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href="#Form_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Form and construction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Form_and_construction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Form and construction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Form_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Writing media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Direction_of_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Direction_of_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Direction of writing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Direction_of_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Writing instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Glyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dating_the_tablets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dating_the_tablets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Dating the tablets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dating_the_tablets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1770_Spanish_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1770_Spanish_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>1770 Spanish expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1770_Spanish_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petroglyphs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petroglyphs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Petroglyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petroglyphs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical record</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical record subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Destruction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropological_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropological_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anthropological accounts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropological_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Corpus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Corpus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Corpus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classic_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Classic texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Additional texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glyphs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glyphs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Glyphs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glyphs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_corpus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_corpus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Published corpus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Published_corpus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decipherment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decipherment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Decipherment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decipherment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computer_encoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_encoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Computer encoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_encoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rongorongo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%88" title="رونغورونغو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رونغورونغو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongo_rongo" title="Rongo rongo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rongo rongo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronqoronqo" title="Ronqoronqo – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ronqoronqo" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B" title="রোঙ্গোরোঙ্গো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রোঙ্গোরোঙ্গো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF" title="Ρόγκο ρόγκο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόγκο ρόγκο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongo_rongo" title="Rongo rongo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rongo rongo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%B1%EA%B3%A0%EB%A1%B1%EA%B3%A0_%EB%AC%B8%EC%9E%90" title="롱고롱고 문자 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롱고롱고 문자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95-%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95" title="רונגו-רונגו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רונגו-רונגו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B4" title="ロンゴロンゴ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロンゴロンゴ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongo-rongo" title="Rongo-rongo – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rongo-rongo" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Ронго-ронго – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ронго-ронго" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%86" title="ڕۆنگۆرۆنگۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆنگۆرۆنگۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Ронгоронго – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ронгоронго" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rongorongo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE" title="Ронго-ронго – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ронго-ронго" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E6%88%88%E6%9C%97%E6%88%88" title="朗戈朗戈 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朗戈朗戈" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System of glyphs from Easter Island</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the system of glyphs. For the ancestor of some Māori tribes, see <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_(mythology)" title="Rongorongo (mythology)">Rongorongo (mythology)</a>. For the settlement, see <a href="/wiki/Beru_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Beru Island">Beru Island</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro">Ngorongoro</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em; background:gainsboro;">Rongorongo<br /><div style="font-weight:normal"></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="padding-top:0.4em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_(color)_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg/220px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg/330px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg/440px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="270" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Script type</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.25em"> Undeciphered </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Time period</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Time of creation unknown; writing ceased and most tablets lost or destroyed in the 1860s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Direction</th><td class="infobox-data">Reversed <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data">Assumed to be <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">ISO 15924</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">ISO 15924</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">Roro</span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">(620)</span>, Rongorongo</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="text-align:left; background:#eee;"><span style="font-size:90%"> This article contains <b><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">phonetic transcriptions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA)</b>. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rongorongo</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>: <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">roŋoroŋo</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="rap-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈɾoŋoˈɾoŋo]</a></span>) is a system of <a href="/wiki/Glyph" title="Glyph">glyphs</a> discovered in the 19th century on <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> that has the appearance of writing or <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>. Numerous <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">attempts at decipherment</a> have been made, but none have been successful. Although some calendrical and what might prove to be genealogical information has been identified, none of the glyphs can actually be read. If rongorongo does prove to be writing and to be an independent invention, it would be one of very few <a href="/wiki/Inventions_of_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventions of writing">inventions of writing</a> in human history.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two dozen wooden objects bearing rongorongo inscriptions, some heavily weathered, burned, or otherwise damaged, were collected in the late 19th century and are now scattered in museums and private collections. None remain on Easter Island. The objects are mostly tablets shaped from irregular pieces of wood, sometimes driftwood, but include a chieftain's staff, a <i><a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">tangata manu</a></i> statuette, and two <i><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></i> ornaments. There are also a few <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> which may include short rongorongo inscriptions. Oral history suggests that only a small elite was ever literate and that the tablets were sacred. </p><p>Authentic rongorongo texts are written in alternating directions, a system called reverse <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a>. In a third of the tablets, the lines of text are inscribed in shallow <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluting</a> carved into the wood. The glyphs themselves are outlines of human, animal, plant, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">artifact</a> and geometric forms. Many of the human and animal figures, such as glyphs <span class="nowrap"><b>200</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_200.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 200"><img alt="Glyph 200" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roro_200.svg/13px-Roro_200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roro_200.svg/20px-Roro_200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roro_200.svg/26px-Roro_200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span> and <span class="nowrap"><b>280</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_280.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 280"><img alt="Glyph 280" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roro_280.svg/14px-Roro_280.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roro_280.svg/20px-Roro_280.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roro_280.svg/27px-Roro_280.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="144" /></a></span>,</span> have characteristic protuberances on each side of the head, possibly representing eyes. </p><p>Individual texts are conventionally known by a single uppercase letter and a name, such as <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_C" title="Rongorongo text C">Tablet C</a>, the <i>Mamari</i> Tablet. The somewhat variable names may be descriptive or indicate where the object is kept, as in the Oar, the Snuffbox, the Small Santiago Tablet, and the Santiago Staff. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_variant_names">Etymology and variant names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and variant names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Rongorongo</i> is the modern name for the inscriptions. In the <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui language</a>, <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">roŋoroŋo</i></span> or <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">rogorogo</i></span> means "to recite, to declaim, to chant out".<sup id="cite_ref-def_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original name—or perhaps description—of the script is said to have been <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kōhau motu mo roŋoroŋo</i></span>, "lines incised for chanting out", shortened to <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kōhau roŋoroŋo</i></span> or "lines [for] chanting out".<sup id="cite_ref-Englert1993_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englert1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also said to have been more specific names for the texts based on their topic. For example, the <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%C5%8Dhau_ta%EA%9E%8Cu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:kōhau taꞌu">kōhau taꞌu</a></i> ("lines of years") were annals, the <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%C5%8Dhau_ika#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:kōhau ika">kōhau ika</a></i> ("lines of fishes") were lists of persons killed in war (<i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ika#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:ika">ika</a></i> "fish" was homophonous with or used figuratively for "war casualty"), and the <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/k%C5%8Dhau_ra%C5%8Ba#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:kōhau raŋa">kōhau raŋa</a></i> "lines of fugitives" were lists of war refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-def_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-def-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some authors have understood the <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ta%EA%9E%8Cu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:taꞌu">taꞌu</a></i> in <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kōhau taꞌu</i></span> to refer to a separate form of writing distinct from <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">roŋoroŋo</i></span>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barthel" title="Thomas Barthel">Barthel</a> recorded that "The Islanders had another writing (the so-called '<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taꞌu</i></span> script') which recorded their annals and other secular matters, but this has disappeared."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <a href="/wiki/Steven_Roger_Fischer" title="Steven Roger Fischer">Steven Roger Fischer</a> writes that "the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taꞌu</i></span> was originally a type of <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">roŋoroŋo</i></span> inscription. In the 1880s, a group of elders invented a derivative 'script' [also] called <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">taꞌu</i></span> with which to decorate carvings in order to increase their trading value. It is a primitive imitation of <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">roŋoroŋo</i></span>."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alleged third script, the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">mama</i></span> or <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">vaꞌevaꞌe</i></span> described in some mid-20th-century publications, was "an early twentieth-century geometric [decorative] invention".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form_and_construction">Form and construction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Form and construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_G-r_Small_Santiago_(raw).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Rongorongo_G-r_Small_Santiago_%28raw%29.jpg/220px-Rongorongo_G-r_Small_Santiago_%28raw%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Rongorongo_G-r_Small_Santiago_%28raw%29.jpg/330px-Rongorongo_G-r_Small_Santiago_%28raw%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Rongorongo_G-r_Small_Santiago_%28raw%29.jpg/440px-Rongorongo_G-r_Small_Santiago_%28raw%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>The Small Santiago Tablet (tablet <b>G</b>) clearly shows the <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluting</a> along which the glyphs were carved.</figcaption></figure> <p>The forms of the glyphs are standardized contours of living organisms and geometric designs about one centimeter high. The wooden tablets are irregular in shape and, in many instances, <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a> (tablets <b>B</b>, <b>E</b>, <b>G</b>, <b>H</b>, <b>O</b>, <b>Q</b>, and possibly <b>T</b>), with the glyphs carved in shallow channels running the length of the tablets, as can be seen in the image of tablet <b>G</b> at right. It is thought that irregular and often blemished pieces of wood were used in their entirety rather than squared off due to the scarcity of wood on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_media">Writing media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_K-v_London_(edge).