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<li id="toc-Earliest_textual_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_textual_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Earliest textual references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_textual_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_from_tantric_Buddhism_to_Nāth_hatha_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_from_tantric_Buddhism_to_Nāth_hatha_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Transition from tantric Buddhism to Nāth hatha yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_from_tantric_Buddhism_to_Nāth_hatha_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tantric_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tantric_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Tantric Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tantric_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Hindu_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Hindu_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Early Hindu texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Hindu_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_haṭha_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_haṭha_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Classical haṭha yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_haṭha_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haṭhayogapradīpikā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haṭhayogapradīpikā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span><i>Haṭhayogapradīpikā</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haṭhayogapradīpikā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Hathayogapradipika_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Hathayogapradipika_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Post-<i>Hathayogapradipika</i> texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Hathayogapradipika_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Modern era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yoga_as_exercise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yoga_as_exercise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Yoga as exercise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yoga_as_exercise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Purifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breath_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breath_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Breath control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breath_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Posture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mudras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mudras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Mudras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mudras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meditation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meditation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Meditation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meditation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_from_Patanjali_yoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_from_Patanjali_yoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Differences from Patanjali yoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_from_Patanjali_yoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hatha yoga</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" title="Hatha Yoga – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hatha Yoga" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hatha yoga" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="হঠযোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হঠযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हठयोग – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="हठयोग" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Hatha yoga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хатха йога – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хатха йога" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Ioga" title="Hatha Ioga – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hatha Ioga" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_j%C3%B3ga" title="Hatha jóga – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hatha jóga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioga_Hatha" title="Ioga Hatha – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ioga Hatha" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" title="Hatha Yoga – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hatha Yoga" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha-jooga" title="Hatha-jooga – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hatha-jooga" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%B1_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Χάθα γιόγκα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χάθα γιόγκα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hatha yoga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Jogo" title="Hatha Jogo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hatha Jogo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="هاتا یوگا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاتا یوگا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hatha yoga" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B9%E0%AA%A0_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%97" title="હઠ યોગ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="હઠ યોગ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%ED%83%80_%EC%9A%94%EA%B0%80" title="하타 요가 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="하타 요가" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%B0%D5%A1_%D5%B5%D5%B8%D5%A3%D5%A1" title="Հաթհա յոգա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հաթհա յոգա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हठयोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हठयोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_joga" title="Hatha joga – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hatha joga" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" title="Hatha Yoga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hatha Yoga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_joga" title="Hatha joga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hatha joga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha-j%C3%B3ga" title="Hatha-jóga – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hatha-jóga" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%A0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ഹഠയോഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹഠയോഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="हठ योग – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हठ योग" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" title="Hatha Yoga – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hatha Yoga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathayoga" title="Hathayoga – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hathayoga" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AC" title="ハタ・ヨーガ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハタ・ヨーガ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hathajoga" title="Hathajoga – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hathajoga" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hataioga" title="Hataioga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hataioga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatha_Yoga" title="Hatha Yoga – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hatha Yoga" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%85%D0%B0-%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Хатха-йога – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хатха-йога" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="हठयोगः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="हठयोगः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of yoga focusing on physical techniques</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatha_Yoga_Components.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hatha_Yoga_Components.jpg/330px-Hatha_Yoga_Components.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hatha_Yoga_Components.jpg/495px-Hatha_Yoga_Components.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Hatha_Yoga_Components.jpg 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Haṭha yoga's components include from top left to bottom right <a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> (purifications, here <a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a>), <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asanas</a> (postures, here <a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana</a>, Peacock Pose), <a href="/wiki/Mudras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudras">Mudras</a> (manipulations of vital energy, here <a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a> (breath control, here <a href="/wiki/Anuloma_pranayama" title="Anuloma pranayama">Anuloma Viloma</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xx_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xx-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; 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<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>: <i>Haṭha-yoga</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> that uses physical techniques to try to preserve and channel vital force or energy. The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word हठ <i>haṭha</i> literally means "force", alluding to a system of physical techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some hatha yoga style techniques can be traced back at least to the 1st-century CE, in texts such as the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Sanskrit epics</a> and Buddhism's <a href="/wiki/Pali_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali canon">Pali canon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770–781_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770–781-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest dated text so far found to describe hatha yoga, the 11th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amṛtasiddhi</a></i>, comes from a <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> Buddhist milieu.