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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East_and_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East_and_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Middle East and Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East_and_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Americas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Current use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Obsidian</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%AC_(%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%85)" title="سبج (حجر كريم) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سبج (حجر كريم)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiana" title="Obsidiana – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Obsidiana" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Абсідыян – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Абсідыян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Абсыдыян – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Абсыдыян" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Обсидиан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Обсидиан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiana" title="Obsidiana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Obsidiana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidi%C3%A1n" title="Obsidián – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obsidián" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ussidiana" title="Ussidiana – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ussidiana" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiaan" title="Obsidiaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Obsidiaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%88%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Οψιανός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οψιανός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiana" title="Obsidiana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Obsidiana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiano" title="Obsidiano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Obsidiano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiana" title="Obsidiana – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Obsidiana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ابسیدین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابسیدین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidienne" title="Obsidienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Obsidienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiaan" title="Obsidiaan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Obsidiaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsaidian" title="Obsaidian – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Obsaidian" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiana" title="Obsidiana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Obsidiana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%9A%94%EC%84%9D" title="흑요석 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑요석" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF" title="Վանակատ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վանակատ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A" title="ज्वालाकाच – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वालाकाच" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsidijan" title="Opsidijan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opsidijan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiano" title="Obsidiano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Obsidiano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_kendan" title="Batu kendan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu kendan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrafntinna" title="Hrafntinna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hrafntinna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossidiana" title="Ossidiana – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ossidiana" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="אובסידיאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אובסידיאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ობსიდიანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ობსიდიანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Обсидиан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Обсидиан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_obsidianus" title="Lapis obsidianus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lapis obsidianus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidi%C4%81ns" title="Obsidiāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Obsidiāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidianas" title="Obsidianas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Obsidianas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obszidi%C3%A1n" title="Obszidián – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Obszidián" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Опсидијан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Опсидијан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الاوبسيديان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاوبسيديان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiaan" title="Obsidiaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Obsidiaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E6%9B%9C%E7%9F%B3" title="黒曜石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒曜石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B3%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اوبسیڈین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اوبسیڈین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%8A%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ابسيډين – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ابسيډين" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsydian" title="Obsydian – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obsydian" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiana" title="Obsidiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Obsidiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27ispi_rumi" title="Q'ispi rumi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'ispi rumi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Обсидиан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Обсидиан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidi%C3%A1n" title="Obsidián – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Obsidián" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%95%D9%86" title="ئابسیدیەن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئابسیدیەن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Опсидијан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсидијан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsidijan" title="Opsidijan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsidijan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiaani" title="Obsidiaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Obsidiaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Obsidian" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiyano" title="Obsidiyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Obsidiyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="หินออบซิเดียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินออบซิเดียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidyen" title="Obsidyen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Obsidyen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Обсидіан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Обсидіан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A1_v%E1%BB%8F_chai" title="Đá vỏ chai – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đá vỏ chai" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidiyano" title="Obsidiyano – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Obsidiyano" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9B%9C%E5%B2%A9" title="黑曜岩 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="黑曜岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9B%9C%E5%B2%A9" title="黑曜岩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑曜岩" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Naturally occurring volcanic glass</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Obsidian (disambiguation)">Obsidian (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:black; background-color: #dddddd">Obsidian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lipari-Obsidienne_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/220px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/330px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg/440px-Lipari-Obsidienne_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #dddddd">General</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Category</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">Volcanic