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Rongorongo_K-v_London_%28edge%29.jpg/220px-Rongorongo_K-v_London_%28edge%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Rongorongo_K-v_London_%28edge%29.jpg/330px-Rongorongo_K-v_London_%28edge%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/72/Rongorongo_K-v_London_%28edge%29.jpg/440px-Rongorongo_K-v_London_%28edge%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption>To maximize space, the text wraps around the edge of tablet <b>K</b>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Except for a few possible glyphs cut in stone (see <a href="#Petroglyphs">petroglyphs</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Ragitoki" title="Rongorongo text Ragitoki">one possibility</a> on <a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">barkcloth</a>, all surviving secure texts are inscribed in wood. According to tradition, the tablets were made of <a href="/wiki/Toromiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Toromiro">toromiro</a> wood. However, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Catherine_Orliac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catherine Orliac (page does not exist)">Catherine Orliac</a> (2005b) examined seven objects (tablets <b>B</b>, <b>C</b>, <b>G</b>, <b>H</b>, <b>K</b>, <b>Q</b>, and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">reimiro</i></span> <b>L</b>) with <a href="/wiki/Comparison_microscope" title="Comparison microscope">stereo optical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscopes</a> and determined that all were instead made from <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_populnea" title="Thespesia populnea">Pacific rosewood (<i>Thespesia populnea</i>)</a>; the same identification had been made for tablet <b>M</b> in 1934. This 15-meter (50 ft) tree, known as "Pacific rosewood" for its color and called <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">makoꞌi</i></span> in Rapanui, is used for sacred groves and carvings throughout eastern Polynesia and was evidently brought to Easter Island by the first settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, not all the wood was native: Orliac (2007) established that tablets <b>N</b>, <b>P</b>, and <b>S</b> were made of <a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_latifolius" title="Podocarpus latifolius">South African yellowwood (<i>Podocarpus latifolius</i>)</a> and therefore that the wood had arrived with Western contact. Fischer describes <b>P</b> as "a damaged and reshapen European or American oar", as are <b>A</b> (which is <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">European ash, <i>Fraxinus excelsior</i></a>) and <b>V</b>; notes that wood from the wreck of a Western boat was said to have been used for many tablets; and that both <b>P</b> and <b>S</b> had been recycled as planking for a Rapanui driftwood canoe, suggesting that by that time the tablets had little value to the islanders as texts.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several texts, including <b>O</b>, are carved on gnarled <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the islanders were reduced to inscribing driftwood, and were regardless extremely economical in their use of wood, may have had consequences for the structure of the script, such as the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> and potentially a <a href="/wiki/Telegraphese" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphese">telegraphic style</a> of writing that would complicate textual analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Banana_leaf_veins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Red_Banana_leaf_veins.jpg/220px-Red_Banana_leaf_veins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Red_Banana_leaf_veins.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Rongorongo tablets may have been influenced by writing on <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">banana leaves</a> like this one.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo#Thomson" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">William J. Thomson</a> reported a <a href="/wiki/Calabash" title="Calabash">calabash</a>, now lost, that had been found in a tomb and was "covered with hieroglyphics similar to those found on the incised tablets." During the early missionary period that began in 1864, it was reported that women wore <a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">bark cloth</a> decorated with "symbols"; <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Ragitoki" title="Rongorongo text Ragitoki">a fragment</a> of one of these survives, and appears to be rongorongo.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Oral tradition holds that, because of the great value of wood, only expert scribes used it, while pupils wrote on <a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf" title="Banana leaf">banana leaves</a>. German <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barthel" title="Thomas Barthel">Thomas Barthel</a> believed that carving on wood was a secondary development in the evolution of the script based on an earlier stage of incising banana leaves or the sheaths of the banana trunk with a bone stylus, and that the medium of leaves was retained not only for lessons but to plan and compose the texts of the wooden tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He found experimentally that the glyphs were quite visible on banana leaves due to the sap that emerged from the cuts and dried on the surface. However, when the leaves themselves dried they became brittle and would not have survived for long.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barthel speculated that the banana leaf might even have served as a prototype for the tablets, with the fluted surface of the tablets an emulation of the veined structure of a leaf: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Practical experiments with the material available on [Easter Island] have proved that the above-mentioned parts of the banana tree are not only an ideal writing material, but that in particular a direct correspondence exists between the height of the lines of writing and the distance between the veins on the leaves and stems of the banana tree. The classical inscriptions can be arranged in two groups according to the height of the lines (10–12<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm <i>vs.</i> 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm); this corresponds to the natural disposition of the veins on the banana stem (on average 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>mm in the lower part of a medium-sized tree) or on the banana leaf ([...] maximum<span class="nowrap"> </span>15mm).</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Barthel 1971:1169</cite></div></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1150407293">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongo-rongo_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rongo-rongo_script.jpg/220px-Rongo-rongo_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rongo-rongo_script.jpg/330px-Rongo-rongo_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rongo-rongo_script.jpg/440px-Rongo-rongo_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>A closeup of the verso of the Small Santiago Tablet, showing parts of lines 3 (bottom) to 7 (top). The glyphs of lines 3, 5, and 7 are right-side up, while those of lines 4 and 6 are up-side down.</figcaption></figure></span><span class="mobile"></span></span> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Direction_of_writing">Direction of writing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Direction of writing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile"></span><span class="mobile"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongo-rongo_script.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rongo-rongo_script.jpg/220px-Rongo-rongo_script.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rongo-rongo_script.jpg/330px-Rongo-rongo_script.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Rongo-rongo_script.jpg/440px-Rongo-rongo_script.jpg 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>A closeup of the verso of the Small Santiago Tablet, showing parts of lines 3 (bottom) to 7 (top). The glyphs of lines 3, 5, and 7 are right-side up, while those of lines 4 and 6 are up-side down.</figcaption></figure></span></span> <p>Rongorongo glyphs were written in <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">reverse boustrophedon</a>, left to right and bottom to top. That is, the reader begins at the bottom left-hand corner of a tablet, reads a line from left to right, then rotates the tablet 180 degrees to continue on the next line. When reading one line, the lines above and below it would appear upside down, as can be seen in the image <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1150407293"><span class="ifmobile"><span class="nomobile">at left</span><span class="mobile">above</span></span>. </p><p>However, the writing continues onto the second side of a tablet at the point where it finishes off the first, so if the first side has an odd number of lines, as is the case with tablets <b>K</b>, <b>N</b>, <b>P</b>, and <b>Q</b>, the second will start at the <i>upper</i> left-hand corner, and the direction of writing shifts to top to bottom. </p><p>Larger tablets and staves may have been read without turning, if the reader were able to read upside-down.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The direction of writing was determined by such clues as glyphs that twist as the line changes direction, glyphs that were squashed to fit in at the end of a text, and, when a particular tablet does not have such clues, parallel passages between tablets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_instruments">Writing instruments <span class="anchor" id="writing_instruments"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Writing instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_Gv4_(section).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rongorongo_Gv4_%28section%29.jpg/220px-Rongorongo_Gv4_%28section%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rongorongo_Gv4_%28section%29.jpg/330px-Rongorongo_Gv4_%28section%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Rongorongo_Gv4_%28section%29.jpg/440px-Rongorongo_Gv4_%28section%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="120" /></a><figcaption>Most of <b>Gv4</b> was carved with a shark tooth. However, the two parts of the glyph second from right (<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_070.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 070"><img alt="Glyph 070" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/10px-Roro_070.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/16px-Roro_070.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/21px-Roro_070.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="77" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> and <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RR_062V.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Bulb on line"><img alt="Bulb on line" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RR_062V.png/7px-RR_062V.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RR_062V.png/11px-RR_062V.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/RR_062V.png/15px-RR_062V.png 2x" data-file-width="27" data-file-height="71" /></a></span>) are connected by a faint bent hair-line that may have been inscribed with obsidian. (The chevrons <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_003.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 003"><img alt="Glyph 003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roro_003.svg/4px-Roro_003.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roro_003.svg/6px-Roro_003.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roro_003.svg/8px-Roro_003.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="154" /></a></span> are also linked by such a line, too faint to be seen here, which connects them to the hand of the human figure.)</figcaption></figure> <p>According to oral tradition, scribes used <a href="/wiki/Obsidian#Prehistoric_and_historical_use" title="Obsidian">obsidian flakes</a> or small <a href="/wiki/Shark_tooth#Tool_use_by_humans" title="Shark tooth">shark teeth</a>, presumably the <a href="/wiki/Hilt" title="Hilt">hafted</a> tools still used to carve wood in Polynesia, to flute and polish the tablets and then to incise the glyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The glyphs are most commonly composed of deep smooth cuts, though superficial hair-line cuts are also found. In the closeup image at right, a glyph is composed of two parts connected by a hair-line cut; this is a typical convention for this shape. Several researchers, including Barthel, believe that these superficial cuts were made by obsidian, and that the texts were carved in a two-stage process, first sketched with obsidian and then deepened and finished with a worn shark tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining hair-line cuts were then either errors, design conventions (as at right), or decorative embellishments.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vertical strings of chevrons or lozenges, for example, are typically connected with hair-line cuts, as can be seen repeatedly in the closeup of one end of tablet <b>B</b> below. However, Barthel was told that the last literate Rapanui king, <a href="/wiki/Nga%EA%9E%8Cara" title="Ngaꞌara">Ngaꞌara</a>, sketched out the glyphs in soot applied with a fish bone and then engraved them with a shark tooth.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_N" title="Rongorongo text N">Tablet <b>N</b></a>, on the other hand, shows no sign of shark teeth. Haberlandt noticed that the glyphs of this text appear to have been incised with a sharpened bone, as evidenced by the shallowness and width of the grooves.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>N</b> also "displays secondary working with obsidian flakes to elaborate details within the finished contour lines. No other <i>rongo-rongo</i> inscription reveals such graphic extravagance".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other tablets appear to have been cut with a steel blade, often rather crudely. Although steel knives were available after the arrival of the Spanish, this does cast suspicion on the authenticity of these tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-steel_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glyphs">Glyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Glyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_(end).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg/220px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg/330px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg/440px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28end%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>A photographic negative of one end of tablet <b>B</b>. The numbers are line numbers; <i>Fin de 13</i> means "end of [line] 13".</figcaption></figure> <p>The glyphs are stylized human, animal, vegetable and geometric shapes, and often form <a href="/wiki/Typographical_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographical ligature">compounds</a>. Nearly all those with heads are oriented head up and are either seen face on or in profile to the right, in the direction of writing. It is not known what significance turning a glyph head-down or to the left may have had. Heads often have characteristic projections on the sides which may be eyes (as on the <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtle</a> glyph below, and more clearly on sea-turtle petroglyphs) but which often resemble ears (as on the anthropomorphic petroglyph in the next section). Birds are common; many resemble the <a href="/wiki/Frigatebird" title="Frigatebird">frigatebird</a> (see image directly below) which was associated with the supreme god <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makemake (mythology)">Makemake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other glyphs look like fish or arthropods. A few are similar to <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> found throughout the island. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo-sample-en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rongorongo-sample-en.png/440px-Rongorongo-sample-en.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Rongorongo-sample-en.png 1.5x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption>Some of the more iconic rongorongo glyphs. The seated man [bottom left] is thought to be a compound. Readings from Barthel (1958). The captions in the right-most column are merely descriptive.