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest texts to use the terminology of <i>hatha</i> are also <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu hatha yoga texts appear from the 11th century onward. </p><p>Some of the early hatha yoga texts (11th-13th c.) describe methods to raise and conserve bindu (vital force, that is, <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, and in women <i>rajas –</i> menstrual fluid). This was seen as the physical essence of life that was constantly dripping down from the head and being lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two early hatha yoga techniques sought to either physically reverse this process of dripping by using gravity to trap the bindhu in inverted postures like <i><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">viparītakaraṇī</a></i>, or force bindu upwards through the <a href="/wiki/Susumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Susumna">central channel</a> by directing the breath flow into the centre channel using <a href="/wiki/Mudra_(Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudra (Yoga)">mudras</a> (yogic seals, not to be confused with hand <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, which are gestures).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all hathayogic texts belong to the Nath <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddhas</a>, and the important early ones (11th-13th c.) are credited to <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranatha" title="Matsyendranatha">Matsyendranatha</a> and his disciple, <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a> or Gorakshanath (11th c.).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201257_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201257-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nāth</a> works teach a yoga based on raising <a href="/wiki/Ku%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dalin%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuṇḍalinī">kuṇḍalinī</a> through <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">energy channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakras">chakras</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Layayoga</a> ("the yoga of dissolution"). However, other early Nāth texts like the <i>Vivekamārtaṇḍa</i> can be seen as co-opting the hatha yoga mudrās.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Nāth as well as Śākta texts adopt the practices of hatha yoga mudras into a <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Saiva</a> system, melding them with Layayoga methods, without mentioning bindu.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These later texts promote a universalist yoga, available to all, "without the need for priestly intermediaries, ritual paraphernalia or sectarian initiations."<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 20th century, a development of hatha yoga focusing particularly on <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (the physical postures) became popular throughout the world as a form of <a href="/wiki/Physical_exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical exercise">physical exercise</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">modern form of yoga</a> is now widely known simply as "yoga". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_textual_references">Earliest textual references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest textual references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg/170px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg/255px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg/340px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2232" data-file-height="2993" /></a><figcaption>Tibetan depiction of <a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a> (<i>candali</i>, inner heat) practice showing the central channel, the <a href="/wiki/Sushumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushumna">sushumna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>According to the Indologist <a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">James Mallinson</a>, some haṭha yoga style techniques practised only by ascetics can be traced back at least to the 1st-century CE, in texts such as the <a href="/wiki/Itihasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Itihasa">Sanskrit epics</a> (Hinduism) and the <a href="/wiki/Pali_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali canon">Pali canon</a> (Buddhism).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770–781_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770–781-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81li_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāli Canon">Pali canon</a> contains three passages in which the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> describes pressing the tongue against the palate for the purposes of controlling hunger or the mind, depending on the passage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson200817–19_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson200817–19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no mention of the tongue being inserted further back into the <a href="/wiki/Nasopharynx" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasopharynx">nasopharynx</a> as in true <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">khecarī mudrā</a>. The Buddha also used a posture where pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, similar to modern postures used to stimulate <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini energy">Kundalini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <i>Mahāsaccaka sutta</i> (<a href="/wiki/Majjhima_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Majjhima Nikaya">MN</a> 36), the Buddha mentions how physical practices such as various meditations on holding one's breath did not help him "attain to greater excellence in noble knowledge and insight which transcends the human condition." After trying these, he then sought another path to <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">enlightenment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson200817–19_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson200817–19-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term haṭha yoga was first used in the c. 3rd century <i>Bodhisattvabhūmi</i>, the phrase <i>na haṭhayogena</i> seemingly meaning only that the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattva</a> would get his qualities "not by force".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_from_tantric_Buddhism_to_Nāth_hatha_yoga"><span id="Transition_from_tantric_Buddhism_to_N.C4.81th_hatha_yoga"></span>Transition from tantric Buddhism to Nāth hatha yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Transition from tantric Buddhism to Nāth hatha yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tantric_Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tantric Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest mentions of haṭha yoga as a specific set of techniques are from some seventeen<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> Buddhist texts, mainly tantric works from the 8th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Puṇḍarīka's c. 1030 <i>Vimalaprabhā</i> commentary on the <i><a href="/wiki/Kalacakra_Tantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalacakra Tantra">Kālacakratantra</a></i>, haṭha yoga is for the first time defined<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> within the context of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> sexual ritual:<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>when the undying moment does not arise because the breath is unrestrained [even] when the image is seen by means of withdrawal (<a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">pratyahara</a>) and the other (auxiliaries of yoga, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Buddhism">dhyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">pranayama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharana">dharana</a>, anusmrti and <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>), then, having forcefully (<i>hathena</i>) made the breath flow in the <a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">central channel</a> through <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">the practice of <i>nada</i></a>, which is about to be explained, [the yogi] should attain the undying moment by <a href="/wiki/Semen_retention" class="mw-redirect" title="Semen retention">restraining</a> the <i>bindu</i> [i.e. semen] of the <a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">bodhicitta</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a> [penis] when it is in the lotus of wisdom [vagina].<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>While the actual means of practice are not specified, the forcing of the breath into the central channel and the restraining of ejaculation are central features of later haṭha yoga practice texts.<sup id="cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birch_2011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amritasiddhi_Witness_C_Folio_IV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Amritasiddhi_Witness_C_Folio_IV.jpg/440px-Amritasiddhi_Witness_C_Folio_IV.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Amritasiddhi_Witness_C_Folio_IV.jpg/660px-Amritasiddhi_Witness_C_Folio_IV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Amritasiddhi_Witness_C_Folio_IV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>A folio of a medieval copy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Am%E1%B9%9Btasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amṛtasiddhi">Amṛtasiddhi</a></i>, written bilingually in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The c. 11th century <i><b><a href="/wiki/Am%E1%B9%9Btasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amṛtasiddhi">Amṛtasiddhi</a></b></i> is the earliest substantial text describing Haṭha yoga, though it does not use the term; it is a tantric Buddhist work, and makes use of metaphors from <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>. A manuscript states its date as 1160.