiphon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0002%3Aspeech%3D3%3Asection%3D72">3.72</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104083706/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0002%3Aspeech%3D3%3Asection%3D72">Archived</a> 4 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Livy. The History of Rome, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+45.29&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0144">45.29.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616054105/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+45.29&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0144">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2017" class="citation book cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">"Recent Research in the Ancient Macedonian Dialect: Consolidation and New Perspectives"</a>. In Giannakis, Georgios K.; Crespo, Emilio; Filos, Panagiotis (eds.). Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects: From Central Greece to the Black Sea. Walter de Gruyter. p. 309. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053081-0"><bdi>978-3-11-053081-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122000613/https://books.google.com/books?id=XXFLDwAAQBAJ&q=ancient+macedonian+speech&pg=PT301">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 24 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Recent+Research+in+the+Ancient+Macedonian+Dialect%3A+Consolidation+and+New+Perspectives&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects%3A+From+Central+Greece+to+the+Black+Sea&rft.pages=309&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053081-0&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXXFLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dancient%2Bmacedonian%2Bspeech%26pg%3DPT301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borza_1992_5-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Borza_1992_5_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Borza_1992_5_237-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadian1982">Badian 1982</a>, p. 51, n. 72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion. See: <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-Anson-2010-7-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anson-2010-7_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anson-2010-7_239-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roisman_2010_loc=Chapter_5:_Johannes_Engels,_Macedonians_and_Greeks,_p._85-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Roisman_2010_loc=Chapter_5:_Johannes_Engels,_Macedonians_and_Greeks,_p._85_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCartledge2011">Cartledge 2011</a>, Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23.. </li> <li id="cite_note-5.22-242">^ <a href="#cite_ref-5.22_242-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-5.22_242-1">b</a> Herodotus. Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D5%3Achapter%3D22%3Asection%3D2">5.22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230616011104/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0126:book%3D5:chapter%3D22:section%3D2">Archived</a> 16 June 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1087658">Review: John Cole</a> of <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1979">Hammond & Griffith 1979</a> in Phoenix Vol. 35, No. 3. pp. 262–267. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESprawski2010142-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESprawski2010142_244-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSprawski2010">Sprawski 2010</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsirvatham2010">Asirvatham 2010</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-Sharrar_1982_loc=E._Badian,_Greeks_and_Macedonians,_p._34-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-Sharrar_1982_loc=E._Badian,_Greeks_and_Macedonians,_p._34_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-Sharrar_1982_loc=E._Badian,_Greeks_and_Macedonians,_p._34_246-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarr-SharrarBorza1982">Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982</a>, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfile%2Fllhn">φιλέλλην</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928170817/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dfile%2Fllhn">Archived</a> 28 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> cf. Plato. Republic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D5%3Asection%3D470e">5.470e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210424113642/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0168%3Abook%3D5%3Asection%3D470e">Archived</a> 24 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Xenophon. Agesilaus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0209%3Atext%3DAges.%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D4">7.4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235857/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0209%3Atext%3DAges.%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D4">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; Isocrates. To Phillip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Aabo%3Atlg%2C0010%2C020%3A122&lang=original">5.22</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230418005313/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:abo:tlg,0010,020:122&lang=original">Archived</a> 18 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Greek). </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2002">Hall 2002</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169; <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin1998">Malkin 1998</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsirvatham2010">Asirvatham 2010</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, pp. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Demosthenes Third Philippic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0070%3Aspeech%3D9%3Asection%3D31">9.31</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201111215256/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0070%3Aspeech%3D9%3Asection%3D31">Archived</a> 11 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammond1991">Hammond 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarr-SharrarBorza1982">Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982</a>, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Demosthenes, Against Meidias, Speeches, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0074%3Aspeech%3D21%3Asection%3D150">21.150</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201105050302/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0074%3Aspeech%3D21%3Asection%3D150">Archived</a> 5 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "And yet, though he has thus become the possessor of privileges to which he has no claim, and has found a fatherland which is reputed to be of all states the most firmly based upon its laws, he seems utterly unable to submit to those laws or abide by them. His true, native barbarism and hatred of religion drive him on by force and betray the fact that he treats his present rights as if they were not his own—as indeed they are not." </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Athenaeus, The Deipnosophists, 8.42: "And when he was asked again, according to the account given by Hegesander, which were the greatest barbarians, the Boeotians or the Thessalians, he said, 'the Eleans'.". </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacDowell2009">MacDowell 2009</a>, 13: War and Defeat. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> Isocrates. Philippus, 32–34 and 76–77; <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Isocrates. To Philip, 5.127: "Therefore, since the others are so lacking in spirit, I think it is opportune for you to head the war against the King; and, while it is only natural for the other descendants of Heracles, and for men who are under the bonds of their polities and laws, to cleave fondly to that state in which they happen to dwell, it is your privilege, as one who has been blessed with untrammelled freedom, to consider all Hellas your fatherland, as did the founder of your race, and to be as ready to brave perils for her sake as for the things about which you are personally most concerned." </li> <li id="cite_note-Errington-1990-3-4-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Errington-1990-3-4_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Errington-1990-3-4_264-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFErrington1990">Errington 1990</a>, pp. 3–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Demosthenes, Philip's Letter to Athenians, Speeches, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0072%3Aspeech%3D12%3Asection%3D1">12.6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104174632/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0072%3Aspeech%3D12%3Asection%3D1">Archived</a> 4 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "This is the most amazing exploit of all; for, before the king reduced Egypt and Phoenicia, you passed a decree calling on me to make common cause with the rest of the Greeks against him, in case he attempted to interfere with us". </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2003">Worthington 2003</a>, Chapter 2: N.G.L. Hammond, "The Language of the Macedonians", p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2002">Hall 2002</a>, p. 165; <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Malkin_2001_loc=Chapter_6:_Jonathan_M._Hall,_Contested_Ethnicities:_Perceptions_of_Macedonia_within_Evolving_Definitions_of_Greek_Identity,_p._169-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Malkin_2001_loc=Chapter_6:_Jonathan_M._Hall,_Contested_Ethnicities:_Perceptions_of_Macedonia_within_Evolving_Definitions_of_Greek_Identity,_p._169_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Malkin_2001_loc=Chapter_6:_Jonathan_M._Hall,_Contested_Ethnicities:_Perceptions_of_Macedonia_within_Evolving_Definitions_of_Greek_Identity,_p._169_268-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaskalakis1965">Daskalakis 1965</a>, pp. 