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Oral tradition holds that either <a href="/wiki/Hotu_Matu%EA%9E%8Ca" title="Hotu Matuꞌa">Hotu Matuꞌa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Easter_Island#Tuꞌu_ko_Iho" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Easter Island">Tuꞌu ko Iho</a>, the legendary founder(s) of Rapa Nui, brought 67<span class="nowrap"> </span>tablets from their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same founder is also credited with bringing indigenous plants such as the <a href="/wiki/Toromiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Toromiro">toromiro</a>. But no homeland is likely to have had a tradition of writing in Polynesia or even in South America. Thus rongorongo appears to have been an internal development. Given that few if any of the Rapanui people remaining on the island in the 1870s could read the glyphs, it is likely that only a small minority were ever literate. Indeed, early visitors were told that literacy was a privilege of the ruling families and priests who were all kidnapped in the <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Peruvian slaving raids</a> or died soon afterward in the resulting epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dating_the_tablets">Dating the tablets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dating the tablets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little direct dating has been done. The start of forest-clearing for agriculture on Easter Island, and thus presumably the first settlements on the island, has been dated to <i>circa</i> 1200,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> implying a date for the invention of rongorongo no earlier than the 13th century. <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Q" title="Rongorongo text Q">Tablet <b>Q</b></a> (Small Saint Petersburg) is the sole item that has been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">carbon dated</a>, but the results only constrain the date to sometime after 1680.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glyph <b>67</b> (<span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_067.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rongorongo glyph 67"><img alt="Rongorongo glyph 67" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rongorongo_067.svg/20px-Rongorongo_067.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rongorongo_067.svg/31px-Rongorongo_067.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rongorongo_067.svg/41px-Rongorongo_067.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="52" /></a></span>) is thought to represent the extinct <a href="/wiki/Paschalococos" title="Paschalococos">Easter Island palm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which disappeared from the island's <a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">pollen record</a> <i>circa</i> 1650, suggesting that the script itself is at least that old.<sup id="cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orliac_2005b-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texts <b>A</b>, <b>P</b>, and <b>V</b> can be dated to the 18th or 19th century by virtue of being inscribed on European oars. Orliac (2005) argues that the wood for <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_C" title="Rongorongo text C">tablet <b>C</b></a> (<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Mamari</i></span>) was cut from the trunk of a tree some 15 meters (50 ft) tall,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Easter Island has long been deforested of trees that size. Analysis of charcoal indicates that the forest disappeared in the first half of the 17th century. <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Roggeveen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Roggeveen">Jakob Roggeveen</a>, who discovered Easter Island in 1722, described the island as "destitute of large trees" and in 1770 <a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a> wrote, "Not a single tree is to be found capable of furnishing a plank so much as six inches [15<span class="nowrap"> </span>cm] in width." Forster, with <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s expedition of 1774, reported that "there was not a tree upon the island which exceeded the height of 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>feet [3<span class="nowrap"> </span>m]."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All of these methods date the wood, not the inscriptions themselves. Pacific rosewood is not durable, and is unlikely to survive long in Easter Island's climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orliac_2005b-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tablets preserved in Rome were carbon-dated in a study published February 2, 2024 in <i>Nature</i>. Most dated to the 19th century. One was securely dated to the mid-15th century, suggesting that rongorongo may have been in use well before European contact. It was noted the dating was of the wooden tablet, not of the writing upon it, which could be younger.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1770_Spanish_expedition">1770 Spanish expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1770 Spanish expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongo_rongo_expedici%C3%B3n_Haedo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rongo_rongo_expedici%C3%B3n_Haedo.jpg/220px-Rongo_rongo_expedici%C3%B3n_Haedo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rongo_rongo_expedici%C3%B3n_Haedo.jpg/330px-Rongo_rongo_expedici%C3%B3n_Haedo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Rongo_rongo_expedici%C3%B3n_Haedo.jpg/440px-Rongo_rongo_expedici%C3%B3n_Haedo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>The native signatures on the 1770 Spanish treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bottommost resembles a rongorongo glyph also used as a petroglyph, <b>400</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_400.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 400"><img alt="Glyph 400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roro_400.svg/13px-Roro_400.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roro_400.svg/19px-Roro_400.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roro_400.svg/25px-Roro_400.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="167" /></a></span>, or perhaps <b>300</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RR_300.png" class="mw-file-description" title="glyph 300"><img alt="glyph 300" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RR_300.png/16px-RR_300.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RR_300.png/24px-RR_300.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/RR_300.png/32px-RR_300.png 2x" data-file-width="57" data-file-height="72" /></a></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1770 the Spanish annexed Easter Island under Captain González de Ahedo. A signing ceremony was held in which a treaty of annexation was signed by an undisclosed number of chiefs "by marking upon it certain characters in their own form of script"<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (reproduction at right). </p><p>Several scholars have suggested that rongorongo may be an invention inspired by this visit and the signing of the treaty of annexation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As circumstantial evidence, they note that no explorer reported the script until <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Eyraud" title="Eugène Eyraud">Eugène Eyraud</a> in 1864,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the marks with which the chiefs signed the Spanish treaty do not resemble rongorongo. These researchers' hypothesis is not that rongorongo was itself a copy of the Latin alphabet, or of any other form of writing, but that the <i>concept</i> of writing had been conveyed in a process anthropologists term <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">trans-cultural diffusion</a>, which then inspired the islanders to invent their own writing system. If so, rongorongo emerged, flourished, fell into oblivion, and was all but forgotten within a span of less than 100 years. </p><p>Known cases of the diffusion of writing, such as <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a> after observing English-language newspapers, or <a href="/wiki/Uyaquk" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyaquk">Uyaquk</a>'s invention of the <a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun script</a> after being inspired by readings from Christian scripture, involved greater contact than the signing of a single treaty. The glyphs could be crudely written rongorongo, as might be expected for Rapa Nui representatives writing with the novel instrument of pen on paper. That the script was not otherwise observed by early explorers, who spent little time on the island, may reflect that it was <a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">taboo</a>; such taboos may have lost power along with the <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tangata_rongorongo#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:tangata rongorongo">tangata rongorongo</a></i> (scribes) by the time Rapa Nui society collapsed following Peruvian slaving raids and the resulting epidemics, so that the tablets had become more widely distributed by Eyraud's day.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Orliac points out that Tablet C appears to predate the Spanish visit by at least a century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Petroglyphs">Petroglyphs <span class="anchor" id="pertroglyphs"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Petroglyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaokeke.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anaokeke.jpg/220px-Anaokeke.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anaokeke.jpg/330px-Anaokeke.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anaokeke.jpg/440px-Anaokeke.jpg 2x" data-file-width="877" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Petroglyphs in the cave <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ana_o_Keke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ana o Keke (page does not exist)">Ana o Keke</a> resemble the feather-like rongorongo glyph <span class="nowrap"><b>3</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_003.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 003"><img alt="Glyph 003" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roro_003.svg/4px-Roro_003.svg.png" decoding="async" width="4" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roro_003.svg/6px-Roro_003.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roro_003.svg/8px-Roro_003.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="34" data-file-height="154" /></a></span></span> (left) and a compound glyph <span class="nowrap"><b>211:42</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RR_211.42.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Rongorongo glyph 211:42"><img alt="Rongorongo glyph 211:42" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RR_211.42.png/20px-RR_211.42.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RR_211.42.png/30px-RR_211.42.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/RR_211.42.png/41px-RR_211.42.png 2x" data-file-width="62" data-file-height="61" /></a></span></span> (center), a <a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">hapax legomenon</a> found in <b>Br1</b>, followed by a V shape that may be glyph <span class="nowrap"><b>27</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_027.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 027"><img alt="Glyph 027" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Roro_027.svg/11px-Roro_027.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Roro_027.svg/17px-Roro_027.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Roro_027.svg/23px-Roro_027.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="143" /></a></span></span>. A line of divots passes through them.</figcaption></figure> <p>Easter Island has the richest assortment of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> in Polynesia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly every suitable surface has been carved, including the stone walls of some houses and a few of the famous <i><a href="/wiki/Mo%EA%9E%8Cai" class="mw-redirect" title="Moꞌai">moꞌai</a></i> statues and their fallen <a href="/wiki/Pukao" title="Pukao">topknots</a>. Around 1,000 sites with over 4,000 glyphs have been catalogued, some in <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sunken-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunken-relief">sunken-relief</a>, and some painted red and white. Designs include a concentration of <a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">chimeric</a> bird-man figures at <a href="/wiki/Orongo" title="Orongo">Orongo</a>, a ceremonial center of the <i><a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">tangata manu</a></i> ("bird-man") cult; faces of the creation deity <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(deity)" title="Makemake (deity)">Makemake</a>; marine animals like turtles, tuna, swordfish, sharks, whales, dolphins, crabs, and octopuses (some with human faces); roosters; canoes, and over 500 <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/komari#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:komari">komari</a></i> (vulvas). Petroglyphs are often accompanied by carved divots ("cupules") in the rock. Changing traditions are preserved in bas-relief birdmen, which were carved over simpler outline forms and in turn carved over with <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">komari</i></span>. Although the petroglyphs cannot be directly dated, some are partially obscured by pre-colonial stone buildings, suggesting they are relatively old. </p><p>Several of the anthropomorphic and animal-form petroglyphs have parallels in rongorongo, for instance a double-headed frigatebird <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RR_680.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Rongorongo glyph 680"><img alt="Rongorongo glyph 680" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RR_680.gif/26px-RR_680.gif" decoding="async" width="26" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RR_680.gif/38px-RR_680.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/RR_680.gif/51px-RR_680.gif 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="59" /></a></span> (glyph <b>680</b>) on a fallen <i>moꞌai</i> topknot, a figure which also appears on a dozen tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-petroglyph_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petroglyph-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McLaughlin (2004) illustrates the most prominent correspondences with the petroglyph corpus of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Georgia_Lee_(archaeologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Georgia Lee (archaeologist) (page does not exist)">Georgia Lee</a> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-petroglyph_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-petroglyph-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But these are mostly isolated glyphs; few text-like sequences or ligatures have been found among the petroglyphs. This has led to the suggestion that rongorongo must be a recent creation, perhaps inspired by petroglyph designs or retaining individual petroglyphs as <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> (Macri 1995), but not old enough to have been incorporated into the petroglyphic tradition. The most complex candidate for petroglyphic rongorongo is what appears to be a short sequence of glyphs, one a ligature, carved on a cave wall. But the sequence does not appear to have been carved in a single hand (see image at right), and the cave is near the house that produced the <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Z" title="Rongorongo text Z"><i>Poike</i> tablet</a>, a crude imitation of rongorongo, so the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Ana o Keke</i></span> petroglyphs may not be authentic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_record">Historical record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery">Discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Eyraud" title="Eugène Eyraud">Eugène Eyraud</a>, a lay friar of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congrégation de Picpus</a>, landed on Easter Island on January 2, 1864, on the 24th day of his departure from <a href="/wiki/Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Valparaíso">Valparaíso</a>. He was to remain on Easter Island for nine months, evangelizing its inhabitants. He wrote an account of his stay in which he reports his discovery of the tablets that year:<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In every hut one finds wooden tablets or sticks covered in several sorts of hieroglyphic characters: They are depictions of animals unknown on the island, which the natives draw with sharp stones. Each figure has its own name; but the scant attention they pay to these tablets leads me to think that these characters, remnants of some primitive writing, are now for them a habitual practice which they keep without seeking its meaning.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eyraud 1866:71</cite></div></blockquote> <p>There is no other mention of the tablets in his report, and the discovery went unnoticed. Eyraud left Easter Island on October 11 1864, in extremely poor health. Ordained a priest in 1865, he returned to Easter Island in 1866 where he died of tuberculosis in August 1868, aged<span class="nowrap"> </span>48. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction">Destruction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Destruction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1868 the Bishop of Tahiti, <a href="/wiki/Florentin-%C3%89tienne_Jaussen" title="Florentin-Étienne Jaussen">Florentin-Étienne "Tepano" Jaussen</a>, received a gift from the recent Catholic converts of Easter Island. It was a long cord of human hair, a fishing line perhaps, wound around a small wooden board covered in hieroglyphic writing. Stunned at the discovery, he wrote to Father <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Roussel" title="Hippolyte Roussel">Hippolyte Roussel</a> on Easter Island to collect all the tablets and to find natives capable of translating them. But Roussel could only recover a few, and the islanders could not agree on how to read them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yet Eyraud had seen hundreds of tablets only four years earlier. What happened to the missing tablets is a matter of conjecture. Eyraud had noted how little interest their owners had in them. <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phen_Chauvet" title="Stéphen Chauvet">Stéphen Chauvet</a> reports that, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Bishop questioned the Rapanui wise man, Ouroupano Hinapote, the son of the wise man Tekaki [who said that] he, himself, had begun the requisite studies and knew how to carve the characters with a small shark's tooth. He said that there was nobody left on the island who knew how to read the characters since the Peruvians had brought about the deaths of all the wise men and, thus, the pieces of wood were no longer of any interest to the natives who burned them as firewood or wound their fishing lines around them!<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_Pinart" title="Alphonse Pinart">A. Pinart</a> also saw some in 1877. [He] was not able to acquire these tablets because the natives were using them as reels for their fishing lines!</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Chauvet 1935:381–382</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Orliac has observed that the deep black indentation, about 10 centimeters (3.9 in) long, on lines 5 and 6 of the recto of <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_H" title="Rongorongo text H">tablet <b>H</b></a> is a groove made by the rubbing of a fire stick, showing that tablet <b>H</b> had been used for fire-making.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tablets <b>S</b> and <b>P</b> had been cut into lashed planking for a canoe, which fits the story of a man named Niari who made a canoe out of abandoned tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As European-introduced diseases and raids by Peruvian slavers, including a final devastating raid in 1862 and a subsequent smallpox epidemic, had reduced the Rapa Nui population to under two hundred by the 1870s, it is possible that literacy had been wiped out by the time Eyraud discovered the tablets in 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus in 1868 Jaussen could recover only a few tablets, with three more acquired by Captain Gana of the Chilean corvette <i><a href="/wiki/Chilean_corvette_O%27Higgins_(1866)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean corvette O'Higgins (1866)">O'Higgins</a></i> in 1870. In the 1950s Barthel found the decayed remains of half a dozen tablets in caves, in the context of burials. However, no glyphs could be salvaged.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of the 26 commonly accepted texts that survive, only half are in good condition and authentic beyond doubt.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropological_accounts">Anthropological accounts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anthropological accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British archaeologist and anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Routledge" title="Katherine Routledge">Katherine Routledge</a> undertook a 1914–1915 scientific expedition to Rapa Nui with her husband to catalog the art, customs, and writing of the island. She was able to interview two elderly informants, Kapiera and a leper named Tomenika, who allegedly had some knowledge of rongorongo. The sessions were not very fruitful, as the two often contradicted each other. From them Routledge concluded that rongorongo was an idiosyncratic mnemonic device that did not directly represent language, in other words, <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>, and that the meanings of the glyphs were reformulated by each scribe, so that the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kōhau rongorongo</i></span> could not be read by someone not trained in that specific text. The texts themselves she believed to be litanies for priest-scribes, kept apart in special houses and strictly <i><a href="/wiki/Tapu_(Polynesian_culture)" title="Tapu (Polynesian culture)">tapu</a></i>, that recorded the island's history and mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of later ethnographic accounts, such as <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9traux" title="Métraux">Métraux</a> (1940), much of what Routledge recorded in her notes had been forgotten, and the oral history showed a strong external influence from popular published accounts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corpus">Corpus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 26 rongorongo texts with letter codes are inscribed on wooden objects, each with between 2 and 2320 simple glyphs and components of compound glyphs, for over 15,000 in all. The objects are mostly oblong wooden tablets, with the exceptions of <b>I</b>, a possibly sacred chieftain's staff known as the <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_I" title="Rongorongo text I">Santiago Staff</a>; <b>J</b> and <b>L</b>, inscribed on <i><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></i> pectoral ornaments worn by the elite; <b>X</b>, inscribed on various parts of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">tangata manu</a></i> statuette; and <b>Y</b>, a European <a href="/wiki/Decorative_boxes#Snuff_box" class="mw-redirect" title="Decorative boxes">snuff box</a> assembled from sections cut from a rongorongo tablet. The tablets, like the pectorals, statuettes, and staves, were works of art and valued possessions, and were apparently given individual proper names in the same manner as jade ornaments in New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the tablets, <b>C</b> and <b>S</b>, have a documented pre-missionary provenance, though others may be as old or older. There are in addition a few isolated glyphs or short sequences which might prove to be rongorongo.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_texts">Classic texts <span class="anchor" id="classic_texts"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Classic texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barthel referred to each of 24 texts he accepted as genuine with a letter of the alphabet; two texts have been added to the corpus since then. The two faces of the tablets are distinguished by suffixing <b>r</b> (<a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">recto</a>) or <b>v</b> (<a href="/wiki/Recto_and_verso" title="Recto and verso">verso</a>) when the reading sequence can be ascertained, to which the line being discussed is appended. Thus <b>Pr2</b> is item <b>P</b> (the Great Saint Petersburg Tablet), recto, second line. When the reading sequence cannot be ascertained, <b>a</b> and <b>b</b> are used for the faces. Thus <b>Ab1</b> is item <b>A</b> <i>(Tahua),</i> side <b>b</b>, first line. The six sides of the Snuff Box are lettered as sides <b>a</b> to <b>f</b>. Nearly all publications follow the Barthel convention, though a popular book by Fischer uses an idiosyncratic numbering system. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Rongorongo text corpus </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Barthel<br />code </th> <th scope="col">Fischer<br />code </th> <th scope="col">Nickname / Description </th> <th scope="col">Location </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">A </th> <td align="center">RR1</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_A" title="Rongorongo text A">Tahua</a></i> (the Oar)</td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Rome</a></td> <td>1825 glyphs inscribed on a 91-centimetre (36 in) European or American oar blade. <a href="/wiki/Fraxinus_excelsior" title="Fraxinus excelsior">Ash</a> wood. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">B </th> <td align="center">RR4</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_B" title="Rongorongo text B">Aruku kurenga</a></i></td> <td>1135 glyphs on a 41-centimetre (16 in) fluted <a href="/wiki/Portia_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Portia tree">rosewood</a> tablet. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">C </th> <td align="center">RR2</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_C" title="Rongorongo text C">Mamari</a></i></td> <td>1000 glyphs on a 29-centimetre (11 in) unfluted rosewood tablet. Contains calendrical information; more pictographic than other texts. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">D </th> <td align="center">RR3</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_D" title="Rongorongo text D">Échancrée</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_Tahiti_et_des_%C3%8Eles" title="Musée de Tahiti et des Îles">Pape'ete</a></td> <td>270 glyphs on a 30-centimetre (12 in) unfluted notched tablet. The tablet first given to Jaussen, as a spool for a cord of hair. The two sides are written in different hands. <a href="/wiki/Podocarpus_latifolius" title="Podocarpus latifolius">Yellowwood</a>? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">E </th> <td align="center">RR6</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_E" title="Rongorongo text E">Keiti</a></i></td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Leuven</a>)</td> <td>822 glyphs on a 39-centimetre (15 in) fluted tablet. Destroyed by fire in World War I. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">F </th> <td align="center">RR7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_F" title="Rongorongo text F">Chauvet fragment</a></td> <td>New York <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>A 12-centimetre (4.7 in) fragment with 51 recorded crudely executed glyphs. (Some glyphs are covered by a label.) Palm wood? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">G </th> <td align="center">RR8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_G" title="Rongorongo text G">Small Santiago</a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History in Chile">Santiago</a></td> <td>720 glyphs on a 32-centimetre (13 in) fluted rosewood tablet. The verso may include a genealogy and does not resemble the patterns of other texts. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">H </th> <td align="center">RR9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_H" title="Rongorongo text H">Large Santiago</a></td> <td>1580 glyphs on a 44-centimetre (17 in) fluted rosewood tablet. Nearly duplicates <b>P</b> and <b>Q</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">I </th> <td align="center">RR10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_I" title="Rongorongo text I">Santiago staff</a></td> <td>2920 glyphs inscribed on a 126-centimetre (50 in) chief's staff. The longest text, and the only one which appears to have punctuation. Among the patterns of the other texts, it resembles only <b>Gv</b> and <b>Ta</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">J </th> <td align="center">RR20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_J" title="Rongorongo text J">Large <i>reimiro</i></a></td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">London</a></td> <td>A 73-centimetre (29 in) breast ornament decorated with two glyphs. May be old. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">K </th> <td align="center">RR19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_K" title="Rongorongo text K">London</a></td> <td>163 crudely executed glyphs paraphrasing <b>Gr</b> on a 22-centimetre (8.7 in) rosewood tablet. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">L </th> <td align="center">RR21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_L" title="Rongorongo text L">Small <i>reimiro</i></a></td> <td>A 41-centimetre (16 in) breast ornament decorated with a line of 44 glyphs. May be old. Rosewood. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">M </th> <td align="center">RR24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_M" title="Rongorongo text M">Large Vienna</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_Museum_of_Ethnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna Museum of Ethnology">Vienna</a></td> <td>A 28-centimetre (11 in) rosewood tablet in poor condition. Side <b>b</b> is destroyed; 54 glyphs are visible on side <b>a</b>. An early cast preserves more of the text. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">N </th> <td align="center">RR23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_N" title="Rongorongo text N">Small Vienna</a></td> <td>172 intricately carved glyphs, loosely paraphrasing <b>Ev</b>, on a 26-centimetre (10 in) piece of yellowwood. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">O </th> <td align="center">RR22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_O" title="Rongorongo text O">Berlin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Berlin</a></td> <td>103-centimetre (41 in) piece of fluted driftwood with 90 legible glyphs on side <b>a</b>. In poor condition, none of the glyphs on side <b>b</b> can be identified. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">P </th> <td align="center">RR18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_P" title="Rongorongo text P">Large St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Petersburg</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great_Museum_of_Anthropology_and_Ethnography" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography">St.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Petersburg</a></td> <td>1163 glyphs inscribed on a 63-centimetre (25 in) European or American oar blade. Yellowwood. Had been used for planking. Nearly duplicates <b>H</b> and <b>Q</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Q </th> <td align="center">RR17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Q" title="Rongorongo text Q">Small St<span class="nowrap"> </span>Petersburg</a></td> <td>718 glyphs on a 44-centimetre (17 in) fluted rosewood tree trunk. Nearly duplicates <b>H</b> and <b>P</b>. A closeup of <b>Qr3–7</b> is shown in the <a href="#top">infobox</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">R </th> <td align="center">RR15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_R" title="Rongorongo text R">Small Washington</a></td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">Washington</a></td> <td>357 glyphs, nearly all in phrases repeated on other texts, on a 24-centimetre (9.4 in) piece. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">S </th> <td align="center">RR16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_S" title="Rongorongo text S">Large Washington</a></td> <td>600 legible glyphs on a 63-centimetre (25 in) piece of yellowwood. Later cut for planking. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">T </th> <td align="center">RR11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_T" title="Rongorongo text T">Fluted Honolulu</a></td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernice P. Bishop Museum">Honolulu</a></td> <td>120 legible glyphs on a 31-centimetre (12 in) fluted tablet. In poor condition, side <b>b</b> is illegible. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">U </th> <td align="center">RR12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_U" title="Rongorongo text U">Honolulu beam</a></td> <td>27 legible glyphs on a 70-centimetre (28 in) European or American beam. In poor condition. The two sides are written in different hands. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">V </th> <td align="center">RR13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_V" title="Rongorongo text V">Honolulu oar</a></td> <td>22 legible glyphs on a 72-centimetre (28 in) European or American oar blade. In poor condition. One line of text, plus a separate pair of glyphs, on side <b>a</b>; traces of text on side <b>b</b>. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">W </th> <td align="center">RR14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_W" title="Rongorongo text W">Honolulu fragment</a></td> <td>A 7-centimetre (2.8 in) fragment with 8 glyphs on the one side that has been described. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">X </th> <td align="center">RR25</td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_X" title="Rongorongo text X">Tangata manu</a></i><br />(New<span class="nowrap"> </span>York birdman)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">New York</a></td> <td>A 33-centimetre (13 in) birdman statuette with 37 superficially inscribed glyphs separated in seven short scattered texts. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Y </th> <td align="center">RR5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Y" title="Rongorongo text Y">Paris snuffbox</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Homme" title="Musée de l'Homme">Paris</a></td> <td>A 7-centimetre (2.8 in) box cut and pieced together from three planed pieces of a tablet; 85 crude glyphs on outside of box only. Driftwood? </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Z </th> <td align="center">T4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Z" title="Rongorongo text Z"><i>Poike</i> palimpsest</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum of Natural History in Chile">Santiago</a></td> <td>Driftwood? 11 centimetres (4.3 in). Apparently a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a>; Fischer does not consider the legible layer of text to be genuine. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">n/a </th> <td>n/a </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Ragitoki" title="Rongorongo text Ragitoki">Ragitoki</a> </td> <td>Undisclosed </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">Barkcloth</a>, possibly illegitimate </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Crude glyphs have been found on a few stone objects and some additional wooden items, but most of these are thought to be fakes created for the early tourism market. Several of the 26 wooden texts are suspect due to uncertain provenance (<b>X</b>, <b>Y</b>, and <b>Z</b>), poor quality craftsmanship (<b>F</b>, <b>K</b>, <b>V</b>, <b>W</b>, <b>Y</b>, and <b>Z</b>), or to having been carved with a steel blade (<b>K</b>, <b>V</b>, and <b>Y</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-steel_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steel-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and thus, although they may prove to be genuine, should not be trusted in initial attempts at decipherment. <b>Z</b> resembles many early forgeries in not being boustrophedon, but it may be a <a href="/wiki/Palimpsest" title="Palimpsest">palimpsest</a> on an authentic but now illegible text.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_texts">Additional texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Additional texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the petroglyphs mentioned above, there are a few other very short uncatalogued texts that may be rongorongo. Fischer reports that "many statuettes reveal <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">rongorongo</i></span> or <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">rongorongo</i></span>-like glyphs on their crown." He gives the example of a compound glyph, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_mo%27ai_pakapaka.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The rongorongo glyph on the moꞌai pakapaka"><img alt="The rongorongo glyph on the moꞌai pakapaka" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rongorongo_mo%27ai_pakapaka.png/14px-Rongorongo_mo%27ai_pakapaka.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rongorongo_mo%27ai_pakapaka.png/22px-Rongorongo_mo%27ai_pakapaka.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Rongorongo_mo%27ai_pakapaka.png/29px-Rongorongo_mo%27ai_pakapaka.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="205" /></a></span>, on the crown of a <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">moꞌai pakapaka</i></span> statuette.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many human skulls are inscribed with the single 'fish' glyph <b>700</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_700.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 700"><img alt="Glyph 700" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Roro_700.svg/6px-Roro_700.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Roro_700.svg/9px-Roro_700.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Roro_700.svg/12px-Roro_700.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="158" /></a></span>, which may stand for <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">īka</i></span> "war casualty". There are other designs, including some tattoos recorded by early visitors, which are possibly single rongorongo glyphs, but since they are isolated and pictographic, it is difficult to know whether or not they are actually writing. In 2018, a possibly authentic ink-on-<a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">barkcloth</a> sequence dating from 1869, dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Ragitoki" title="Rongorongo text Ragitoki">Raŋitoki fragment</a>", was recognized. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glyphs_2">Glyphs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Glyphs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only published reference to the glyphs which is even close to comprehensive remains Barthel (1958). Barthel assigned a three-digit numeric code to each glyph or to each group of similar-looking glyphs that he believed to be <a href="/wiki/Allograph" title="Allograph">allographs</a> (variants). In the case of allography, the bare numeric code was assigned to what Barthel believed to be the basic form (<i>Grundtypus</i>), while variants were specified by alphabetic suffixes. Altogether he assigned 600 numeric codes. The hundreds place is a digit from 0 to 7, and categorizes the head, or overall form if there is no head: 0 and 1 for geometric shapes and inanimate objects; 2 for figures with "ears"; 3 and 4 for figures with open mouths (they are differentiated by their legs/tails); 5 for figures with miscellaneous heads; 6 for figures with beaks; and 7 for fish, arthropods, etc. The digits in tens and units places were allocated similarly, so that, for example, glyphs 206, 306, 406, 506, and 606 all have a downward-pointing wing or arm on the left, and a raised four-fingered hand on the right: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barthel_code.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Barthel_code.png/440px-Barthel_code.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Barthel_code.png 1.5x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>Coding: The first digit distinguishes head and basic body shape, and the six in the units place indicates a specific raised hand.</figcaption></figure> <p>There is some arbitrariness to which glyphs are grouped together, and there are inconsistencies in the assignments of numerical codes and the use of affixes which make the system rather complex.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, despite its shortcomings, Barthel's is the only effective system ever proposed to categorize rongorongo glyphs.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barthel (1971) claimed to have parsed the corpus of glyphs to 120, of which the other 480 in his inventory are allographs or <a href="/wiki/Typographical_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographical ligature">ligatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-syllable_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syllable-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence was never published, but similar counts have been obtained by other scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Pozdniakov" title="Konstantin Pozdniakov">Pozdniakov</a> & Pozdniakov (2007). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Published_corpus">Published corpus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Published corpus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_rubbing_of_line_1_of_Santiago_staff.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rongorongo_rubbing_of_line_1_of_Santiago_staff.png/220px-Rongorongo_rubbing_of_line_1_of_Santiago_staff.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rongorongo_rubbing_of_line_1_of_Santiago_staff.png/330px-Rongorongo_rubbing_of_line_1_of_Santiago_staff.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Rongorongo_rubbing_of_line_1_of_Santiago_staff.png/440px-Rongorongo_rubbing_of_line_1_of_Santiago_staff.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Rubbing of the first line of the Santiago Staff, used by Barthel (<a href="/wiki/CEIPP" title="CEIPP">CEIPP</a> archives)</figcaption></figure> <p>For almost a century only a few of the texts were published. In 1875, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Chilean National Museum of Natural History">Chilean National Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago,_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago, Chile">Santiago</a>, Rudolf Philippi, published the Santiago Staff, and Carroll (1892) published part of the Oar. Most texts remained beyond the reach of would-be decipherers until 1958, when Thomas Barthel published line drawings of almost all the known corpus in his <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Grundlagen zur Entzifferung der Osterinselschrift</i></span> ("Bases for the Decipherment of the Easter Island script") which remains the fundamental reference to rongorongo. He transcribed texts <b>A</b> through <b>X</b>, over 99% of the corpus; the <a href="/wiki/CEIPP" title="CEIPP">CEIPP</a> estimates that it is 97% accurate. Barthel's line drawings were not produced free-hand but copied from <a href="/wiki/Rubbing_(art)" title="Rubbing (art)">rubbings</a>, which helped ensure their faithfulness to the originals.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fischer (1997) published new line drawings. These include lines scored with obsidian but not finished with a shark tooth, which had not been recorded by Barthel because the rubbings he used often did not show them, for example on tablet <b>N</b>. (However, in line <b>Gv4</b> shown in the section on <a href="#writing_instruments">writing instruments</a> above, the light lines were recorded by both Fischer and Barthel.) There are other omissions in Barthel which Fischer corrects, such as a sequence of glyphs at the transition from line <b>Ca6</b> to <b>Ca7</b> which is missing from Barthel, presumably because the carving went over the side of the tablet and was missed by Barthel's rubbing. (This missing sequence is right in the middle of Barthel's calendar.) However, other discrepancies between the two records are straightforward contradictions. For instance, the initial glyph of <b>I12</b> (line 12 of the Santiago Staff) in Fischer<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not correspond with that of Barthel<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Philippi,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which agree with each other, and Barthel's rubbing (below) is incompatible with Fischer's drawing. Barthel's annotation, <i>Original doch <u>53</u>.76!</i> ("original indeed <u>53</u>.76!"), suggests that he specifically verified Philippi's reading: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santiago-Staff-Compare-I12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Santiago-Staff-Compare-I12.jpg/330px-Santiago-Staff-Compare-I12.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Santiago-Staff-Compare-I12.jpg/495px-Santiago-Staff-Compare-I12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Santiago-Staff-Compare-I12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>A comparison of line 12 of <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_I" title="Rongorongo text I">rongorongo text I</a> as traced by Fischer, Barthel, and Philippi, plus Barthel's annotated pencil rubbing of the same line.</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, the next glyph (glyph <b>20</b>, a "spindle with three knobs") is missing its right-side "sprout" (glyph <b>10</b>) in Philippi's drawing. This may be the result of an error in the inking, since there is a blank space in its place. The corpus is thus tainted with quite some uncertainty. It has never been properly checked for want of high-quality photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decipherment">Decipherment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Decipherment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">Decipherment of rongorongo</a></div> <p>As with most undeciphered scripts, there are many fanciful interpretations and claimed translations of rongorongo. However, apart from a portion of one tablet which has been shown to have to do with a lunar <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui calendar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo#Butinov_and_Knorozov" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">a possible genealogy</a>, none of the texts are understood. There are three serious obstacles to decipherment, assuming rongorongo is truly writing: the small number of remaining texts, the lack of context such as illustrations in which to interpret them, and the poor attestation of the Old Rapa Nui language, since modern <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a> is heavily mixed with <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> and is therefore unlikely to closely reflect the language of the tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prevailing opinion is that rongorongo is not true writing but <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>, or even a more limited <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> device for genealogy, choreography, navigation, astronomy, or agriculture. For example, the <i>Atlas of Languages</i> states, "It was probably used as a memory aid or for decorative purposes, not for recording the Rapanui language of the islanders."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this is the case, then there is little hope of ever deciphering it.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those who believe it to be writing, there is debate as to whether rongorongo is essentially <a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">logographic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabic</a>, though it appears to be compatible with neither a pure logography nor a pure syllabary.<sup id="cite_ref-P&P_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P&P-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption>Inventory of possible Rongorongo characters<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_001.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 001"><img alt="Glyph 001" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Roro_001.svg/7px-Roro_001.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Roro_001.svg/10px-Roro_001.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Roro_001.svg/14px-Roro_001.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="146" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_002.svg" 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data-file-height="154" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_004.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 004"><img alt="Glyph 004" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roro_004.svg/10px-Roro_004.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roro_004.svg/15px-Roro_004.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Roro_004.svg/20px-Roro_004.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="39" data-file-height="137" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_005.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 005"><img alt="Glyph 005" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Roro_005.svg/20px-Roro_005.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="36" class="mw-file-element" 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height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roro_015.svg/18px-Roro_015.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roro_015.svg/24px-Roro_015.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="154" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_016.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 016"><img alt="Glyph 016" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Roro_016.svg/6px-Roro_016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Roro_016.svg/10px-Roro_016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Roro_016.svg/13px-Roro_016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="29" data-file-height="157" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><b>01</b></th> <th><b>02</b></th> <th><b>03</b></th> <th><b>04</b></th> <th><b>05</b></th> <th><b>06</b></th> <th><b>07</b></th> <th><b>08</b></th> <th><b>09</b></th> <th><b>10</b></th> <th><b>14</b></th> <th><b>15</b></th> <th><b>16</b> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_022.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 022"><img alt="Glyph 022" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Roro_022.svg/9px-Roro_022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Roro_022.svg/13px-Roro_022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Roro_022.svg/18px-Roro_022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="141" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_025.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 025"><img alt="Glyph 025" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Roro_025.svg/24px-Roro_025.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" 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<td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_053.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 053"><img alt="Glyph 053" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roro_053.svg/12px-Roro_053.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roro_053.svg/19px-Roro_053.