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSzántó20213–5,_20–23_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSzántó20213–5,_20–23-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text teaches <a href="/wiki/Maha_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Bandha">mahābandha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">mahāmudrā</a>, and mahāvedha which involve bodily postures and breath control, as a means to preserve amrta or bindu (vital energy) in the head (the "moon") from dripping down the central channel and being burned by the fire (the "sun") at the perineum. The text also attacks <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">deity yoga</a> as ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mallinson, later manuscripts and editions of this text have obscured or omitted the Buddhist elements (such as the deity <a href="/wiki/Chhinnamasta" title="Chhinnamasta">Chinnamasta</a> which appears in the earliest manuscripts and was originally a Buddhist deity, only appearing in Hindu works after the 16th century). However, the earliest manuscript makes it clear that this text originated in a Vajrayana Buddhist milieu.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inscription at the end of one <i>Amṛtasiddhi</i> manuscript ascribes the text to <i>Mādhavacandra</i> or <i>Avadhūtacandra</i> and is "said to represent the teachings of <i>Virūpākṣa</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011331_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011331-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Mallinson, this figure is most likely the Buddhist <a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">mahasiddha</a> <a href="/wiki/Virupa" class="mw-redirect" title="Virupa">Virupa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson20191–33_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson20191–33-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Hindu_texts">Early Hindu texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early Hindu texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The c. 10th century <i><b><a href="/wiki/Kubjik%C4%81matatantra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubjikāmatatantra">Kubjikāmatatantra</a></b></i> anticipates haṭha yoga with its description of the raising of <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a>, and a 6-<a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakra</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the 11th century, techniques associated with Haṭha yoga also begin to be outlined in a series of early Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aims of these practices were <a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhis</a> (supranormal powers such as levitation) and <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">mukti (liberation)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In India, haṭha yoga is associated in popular tradition with the Yogis of the <a href="/wiki/Natha_Sampradaya" title="Natha Sampradaya">Natha Sampradaya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Almost all hathayogic texts belong to the Nath <a href="/wiki/Siddha" title="Siddha">siddhas</a>, and the important ones are credited to <a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Gorakhnath</a> or Gorakshanath (c. early 11th century),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201257_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201257-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a> Hindu monastic movement in India,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriggs1938228_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriggs1938228-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though those texts post-date him. Goraknath is regarded by the contemporary Nath-tradition as the disciple of <a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranath</a> (early 10th century), who is celebrated as a saint in both Hindu and Buddhist tantric and haṭha yoga schools, and regarded by tradition as the founder of the Natha Sampradaya. Early haṭha yoga works include:<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771–772_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771–772-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha" title="Amaraugha">Amaraugha</a></b></i> (12th century, attributed to Goraknath) describes <a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">three bandhas</a> to lock the vital energy into the body, as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Am%E1%B9%9Btasiddhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Amṛtasiddhi">Amṛtasiddhi</a></i>, but adding the raising of <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalinī.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Yoga_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dattatreya Yoga Shastra">Dattātreyayogaśāstra</a></b></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaisnava</a> text probably composed in the 13th century, is the earliest text which provides a systematized form of Haṭha yoga, and the earliest to place its yoga techniques under the name Haṭha. It teaches an eightfold yoga identical with Patañjali's 8 limbs that it attributes to <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a> and others as well as eight mudras that it says were undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">rishi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a> and other ṛishis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Dattātreyayogaśāstra</i> teaches mahāmudrā, mahābandha, <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">khecarīmudrā</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalandhara_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhara Bandha">jālandharabandha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uddiyana_bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddiyana bandha">uḍḍiyāṇabandha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mula_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Bandha">mūlabandha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">viparītakaraṇī</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrol%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Vajrolī">vajrolī, amarolī, and sahajolī</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Vivekam%C4%81rta%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Vivekamārtaṇḍa">Vivekamārtaṇḍa</a></b></i>, an early <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nāth</a> text (13th century) attributed to Goraknath, contemporaneous with the <i>Dattātreyayogaśāstra</i>, teaches nabhomudrā (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">khecarīmudrā</a>), mahāmudrā, viparītakaraṇī and the three bandhas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also teaches six <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a> and the raising of <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalinī</a> by means of "fire yoga" (<i>vahniyogena</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Gorak%E1%B9%A3a%C5%9Bataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakṣaśataka">Gorakṣaśataka</a></b></i>, a Nāth text of the same period (13th century), teaches śakticālanīmudrā ("stimulating <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Sarasvatī</a>") along with the three bandhas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Stimulating Sarasvat" is done by wrapping the tongue in a cloth and pulling on it, stimulating the goddess <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalinī</a> who is said to dwell at the other end of the central channel. This text does not mention the preservation of bindu, but merely says that liberation is achieved by controlling the mind through controlling the breath.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The ̣<i><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81r%E1%B9%85gadharapaddhati" class="mw-redirect" title="Śārṅgadharapaddhati">Śārṅgadharapaddhati</a></b></i>, an anthology of verses on a wide range of subjects compiled by Sharngadharain 1363, describes Haṭha yoga including ̣the <i>Dattātreyayogaśāstra's</i> teachings on five mudrās.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011772_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011772-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%ABvidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Khecarīvidyā">Khecarīvidyā</a></b></i> (14th century) teaches only the method of <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">khecarīmudrā</a>, which is meant to give one access to stores of amrta in the body and to raise <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalinī</a> via the six chakras.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><b><a href="/wiki/Yogab%C4%ABja" title="Yogabīja">Yogabīja</a></b></i> (c. 14th century) teaches the three bandhas and śakticālanīmudrā ("stimulating <a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Sarasvatī</a>") for the purpose of awakening <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalinī.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i><b><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aivasamhit%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Śivasamhitā">Śivasamhitā</a></b></i>: a 14th or 15th century text. Its first chapter summarizes <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Śaiva non-dualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shri_Vidya" title="Shri Vidya">Śrīvidyā</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Śāktism</a>; the rest of the text describes yoga, the importance of a <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> (teacher) to a student, various asanas and mudras, and the <a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">siddhis</a> (powers) to be attained with yoga and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2007ix–x_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2007ix–x-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Bindu_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Early_Bindu_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/300px-Early_Bindu_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Early_Bindu_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/450px-Early_Bindu_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Early_Bindu_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/600px-Early_Bindu_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2683" data-file-height="2424" /></a><figcaption>Early Bindu Model of Hatha Yoga, as described in the <i>Hatha Yoga Pradipika</i> and other texts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/300px-Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/450px-Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg/600px-Late_Kundalini_Model_of_Hatha_Yoga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2675" data-file-height="2436" /></a><figcaption>Late Kundalini Model of Hatha Yoga, as described in the <i>Hatha Yoga Pradipika</i> and other texts<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest haṭha yoga methods of the <i>Amṛtasiddhi</i>, <i>Dattātreyayogaśāstra</i> and <i>Vivekamārtaṇḍa</i> are used to raise and conserve bindu (<a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, and in women <i>rajas –</i> menstrual fluid) which was seen as the physical essence of life that was constantly dripping down from the head and being lost.