glass</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:black; background-color: #dddddd">Identification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Color</th><td class="infobox-data">usually black; sometimes green or brown; rarely yellow, orange, red or blue<sup id="cite_ref-Geolcom_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geolcom-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">Fracture</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conchoidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Conchoidal">Conchoidal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">hardness</span></th><td class="infobox-data">5–6<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(mineralogy)" title="Lustre (mineralogy)">Luster</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_lustre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitreous lustre">Vitreous</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">Specific gravity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">c. 2.4<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Optical properties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Translucent" class="mw-redirect" title="Translucent">Translucent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other characteristics</th><td class="infobox-data">Texture: Smooth; glassy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Obsidian</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span></span>-/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">əb-<span style="font-size:90%">SID</span>-ee-ən ob-</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_glass" title="Volcanic glass">volcanic glass</a> formed when <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> <a href="/wiki/Extrusive_rock" title="Extrusive rock">extruded</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> cools rapidly with minimal <a href="/wiki/Crystal_growth" title="Crystal growth">crystal growth</a>. It is an <a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">igneous rock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Produced from <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> lava, obsidian is rich in the lighter elements such as <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, aluminum, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. It is commonly found within the margins of <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolitic</a> lava flows known as obsidian flows. These flows have a high content of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silica</a>, giving them a high <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>. The high viscosity inhibits <a href="/wiki/Atomic_diffusion" title="Atomic diffusion">diffusion of atoms</a> through the lava, which inhibits the first step (<a href="/wiki/Nucleation" title="Nucleation">nucleation</a>) in the formation of mineral <a href="/wiki/Crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystals">crystals</a>. Together with rapid cooling, this results in a natural glass forming from the lava.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obsidian is hard, <a href="/wiki/Brittleness" title="Brittleness">brittle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amorphous" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorphous">amorphous</a>; it therefore <a href="/wiki/Fracture_(mineralogy)#Conchoidal_fracture" title="Fracture (mineralogy)">fractures</a> with sharp edges. In the past, it was used to manufacture cutting and piercing tools, and it has been used experimentally as surgical <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpel</a> blades.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_properties">Origin and properties</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ObsidianDomeCA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ObsidianDomeCA.JPG/220px-ObsidianDomeCA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ObsidianDomeCA.JPG/330px-ObsidianDomeCA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/ObsidianDomeCA.JPG/440px-ObsidianDomeCA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Obsidian <a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">talus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Dome,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsidian Dome, California">Obsidian Dome, California</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG/220px-Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG/330px-Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG/440px-Schneeflockenobsidian-Daumenstein.JPG 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Polished snowflake obsidian, formed through the inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a> crystals</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i> by the Roman writer <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> includes a few sentences about a volcanic glass called obsidian (<i>lapis obsidianus</i>), discovered in Ethiopia by Obsidius, a Roman explorer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obsidian is formed from quickly cooled <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, which is the <a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">parent material</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Svarney_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Svarney-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Società_Italiana_di_Fisica_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Società_Italiana_di_Fisica-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extrusive formation of obsidian may occur when <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a> lava cools rapidly at the edges of a felsic lava flow or volcanic dome, or when lava cools during sudden contact with water or air. Intrusive formation of obsidian may occur when felsic lava cools along the edges of a <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dike</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tektite" title="Tektite">Tektites</a> were once thought by many to be obsidian produced by <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">lunar</a> volcanic eruptions,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though few scientists now adhere to this <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obsidian is mineral-like, but not a true mineral because, as a glass, it is not <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystalline</a>; in addition, its composition is too variable to be classified as a mineral. It is sometimes classified as a <a href="/wiki/Mineraloid" title="Mineraloid">mineraloid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HandbookSoil_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HandbookSoil-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though obsidian is usually dark in color, similar to <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> rocks such as <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, the composition of obsidian is extremely felsic. Obsidian consists mainly of SiO<sub>2</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">silicon dioxide</a>), usually 70% by weight or more; the remainder consists of variable amounts of other oxides, mostly oxides of aluminum, iron, potassium, sodium and calcium.