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall2002">Hall 2002</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-Engels-2010-84-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-84_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-84_273-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-84_273-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Herodotus. The Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+5.20&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126">5.20.4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201102101351/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hdt.+5.20&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126">Archived</a> 2 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 171. </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> Herodotus. Histories, 1.56.2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> Herodotus. Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D43%3Asection%3D1">8.43</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603012744/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0126%3Abook%3D8%3Achapter%3D43%3Asection%3D1">Archived</a> 3 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHammondGriffith1972">Hammond & Griffith 1972</a>, pp. 429–430. Hammond states that Pelagonia might have been initially called Argestia. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", pp. 171–172. </li> <li id="cite_note-Roisman-Worthington-Engels-2010-85-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman-Worthington-Engels-2010-85_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roisman-Worthington-Engels-2010-85_280-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D124%3Asection%3D1">4.124.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210610201304/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D124%3Asection%3D1">Archived</a> 10 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D125%3Asection%3D1">4.125.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616054222/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D125%3Asection%3D1">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D126%3Asection%3D3">4.126.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230330135906/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D4%3Achapter%3D126%3Asection%3D3">Archived</a> 30 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "Inexperience now makes you afraid of barbarians; and yet the trial of strength which you had with the Macedonians among them, and my own judgment, confirmed by what I hear from others, should be enough to satisfy you that they will not prove formidable."; <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_284-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosmopoulos1992">Cosmopoulos 1992</a>, p. 13 </li> <li id="cite_note-Engels-2010-88-285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-88_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-88_285-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-88_285-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geography</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3Dfragments%3Asection%3D9">Book 7, Fragment 9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128172909/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D7%3Achapter%3Dfragments%3Asection%3D9">Archived</a> 28 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Strabo. Geography, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D23">10.2.23</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518210611/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198%3Abook%3D10%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D23">Archived</a> 18 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> Pausanias. Description of Greece, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+10.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160">10.8.2–4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220619105622/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+10.8&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160">Archived</a> 19 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> Pausanias. Description of Greece, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.40&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160">9.40.8–9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006214048/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+9.40&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0160">Archived</a> 6 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India." </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFOlbrycht2010">Olbrycht 2010</a>, pp. 343–344. </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> Isocrates. Philippos, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0144%253Aspeech%253D5%253Asection%253D108">108.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230903112609/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text%3Fdoc=Perseus%253Atext%253A1999.01.0144%253Aspeech%253D5%253Asection%253D108">Archived</a> 3 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-Sharrar-Borza-Badian-1982-34-292"><a href="#cite_ref-Barr-Sharrar-Borza-Badian-1982-34_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarr-SharrarBorza1982">Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982</a>, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Aeschines. On the Embassy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0002%3Aspeech%3D2%3Asection%3D32">2.32</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207215409/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0002:speech=2:section=32">Archived</a> 7 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPerlman2000">Perlman 2000</a>, pp. 38, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshley2004">Ashley 2004</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/L236ArrianIAnabasisOfAlexander14/page/148/mode/2up?view=theater">2.7.4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarr-SharrarBorza1982">Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982</a>, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsirvatham2010">Asirvatham 2010</a>, p. 104. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Diodorus Siculus. Historical Library, 17.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> IG 2 448.58-50, SIG 317.6–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, pp. 68–69, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> Polybius. Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+9.37&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234">9.37</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616054223/https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+9.37&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234">Archived</a> 16 June 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> Polybius. Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D35">9.35</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303003639/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D35">Archived</a> 3 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> Polybius. Histories, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+7.9&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0234">7.9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201021030658/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+7.9&fromdoc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0234">Archived</a> 21 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> Polybius. Histories, 18.4.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> Livy. History of Rome, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+31+29&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0148">31.29.15</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031015131/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Liv.+31+29&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0148">Archived</a> 31 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Arrian. Anabasis Alexandri, 1.16.7, 2.7.4, 2.14.4. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> Dionysius of Halicarnassus. <a href="/wiki/Roman_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Antiquities">Roman Antiquities</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/20*.html">20.1.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421184800/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus/20%2A.html">Archived</a> 21 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> Strabo. Geography, 7.7.1. </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Plutarch. Moralia: On the Fortune of Alexander, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Fortuna_Alexandri*/1.html">I, 329b</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreen199158–59-313"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreen199158%E2%80%9359_313-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreen1991">Green 1991</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, pp. 70–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/sources/content/achaemenid-royal-inscriptions/dna/?">Darius I, DNa inscription, Line 29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdams2010">Adams 2010</a>, pp. 343–344 </li> <li id="cite_note-Engels-2010-87-318">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-87_318-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engels-2010-87_318-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kinzl-319"><a href="#cite_ref-Kinzl_319-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKinzl2010">Kinzl 2010</a>, Robert Rollinger, "The Eastern Mediterranean and Beyond", p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCosmopoulos1992">Cosmopoulos 1992</a>, p. 14 </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2008">Worthington 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, pp. 69–71. </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b">Hatzopoulos 2011b</a>, pp. 52, 71–72; Johannes Engels comes to a similar conclusion about the comparison between Macedonians and <a href="/wiki/Epirotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirotes">Epirotes</a>, saying that the "Greekness" of the Epirotes, despite them not being considered as refined as southern Greeks, never came into question. Engels suggests this perhaps because the Epirotes did not try to dominate the Greek world as <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II of Macedon</a> had done. See: <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSakellariou1983">Sakellariou 1983</a>, pp. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChampion2004">Champion 2004</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-Danforth_1997_169-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Danforth_1997_169_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Danforth_1997_169_326-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDanforth1997">Danforth 1997</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-Sharrar-Borza-Badian-1982-47-327"><a href="#cite_ref-Barr-Sharrar-Borza-Badian-1982-47_327-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarr-SharrarBorza1982">Barr-Sharrar & Borza 1982</a>, E. Badian, "Greeks and Macedonians", p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadianWallaceHarris1996">Badian, Wallace & Harris 1996</a>, Peter Green, "The Metamorphosis of the Barbarian: Athenian Panhellenism in a Changing World", p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIsaac2004">Isaac 2004</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Neil2003">O'Neil 2003</a>, pp. 510–522. </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSansone2017">Sansone 2017</a>, Chapter 11: "The Transformation of the Greek World in the Fourth Century" (Section: "Philip II of Macedon and the Conquest of Greece"). </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalkin2001">Malkin 2001</a>, Chapter 6: Jonathan M. Hall, "Contested Ethnicities: Perceptions of Macedonia within Evolving Definitions of Greek Identity", p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 306. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBorza1992">Borza 1992</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-Worthington-2014-10-336"><a href="#cite_ref-Worthington-2014-10_336-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWorthington2014a">Worthington 2014a</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnson2010">Anson 2010</a>, pp. 14–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFilos2017" class="citation book cs1">Filos, Panagiotis (2017). "The Dialectal Variety of Epirus". Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects. <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110532135-013">10.1515/9783110532135-013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053213-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-053213-5"><bdi>978-3-11-053213-5</bdi></a>. <q>In general, the term 'barbarian' has often been used by Greek authors in a very broad sense referring not only to clearly non-Greek populations, but also to Greek populations on the fringe of the Greek world and/or with a particular linguistic character that may have partly arisen due to some substratum/adstratum interference (e.g Macedonia, Pamphylia).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dialectal+Variety+of+Epirus&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Ancient+Greek+Dialects&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110532135-013&rft.isbn=978-3-11-053213-5&rft.aulast=Filos&rft.aufirst=Panagiotis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelante_Bravo2012" class="citation book cs1">Delante Bravo, Chrostopher (2012). Chirping like the swallows: Aristophanes' portrayals of the barbarian "other". p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-248-96599-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-248-96599-3"><bdi>978-1-248-96599-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chirping+like+the+swallows%3A+Aristophanes%27+portrayals+of+the+barbarian+%22other%22&rft.pages=9&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-248-96599-3&rft.aulast=Delante+Bravo&rft.aufirst=Chrostopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaracchi2014" class="citation book cs1">Baracchi, Claudia (2014). The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0873-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-0873-9"><bdi>978-1-4411-0873-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Aristotle&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-0873-9&rft.aulast=Baracchi&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardmanGriffinMurray2001" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John; Griffin, Jasper; Murray, Oswyn, eds. (2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of Greece and the Hellenistic World. Oxford University Press. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Illustrated+History+of+Greece+and+the+Hellenistic+World&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Polybius, Histories, 9.37.7: "τότε μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἡγεμονίας καὶ δόξης ἐφιλοτιμεῖσθε πρὸς Ἀχαιοὺς καὶ Μακεδόνας ὁμοφύλους καὶ τὸν τούτων ἡγεμόνα Φίλιππον." </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWoodard2010">Woodard 2010</a>, pp. 9–10; Johannes Engels also discusses this ambiguity in ancient sources. See: <a href="#CITEREFEngels2010">Engels 2010</a>, pp. 83–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2017" class="citation book cs1">King, Carol J. (28 July 2017). Ancient Macedonia. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415827287" title="Special:BookSources/9780415827287"><bdi>9780415827287</bdi></a>. <q>Allowing that there were living in ancient Macedonia throughout the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods people who were Greek, people who were akin to Greeks, and people who were not Greek, if one seeks historical truth about an ancient people who have left no definitive record, one may have to let go of the hope for a definitive answer. The ancient Greeks themselves differentiated between "Greeks" and "Macedonians," and if the difference was not one of written language, then it ought to be constructive to consider what factors did differentiate the Macedonians—in the opinion of ancient Greeks.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.isbn=9780415827287&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHornblower2008">Hornblower 2008</a>, p. 58. "The question "Were the Macedonians Greeks?" perhaps needs to be chopped up further. The Macedonian kings emerge as Greeks by criterion one, namely shared blood, and personal names indicate that Macedonians generally moved north from Greece. The kings, the elite, and the generality of the Macedonians were Greeks by criteria two and three, that is, religion and language. Macedonian customs (criterion four) were in certain respects unlike those of a normal apart, perhaps, from the institutions which I have characterized as feudal. The crude one-word answer to the question has to be "yes." </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2010" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Winthrop Lindsay (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up">"Alexander's Successors to 221 BC"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 208–224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%27s+Successors+to+221+BC&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=208-224&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Winthrop+Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAncientMacedonia%2FAncient%2520Macedonia%23page%2Fn401%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldreteBartellAldrete2013" class="citation book cs1">Aldrete, Gregory S.; Bartell, Scott; Aldrete, Alicia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIrkd6EfuSwC">Reconstructing Ancient Linen Body Armor: Unraveling the Linothorax Mystery</a>. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0819-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0819-4"><bdi>978-1-4214-0819-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Ancient+Linen+Body+Armor%3A+Unraveling+the+Linothorax+Mystery&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4214-0819-4&rft.aulast=Aldrete&rft.aufirst=Gregory+S.&rft.au=Bartell%2C+Scott&rft.au=Aldrete%2C+Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIrkd6EfuSwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson2010" class="citation book cs1">Anson, Edward M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lkYFVJ3U-BIC&pg=PA14">"Why Study Ancient Macedonia and What This Companion is About"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Study+Ancient+Macedonia+and+What+This+Companion+is+About&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=3-20&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlkYFVJ3U-BIC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchibald2010" class="citation book cs1">Archibald, Zosia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up">"Macedonia and Thrace"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 326–341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonia+and+Thrace&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=326-341&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Archibald&rft.aufirst=Zosia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAncientMacedonia%2FAncient%2520Macedonia%23page%2Fn401%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley2004" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, J.R. (2004). The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359–323 B.C. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786419180" title="Special:BookSources/0786419180"><bdi>0786419180</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+Empire%3A+The+Era+of+Warfare+Under+Philip+II+and+Alexander+the+Great%2C+359%E2%80%93323+B.C.&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0786419180&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsirvatham2010" class="citation book cs1">Asirvatham, Sulochana R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up">"Perspectives on the Macedonians from Greece, Rome, and Beyond"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 99–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Perspectives+on+the+Macedonians+from+Greece%2C+Rome%2C+and+Beyond&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=99-124&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Asirvatham&rft.aufirst=Sulochana+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAncientMacedonia%2FAncient%2520Macedonia%23page%2Fn401%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadian1982" class="citation journal cs1">Badian, Ernst (1982). "Greeks and Macedonians". Studies in the History of Art. SYMPOSIUM SERIES I. 10. National Gallery of Art: 33–51. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42617918">42617918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+the+History+of+Art&rft.atitle=Greeks+and+Macedonians&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=33-51&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42617918%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadianWallaceHarris1996" class="citation book cs1">Badian, Ernst; Wallace, Robert W.; Harris, Edward Monroe (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Iv18QgAACAAJ">Transitions to Empire: Essays in Greco-Roman History, 360-146 B.C. in Honor of E. Badian</a>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2863-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2863-1"><bdi>0-8061-2863-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transitions+to+Empire%3A+Essays+in+Greco-Roman+History%2C+360-146+B.C.+in+Honor+of+E.+Badian&rft.place=Norman&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8061-2863-1&rft.aulast=Badian&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft.au=Wallace%2C+Robert+W.&rft.au=Harris%2C+Edward+Monroe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIv18QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr-SharrarBorza1982" class="citation book cs1">Barr-Sharrar, Beryl; Borza, Eugene N. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w-4wAQAAIAAJ">Macedonia and Greece in Late Classical and Early Hellenistic Times</a>. National Gallery of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89468-005-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-89468-005-6"><bdi>0-89468-005-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Macedonia+and+Greece+in+Late+Classical+and+Early+Hellenistic+Times&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Art&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-89468-005-6&rft.aulast=Barr-Sharrar&rft.aufirst=Beryl&rft.au=Borza%2C+Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw-4wAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeekes2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Beekes, Robert S. P.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lw7KxwEACAAJ">Etymological Dictionary of Greek</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32186-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-32186-1"><bdi>978-90-04-32186-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etymological+Dictionary+of+Greek&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-32186-1&rft.aulast=Beekes&rft.aufirst=Robert+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlw7KxwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBestde_Vries1989" class="citation book cs1">Best, Jan; de Vries, Nanny (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ucUAAAAIAAJ">Thracians and Mycenaeans: Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Thracology, Rotterdam, 24-26 September 1984</a>. 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Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-08864-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-08864-4"><bdi>90-04-08864-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thracians+and+Mycenaeans%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Fourth+International+Congress+of+Thracology%2C+Rotterdam%2C+24-26+September+1984&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=90-04-08864-4&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=de+Vries%2C+Nanny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ucUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoardman1982" class="citation book cs1">Boardman, John (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC">The Cambridge Ancient History - Volume 3, Part 1: The Prehistory of the Balkans and the Middle East and the Aegean World, Tenth to Eighth Centuries B.C.</a> Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22496-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22496-9"><bdi>0-521-22496-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+-+Volume+3%2C+Part+1%3A+The+Prehistory+of+the+Balkans+and+the+Middle+East+and+the+Aegean+World%2C+Tenth+to+Eighth+Centuries+B.C.&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-521-22496-9&rft.aulast=Boardman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXljf8JqmkoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorza1982" class="citation journal cs1">Borza, Eugene N. 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Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00880-9"><bdi>0-691-00880-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+Olympus%3A+The+Emergence+of+Macedon&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-691-00880-9&rft.aulast=Borza&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D614pd07OtfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorza1995" class="citation book cs1">Borza, Eugene N. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PGNoAAAAMAAJ">Makedonika</a>. Claremont, CA: Regina Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941690-64-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941690-64-5"><bdi>978-0-941690-64-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makedonika&rft.place=Claremont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Regina+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-941690-64-5&rft.aulast=Borza&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPGNoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorza1999" class="citation book cs1">Borza, Eugene N. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jdoAAAAMAAJ">Before Alexander: Constructing Early Macedonia</a>. Claremont, CA: Regina Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941690-96-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-941690-96-2"><bdi>0-941690-96-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Alexander%3A+Constructing+Early+Macedonia&rft.place=Claremont%2C+CA&rft.pub=Regina+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-941690-96-2&rft.aulast=Borza&rft.aufirst=Eugene+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jdoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBringmann2007" class="citation book cs1">Bringmann, Klaus (2007) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.polity.co.uk/book.asp?ref=9780745633701">A History of the Roman Republic</a>. 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Cambridge & Malden: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3371-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3371-8"><bdi>978-0-7456-3371-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge+%26+Malden&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3371-8&rft.aulast=Bringmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.polity.co.uk%2Fbook.asp%3Fref%3D9780745633701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockHodkinson2000" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Roger; Hodkinson, Stephen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HS-DAAAAMAAJ">Alternatives to Athens: Varieties of Political Organization and Community in Ancient Greece</a>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-815220-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-815220-5"><bdi>0-19-815220-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternatives+to+Athens%3A+Varieties+of+Political+Organization+and+Community+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-19-815220-5&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Hodkinson%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHS-DAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant1996" class="citation book cs1">Bryant, Joseph M. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCM9D9fyCoQC">Moral Codes and Social Structure in Ancient Greece: A Sociology of Greek Ethics from Homer to the Epicureans and Stoics</a>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3042-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3042-1"><bdi>0-7914-3042-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Codes+and+Social+Structure+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Sociology+of+Greek+Ethics+from+Homer+to+the+Epicureans+and+Stoics&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-7914-3042-1&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCM9D9fyCoQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler2008" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Margaret Erwin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gradworks.umi.com/33/13/3313538.html">Of Swords and Strigils: Social Change in Ancient Macedon</a>. 