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vital essence is also sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Amrita" title="Amrita">amrta</a> (the nectar of immortality).<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These techniques sought to either physically reverse this process (by inverted postures like <i><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">viparītakaraṇī</a></i>) or use the breath to force bindu upwards through the <a href="/wiki/Susumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Susumna">central channel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast to these, early <a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nāth</a> works like the <i>Gorakṣaśataka</i> and the <i>Yogabīja</i> teach a yoga based on raising Kundalinī (through śakticālanī mudrā). This is not called haṭha yoga in these early texts, but <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Layayoga</a> ("the yoga of dissolution"). However, other early Nāth texts like the <i>Vivekamārtaṇḍa</i> can be seen as co-opting the mudrās of haṭha yoga meant to preserve bindu. Then, in later Nāth as well as Śākta texts, the adoption of haṭha yoga is more developed, and focused solely on the raising of Kundalinī without mentioning bindu.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mallinson sees these later texts as promoting a universalist yoga, available to all, without the need to study the metaphysics of Samkhya-yoga or the complex esotericism of Shaiva Tantra. Instead this "democratization of yoga" led to the teaching of these techniques to all people, "without the need for priestly intermediaries, ritual paraphernalia or sectarian initiations."<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_haṭha_yoga"><span id="Classical_ha.E1.B9.ADha_yoga"></span>Classical haṭha yoga</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classical haṭha yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Haṭhayogapradīpikā"><span id="Ha.E1.B9.ADhayogaprad.C4.ABpik.C4.81"></span><i>Haṭhayogapradīpikā</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Haṭhayogapradīpikā"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></div> <p>The <i>Haṭhayogapradīpikā</i> is one of the most influential texts of Haṭha yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWernicke-Olesen2015147_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWernicke-Olesen2015147-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was compiled by Svātmārāma in the 15th century CE from earlier Haṭha yoga texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011772_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011772-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2020_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier texts were of <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> or non-dual <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> orientation,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2014_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from both, the <i>Haṭha Yoga Pradīpika</i> borrowed the philosophy of non-duality (advaita). According to Mallinson, this reliance on non-duality helped Haṭha yoga thrive in the medieval period as non-duality became the "dominant <a href="/wiki/Soteriological" class="mw-redirect" title="Soteriological">soteriological</a> method in scholarly religious discourse in India".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2014_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2014-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text lists 35 great yoga <a href="/wiki/Siddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhas">siddhas</a> starting with <a href="/wiki/Adi_Natha" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi Natha">Adi Natha</a> (Hindu god Shiva) followed by Matsyendranath and Gorakshanath.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvatmarama20021–7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvatmarama20021–7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes information about <a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">shatkarma</a> (six acts of self purification), 15 <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asana</a> (postures: seated, laying down, and non-seated), pranayama (breathing) and kumbhaka (breath retention), <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a> (internalized energetic practices), meditation, <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">chakras</a> (centers of energy), <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">kundalini</a>, nadanusandhana (concentration on inner sound), and other topics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011772–773_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011772–773-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text includes the contradictory goals of raising Bindu, inherited from the <i>Amritasiddhi</i>, and of raising Kundalini, inherited from the <i>Kubjikamatatantra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2020_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Haṭha_Ratnāvali"></span> <span class="anchor" id="Later"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Hathayogapradipika_texts">Post-<i>Hathayogapradipika</i> texts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-Hathayogapradipika texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Ascetics_(Yoginis)_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/170px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/255px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg/340px-Female_Ascetics_%28Yoginis%29_LACMA_M.2011.156.4_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>18th century <a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">yoginis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Post-<i>Hathayogapradipika</i> texts on Haṭha yoga include:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011773–774_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011773–774-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201027–28_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201027–28-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>Amaraughasasana</b></i>: a Sharada script manuscript of this Haṭha yoga text was copied in 1525 CE. It is notable because fragments of this manuscript have also been found near <a href="/wiki/Kuqa_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuqa County">Kuqa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> (China). The text discusses <i>khecarimudra</i>, but calls it <i>saranas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011773_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011773-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It links the squatting pose <a href="/wiki/Utkatasana" title="Utkatasana">Utkatasana</a>, rather than the use of mudras, with the raising of Kundalini.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017493_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017493-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yogacintamani" title="Yogacintamani">Yogacintamani</a></b></i>: an early 17th-century text on the eight auxiliaries of yoga; the asana section describes 34 asanas, and variant manuscripts add another 84, mentioning most of the non-standing asanas used in modern yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Ratnavali" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Ratnavali">Hatha Ratnavali</a></b></i>: a 17th-century text that states that Haṭha yoga consists of ten mudras, eight cleansing methods, nine kumbhakas and 84 asanas. The text is also notable for dropping the nadanusandhana (inner sound) technique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011773_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011773-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Hathapradipika Siddhantamuktavali</b></i>: an early 18th-century text that expands on the <i>Hathayogapradipikạ</i> by adding practical insights and citations to other Indian texts on yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></b></i>: a 17th or 18th-century text that presents Haṭha yoga as "ghatastha yoga", according to Mallinson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201028_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201028-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It presents 6 cleansing methods, 32 asanas, 25 mudras and 10 pranayamas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the most encyclopedic texts on Haṭha yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2004ix–x_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2004ix–x-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Jogapradipika" class="mw-redirect" title="Jogapradipika">Jogapradipika</a></b></i>: an 18th-century Braj-language text by Ramanandi Jayatarama that presents Haṭha yoga simply as "yoga". It presents 6 cleansing methods, 84 asanas, 24 mudras and 8 kumbhakas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011774-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Mallinson, Haṭha yoga has been a broad movement across the Indian traditions, openly available to anyone:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson201226_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson201226-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Haṭha yoga, like other methods of yoga, can be practiced by all, regardless of sex, caste, class, or creed. Many texts explicitly state that it is practice alone that leads to success. Sectarian affiliation and philosophical inclination are of no importance. The texts of Haṭha yoga, with some exceptions, do not include teachings on metaphysics or sect-specific practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011778_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011778-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Haṭha yoga represented a trend towards the democratization of yoga insights and religion similar to the <a href="/wiki/Bhakti_movement" title="Bhakti movement">Bhakti movement</a>. It eliminated the need for "either ascetic renunciation or priestly intermediaries, ritual paraphernalia and sectarian initiations".