<sup id="cite_ref-Liritzis2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liritzis2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shackley_2022_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shackley_2022-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crystalline rocks with a similar composition include <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>. Because obsidian is <a href="/wiki/Metastability" title="Metastability">metastable</a> at the Earth's surface (over time the glass <a href="/wiki/Devitrification" title="Devitrification">devitrifies</a>, becoming fine-grained mineral crystals), obsidian older than <a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene</a> in age is rare. Exceptionally old obsidians include a <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> welded tuff and a partially devitrified <a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician</a> <a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This transformation of obsidian is accelerated by the presence of water. Although newly formed obsidian has a low water content, typically less than 1% water by weight,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it becomes progressively <a href="/wiki/Mineral_hydration" title="Mineral hydration">hydrated</a> when exposed to <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Perlite" title="Perlite">perlite</a>. </p><p>Pure obsidian is usually dark in appearance, though the color varies depending on the impurities present. Iron and other <a href="/wiki/Transition_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition element">transition elements</a> may give the obsidian a dark brown to black color. Most black obsidians contain <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoinclusions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Iron_oxide" title="Iron oxide">iron oxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-genesis_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genesis-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Very few samples of obsidian are nearly colorless. In some stones, the <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusion</a> of small, white, radially clustered crystals (<a href="/wiki/Spherulites" class="mw-redirect" title="Spherulites">spherulites</a>) of the mineral <a href="/wiki/Cristobalite" title="Cristobalite">cristobalite</a> in the black glass produce a blotchy or snowflake pattern (<i>snowflake obsidian</i>). Obsidian may contain patterns of gas bubbles remaining from the lava flow, aligned along layers created as the molten rock was flowing before being cooled. These bubbles can produce interesting effects such as a golden sheen (<i>sheen obsidian</i>). An <a href="/wiki/Iridescence" title="Iridescence">iridescent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainbow" title="Rainbow">rainbow</a>-like sheen (<i>fire obsidian</i>) is caused by inclusions of <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a> creating <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">thin-film interference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colorful, striped obsidian (<i>rainbow obsidian</i>) from Mexico contains oriented <a href="/wiki/Nanorod" title="Nanorod">nanorods</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hedenbergite" title="Hedenbergite">hedenbergite</a>, which cause the rainbow striping effects by <a href="/wiki/Thin-film_interference" title="Thin-film interference">thin-film interference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-genesis_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genesis-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg/220px-Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg/330px-Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg/440px-Glass_Mountain_on_Medicine_Lake_Volcano-750px.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>Glass Mountain, a large obsidian flow at <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_Volcano" title="Medicine Lake Volcano">Medicine Lake Volcano</a> in California</figcaption></figure> <p>Obsidian is found near volcanoes in locations which have undergone rhyolitic eruptions. It can be found in Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, Australia,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada, Chile, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a>, Greece, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, Iceland, <a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Indonesia" title="List of volcanoes in Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Italy, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, Mexico, New Zealand, <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, Peru, <a href="/wiki/Volcanoes_of_Kamchatka" title="Volcanoes of Kamchatka">Russia</a>, Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and the United States. Obsidian flows which are so large that they can be <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiked</a> on are found within the <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Newberry_Volcano" title="Newberry Volcano">Newberry Volcano</a> (Big Obsidian Flow,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 700 acres) and <a href="/wiki/Medicine_Lake_Volcano" title="Medicine Lake Volcano">Medicine Lake Volcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Range" title="Cascade Range">Cascade Range</a> of western North America, and at <a href="/wiki/Inyo_Craters" class="mw-redirect" title="Inyo Craters">Inyo Craters</a> east of the Sierra Nevada in California. <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> has a mountainside containing obsidian located between <a href="/wiki/Mammoth_Hot_Springs" title="Mammoth Hot Springs">Mammoth Hot Springs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norris_Geyser_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Norris Geyser Basin">Norris Geyser Basin</a>, and deposits can be found in many other western U.S. states including <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">Idaho</a>. </p><p>There are only four major deposit areas in the central Mediterranean: <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palmarola" title="Palmarola">Palmarola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monte_Arci" title="Monte Arci">Monte Arci</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient sources in the Aegean were <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyali" title="Gyali">Gyali</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E_Blake,_A_B_Knapp-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ac%C4%B1g%C3%B6l" title="Acıgöl">Acıgöl</a> town and the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ll%C3%BC_Da%C4%9F" title="Göllü Dağ">Göllü Dağ</a> volcano were the most important sources in central <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, one of the more important source areas in the <a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">prehistoric Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistoric_and_historical_use">Prehistoric and historical use</h2></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="prehistoric_use_anchor"></span> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrowhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Arrowhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="168" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Obsidian <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowhead</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first known archaeological evidence of usage was in <a href="/wiki/Kariandusi" title="Kariandusi">Kariandusi</a> (Kenya) and other sites of the <a href="/wiki/Acheulian" class="mw-redirect" title="Acheulian">Acheulian</a> age (beginning 1.5 million years BP) dated 700,000 BC, although only very few objects have been found at these sites relative to the Neolithic.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacture of obsidian bladelets at <a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipari</a> had reached a high level of sophistication by the late Neolithic, and was traded as far as Sicily, the southern Po river valley, and Croatia.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsidian bladelets were used in ritual <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcisions</a> and cutting of umbilical cords of newborns.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anatolian sources of obsidian are known to have been the material used in the Levant and modern-day Iraqi Kurdistan from a time beginning sometime about 12,500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsidian artifacts are common at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Brak" title="Tell Brak">Tell Brak</a>, one of the earliest Mesopotamian urban centers, dating to the late fifth millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsidian was valued in <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> cultures because, like <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a>, it could be fractured to produce sharp blades or arrowheads in a process called <a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">knapping</a>. Like all glass and some other naturally occurring rocks, obsidian breaks with a characteristic <a href="/wiki/Conchoidal_fracture" title="Conchoidal fracture">conchoidal fracture</a>. It was also polished to create early <a href="/wiki/Mirror" title="Mirror">mirrors</a>. Modern <a href="/wiki/Archaeologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologists">archaeologists</a> have developed a <a href="/wiki/Relative_dating" title="Relative dating">relative dating</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">obsidian hydration dating</a>, to calculate the age of obsidian <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3></div> <p>Obsidian artifacts first appeared in the European continent in Central Europe in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a> and