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Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960134-9"><bdi>978-0-19-960134-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960134-9&rft.aulast=Cartledge&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DViqDNE-igH4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCawkwell1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Cawkwell" title="George Cawkwell">Cawkwell, George</a> (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-mUQgAACAAJ">Philip of Macedon</a>. London, UK: <a href="/wiki/Faber_%26_Faber" title="Faber & Faber">Faber & Faber</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-10958-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-571-10958-6"><bdi>0-571-10958-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+of+Macedon&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-571-10958-6&rft.aulast=Cawkwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk-mUQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamoux2002" class="citation book cs1">Chamoux, François (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1kr4YGTA2AC">Hellenistic Civilization</a>. 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Cultural Politics in Polybius's Histories. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23764-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23764-1"><bdi>0-520-23764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Politics+in+Polybius%27s+Histories&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-520-23764-1&rft.aulast=Champion&rft.aufirst=Craige+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristesenMurray2010" class="citation book cs1">Christesen, Paul; Murray, Sarah C. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AncientMacedonia/Ancient%20Macedonia#page/n401/mode/2up">"Macedonian Religion"</a>. In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 428–445. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonian+Religion&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=428-445&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=Christesen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Murray%2C+Sarah+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAncientMacedonia%2FAncient%2520Macedonia%23page%2Fn401%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristidēsArapopoulouChritē2007" class="citation book cs1">Christidēs, Anastasios-Phoivos; Arapopoulou, Maria; Chritē, Maria (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJbd0m6YaFkC">A History of Ancient Greek: From the Beginnings to Late Antiquity</a>. 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London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93706-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-93706-2"><bdi>978-1-138-93706-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristotle%3A+New+Light+on+His+Life+and+on+Some+of+His+Lost+Works%2C+Volume+1%3A+Some+Novel+Interpretations+of+the+Man+and+His+Life&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-93706-2&rft.aulast=Chroust&rft.aufirst=Anton-Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMVgCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2010" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Ada (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nX8F_ZV83vUC">Art in the Era of Alexander the Great: Paradigms of Manhood and Their Cultural Traditions</a>. 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Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8229-6084-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8229-6084-2"><bdi>0-8229-6084-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great&rft.place=Pittsburgh%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8229-6084-2&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqi0iL6r7v2IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2001" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eW0iAQAAIAAJ">Collected Studies: Further Studies on Various Topics</a>. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hakkert.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collected+Studies%3A+Further+Studies+on+Various+Topics&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeW0iAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1993" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwiAQAAIAAJ">Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander</a>. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Hakkert. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789025610500" title="Special:BookSources/9789025610500"><bdi>9789025610500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+concerning+Epirus+and+Macedonia+before+Alexander&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=Hakkert&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9789025610500&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWwiAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1991" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1991). The Miracle that was Macedonia. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-283-99910-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-283-99910-1"><bdi>0-283-99910-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Miracle+that+was+Macedonia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-283-99910-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond1989" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4jRoAAAAMAAJ">The Macedonian State: Origins, Institutions, and History</a>. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814883-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814883-6"><bdi>0-19-814883-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+State%3A+Origins%2C+Institutions%2C+and+History&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-814883-6&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4jRoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondGriffith1979" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6nEJAQAAIAAJ">A History of Macedonia: 550-336 B.C.</a> Vol. II. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814814-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814814-3"><bdi>0-19-814814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia%3A+550-336+B.C.&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-19-814814-3&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Guy+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6nEJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondGriffith1972" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnEJAQAAIAAJ">A History of Macedonia: Historical Geography and Prehistory</a>. Vol. I. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198142942" title="Special:BookSources/9780198142942"><bdi>9780198142942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia%3A+Historical+Geography+and+Prehistory&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780198142942&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.au=Griffith%2C+Guy+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPnEJAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondWalbank1988" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Walbank, Frank William (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qpb3JdwuDQIC">A History of Macedonia: Volume III, 336-167 B.C.</a> Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814815-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814815-1"><bdi>0-19-814815-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Macedonia%3A+Volume+III%2C+336-167+B.C.&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-19-814815-1&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+Geoffrey+Lempri%C3%A8re&rft.au=Walbank%2C+Frank+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqpb3JdwuDQIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondWalbank2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._G._L._Hammond" title="N. 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Athens, Greece: Proceedings of the 11th International Congress: 1796–1807. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.12681%2Fbgsg.17141">10.12681/bgsg.17141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+Greece&rft.atitle=Characterisation+of+Mycenaean+and+Matt-Painted+Pottery+from+Aiani%2C+Ancient+Upper+Macedonia%2C+Greece&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1796-1807&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.12681%2Fbgsg.17141&rft.aulast=Iordanidis&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Garcia-Guinea%2C+J.&rft.au=Karamitrou-Mentessidi%2C+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeolib.geo.auth.gr%2Fdigeo%2Findex.php%2Fbgsg%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F4527%2F4346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaramitrou-Mentessidi2007" class="citation web cs1">Karamitrou-Mentessidi, Georgia (16 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071015083128/http://aegeobalkanprehistory.net/article.php?id_art=6">"The Late Bronze Age in Aiani"</a>. 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Oxford, Chichester, & Malden: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 373–391. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-7936-2"><bdi>978-1-4051-7936-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macedonian+Kingship+and+Other+Political+Institutions&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford%2C+Chichester%2C+%26+Malden&rft.pages=373-391&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-7936-2&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Carol+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAncientMacedonia%2FAncient%2520Macedonia%23page%2Fn401%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinzl2010" class="citation book cs1">Kinzl, Konrad H. 