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson201226_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson201226-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to its broad historic popularity in India. Later in the 20th century, states Mallinson, this disconnect of Haṭha yoga from religious aspects and the democratic access of Haṭha yoga enabled it to spread worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011778–779_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011778–779-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 17th and 19th century, however, the various urban Hindu and Muslim elites and ruling classes viewed Yogis with derision.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite20128–9_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite20128–9-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were persecuted during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb</a>; this ended a long period of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> that had defined the rule of his predecessors beginning with Akbar, who famously studied with the yogis and other mystics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMayaram200340–41_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayaram200340–41-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haṭha yoga remained popular in rural India. Negative impression for the Hatha yogis continued during the British colonial rule era. According to <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Mark Singleton</a>, this historical negativity and colonial antipathy likely motivated <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> to make an emphatic distinction between "merely physical exercises of Haṭha yoga" and the "higher spiritual path of <a href="/wiki/Raja_yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja yoga">Raja yoga</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201069–72,_77–79_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201069–72,_77–79-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This common disdain by the officials and intellectuals slowed the study and adoption of Haṭha yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201077–78_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201077–78-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201120–22_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201120–22-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known school of Haṭha yoga from the 20th century is the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Life_Society" title="Divine Life Society">Divine Life Society</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Swami Sivananda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rishikesh" title="Rishikesh">Rishikesh</a> (1887–1963) and his many disciples including, among others, <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vishnu-devananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Vishnu-devananda">Swami Vishnu-devananda</a> – founder of International <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga_Vedanta_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres">Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres</a>; <a href="/wiki/Satyananda_Saraswati" title="Satyananda Saraswati">Swami Satyananda</a> – of the <a href="/wiki/Bihar_School_of_Yoga" title="Bihar School of Yoga">Bihar School of Yoga</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Swami_Satchidananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Satchidananda">Swami Satchidananda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga_(Satchidananda)" title="Integral Yoga (Satchidananda)">Integral Yoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011779_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011779-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bihar School of Yoga has been one of the largest Haṭha yoga teacher training centers in India but is little known in Europe and the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010213_note_14_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010213_note_14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Theos_Casimir_Bernard" title="Theos Casimir Bernard">Theos Casimir Bernard</a>'s 1943 book <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_A_Personal_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience</a></i> provides an informative but fictionalised account of traditional Haṭha yoga as a spiritual path.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESjoman199938_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESjoman199938-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVeenhof201120_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeenhof201120-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_as_exercise">Yoga as exercise</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Yoga as exercise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kailash_Integral_Yoga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kailash_Integral_Yoga.jpg/220px-Kailash_Integral_Yoga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kailash_Integral_Yoga.jpg/330px-Kailash_Integral_Yoga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Kailash_Integral_Yoga.jpg/440px-Kailash_Integral_Yoga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a> has spread in different branded forms such as <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_Vinyasa_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a>, of the type seen in the West, has been greatly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Swami_Kuvalayananda" title="Swami Kuvalayananda">Swami Kuvalayananda</a> and his student <a href="/wiki/Tirumalai_Krishnamacharya" title="Tirumalai Krishnamacharya">Tirumalai Krishnamacharya</a>, who taught from 1924 until his death in 1989. Both Kuvalayananda and Krishnamacharya combined asanas from Haṭha yoga with gymnastic exercises from the <a href="/wiki/Physical_culture" title="Physical culture">physical culture</a> of the time, dropping most of its religious aspects, to develop a flowing style of physical yoga that placed little or no emphasis on Haṭha yoga's spiritual goals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201088,_175–210_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201088,_175–210-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among Krishnamacharya's students prominent in popularizing yoga in the West were <a href="/wiki/K._Pattabhi_Jois" title="K. Pattabhi Jois">K. Pattabhi Jois</a> famous for popularizing the vigorous <a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_Vinyasa_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga">Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga</a> style, <a href="/wiki/B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a> who emphasized alignment and the use of props in <a href="/wiki/Iyengar_Yoga" title="Iyengar Yoga">Iyengar Yoga</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/Indra_Devi" title="Indra Devi">Indra Devi</a> and Krishnamacharya's son <a href="/wiki/T._K._V._Desikachar" title="T. K. V. Desikachar">T. K. V. Desikachar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011779_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011779-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krishnamacharya-linked schools have become widely known in the Western world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010213_note_14_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010213_note_14-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of other branded forms of yoga, with some controversies, that make use of Haṭha yoga include <a href="/wiki/Anusara_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusara Yoga">Anusara Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bikram_Yoga" title="Bikram Yoga">Bikram Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Integral_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral Yoga">Integral Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jivamukti_Yoga" title="Jivamukti Yoga">Jivamukti Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundalini_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kundalini Yoga">Kundalini Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kripalu_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Kripalu Yoga">Kripalu Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivananda Yoga">Sivananda Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viniyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniyoga">Viniyoga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008151–159_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008151–159-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After about 1975, yoga has become increasingly popular globally, in both developed and developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Michelis20071–19_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Michelis20071–19-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practice">Practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haṭha yoga practice is complex and requires certain characteristics of the yogi. Section 1.16 of the <i>Haṭha yoga Pradipika</i>, for example, states these to be <i>utsaha</i> (enthusiasm, fortitude), <i>sahasa</i> (courage), <i>dhairya</i> (patience), <i>jnana tattva</i> (essence for knowledge), <i>nishcaya</i> (resolve, determination) and <i>tyaga</i> (solitude, renunciation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESvatmarama20021–7_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESvatmarama20021–7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Western culture, Haṭha yoga is typically understood as exercise using <i>asanas</i> and it can be practiced as such.