had become common by the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a>, although there are exceptions to this. Obsidian played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">transmission of Neolithic knowledge and experiences</a>. The material was mainly used for production of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chipped_tools&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chipped tools (page does not exist)">chipped tools</a> which were very sharp due to its nature. Artifacts made of obsidian can be found in many Neolithic cultures across Europe. The source of obsidian for cultures inhabiting the territory of and around Greece was the island of <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo%E2%80%93K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s%E2%80%93Cri%C8%99_culture" title="Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture">Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture</a> obtained obsidian from sources in Hungary and Slovakia, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cardium_(pottery)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cardium (pottery) (page does not exist)">Cardium</a>-Impresso cultural complex acquired obsidian from the island outcrops of the central <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. Through trade, these artifacts ended up in lands thousands of kilometers away from the original source; this indicates that they were a highly valued commodity.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a> had a mirror, made of obsidian, which was brought from Mexico to Europe between 1527 and 1530 after Hernando Cortés's conquest of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-bl.uk_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl.uk-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East_and_Asia">Middle East and Asia</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20141231_155025-_Prehistoric-_Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/20141231_155025-_Prehistoric-_Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg/220px-20141231_155025-_Prehistoric-_Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/20141231_155025-_Prehistoric-_Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg/330px-20141231_155025-_Prehistoric-_Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/20141231_155025-_Prehistoric-_Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg/440px-20141231_155025-_Prehistoric-_Obsidian-Turkey-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>Obsidian tools from Tilkitepe, Turkey, 5th millennium BC. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations" title="Museum of Anatolian Civilizations">Museum of Anatolian Civilizations</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> in the <a href="/wiki/5th_millennium_BC" title="5th millennium BC">5th millennium BC</a>, blades were manufactured from obsidian extracted from outcrops located in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptians</a> used obsidian imported from the eastern Mediterranean and southern <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> regions. Obsidian <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpels</a> older than 2100 BC have been found in a Bronze Age settlement in Turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eastern Mediterranean area the material was used to make tools, mirrors and decorative objects.<sup id="cite_ref-George_Robert_Rapp_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-George_Robert_Rapp-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of obsidian tools was present in Japan near areas of volcanic activity.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsidian was <a href="/wiki/Hoshikuso_Pass_obsidian_mine_site" title="Hoshikuso Pass obsidian mine site">mined during the Jōmon period</a>. </p><p>Obsidian has also been found in <a href="/wiki/Gilat" title="Gilat">Gilat</a>, a site in the western <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> in Israel. Eight obsidian artifacts dating to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> Age found at this site were traced to obsidian sources in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysis" title="Neutron activation analysis">Neutron activation analysis</a> (NAA) on the obsidian found at this site helped to reveal trade routes and exchange networks previously unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americas">Americas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Obsidian use in Mesoamerica">Obsidian use in Mesoamerica</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ObsidianWareLopezMAPHidalgo2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ObsidianWareLopezMAPHidalgo2.JPG/220px-ObsidianWareLopezMAPHidalgo2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ObsidianWareLopezMAPHidalgo2.JPG/330px-ObsidianWareLopezMAPHidalgo2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/ObsidianWareLopezMAPHidalgo2.JPG/440px-ObsidianWareLopezMAPHidalgo2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Obsidian worked into plates and other wares by Victor Lopez Pelcastre of Nopalillo, Epazoyucan, Hidalgo. On display at the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_Arte_Popular,_Mexico_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo de Arte Popular, Mexico City">Museo de Arte Popular, Mexico City</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">Lithic analysis</a> helps to understand pre-Hispanic groups in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>. A careful analysis of obsidian in a culture or place can be of considerable use to reconstruct commerce, production, and distribution, and thereby understand economic, social and political aspects of a civilization. This is the case in <a href="/wiki/Yaxchil%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaxchilán">Yaxchilán</a>, a Maya city where even warfare implications have been studied linked with obsidian use and its debris.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example is the archeological recovery at coastal <a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a> sites in California, indicating considerable trade with the distant site of <a href="/wiki/Casa_Diablo_Hot_Springs" title="Casa Diablo Hot Springs">Casa Diablo Hot Springs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takalik_Abaj_obsidian_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Takalik_Abaj_obsidian_1.jpg/220px-Takalik_Abaj_obsidian_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Takalik_Abaj_obsidian_1.jpg/330px-Takalik_Abaj_obsidian_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Takalik_Abaj_obsidian_1.jpg/440px-Takalik_Abaj_obsidian_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Raw obsidian and obsidian blades from the Mayan site of Takalik Abaj</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> Mesoamericans' <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_use_in_Mesoamerica" title="Obsidian use in Mesoamerica">use of obsidian</a> was extensive and sophisticated; including carved and worked obsidian for tools and decorative objects. Mesoamericans also made a type of sword with obsidian blades mounted in a wooden body. Called a <i><a href="/wiki/Macuahuitl" title="Macuahuitl">macuahuitl</a></i>, the weapon could inflict terrible injuries, combining the sharp cutting edge of an obsidian blade with the ragged cut of a serrated weapon. The <a href="/wiki/Polearm" title="Polearm">polearm</a> version of this weapon was called <i><a href="/wiki/Tepoztopilli" title="Tepoztopilli">tepoztopilli</a></i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mirrors_in_Mesoamerican_culture" title="Mirrors in Mesoamerican culture">Obsidian mirrors</a> were used by some Aztec priests to conjure visions and make prophecies. They were connected with <a href="/wiki/Tezcatlipoca" title="Tezcatlipoca">Tezcatlipoca</a>, god of obsidian and sorcery, whose name can be translated from the Nahuatl language as 'Smoking Mirror'.<sup id="cite_ref-bl.uk_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bl.uk-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Obsidian_from_Milos_in_Crete,_3000-2300_BC,_AMH,_144707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Obsidian_from_Milos_in_Crete%2C_3000-2300_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144707.jpg/220px-Obsidian_from_Milos_in_Crete%2C_3000-2300_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144707.