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Roro_053.svg/25px-Roro_053.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="142" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><b>22</b></th> <th><b>25</b></th> <th><b>27AB</b></th> <th><b>28</b></th> <th><b>34</b></th> <th><b>38</b></th> <th><b>41</b></th> <th><b>44</b></th> <th><b>46</b></th> <th><b>47</b></th> <th><b>50</b></th> <th><b>52</b></th> <th><b>53</b> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_059.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 059"><img alt="Glyph 059" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Roro_059.svg/25px-Roro_059.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Roro_059.svg/38px-Roro_059.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Roro_059.svg/50px-Roro_059.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_060.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 060"><img alt="Glyph 060" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Roro_060.svg/12px-Roro_060.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Roro_060.svg/18px-Roro_060.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Roro_060.svg/24px-Roro_060.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="46" data-file-height="138" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_061.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 061"><img alt="Glyph 061" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Roro_061.svg/8px-Roro_061.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Roro_061.svg/12px-Roro_061.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Roro_061.svg/16px-Roro_061.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="35" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_062.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 062"><img alt="Glyph 062" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roro_062.svg/10px-Roro_062.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roro_062.svg/15px-Roro_062.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Roro_062.svg/20px-Roro_062.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="38" data-file-height="134" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_063.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 063"><img alt="Glyph 063" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Roro_063.svg/12px-Roro_063.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Roro_063.svg/19px-Roro_063.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Roro_063.svg/25px-Roro_063.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="49" data-file-height="139" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_066.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 066"><img alt="Glyph 066" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Roro_066.svg/15px-Roro_066.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Roro_066.svg/23px-Roro_066.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Roro_066.svg/30px-Roro_066.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="68" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_067.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 067"><img alt="Glyph 067" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roro_067.svg/15px-Roro_067.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roro_067.svg/23px-Roro_067.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Roro_067.svg/30px-Roro_067.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="153" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_069.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 069"><img alt="Glyph 069" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roro_069.svg/15px-Roro_069.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roro_069.svg/22px-Roro_069.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Roro_069.svg/30px-Roro_069.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="152" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_070.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 070"><img alt="Glyph 070" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/19px-Roro_070.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/29px-Roro_070.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/38px-Roro_070.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="77" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_071.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 071"><img alt="Glyph 071" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roro_071.svg/15px-Roro_071.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roro_071.svg/23px-Roro_071.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roro_071.svg/31px-Roro_071.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="63" data-file-height="147" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_074.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 074"><img alt="Glyph 074" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roro_074.svg/12px-Roro_074.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roro_074.svg/19px-Roro_074.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Roro_074.svg/25px-Roro_074.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="53" data-file-height="151" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_076.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 076"><img alt="Glyph 076" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roro_076.svg/15px-Roro_076.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roro_076.svg/23px-Roro_076.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Roro_076.svg/31px-Roro_076.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="65" data-file-height="150" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_091.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 091"><img alt="Glyph 091" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roro_091.svg/22px-Roro_091.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roro_091.svg/33px-Roro_091.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Roro_091.svg/44px-Roro_091.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="84" data-file-height="138" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><b>59</b></th> <th><b>60</b></th> <th><b>61</b></th> <th><b>62</b></th> <th><b>63</b></th> <th><b>66</b></th> <th><b>67</b></th> <th><b>69</b></th> <th><b>70</b></th> <th><b>71</b></th> <th><b>74</b></th> <th><b>76</b></th> <th><b>91</b> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_095.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 095"><img alt="Glyph 095" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roro_095.svg/21px-Roro_095.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roro_095.svg/32px-Roro_095.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Roro_095.svg/42px-Roro_095.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="81" data-file-height="137" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_099.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 099"><img alt="Glyph 099" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Roro_099.svg/23px-Roro_099.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Roro_099.svg/35px-Roro_099.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Roro_099.svg/46px-Roro_099.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_200.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 200"><img alt="Glyph 200" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roro_200.svg/23px-Roro_200.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roro_200.svg/35px-Roro_200.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Roro_200.svg/47px-Roro_200.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="105" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_240.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 240"><img alt="Glyph 240" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roro_240.svg/36px-Roro_240.svg.png" decoding="async" width="36" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roro_240.svg/54px-Roro_240.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Roro_240.svg/72px-Roro_240.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="147" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_280.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 280"><img alt="Glyph 280" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roro_280.svg/25px-Roro_280.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roro_280.svg/37px-Roro_280.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Roro_280.svg/49px-Roro_280.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_380.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 380"><img alt="Glyph 380" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roro_380.svg/22px-Roro_380.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roro_380.svg/33px-Roro_380.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Roro_380.svg/44px-Roro_380.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="89" data-file-height="145" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_400.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 400"><img alt="Glyph 400" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roro_400.svg/23px-Roro_400.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roro_400.svg/34px-Roro_400.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Roro_400.svg/46px-Roro_400.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="167" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_530.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 530"><img alt="Glyph 530" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roro_530.svg/27px-Roro_530.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roro_530.svg/40px-Roro_530.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Roro_530.svg/54px-Roro_530.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="151" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_660.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 660"><img alt="Glyph 660" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Roro_660.svg/37px-Roro_660.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Roro_660.svg/56px-Roro_660.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Roro_660.svg/74px-Roro_660.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_700.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 700"><img alt="Glyph 700" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Roro_700.svg/10px-Roro_700.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Roro_700.svg/16px-Roro_700.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Roro_700.svg/21px-Roro_700.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="47" data-file-height="158" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_720.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 720"><img alt="Glyph 720" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roro_720.svg/29px-Roro_720.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roro_720.svg/43px-Roro_720.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Roro_720.svg/57px-Roro_720.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="120" data-file-height="151" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_730.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 730"><img alt="Glyph 730" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Roro_730.svg/20px-Roro_730.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Roro_730.svg/30px-Roro_730.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Roro_730.svg/40px-Roro_730.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="85" data-file-height="154" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_901.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 901"><img alt="Glyph 901" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roro_901.svg/22px-Roro_901.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roro_901.svg/33px-Roro_901.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Roro_901.svg/43px-Roro_901.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="99" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><b>95</b></th> <th><b>99</b></th> <th><b>200</b></th> <th><b>240</b></th> <th><b>280</b></th> <th><b>380</b></th> <th><b>400</b></th> <th><b>530</b></th> <th><b>660</b></th> <th><b>700</b></th> <th><b>720</b></th> <th><b>730</b></th> <th><b>901</b> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computer_encoding">Computer encoding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Computer encoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unicode_Consortium" title="Unicode Consortium">Unicode Consortium</a> has tentatively allocated range 1CA80–1CDBF of the <a href="/wiki/Supplementary_Multilingual_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Supplementary Multilingual Plane">Supplementary Multilingual Plane</a> for encoding the Rongorongo script.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An encoding proposal has been written by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-def-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-def_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-def_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Englert" title="Sebastian Englert">Englert</a> defines <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">rogorogo</i></span> as "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">recitar, declamar, leer cantando</i></span>" (to recite, declaim, read chanting), and <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tagata rogorogo</i></span> (rongorongo man) as "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">hombre que sabía leer los textos de los</i></span> <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kōhau rogorogo</i></span>, <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">o sea, de las tabletas con signos para la recitación</i></span>" (a man who could read the texts of the <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">kōhau rogorogo</i></span>, that is, of the tablets bearing signs for recitation). <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Roŋoroŋo</i></span> is the <a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">reduplication</a> of <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">roŋo</i></span> "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">recado, orden o mandato, mensaje, noticia</i></span>" (a message, order, notice); <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">tagata rogo</i></span> is a "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">mensajero</i></span>" (a messenger).<sup id="cite_ref-Englert1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englert1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [kōhau] <span style="color:#d33">Error: [undefined] <span style="color:#d33">Error: {{Lang}}: no text (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span>: invalid parameter: |3= (<a href="/wiki/Category:Lang_and_lang-xx_template_errors" title="Category:Lang and lang-xx template errors">help</a>)</span> are defined as "<span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">líneas tiradas a hilo</i></span> <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">hau</i></span> <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">sobre tabletas o palos para la inscripción de signos</i></span>" (lines drawn with a string (<span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">hau</i></span>) on tablets or sticks for the inscription of signs).<sup id="cite_ref-Englert1993_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Englert1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rapanui word <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">roŋo</i></span> has <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in most other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">dengar</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dəŋar/</span> to <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> <span title="Fijian-language text"><i lang="fj">rogoca</i></span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/roŋoða/</span> and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> <span title="Hawaiian-language text"><i lang="haw">lono</i></span>, where these words have such meanings as "to listen", "to hear", <i>etc.</i><sup id="cite_ref-ACD_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACD-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthel tested this experimentally, and Dederen (1993) reproduced several tablets in this fashion. Fischer comments,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <blockquote><p>On the Large St. Petersburg ([P]r3) [...] the original tracing with an obsidian flake describes a bird's bill identical to a foregoing one; but when incising, the scribe reduced this bill to a much more bulbous shape [...] since he now was working with the different medium of a shark's tooth. There are many such scribal quirks on the "Large St. Petersburg" [tablet <b>P</b>]. The rongorongo script is a "contour script" (Barthel 1955:360) [...] with various internal or external lines, circles, dashes or dots added [...] Often such features exist only in the hair-line pre-etching effected by obsidian flakes and not incised with a shark's tooth. This is particularly evident on the "Small Vienna" [tablet <b>N</b>].