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen20123–4_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen20123–4-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian and Tibetan traditions, Haṭha yoga integrates ideas of ethics, diet, cleansing, pranayama (breathing exercises), meditation and a system for spiritual development of the yogi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000ix–x,_6–12_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000ix–x,_6–12-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeshe200597–130_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeshe200597–130-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goals">Goals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aims of Haṭha yoga in various Indian traditions have included physical <i>siddhis</i> (special powers, bodily benefits such as slowing age effects, magical powers) and spiritual liberation (moksha, mukti).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200044–950,_99–9100,_219–9220_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200044–950,_99–9100,_219–9220-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Mikel Burley</a>, some of the <i>siddhis</i> are symbolic references to the cherished soteriological goals of Indian religions. For example, the <i>Vayu Siddhi</i> or "conquest of the air" literally implies rising into the air as in levitation, but it likely has a symbolic meaning of "a state of consciousness into a vast ocean of space" or "voidness" ideas found respectively in Hinduism and Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000203–9204_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000203–9204-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some traditions such as the Kaula tantric sect of Hinduism and Sahajiya tantric sect of Buddhism pursued more esoteric goals such as alchemy (Nagarjuna, Carpita), magic, <i>kalavancana</i> (cheating death) and <i>parakayapravesa</i> (entering another's body).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201055–56_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuller-Ortega201055–56-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201110–12-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mallinson, however, disagrees and suggests that such fringe practices are far removed from the mainstream Yoga's goal as meditation–driven means to liberation in Indian religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2013_Trick_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2013_Trick-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of historic Haṭha yoga texts do not give any importance to <i>siddhis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011b329–9330_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011b329–9330-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mainstream practice considered the pursuit of magical powers as a distraction or hindrance to Haṭha yoga's ultimate aim of spiritual liberation, self-knowledge or release from rebirth that the Indian traditions call <i>mukti</i> or <i>moksha</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200044–950,_99–9100,_219–9220_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200044–950,_99–9100,_219–9220-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goals of Haṭha yoga, in its earliest texts, were linked to <i>mumukshu</i> (seeker of liberation, moksha). The later texts added and experimented with the goals of <i>bubhukshu</i> (seeker of enjoyment, bhoga).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011b328_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011b328-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></div> <p>Some Haṭha texts place major emphasis on <i><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">mitahara</a></i>, which means "measured diet" or "moderate eating". For example, sections 1.58 to 1.63 and 2.14 of the <i>Haṭha Yoga Pradipika</i> and sections 5.16 to 5.32 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i> discuss the importance of proper diet to the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201225–26_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201225–26-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade2009231_with_footnote_78_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade2009231_with_footnote_78-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They link the food one eats and one's eating habits to balancing the body and gaining most benefits from the practice of Haṭha yoga. Eating, states the <i>Gheranda Samhita</i>, is a form of a devotional act to the temple of body, as if one is expressing affection for the gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201225–26_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201225–26-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, sections 3.20 and 5.25 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i> includes <i>mitahara</i> as an essential part of a holistic Haṭha yoga practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson200744,_110_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson200744,_110-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Verses 1.57 through 1.63 of the critical edition of <i>Haṭha Yoga Pradipika</i> suggests that taste cravings should not drive one's eating habits, rather the best diet is one that is tasty, nutritious and likable as well as sufficient to meet the needs of one's body and for one's inner self. It recommends that one must "eat only when one feels hungry" and "neither overeat nor eat to completely fill one's stomach; rather leave a quarter portion empty and fill three quarters with quality food and fresh water".<sup id="cite_ref-ksj_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ksj-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to another text, the <i><a href="/wiki/Goraksha_Sataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Goraksha Sataka">Goraksha Sataka</a></i>, eating a controlled diet is one of the three important parts of a complete and successful practice. The text does not provide details or recipes. The text states, according to Mallinson, "food should be unctuous and sweet", one must not overeat and stop when still a bit hungry (leave a quarter of the stomach empty), and whatever one eats should please <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2011258–259,_267_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2011258–259,_267-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purifications">Purifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Purifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shatkarmas.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shatkarmas.svg/170px-Shatkarmas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shatkarmas.svg/255px-Shatkarmas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shatkarmas.svg/340px-Shatkarmas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="975" data-file-height="1515" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">shatkarmas</a> were intended to purify the subtle body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xxviii–xxxii,_46,_49–50,_71–79_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xxviii–xxxii,_46,_49–50,_71–79-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarma</a></div> <p>Haṭha yoga teaches various steps of inner body cleansing with consultations of one's yoga teacher. Its texts vary in specifics and number of cleansing methods, ranging from simple hygiene practices to the peculiar exercises such as reversing seminal fluid flow.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008141_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008141-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common list is called the <i><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">shatkarmas</a></i>, or six cleansing actions: <i><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">dhauti</a></i> (cleanse teeth and body), <i><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">basti</a></i> (cleanse rectum), <i><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">neti</a></i> (cleanse nasal passages), <i><a href="/wiki/Trataka" class="mw-redirect" title="Trataka">trataka</a></i> (cleanse eyes), <i><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">nauli</a></i> (abdominal massage) and <i><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">kapalabhati</a></i> (cleanse phlegm).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008141_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008141-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual procedure for cleansing varies by the Haṭha yoga text, some suggesting a water wash and others describing the use of cleansing aids such as cloth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201028–30_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201028–30-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breath_control">Breath control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Breath control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></div> <p>Prāṇāyāma is made out of two Sanskrit words <i>prāṇa</i> (प्राण, breath, vital energy, life force)<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2012220_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2012220-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>āyāma</i> (आयाम, restraining, extending, stretching).<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2012220_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2012220-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Haṭha yoga texts teach breath exercises but do not refer to it as Pranayama. For example, section 3.55 of the <i>GherandaSamhita</i> calls it <i>Ghatavastha</i> (state of being the pot).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2010213_note_12_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2010213_note_12-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In others, the term <i>Kumbhaka</i> or <i>Prana-samrodha</i> replaces Pranayama.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton20109,_29_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton20109,_29-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the nomenclature, proper breathing and the use of breathing techniques during a posture is a mainstay of Haṭha yoga. Its texts state that proper breathing exercises cleanse and balance the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_146–153_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_146–153-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siddhasana_mulher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Siddhasana_mulher.jpg/170px-Siddhasana_mulher.