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Obsidian_from_Milos_in_Crete%2C_3000-2300_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144707.jpg/330px-Obsidian_from_Milos_in_Crete%2C_3000-2300_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Obsidian_from_Milos_in_Crete%2C_3000-2300_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144707.jpg/440px-Obsidian_from_Milos_in_Crete%2C_3000-2300_BC%2C_AMH%2C_144707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4566" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>Obsidian imported from <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, found in <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan Crete</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Indigenous people traded obsidian throughout the Americas. Each <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a> and in some cases each volcanic eruption produces a distinguishable type of obsidian allowing archaeologists to use methods such as non-destructive energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence to select minor element compositions from both the artifact and geological sample to trace the origins of a particular artifact.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar tracing techniques have also allowed obsidian in Greece to be identified as coming from <a href="/wiki/Milos" title="Milos">Milos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nisyros" title="Nisyros">Nisyros</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gyali" title="Gyali">Gyali</a>, islands in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. Obsidian cores and blades were traded great distances inland from the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chile obsidian tools from <a href="/wiki/Chait%C3%A9n_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaitén Volcano">Chaitén Volcano</a> have been found as far away as in <a href="/wiki/Chan-Chan" title="Chan-Chan">Chan-Chan</a> 400 km (250 mi) north of the volcano, and also in sites 400 km south of it.<sup id="cite_ref-pino_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pino-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>, active across a large area of the Pacific Ocean around 1000 BC, made widespread use of obsidian tools and engaged in long distance obsidian trading. The complexity of the production technique for these tools, and the care taken in their storage, may indicate that beyond their practical use they were associated with prestige or high status.<sup id="cite_ref-Specht2018_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Specht2018-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obsidian was also used on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Rapa Nui</a> (Easter Island) for edged tools such as <i>Mataia</i> and the pupils of the eyes of their <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> (statues), which were encircled by rings of bird bone.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsidian was used to inscribe the <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">Rongorongo glyphs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_use">Current use</h2></div> <p>Obsidian can be used to make extremely sharp knives, and obsidian blades are a type of <a href="/wiki/Glass_knife" title="Glass knife">glass knife</a> made using naturally occurring obsidian instead of manufactured glass. Obsidian is used by some surgeons for <a href="/wiki/Scalpel" title="Scalpel">scalpel</a> blades, although this is not approved by the <a href="/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US Food and Drug Administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) for use on humans.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well-crafted obsidian blades, like any glass knife, can have a cutting edge many times sharper than high-quality steel surgical scalpels: the cutting edge of the blade is only about three nanometers thick.<sup id="cite_ref-obsidian1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsidian1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All metal knives have a jagged, irregular blade when viewed under a strong enough <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>; however, obsidian blades are still smooth, even when examined under an <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">electron microscope</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haviland_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haviland-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study found that obsidian incisions produced fewer <a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory cell">inflammatory cells</a> and less <a href="/wiki/Granulation_tissue" title="Granulation tissue">granulation tissue</a> in a group of rats after seven days but the differences disappeared after twenty-one days.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Don_Crabtree" title="Don Crabtree">Don Crabtree</a> has produced surgical obsidian blades and written articles on the subject.<sup id="cite_ref-obsidian1_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsidian1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obsidian scalpels may be purchased for surgical use on <a href="/wiki/Animal_testing" title="Animal testing">research animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FST_Obsidian_Scalpels_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FST_Obsidian_Scalpels-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major disadvantage of obsidian blades is their brittleness compared to those made of metal,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus limiting the surgical applications for obsidian blades to a variety of specialized uses where this is not a concern.<sup id="cite_ref-obsidian1_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-obsidian1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pig.snowobsidian.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pig.snowobsidian.jpg/220px-Pig.snowobsidian.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pig.snowobsidian.jpg/330px-Pig.snowobsidian.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pig.snowobsidian.jpg/440px-Pig.snowobsidian.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="444" /></a><figcaption>Pig carved in snowflake obsidian, 10 centimeters (4 in) long. The markings are <a href="/wiki/Spherulite" title="Spherulite">spherulites</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Obsidian is also used for ornamental purposes and as a <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents a different appearance depending on how it is cut: in one direction it is jet black, while in another it is glistening gray. "<a href="/wiki/Apache_tears" title="Apache tears">Apache tears</a>" are small rounded obsidian nuggets often embedded within a grayish-white perlite <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(geology)" title="Matrix (geology)">matrix</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">Plinths</a> for <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">audio turntables</a> have been made of obsidian since the 1970s, such as the grayish-black SH-10B3 plinth by <a href="/wiki/Technics_(brand)" title="Technics (brand)">Technics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_tears" title="Apache tears">Apache tears</a> – Popular term for pebbles of obsidian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenite" title="Helenite">Helenite</a> – Artificial glass made from volcanic ash</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a> – Volcaniclastic accumulation or breccia and <a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">tachylite</a> – volcanic glasses with <a href="/wiki/Basaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic">basaltic</a> composition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knapping" title="Knapping">Knapping</a> – Shaping of conchoidal fracturing stone to manufacture stone tools</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_desert_glass" title="Libyan desert glass">Libyan desert glass</a> – Desert glass found in Libya and Egypt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor_Island_/_T%C5%ABhua" title="Mayor Island / Tūhua">Mayor Island / Tūhua</a> – New Zealand shield volcano – a source of Māori obsidian tools</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian_hydration_dating" title="Obsidian hydration dating">Obsidian hydration dating</a> – Geochemical dating method</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitrophyre" title="Vitrophyre">Vitrophyre</a> – Glassy volcanic rock</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaxchilan_Lintel_24" title="Yaxchilan Lintel 24">Yaxchilan Lintel 24</a> – Ancient Maya limestone carving from Yaxchilan in modern Chiapas, Mexico – Ancient carving showing a Maya bloodlet ritual involving a rope with obsidian shards.