</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-steel-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steel_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-steel_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Métraux said of <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_V" title="Rongorongo text V">tablet <b>V</b></a> in 1938, "its authenticity is doubtful. The signs appear to have been incised with a steel implement, and do not show the regularity and beauty of outline which characterise the original tablets."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Imitation tablets were made for the tourist trade as early as the 1880s.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, a glyph resembling a chicken or rooster is not found, despite chickens being the mainstay of the economy and some of the tablets supposedly commemorating "how many men [a chief] had killed, how many chickens he had stolen".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The conventional radiocarbon age obtained [...] is 80 ±40 BP and the 2-sigma calibration age (95% probability) is Cal AD 1680 to Cal AD 1740 (Cal BP 270 to 200) and Cal AD 1800 to 1930 (Cal BP 150 to 20) and AD 1950 to 1960 (Cal BP 0 to 0); in fact, this rongorongo was collected in 1871 [so the later date cannot be correct]."<sup id="cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orliac_2005b-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Following the Jaussen list,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which identified it as the <i lang="rap"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/niu#Rapa_Nui" class="extiw" title="wikt:niu">niu</a></i> coconut palm, a species not introduced until after European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orliac_2005b-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">Mamari</i></span> is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>19.6 cm (<span class="frac">7<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) wide and includes <a href="/wiki/Sapwood_(wood)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapwood (wood)">sapwood</a> along its edges; a trunk of that diameter corresponds to Pacific rosewood's maximum height of 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>m.<sup id="cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orliac_2005b-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These were traced from the original, which has since been lost, and so may not retain their original orientations. They were published with the long line vertical on the left, and the large glyph upright on the right.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This interprets the 1770 reports as not meaning that the Spaniards had seen Easter Island writing prior to the signing of the treaty, but had simply presumed that they <i>would</i> have had writing: González de Ahedo had given instructions to "procure the attestations of the recognised Chiefs or Caciques of the islanders, signed in their native characters".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-petroglyph-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-petroglyph_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-petroglyph_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/moon_rabbit/2005439344/">image</a>. Other examples of petroglyphs which resemble rongorongo glyphs can be seen <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saga-photography.de/cei1033-4.php">here</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/8177037@N06/2138358013/sizes/m/">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Dans toutes les cases on trouve des tablettes de bois ou des bâtons couverts de plusieurs espèces de caractères hiéroglyphiques: ce sont des figures d'animaux inconnues dans l'île, que les indigènes tracent au moyen de pierres tranchantes. Chaque figure a son nom; mais le peu de cas qu'ils font de ces tablettes m'incline à penser que ces caractères, restes d'une écriture primitive, sont pour eux maintenant un usage qu'ils conservent sans en chercher le sens.</i></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Métraux (1940) reports that, "The present population of 456 natives is entirely derived from the 111 natives left after the abandonment of the island by the French missionaries in 1872."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Routledge (1919) gives a figure of 171 left after an evacuation led by Father Roussel in 1871, mostly old men,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Cooke (1899) states that the evacuation of some 300 islanders was in 1878, that "When H. M. S. <i>Sappho</i> touched at the island in 1882 it was reported that but 150 of the inhabitants were left", and goes on to give a summary of a complete census he received from Salmon in 1886 which listed 155 natives and 11 foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer translates Barthel, concerning four of these tablets: <i>To judge by the form, size, and type of keeping one can say with a high degree of certainty that this involved tablets that were presented at two interments.</i><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">However, Pozdniakov & Pozdniakov (2007) believe that the limited and repetitive nature of the texts precludes them recording anything as diverse as history or mythology.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the collection of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090802095551/http://www.mertonsimpsongallery.com:80/index3.htm">Merton D. Simpson Gallery</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Or perhaps <span title="Rapa Nui-language text"><i lang="rap">moꞌai paꞌapaꞌa</i></span>. Catalog # 402-1, labeled <i>моаи папа,</i> in the St Petersburg museum. Although this compound of glyph <b>02</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_002.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 002"><img alt="Glyph 002" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roro_002.svg/6px-Roro_002.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roro_002.svg/9px-Roro_002.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Roro_002.svg/12px-Roro_002.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="42" data-file-height="135" /></a></span> inside <b>70</b> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roro_070.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glyph 070"><img alt="Glyph 070" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/10px-Roro_070.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/16px-Roro_070.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Roro_070.svg/21px-Roro_070.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="77" data-file-height="144" /></a></span> is not otherwise attested, linked sequences of <b>70.02</b> are found, for example in <b>Ab6</b>, and it is formally analogous to other infixed compounds of glyph <b>70</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110722/http://www.rongorongo.org/corpus/codes.html">"R<small>ONGORONGO</small>: Transliteration Codes"</a>. www.rongorongo.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rongorongo.org/corpus/codes.html">the original</a> on 2008-02-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=R%3Csmall%3EONGORONGO%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3A+Transliteration+Codes&rft.pub=www.rongorongo.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rongorongo.org%2Fcorpus%2Fcodes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syllable-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-syllable_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">55 glyphs would be required for a pure syllabary, assuming that long vowels were ignored or treated as vowel sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Other examples of protowriting, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dongba_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongba script">Dongba script</a> of China, have proved impossible to read without help. However, the original conclusion that rongorongo did not encode language may have been based on spurious statistics. See <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">decipherment of rongorongo</a> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This basic inventory of rongorongo, proposed by Pozdniakov & Pozdniakov (2007), accounts for 99.7% of the intact texts, except for the idiosyncratic Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-P&P_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P&P-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video">Video</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdbvuMa1v60">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdbvuMa1v60</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Easter Island Origins" <i>Nova</i>, season 52, episode 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-rongorongo" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=rongorongo">"rongorongo"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=rongorongo&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Drongorongo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson,_Andrew2009" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Andrew (2009). "The death of RongoRongo". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcXH52jICOEC"><i>Writing and Script: A Very Short Introduction</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191579165" title="Special:BookSources/9780191579165"><bdi>9780191579165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+death+of+RongoRongo&rft.btitle=Writing+and+Script%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780191579165&rft.au=Robinson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzcXH52jICOEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Englert1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Englert1993_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Englert1993_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Englert1993_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Englert 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACD-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACD_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blust & Trussel (2020) *deŋeR</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthel 1958:66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:667</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:ix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:382</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skjølsvold 1994, as cited in Orliac 2005b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:483</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:497</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:382–383; see also <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">decipherment of rongorongo</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy,_Jacques_B._M.1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Guy" title="Jacques Guy">Guy, Jacques B. M.</a> (1992). "À propos des mois de l'ancien calendrier pascuan (On the months of the old Easter Island calendar)". <i>Journal de la Société des Océanistes</i>. <b>94</b> (1): 119–125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjso.1992.2611">10.3406/jso.1992.2611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Oc%C3%A9anistes&rft.atitle=%C3%80+propos+des+mois+de+l%27ancien+calendrier+pascuan+%28On+the+months+of+the+old+Easter+Island+calendar%29&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=119-125&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjso.1992.2611&rft.au=Guy%2C+Jacques+B.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthel 1971:1168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:386</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:353</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Métraux 1940:404</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horley 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:389–390</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthel 1959:164</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haberlandt 1886:102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:501</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Métraux 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Routledge 1919:251</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooke 1899:712, Englert 1970:149–153</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Date ranges are 1200–1250 and 1180–1290. Mann <i>et al.</i> 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orliac_2005b-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orliac_2005b_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orliac 2005b</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090408075740/http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/frame.html">"JAUSSEN LIST (see page<span class="nowrap"> </span>5)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/frame.html">the original</a> on April 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JAUSSEN+LIST+%28see+page%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E5%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netaxs.com%2F~trance%2Fframe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flenley & Bahn 1992:172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://popular-archaeology.com/article/study-suggests-independent-invention-of-writing-on-rapa-nui-easter-island/">"Popular Archeology - Study Suggests Independent Invention of Writing on Rapa Nui (Easter Island)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Archeology+-+Study+Suggests+Independent+Invention+of+Writing+on+Rapa+Nui+%28Easter+Island%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopular-archaeology.com%2Farticle%2Fstudy-suggests-independent-invention-of-writing-on-rapa-nui-easter-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corney (1903), plate between pp 48 & 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corney 1903:104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Flenley & Bahn 1992:203–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corney 1903:47–48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bahn 1996</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee 1992</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eyraud 1866</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:21–24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orliac 2005a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Routledge 1919:207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Métraux 1940:3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Routledge 1919:208</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cooke 1899:712</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthel 1959:162–163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:526</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:Appendices</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Routledge 1919:253–254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buck 1938:245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:534</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:543</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pozdniakov 1996:294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macri 1995; see also <a href="/wiki/Rapanui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanui language">Rapanui language</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fischer 1997:451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barthel 1958: Appendix</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philippi 1875</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guy 1998a</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Englert 1970:80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Comrie <i>et al.</i> 1996:100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-P&P-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-P&P_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-P&P_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pozdniakov & Pozdniakov, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/smp-11-0-0.html">"Roadmap to the SMP"</a>. <i>Roadmaps to Unicode</i>. Unicode Consortium. 10 Jan 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roadmaps+to+Unicode&rft.atitle=Roadmap+to+the+SMP&rft.date=2018-01-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Froadmaps%2Fsmp%2Fsmp-11-0-0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverson1998" class="citation web cs1">Everson, Michael (4 Dec 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/rongorongo.pdf">"Table XXX - Row 30: Rongorongo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Proposal for the Universal Character Set</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netaxs.com/~trance/rongo2.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rongorongo%3A+The+Easter+Island+Tablets&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Guy&rft.aufirst=Jacques+B.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netaxs.com%2F~trance%2Frongo2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuy2000" class="citation web cs1">———— (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070106192759/http://www.rongorongo.org/corpus/drawings.html">"The Rongorongo of Easter Island: The Hand-Drawn Reproductions"</a>. 