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Siddhasana_mulher.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Haṭha Yoga Pradipika</i> recommends <a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana</a> for breathing exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000199–200_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000199–200-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Pranayama</i> is one of the core practices of Haṭha yoga, found in its major texts as one of the limbs regardless of whether the total number of limbs taught are four or more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou195557–62_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou195557–62-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59,_99_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59,_99-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2012220–223_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2012220–223-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the practice of consciously regulating breath (inhalation and exhalation), a concept shared with all schools of yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59–63_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59–63-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĀraṇya1983230–236_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEĀraṇya1983230–236-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is done in several ways, inhaling and then suspending exhalation for a period, exhaling and then suspending inhalation for a period, slowing the inhalation and exhalation, consciously changing the time/length of breath (deep, short breathing), combining these with certain focussed muscle exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–219_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–219-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pranayama</i> or proper breathing is an integral part of <i>asanas</i>. According to section 1.38 of <i>Haṭha yoga pradipika</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana</a></i> is the most suitable and easiest posture to learn breathing exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000199–200_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000199–200-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The different Haṭha yoga texts discuss <i>pranayama</i> in various ways. For example, <i>Haṭha yoga pradipka</i> in section 2.71 explains it as a threefold practice: <i>recaka</i> (exhalation), <i>puraka</i> (inhalation) and <i>kumbhaka</i> (retention).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–203_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–203-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the exhalation and inhalation, the text states that three things move: air, prana and yogi's thoughts, and all three are intimately connected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–203_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–203-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is <i>kumbhaka</i> where stillness and dissolution emerges. The text divides <i>kumbhaka</i> into two kinds: <i>sahita</i> (supported) and <i>kevala</i> (complete). <i>Sahita kumbhaka</i> is further sub-divided into two types: retention with inhalation, retention with exhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–205_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–205-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these breath units are then combined in different permutations, time lengths, posture and targeted muscle exercises in the belief that these aerate and assist blood flow to targeted regions of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–219_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–219-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200955–60_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200955–60-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posture">Posture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Posture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yoga_shaktipat_kukkutasana_by_alexey_baykov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yoga_shaktipat_kukkutasana_by_alexey_baykov.jpg/220px-Yoga_shaktipat_kukkutasana_by_alexey_baykov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yoga_shaktipat_kukkutasana_by_alexey_baykov.jpg/330px-Yoga_shaktipat_kukkutasana_by_alexey_baykov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yoga_shaktipat_kukkutasana_by_alexey_baykov.jpg/440px-Yoga_shaktipat_kukkutasana_by_alexey_baykov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2314" data-file-height="2650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutasana</a> was described in the 13th century <i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vāsiṣṭha Saṁhitā</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201787–88,_104–105_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201787–88,_104–105-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></div> <p>Before starting yoga practice, state the Haṭha yoga texts, the yogi must establish a suitable place. This is to be away from all distractions, preferably a <i>mathika</i> (hermitage) distant from falling rocks, fire and a damp shifting surface.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200034–35_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200034–35-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a peaceful stable location has been chosen, the yogi begins the posture exercises called <i>asanas</i>. These postures come in numerous forms. For a beginner, states the historian of religion <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Mircea Eliade</a>, the<i> asanas</i> are uncomfortable, typically difficult, cause the body to shake, and are typically unbearable to hold for extended periods of time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200953_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200953-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, with repetition and persistence, as the muscle tone improves, the effort reduces and posture improves. According to the Haṭha yoga texts, each posture becomes perfect when the "effort disappears", one no longer thinks about the posture and one's body position, breathes normally in <i>pranayama</i>, and is able to dwell in one's meditation (<i>anantasamapattibhyam</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200953–54,_66–70_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200953–54,_66–70-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>asanas</i> vary significantly between Haṭha yoga texts, and some of the names are used for different poses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201278–88_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201278–88-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the early <i>asanas</i> are inspired by nature, such as a form of union with symmetric, harmonious flowing shapes of animals, birds or plants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200954–55_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200954–55-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption><i>Asanas</i> (postures) in some Haṭha yoga texts </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sanskrit<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>English </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda<br />Samhita</a></i><br /><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201280–81_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201280–81-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Yoga_Pradipika" class="mw-redirect" title="Haṭha Yoga Pradipika">Haṭha Yoga<br />Pradipika</a></i><br /><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201280–81_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201280–81-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008491–492_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008491–492-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva<br />Samhita</a></i><br /><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201280–981_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201280–981-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhadrasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhadrasana">Bhadrāsana</a> </td> <td>Fortunate </td> <td>2.9–910 </td> <td>1.53–954 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bhuja%E1%B9%85g%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhujaṅgāsana">Bhujaṅgāsana</a> </td> <td>Serpent </td> <td>2.42–943 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dhanur%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhanurāsana">Dhanurāsana</a> </td> <td>Bow </td> <td>2.18 </td> <td>1.25 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garu%E1%B8%8D%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Garuḍāsana">Garuḍāsana</a> </td> <td>Eagle </td> <td>2.37 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gomukh%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomukhāsana">Gomukhāsana</a> </td> <td>Cow face </td> <td>2.16 </td> <td>1.20 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gorakshasana" title="Gorakshasana">Gorakṣāsana</a> </td> <td>Cowherd </td> <td>2.24–925 </td> <td>1.28–929 </td> <td>3.108–9112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gupt%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Guptāsana">Guptāsana</a> </td> <td>Secret </td> <td>2.20 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutāsana</a> </td> <td>Rooster </td> <td>2.31 </td> <td>1.23 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/K%C5%ABrm%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kūrmāsana">Kūrmāsana</a> </td> <td>Tortoise </td> <td>2.32 </td> <td>1.22 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Makar%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Makarāsana">Makarāsana</a> </td> <td>Crocodile </td> <td>2.40 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandukasana" title="Mandukasana">Mandukāsana</a> </td> <td>Frog </td> <td>2.34 