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Geolcom-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geolcom_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKing,_Hobart_M." class="citation web cs1">King, Hobart M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geology.com/rocks/obsidian.shtml">"Obsidian"</a>. 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(November 25, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://australianmuseum.net.au/Uploads/Journals/17861/1286.pdf">"Fission track dating of obsidian source samples from the Willaumez Peninsula, Papua New Guinea and eastern Australia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Records of the Australian Museum</i>. <b>50</b> (3): 277–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.50.1998.1286">10.3853/j.0067-1975.50.1998.1286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Records+of+the+Australian+Museum&rft.atitle=Fission+track+dating+of+obsidian+source+samples+from+the+Willaumez+Peninsula%2C+Papua+New+Guinea+and+eastern+Australia&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=277-84&rft.date=1998-11-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3853%2Fj.0067-1975.50.1998.1286&rft.aulast=Bonetti&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Di+Cesare%2C+P.&rft.au=Guglielmetti%2C+A.&rft.au=Malerba%2C+F.&rft.au=Migliorini%2C+E.&rft.au=Oddone%2C+M.&rft.au=Bird%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Torrence%2C+R.&rft.au=Bultitude%2C+R.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faustralianmuseum.net.au%2FUploads%2FJournals%2F17861%2F1286.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forest Service information page <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/deschutes/recreation/recarea/?recid=38304&actid=64">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.obsidianlab.com/image_maps/image_maps.html#wa">Washington Obsidian Source Map</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150821080359/http://www.obsidianlab.com/image_maps/image_maps.html">Archived</a> August 21, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992507-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992507-0"><bdi>978-0-19-992507-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Research+issues+in+the+circum-New+Guinea+islands&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Prehistoric+Oceania&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-992507-0&rft.aulast=Specht&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZRODwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Kjellgren; JoAnne Van Tilburg; Adrienne Lois Kaeppler (2001). Splendid Isolation: Art of Easter Island. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 39–. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-011-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58839-011-0">978-1-58839-011-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShadbolt2015" class="citation web cs1">Shadbolt, Peter (April 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/health/surgery-scalpels-obsidian/index.html">"CNN Health: How Stone Age blades are still cutting it in modern surgery"</a>. CNN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CNN+Health%3A+How+Stone+Age+blades+are+still+cutting+it+in+modern+surgery&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2015-04-02&rft.aulast=Shadbolt&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F04%2F02%2Fhealth%2Fsurgery-scalpels-obsidian%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-obsidian1-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-obsidian1_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsidian1_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-obsidian1_62-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuck1982" class="citation journal cs1">Buck, BA (March 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273673">"Ancient Technology in Contemporary Surgery"</a>. <i>The Western Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>136</b> (3): 265–269. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1273673">1273673</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7046256">7046256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Western+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Ancient+Technology+in+Contemporary+Surgery&rft.volume=136&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=265-269&rft.date=1982-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1273673%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7046256&rft.aulast=Buck&rft.aufirst=BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1273673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haviland-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haviland_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHavilandPrins_H.E.L.Walrath_D.McBride_B.2010" class="citation book cs1">Haviland, W.A.; Prins H.E.L.; Walrath D.; McBride B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fm2RY5ZKmDIC&q=%22payson+sheets%22+obsidian+blade&pg=PA196"><i>Anthropology: The Human Challenge</i></a> (13 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780495810841" title="Special:BookSources/9780495810841"><bdi>9780495810841</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropology%3A+The+Human+Challenge&rft.pages=196&rft.edition=13&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780495810841&rft.aulast=Haviland&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rft.au=Prins+H.E.L.&rft.au=Walrath+D.&rft.au=McBride+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFm2RY5ZKmDIC%26q%3D%2522payson%2Bsheets%2522%2Bobsidian%2Bblade%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisaVossoughiGoldberg1993" class="citation journal cs1">Disa, J. J.; Vossoughi, J.; Goldberg, N. H. (October 1993). "A comparison of obsidian and surgical steel scalpel wound healing in rats". <i>Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery</i>. <b>92</b> (5): 884–887. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00006534-199392050-00015">10.1097/00006534-199392050-00015</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8415970">8415970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plastic+and+Reconstructive+Surgery&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+obsidian+and+surgical+steel+scalpel+wound+healing+in+rats.&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=884-887&rft.date=1993-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00006534-199392050-00015&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8415970&rft.aulast=Disa&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft.au=Vossoughi%2C+J.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+N.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FST_Obsidian_Scalpels-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FST_Obsidian_Scalpels_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFine_Science_Tools_(FST)" class="citation web cs1">Fine Science Tools (FST). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finescience.com/Special-Pages/Products.aspx?ProductId=296&CategoryId=56">"FST product catalog"</a>. FST<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FST+product+catalog&rft.pub=FST&rft.au=Fine+Science+Tools+%28FST%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finescience.com%2FSpecial-Pages%2FProducts.aspx%3FProductId%3D296%26CategoryId%3D56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fine Science Tools – "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.finescience.com/en-US/Products/Scalpels-Blades/Micro-Knives/Obsidian-Scalpels">Obsidian Scalpels</a>" </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManutchehr-Danai2013" class="citation book cs1">Manutchehr-Danai, Mohsen (March 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UX1CAAAQBAJ&q=%C2%A0Obsidian+is+also+used+for+ornamental+purposes+and+as+a+gemstone.&pg=PA502"><i>Dictionary of Gems and Gemology</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783662042885" title="Special:BookSources/9783662042885"><bdi>9783662042885</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Gems+and+Gemology&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-03-09&rft.isbn=9783662042885&rft.aulast=Manutchehr-Danai&rft.aufirst=Mohsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UX1CAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25C2%25A0Obsidian%2Bis%2Balso%2Bused%2Bfor%2Bornamental%2Bpurposes%2Band%2Bas%2Ba%2Bgemstone.