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"Ueber Schrifttafeln von der Osterinsel" [On the written tablets of Easter Island]. <i>Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien</i> (in German). <b>16</b>: 97–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mitteilungen+der+Anthropologischen+Gesellschaft+in+Wien&rft.atitle=Ueber+Schrifttafeln+von+der+Osterinsel&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=97-102&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Haberlandt&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Horley, Paul (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fjso.5813">"<i>Rongorongo</i> Script: Carving Techniques and Scribal Corrections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Oc%C3%A9anistes" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal de la Société des Océanistes">Journal de la Société des Océanistes</a></i>. <b>129</b> (129): 249–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fjso.5813">10.4000/jso.5813</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-953X">0300-953X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Oc%C3%A9anistes&rft.atitle=Rongorongo+Script%3A+Carving+Techniques+and+Scribal+Corrections&rft.volume=129&rft.issue=129&rft.pages=249-261&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fjso.5813&rft.issn=0300-953X&rft.aulast=Horley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fjso.5813&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1992" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Georgia (1992). <i>The Rock Art of Easter Island: Symbols of Power, Prayers to the Gods</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legendarysurfers.com/blog/2006/05/rongorongo-tablets.html">the original</a> on 2006-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=The+Rongorongo+Tablets+from+Easter+Island%3A+Botanical+Identification+and+%3Csup%3E14%3C%2Fsup%3EC+Dating&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-119&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.2005.tb00597.x&rft.issn=0728-4896&rft.aulast=Orliac&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegendarysurfers.com%2Fblog%2F2006%2F05%2Frongorongo-tablets.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrliac2007" class="citation journal cs1">———— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/10524/64741">"Botanical Identification of the Wood of the Large <i>Kohau Rongorongo</i> Tablet of St Petersburg"</a>. <i>Rapa Nui Journal</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 7–10. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10524%2F64741">10524/64741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rapa+Nui+Journal&rft.atitle=Botanical+Identification+of+the+Wood+of+the+Large+Kohau+Rongorongo+Tablet+of+St+Petersburg&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7-10&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10524%2F64741&rft.aulast=Orliac&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F10524%2F64741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilippi1875" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philippi, Rudolfo A. (1875). "Iconografia de la escritura jeroglífica de los indigenas de la isla de Pascua" [Iconography of the hieroglyphic writing of the natives of Easter Island]. <i>Anales de la Universidad de Chile</i> (in Spanish). <b>47</b>: 670–683.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anales+de+la+Universidad+de+Chile&rft.atitle=Iconografia+de+la+escritura+jerogl%C3%ADfica+de+los+indigenas+de+la+isla+de+Pascua&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=670-683&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Philippi&rft.aufirst=Rudolfo+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozdniakov1996" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pozdniakov, Konstantin (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625101810/http://pozdniakov.free.fr/14%20paques%201996.pdf">"Les Bases du Déchiffrement de l'Écriture de l'Ile de Pâques"</a> [The Bases of Deciphering the Writing of Easter Island] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_de_la_Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Oc%C3%A9anistes" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal de la Société des Océanistes">Journal de la Société des Océanistes</a></i> (in French). <b>103</b> (2): 289–303. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fjso.1996.1995">10.3406/jso.1996.1995</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0300-953X">0300-953X</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pozdniakov.free.fr/14%20paques%201996.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+de+la+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Oc%C3%A9anistes&rft.atitle=Les+Bases+du+D%C3%A9chiffrement+de+l%27%C3%89criture+de+l%27Ile+de+P%C3%A2ques&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=289-303&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fjso.1996.1995&rft.issn=0300-953X&rft.aulast=Pozdniakov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpozdniakov.free.fr%2F14%2520paques%25201996.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPozdniakovPozdniakov2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pozdniakov, Konstantin; Pozdniakov, Igor (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625101918/http://pozdniakov.free.fr/16%20Easter%20Island%20english.pdf">"Rapanui Writing and the Rapanui Language: Preliminary Results of a Statistical Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Forum for Anthropology and Culture</i>. <b>3</b>: 3–36. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/HAL_(open_archive)" title="HAL (open archive)">HAL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01389639">hal-01389639</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pozdniakov.free.fr/16%20Easter%20Island%20english.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-06-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forum+for+Anthropology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Rapanui+Writing+and+the+Rapanui+Language%3A+Preliminary+Results+of+a+Statistical+Analysis&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=3-36&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pozdniakov&rft.aufirst=Konstantin&rft.au=Pozdniakov%2C+Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpozdniakov.free.fr%2F16%2520Easter%2520Island%2520english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoutledge1919" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Routledge" title="Katherine Routledge">Routledge, Katherine</a> (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheMysteryOfEasterIsland"><i>The Mystery of Easter Island: The story of an expedition</i></a>. London and <a href="/wiki/Aylesbury" title="Aylesbury">Aylesbury</a>: Hazell, Watson and Viney.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Easter+Island%3A+The+story+of+an+expedition&rft.place=London+and+Aylesbury&rft.pub=Hazell%2C+Watson+and+Viney&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Routledge&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheMysteryOfEasterIsland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjølsvold1994" class="citation book cs1">Skjølsvold, Arne (1994). Skjølsvold, Arne (ed.). <i>Archaeological Investigations at Anakena, Easter Island</i>. The Kon Tiki Museum Occasional Papers. Vol. 3. Oslo: <a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_Museum" title="Kon-Tiki Museum">Kon-Tiki Museum</a>. pp. 5–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Investigations+at+Anakena%2C+Easter+Island&rft.place=Oslo&rft.series=The+Kon+Tiki+Museum+Occasional+Papers&rft.pages=5-120&rft.pub=Kon-Tiki+Museum&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Skj%C3%B8lsvold&rft.aufirst=Arne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARongorongo" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Rongorongo</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rongorongo" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Rongorongo">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rongorongo" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Rongorongo">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209764" class="extiw" title="d:Q209764">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kohaumotu.org/rongorongo_org/">The Rongorongo of Easter Island</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>– the most complete and balanced description of rongorongo on the internet at the time, from a researcher with the CEIPP. (Archived as of February 27, 2005)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kohaumotu.org/index.html">Kohaumotu</a> – a more recent professional site, by Philip Spaelti. Includes a mirror of the CEIPP site.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kohaumotu.org/Rongorongo_new/views/index.php">Rongorongo corpus viewer</a> – see, highlight, and compare both the Barthel and Fischer transcriptions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Michael Everson</a>'s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/rongorongo.pdf">draft Unicode proposal for Rongorongo</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071214174003/http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/easter/rock-art1.php">The Rock Art of Rapa Nui</a></i> by Georgia Lee</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/101315/rec/1">Splendid Isolation: Art of Easter Island</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Rongorongo</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rongorongo_texts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rongorongo" title="Template:Rongorongo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rongorongo" title="Template talk:Rongorongo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rongorongo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rongorongo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rongorongo_texts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rongorongo</a> texts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table align="center" cellspacing="0" style="text-align: left; line-height: 1.25;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_A" title="Rongorongo text A"><code><b>A</b> (RR1)  </code><i>Tahua</i></a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_B" title="Rongorongo text B"><code><b>B</b> (RR4)  </code><i>Aruku kurenga</i></a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_C" title="Rongorongo text C"><code><b>C</b> (RR2)  </code><i>Mamari</i></a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_D" title="Rongorongo text D"><code><b>D</b> (RR3)  </code><i>Echancrée</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_E" title="Rongorongo text E"><code><b>E</b> (RR6)  </code><i>Keiti</i></a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_F" title="Rongorongo text F"><code><b>F</b> (RR7)  </code>Chauvet fragment</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_G" title="Rongorongo text G"><code><b>G</b> (RR8)  </code>Small Santiago</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_H" title="Rongorongo text H"><code><b>H</b> (RR9)  </code>Large Santiago</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_I" title="Rongorongo text I"><code><b>I</b> (RR10) </code>Santiago staff</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_J" title="Rongorongo text J"><code><b>J</b> (RR20) </code>Large reimiro</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_K" title="Rongorongo text K"><code><b>K</b> (RR19) </code>London</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_L" title="Rongorongo text L"><code><b>L</b> (RR21) </code>Small reimiro</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_M" title="Rongorongo text M"><code><b>M</b> (RR24) </code>Large Vienna</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_N" title="Rongorongo text N"><code><b>N</b> (RR23) </code>Small Vienna</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_O" title="Rongorongo text O"><code><b>O</b> (RR22) </code>Berlin</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_P" title="Rongorongo text P"><code><b>P</b> (RR18) </code>Large Saint Petersburg</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Q" title="Rongorongo text Q"><code><b>Q</b> (RR17) </code>Small Saint Petersburg</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_R" title="Rongorongo text R"><code><b>R</b> (RR15) </code>Small Washington</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_S" title="Rongorongo text S"><code><b>S</b> (RR16) </code>Large Washington</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_T" title="Rongorongo text T"><code><b>T</b> (RR11) </code>Fluted Honolulu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_U" title="Rongorongo text U"><code><b>U</b> (RR12) </code>Honolulu beam</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_V" title="Rongorongo text V"><code><b>V</b> (RR13) </code>Honolulu oar</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_W" title="Rongorongo text W"><code><b>W</b> (RR14) </code>Honolulu fragment</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_X" title="Rongorongo text X"><code><b>X</b> (RR25) </code><i>Tangata manu</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Y" title="Rongorongo text Y"><code><b>Y</b> (RR5)  </code>Paris snuffbox</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Z" title="Rongorongo text Z"><code><b>Z</b> (T4)   </code><i>Poike</i> palimpsest</a> </td> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo_text_Ragitoki" title="Rongorongo text Ragitoki"><code><b>–</b> (–)    </code><i>Raŋitoki</i> fragment (possible forgery)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">Decipherment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Lunisolar calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" title="History of Easter Island">History of Rapa Nui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Easter_Island" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Easter_Island" title="Template:Easter Island"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Easter_Island" title="Template talk:Easter Island"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Easter_Island" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Easter Island"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Easter_Island" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" title="History of Easter Island">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rongorongo glyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">Tangata manu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em">Stone work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukao" title="Pukao">Pukao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em">Archaeological sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahu_Akivi" title="Ahu Akivi">Ahu Akivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahu_Tongariki" title="Ahu Tongariki">Ahu Tongariki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahu_Vinapu" title="Ahu Vinapu">Ahu Vinapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anakena" title="Anakena">Anakena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orongo" title="Orongo">Orongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puna_Pau" title="Puna Pau">Puna Pau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rano_Raraku" title="Rano Raraku">Rano Raraku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_National_Park" title="Rapa Nui National Park">Rapa Nui National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahai" title="Tahai">Tahai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Rapa_Nui,_Chile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/120px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/180px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/240px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography and <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Geology" title="Easter Island">geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anakena" title="Anakena">Anakena </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Fracture_Zone" title="Easter Fracture Zone">Easter Fracture Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_hotspot" title="Easter hotspot">Easter hotspot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Microplate" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter Microplate">Easter Microplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai_(seamount)" title="Moai (seamount)">Moai Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukao_(seamount)" title="Pukao (seamount)">Pukao Seamount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Pascua_(commune)" title="Isla de Pascua (commune)">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Pascua_Province" title="Isla de Pascua Province">Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_de_Pascua_Department" title="Isla de Pascua Department">Department</a> <i>(historical)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Easter_Island" title="Category:Easter Island">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_Hebrew" title="Cursive Hebrew">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&oldid=1256069290">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongorongo&oldid=1256069290</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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