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New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge (Taylor & Francis). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10617-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10617-6"><bdi>0-415-10617-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+The+Invisible+Enemy+-+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge+%28Taylor+%26+Francis%29&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-415-10617-6&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=John+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY9bF60I5pAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Neil2003" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neil, James L. (2003). 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New York, New York and London, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-31717-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-31717-7"><bdi>0-415-31717-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York+and+London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-31717-7&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjXve_I_7u8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapazoglou2000" class="citation journal cs1">Papazoglou, Fanoula (2000). "Le Language Macėdoniene Antique". 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Cambridge, UK: Heffer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85270-076-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85270-076-8"><bdi>0-85270-076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+and+Athens&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Heffer&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-85270-076-8&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds5sgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlman2000" class="citation book cs1">Perlman, Paula (2000). City and Sanctuary in Ancient Greece: The Theorodokia in the Peloponnese. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3525252185" title="Special:BookSources/978-3525252185"><bdi>978-3525252185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+and+Sanctuary+in+Ancient+Greece%3A+The+Theorodokia+in+the+Peloponnese&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3525252185&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiening2013" class="citation book cs1">Piening, H. (2013). "Mobile UV-VIS Absorption Spectrometry Investigations in the "Alexander-Sarcophagus" in Istanbul". 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Heidelberg, New York, & London: RILEM & Springer. pp. 1179–1186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0722-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0722-1"><bdi>978-94-007-0722-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mobile+UV-VIS+Absorption+Spectrometry+Investigations+in+the+%22Alexander-Sarcophagus%22+in+Istanbul&rft.btitle=Nondestructive+Testing+of+Materials+and+Structures%3A+Proceedings+of+NDTMS-2011%2C+Istanbul+Turkey%2C+May+15%E2%80%9318+2011%2C+Part+1&rft.place=Heidelberg%2C+New+York%2C+%26+London&rft.pages=1179-1186&rft.pub=RILEM+%26+Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0722-1&rft.aulast=Piening&rft.aufirst=H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhwYObrHGMj4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPragQuinn2013" class="citation book cs1">Prag, Johnathan R. 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Amsterdam, the Netherlands: J. C. Gieben. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5063-407-9" title="Special:BookSources/90-5063-407-9"><bdi>90-5063-407-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%CE%94%CE%99%CE%9F%CE%9D%CE%A5%CE%A3%CE%9F%CE%A6%CE%A9%CE%9D%CE%A4%CE%9F%CE%A3+%CE%93%CE%91%CE%9C%CE%9F%CE%99%3A+Marital+Life+and+Magic+in+Fourth+Century+Pella&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+the+Netherlands&rft.pub=J.+C.+Gieben&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=90-5063-407-9&rft.aulast=Voutiras&rft.aufirst=Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTRmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitley2007" class="citation book cs1">Whitley, James (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njOKqvpRrh4C">The Archaeology of Ancient Greece</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62733-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62733-7"><bdi>978-0-521-62733-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-62733-7&rft.aulast=Whitley&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjOKqvpRrh4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John J. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Nv6SPRKqs8C">The Illyrians</a>. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19807-5"><bdi>0-631-19807-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-631-19807-5&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Nv6SPRKqs8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008a" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-f_jwCgmeUC">The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68496-5"><bdi>978-0-521-68496-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Asia+Minor&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68496-5&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-f_jwCgmeUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2010" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2010) [2008]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1">"Language in Ancient Europe: an Introduction"</a>. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). The Ancient Languages of Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientlanguages00roge/page/1">1–13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68495-8"><bdi>978-0-521-68495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+in+Ancient+Europe%3A+an+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68495-8&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientlanguages00roge%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodard2008b" class="citation book cs1">Woodard, Roger D. (2008b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPEENAEp938C">The Ancient Languages of Europe</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-68495-8"><bdi>978-0-521-68495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Languages+of+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-68495-8&rft.aulast=Woodard&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPEENAEp938C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2014a" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2014a) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnQABAAAQBAJ">Alexander the Great: Man and God</a>. New York, NY: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86644-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86644-2"><bdi>978-1-317-86644-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+Man+and+God&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86644-2&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnQABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2003" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dJRvJjKeijoC">Alexander the Great: A Reader</a>. London, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29187-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-29187-3"><bdi>978-0-415-29187-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-29187-3&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdJRvJjKeijoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2008" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CZsTAQAAIAAJ">Philip II of Macedonia</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12079-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12079-0"><bdi>978-0-300-12079-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+II+of+Macedonia&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12079-0&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCZsTAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2012" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxqpAgAAQBAJ">Alexander the Great: a Reader</a> (2nd ed.). London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66742-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-66742-5"><bdi>978-0-415-66742-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great%3A+a+Reader&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-66742-5&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxqpAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorthington2014b" class="citation book cs1">Worthington, Ian (2014b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vnGVAwAAQBAJ">By the Spear: Philip II, Alexander the Great, and the Rise and Fall of the Macedonian Empire</a>. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992986-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992986-3"><bdi>978-0-19-992986-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Spear%3A+Philip+II%2C+Alexander+the+Great%2C+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Macedonian+Empire&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992986-3&rft.aulast=Worthington&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvnGVAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZacharia2008" class="citation book cs1">Zacharia, Katerina (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H1fGJRxUG6wC">Hellenisms: Culture, Identity, and Ethnicity from Antiquity to Modernity</a>. Hampshire, England: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6525-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6525-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-6525-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hellenisms%3A+Culture%2C+Identity%2C+and+Ethnicity+from+Antiquity+to+Modernity&rft.place=Hampshire%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6525-0&rft.aulast=Zacharia&rft.aufirst=Katerina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH1fGJRxUG6wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnson1984" class="citation journal cs1">Anson, Edward M. (1984). "The Meaning of the Term Macedones". Ancient World. 