%26pg%3DPA502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObsidian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 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href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" title="Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewellery" title="Template talk:Jewellery"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewellery"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewellery" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewellery</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_jewellery_types" title="List of jewellery types">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklet" title="Anklet">Anklet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_clip" title="Hair clip">Barrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_chain" title="Belly chain">Belly chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volcanoes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volcanoes" title="Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volcanoes" title="Template talk:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volcanoes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volcanoes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">Volcanoes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complex_volcano" title="Complex volcano">Complex volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">Cryovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoexplosion" title="Cryptoexplosion">Cryptovolcanic structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">Fissure vent</a></li> <li>Lava cone</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">Maar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">Parasitic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_cone" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroclastic cone">Pyroclastic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_shield" title="Pyroclastic shield">Pyroclastic shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somma_volcano" title="Somma volcano">Somma volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tossol" title="Tossol">Tossol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">Volcanic cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_tremor" title="Harmonic tremor">Harmonic tremor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/90px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/135px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg/180px-Puu_Oo_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">Volcanic rocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">Agglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_andesite" title="Basaltic andesite">Basaltic andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Cinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapilli" title="Lapilli">Lapilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucitite" title="Leucitite">Leucitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_fall" title="Pyroclastic fall">Pyroclastic fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Lists and groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">Eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_belt" title="Volcanic belt">Volcanic belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">Volcanic field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" title="Category:Volcanoes">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanoes">Commons</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Volcanoes" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Volcanoes">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_rocks" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rock_type" title="Template:Rock type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rock_type" title="Template talk:Rock type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rock_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rock type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_rocks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of rocks</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Igneous_rock" title="Igneous rock">Igneous rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adakite" title="Adakite">Adakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">Andesite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_feldspar_granite" title="Alkali feldspar granite">Alkali feldspar granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorthosite" title="Anorthosite">Anorthosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aplite" title="Aplite">Aplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">Basalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_basalt" title="Alkali basalt">Alkali basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picrite_basalt" title="Picrite basalt">Picrite basalt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basaltic_trachyandesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic trachyandesite">Basaltic trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">Mugearite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshonite" title="Shoshonite">Shoshonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basanite" title="Basanite">Basanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blairmorite" title="Blairmorite">Blairmorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">Carbonatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charnockite" title="Charnockite">Charnockite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enderbite" title="Enderbite">Enderbite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">Dacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabase" title="Diabase">Diabase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorite" title="Diorite">Diorite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonite" title="Napoleonite">Napoleonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunite" title="Dunite">Dunite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essexite" title="Essexite">Essexite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foidolite" title="Foidolite">Foidolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">Gabbro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granodiorite" title="Granodiorite">Granodiorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granophyre" title="Granophyre">Granophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harzburgite" title="Harzburgite">Harzburgite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornblendite" title="Hornblendite">Hornblendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandite" title="Icelandite">Icelandite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">Ignimbrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberlite" title="Kimberlite">Kimberlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">Komatiite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamproite" title="Lamproite">Lamproite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprophyre" title="Lamprophyre">Lamprophyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latite" title="Latite">Latite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lherzolite" title="Lherzolite">Lherzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzogranite" title="Monzogranite">Monzogranite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monzonite" title="Monzonite">Monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepheline_syenite" title="Nepheline syenite">Nepheline syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephelinite" title="Nephelinite">Nephelinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norite" title="Norite">Norite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegmatite" title="Pegmatite">Pegmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">Peridotite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonolite" title="Phonolite">Phonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonotephrite" title="Phonotephrite">Phonotephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porphyry_(geology)" title="Porphyry (geology)">Porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">Pumice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroxenite" title="Pyroxenite">Pyroxenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_diorite" title="Quartz diorite">Quartz diorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_monzonite" title="Quartz monzonite">Quartz monzonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzolite" title="Quartzolite">Quartzolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyodacite" title="Rhyodacite">Rhyodacite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">Rhyolite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comendite" title="Comendite">Comendite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantellerite" title="Pantellerite">Pantellerite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">Scoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovite" title="Sovite">Sovite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syenite" title="Syenite">Syenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tachylyte">Tachylyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephriphonolite" title="Tephriphonolite">Tephriphonolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephrite" title="Tephrite">Tephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonalite" title="Tonalite">Tonalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyandesite" title="Trachyandesite">Trachyandesite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benmoreite" title="Benmoreite">Benmoreite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachybasalt" title="Trachybasalt">Trachybasalt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiite" title="Hawaiite">Hawaiite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachyte" title="Trachyte">Trachyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troctolite" title="Troctolite">Troctolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondhjemite" title="Trondhjemite">Trondhjemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">Tuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Websterite" title="Websterite">Websterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrlite" title="Wehrlite">Wehrlite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argillite" title="Argillite">Argillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkose" title="Arkose">Arkose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">Banded iron formation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcarenite" title="Calcarenite">Calcarenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claystone" class="mw-redirect" title="Claystone">Claystone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coquina" title="Coquina">Coquina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamictite" title="Diamictite">Diamictite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomite" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomite">Diatomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">Dolomite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyserite" title="Geyserite">Geyserite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritstone" title="Gritstone">Gritstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itacolumite" title="Itacolumite">Itacolumite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaspillite" title="Jaspillite">Jaspillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">Laterite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignite" title="Lignite">Lignite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumachelle" title="Lumachelle">Lumachelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marl" title="Marl">Marl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudstone" title="Mudstone">Mudstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">Oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvinite" title="Sylvinite">Sylvinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tillite" class="mw-redirect" title="Tillite">Tillite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travertine" title="Travertine">Travertine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">Tufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">Turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varve" title="Varve">Varve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wackestone" title="Wackestone">Wackestone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metamorphic_rock" title="Metamorphic rock">Metamorphic rock</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">Anthracite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">Amphibolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueschist" title="Blueschist">Blueschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataclasite" title="Cataclasite">Cataclasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclogite" title="Eclogite">Eclogite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gneiss" title="Gneiss">Gneiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granulite" title="Granulite">Granulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenschist" title="Greenschist">Greenschist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornfels" title="Hornfels">Hornfels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcflinta" title="Calcflinta">Calcflinta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itabirite" title="Itabirite">Itabirite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">Marble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migmatite" title="Migmatite">Migmatite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylonite" title="Mylonite">Mylonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Metapelite">Metapelite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metapsammite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metapsammite (page does not exist)">Metapsammite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllite" title="Phyllite">Phyllite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudotachylite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudotachylite">Pseudotachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">Quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schist" title="Schist">Schist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skarn" title="Skarn">Skarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suevite" title="Suevite">Suevite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talc_carbonate" title="Talc carbonate">Talc carbonate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soapstone" title="Soapstone">Soapstone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tectonite" title="Tectonite">Tectonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiteschist" title="Whiteschist">Whiteschist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific varieties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Adamellite">Adamellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appinite" title="Appinite">Appinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphanite" title="Aphanite">Aphanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borolanite" title="Borolanite">Borolanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Blue Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidosite" title="Epidosite">Epidosite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsite" title="Felsite">Felsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganister" title="Ganister">Ganister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gossan" title="Gossan">Gossan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyaloclastite" title="Hyaloclastite">Hyaloclastite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijolite" title="Ijolite">Ijolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeitite" title="Jadeitite">Jadeitite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasperoid" title="Jasperoid">Jasperoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyte" title="Kenyte">Kenyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larvikite" title="Larvikite">Larvikite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfieldite" title="Litchfieldite">Litchfieldite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanite" title="Llanite">Llanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxullianite" title="Luxullianite">Luxullianite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangerite" title="Mangerite">Mangerite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaculite" title="Novaculite">Novaculite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietersite" title="Pietersite">Pietersite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolite" title="Pyrolite">Pyrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapakivi_granite" title="Rapakivi granite">Rapakivi granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhomb_porphyry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomb porphyry">Rhomb porphyry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodingite" title="Rodingite">Rodingite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shonkinite" title="Shonkinite">Shonkinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taconite" title="Taconite">Taconite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachylite" title="Tachylite">Tachylite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teschenite" title="Teschenite">Teschenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theralite" title="Theralite">Theralite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unakite" title="Unakite">Unakite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variolite" title="Variolite">Variolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wad_(mineral)" title="Wad (mineral)">Wad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist 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