10: 67–68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+World&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+the+Term+Macedones&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=67-68&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Anson&rft.aufirst=Edward+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldry1959" class="citation book cs1">Baldry, H. C. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G1dwAAAAIAAJ">Greek Literature for the Modern Reader</a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Literature+for+the+Modern+Reader&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Baldry&rft.aufirst=H.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG1dwAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaracchi2014" class="citation book cs1">Baracchi, Claudia, ed. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7EBDAgAAQBAJ">The Bloomsbury Companion to Aristotle</a>. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4854-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4854-4"><bdi>978-1-4411-4854-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloomsbury+Companion+to+Aristotle&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4854-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7EBDAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2010" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Terry (2010). Aspects of Greek History: A Source-Based Approach. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28184-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-28184-7"><bdi>978-1-135-28184-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Greek+History%3A+A+Source-Based+Approach&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-28184-7&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastelnuovo2002" class="citation book cs1">Castelnuovo, Luisa Moscati (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YdsaAAAAYAAJ">Identità e Prassi Storica nel Mediterraneo Greco</a>. Milan, Italy: Et. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-86752-20-2" title="Special:BookSources/88-86752-20-2"><bdi>88-86752-20-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identit%C3%A0+e+Prassi+Storica+nel+Mediterraneo+Greco&rft.place=Milan%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Et&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=88-86752-20-2&rft.aulast=Castelnuovo&rft.aufirst=Luisa+Moscati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYdsaAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosslandBirchall1974" class="citation book cs1">Crossland, R. A.; Birchall, Ann (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=WkH5Tcv8BonVgAfq7KyuDA">Bronze Age Migrations in the Aegean: Archaeological and Linguistic Problems in Greek Prehistory</a>. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8155-5022-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8155-5022-7"><bdi>0-8155-5022-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bronze+Age+Migrations+in+the+Aegean%3A+Archaeological+and+Linguistic+Problems+in+Greek+Prehistory&rft.place=Park+Ridge%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Noyes+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-8155-5022-7&rft.aulast=Crossland&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft.au=Birchall%2C+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fei%3DWkH5Tcv8BonVgAfq7KyuDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunstan2000" class="citation book cs1">Dunstan, William E. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bXQLAAAACAAJ">Ancient Greece</a>. Fort Worth, Texas: Harcourt College Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-507383-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-507383-4"><bdi>0-15-507383-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Greece&rft.place=Fort+Worth%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Harcourt+College+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-15-507383-4&rft.aulast=Dunstan&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbXQLAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Green, Peter (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HlhvoI2T_YYC">Alexander of Macedon 356-323 B.C.: A Historical Biography</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07166-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07166-2"><bdi>0-520-07166-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+of+Macedon+356-323+B.C.%3A+A+Historical+Biography&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-07166-2&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHlhvoI2T_YYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatzopoulos2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hatzopoulos, Miltiades (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia-evidence.org/identity.html">"Perception of the Self and the Other: The Case of Macedon"</a>. Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposion on Ancient Macedonia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Seventh+International+Symposion+on+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.atitle=Perception+of+the+Self+and+the+Other%3A+The+Case+of+Macedon&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Hatzopoulos&rft.aufirst=Miltiades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmacedonia-evidence.org%2Fidentity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan-MontojoPedersen2007" class="citation book cs1">Pan-Montojo, Juan; Pedersen, Frederik, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T7aH-tU3x3UC">Communities in European History: Representations, Jurisdictions, Conflicts</a>. Pisa, Italy: Edizioni Plus – Pisa University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-462-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8492-462-9"><bdi>978-88-8492-462-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities+in+European+History%3A+Representations%2C+Jurisdictions%2C+Conflicts&rft.place=Pisa%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Edizioni+Plus+%E2%80%93+Pisa+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-88-8492-462-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT7aH-tU3x3UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAncient+Macedonians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/maa-mam/macedonia/macedonia.html">Ancient Macedonia at Livius Ancient History'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183445/http://www.livius.org/maa-mam/macedonia/macedonia.html">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://macedonia-evidence.org/persians.html">Demetrius C. Evangelides – "The Yaunã Takabara and the Ancient Macedonians"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashmolean.org/exhibitions/current/?timing=current&id=57&exhibitionYear=2011">Heracles to Alexander The Great: Treasures From The Royal Capital of Macedon, A Hellenic Kingdom in the Age of Democracy (Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, University of Oxford)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonians&oldid=1258842650">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonians&oldid=1258842650</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Macedonians&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 21 November 2024, at 22:57 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="المقدونيون القدماء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المقدونيون القدماء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigos_macedonyos" title="Antigos macedonyos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Antigos macedonyos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99dim_makedoniyal%C4%B1lar" title="Qədim makedoniyalılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qədim makedoniyalılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="قدیم مقدونیهلی‌‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قدیم مقدونیهلی‌‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Старажытныя македонцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытныя македонцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Древни македонци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Древни македонци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antics_macedonis" title="Antics macedonis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antics macedonis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starov%C4%9Bc%C3%AD_Makedonci" title="Starověcí Makedonci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Starověcí Makedonci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antike_Makedonen" title="Antike Makedonen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antike Makedonen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B1%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%B9_%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αρχαίοι Μακεδόνες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρχαίοι Μακεδόνες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiguos_macedonios" title="Antiguos macedonios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antiguos macedonios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مقدونیان باستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مقدونیان باستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%8C%80_%EB%A7%88%EC%BC%80%EB%8F%84%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="고대 마케도니아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고대 마케도니아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Makedonia_Kuno" title="Suku Makedonia Kuno – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Makedonia Kuno" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedoni_(popolo_antico)" title="Macedoni (popolo antico) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Macedoni (popolo antico)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ძველი მაკედონელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძველი მაკედონელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikiniai_makedonai" title="Antikiniai makedonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antikiniai makedonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maked%C3%B3nok" title="Makedónok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Makedónok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Антички Македонци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антички Македонци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigos_maced%C3%B3nios" title="Antigos macedónios – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Antigos macedónios" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedoni%C3%ABrs_(oudheid)" title="Macedoniërs (oudheid) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Macedoniërs (oudheid)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigos_maced%C3%B4nios" title="Antigos macedônios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antigos macedônios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqedon%C3%ABt_e_lasht%C3%AB" title="Maqedonët e lashtë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maqedonët e lashtë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maced%C3%B3nci_(starovek%C3%BD_n%C3%A1rod)" title="Macedónci (staroveký národ) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Macedónci (staroveký národ)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Антички Македонци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антички Македонци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antik_Makedonlar" title="Antik Makedonlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antik Makedonlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Македоняни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Македоняни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E4%BA%BA" title="古马其顿人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古马其顿人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 22:57 (UTC).</li> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-tfx7h","wgBackendResponseTime":295,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.632","walltime":"2.958","ppvisitednodes":{"value":20945,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":518034,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8223,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":55,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":592597,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2451.755 1 -total"," 29.67% 727.459 133 Template:Cite_book"," 28.48% 698.268 4 Template:Reflist"," 10.26% 251.500 312 Template:Harvnb"," 6.43% 157.625 9 Template:Sfn"," 6.05% 148.347 1 Template:Ancient_Greece_topics"," 5.93% 145.425 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 5.02% 123.168 3 Template:Refn"," 4.49% 109.978 2 Template:Short_description"," 4.42% 108.266 3 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[\"CITEREFBrockHodkinson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryant1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCartledge2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastelnuovo2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCawkwell1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamoux2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChampion2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristesenMurray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristidēsArapopoulouChritē2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChroust2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCookAdcockCharlesworth1928\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosmopoulos1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrespo2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCrosslandBirchall1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalby1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanforth1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaskalakis1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelante_Bravo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDosuna2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunstan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEckstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErrington1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFine1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelberg2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherWees1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGagarin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarrett1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorgiev1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGiannakis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGraninger2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwalt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamilton1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondGriffith1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondGriffith1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondWalbank1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammondWalbank2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardiman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarle1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatzopoulos1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatzopoulos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatzopoulos2011a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatzopoulos2011b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatzopoulos2017\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHatzopoulos2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHead2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorejs2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornblower2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornblower2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornblowerMatthewsFraser2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIordanidisGarcia-GuineaKaramitrou-Mentessidi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoint_Association_of_Classical_Teachers1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaramitrou-Mentessidi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKate_Müser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKinzl2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKristinsson2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDowell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkin1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasson2003\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMassonDubois2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatzinger2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier-BrüggerFritzMayrhofer2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNawotka2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Brien1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neil2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlbrycht2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsborne2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPan-MontojoPedersen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapazoglou1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapazoglou2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlman1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerlman2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPiening2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPragQuinn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoisman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakellariou1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSakellariou1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSansone2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawada2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnodgrass2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSprawski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTheodossiev2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToynbee1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToynbee1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrudgill2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderpool1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoutiras1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhitley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2008b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodard2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2014a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorthington2014b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZacharia2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Ancient Greece topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 5,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 133,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite speech\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 12,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 312,\n [\"Hatnote\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox ethnic group\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 22,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n 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