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Matsy%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyāsana">Matsyāsana</a> </td> <td>Fish </td> <td>2.21 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ardha_Matsyendr%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardha Matsyendrāsana">Matsyendrāsana</a> </td> <td>Matsyendra's pose </td> <td>2.22–923 </td> <td>1.26–927 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/May%C5%ABr%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayūrāsana">Mayūrāsana</a> </td> <td>Peacock </td> <td>2.29–930 </td> <td>1.30–931 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mukt%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktāsana">Muktāsana</a> </td> <td>Freedom </td> <td>2.11 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Padm%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmāsana">Padmāsana</a> </td> <td>Lotus </td> <td>2.8 </td> <td>1.44–949 </td> <td>3.102–9107 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Paschimottanasana" title="Paschimottanasana">Paschimottanāsana</a> </td> <td>Seated Forward Bend </td> <td>2.26 </td> <td>1.30–931 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sankatāsana </td> <td>Contracted </td> <td>2.28 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shalabhasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shalabhasana">Shalabhāsana</a> </td> <td>Locust </td> <td>2.39 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aav%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Śavāsana">Śavāsana</a> </td> <td>Corpse </td> <td>2.19 </td> <td>1.34 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Siddh%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddhāsana">Siddhāsana</a> </td> <td>Accomplished </td> <td>2.7 </td> <td>1.35–943 </td> <td>3.97–9101 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Si%E1%B9%81h%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Siṁhāsana">Siṁhāsana</a> </td> <td>Lion </td> <td>2.14–915 </td> <td>1.50–952 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhasana">Yogāsana</a> </td> <td>Union </td> <td>2.44–945 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Svastik%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Svastikāsana">Svastikāsana</a> </td> <td>Auspicious </td> <td>2.13 </td> <td>1.19 </td> <td>3.113–9115 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vṛṣāsana </td> <td>Bull </td> <td>2.38 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ushtrasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ushtrasana">Uṣṭrāsana</a> </td> <td>Camel </td> <td>2.41 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Utka%E1%B9%AD%C4%81sana" class="mw-redirect" title="Utkaṭāsana">Utkaṭāsana</a> </td> <td>Fierce </td> <td>2.27 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td>Uttana Kurmāsana </td> <td>Raised Tortoise </td> <td>2.33 </td> <td>1.24 </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uttana_Mandukasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttana Mandukasana">Uttana Mandukāsana</a> </td> <td>Raised Frog </td> <td>2.35 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrāsana</a> </td> <td>Thunderbolt </td> <td>2.12 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virāsana</a> </td> <td>Hero </td> <td>2.17 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>3.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vrikshasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrikshasana">Vṛkṣāsana</a> </td> <td>Tree </td> <td>2.36 </td> <td>  — </td> <td>  — </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mudras">Mudras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mudras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg/220px-Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg/330px-Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg/440px-Mode_of_action_of_Mudras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="831" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mudra_(Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudra (Yoga)">mudras</a> were intended to manipulate vital energies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770,_774_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770,_774-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mudra_(Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudra (Yoga)">Mudra (Yoga)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></div> <p>According to Mallinson, in the earliest formulations, Haṭha yoga was a means to raise and preserve the bindu, believed to be one of the vital energies. The two early Haṭha yoga techniques to achieve this were inverted poses to trap the bindu using gravity, or <a href="/wiki/Mudra_(Yoga)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudra (Yoga)">mudras (yogic seals)</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to make breath flow into the centre channel and force bindu up. However, in later Haṭha yoga, the <a href="/wiki/Kaula_(Hinduism)" title="Kaula (Hinduism)">Kaula</a> visualization of Kuṇḍalini rising through a system of chakras was overlaid onto the earlier bindu-oriented system. The aim was to access amṛta (the nectar of immortality) situated in the head, which subsequently floods the body, in contradiction with the early Haṭha yoga goal of preserving bindu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770,_774_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770,_774-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical sources for the mudras are the <i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraswati1997422_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraswati1997422-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The yoga mudras are diverse in the parts of the body involved and in the procedures required, as in <a href="/wiki/Mula_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Bandha">Mula Bandha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">Khecarī mudrā</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vajroli_mudra" title="Vajroli mudra">Vajroli mudra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017237–9252_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017237–9252-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meditation">Meditation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Meditation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Haṭha Yoga Pradipika</i> text dedicates almost a third of its verses to <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–97_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–97-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, other major texts of Haṭha yoga such as the <i>Shiva Samhita</i> and the <i>Gheranda Samhita</i> discuss meditation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1995102–9103_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1995102–9103-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In all three texts, meditation is the ultimate goal of all the preparatory cleansing, asanas, pranayama and other steps. The aim of this meditation is to realize <i>Nada-<a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></i>, or the complete absorption and union with the Brahman through inner mystic sound.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1995102–9103_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1995102–9103-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Guy Beck – a professor of Religious Studies known for his studies on Yoga and music, a Hatha yogi in this stage of practice seeks "inner union of physical opposites", into an inner state of samadhi that is described by Haṭha yoga texts in terms of divine sounds, and as a union with <i>Nada-Brahman</i> in musical literature of ancient India.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1995107–9110_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1995107–9110-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differences_from_Patanjali_yoga">Differences from Patanjali yoga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Differences from Patanjali yoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haṭha yoga is a branch of yoga. It shares numerous ideas and doctrines with other forms of yoga, such as the more ancient system taught by <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>. The differences are in the addition of some aspects, and different emphasis on others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200010_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200010-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>pranayama</i> is crucial in all yogas, but it is the mainstay of Haṭha yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_146–153_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_146–153-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–61,_99_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–61,_99-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mudras and certain kundalini-related ideas are included in Haṭha yoga, but not mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–12,_60–61_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–12,_60–61-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patanjali yoga considers <i>asanas</i> important but dwells less on various <i>asanas</i> than the Haṭha yoga texts. In contrast, the Haṭha yoga texts consider meditation as important but dwell less on meditation methodology than Patanjali yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–63_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–63-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Haṭha yoga texts acknowledge and refer to Patanjali yoga, attesting to the latter's antiquity. However, this acknowledgment is essentially only in passing, as they offer no serious commentary or exposition of Patanjali's system. This suggests that Haṭha yoga developed as a branch of the more ancient yoga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008139–147_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008139–147-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to P.V. Kane, Patanjali yoga concentrates more on the yoga of the mind, while Haṭha yoga focuses on body and health.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Hindu texts do not recognize this distinction. For example, the <i><a href="/wiki/Yogatattva_Upanishad" title="Yogatattva Upanishad">Yogatattva Upanishad</a></i> teaches a system that includes all aspects of the <i>Yoga Sutras</i> of Patanjali, and all additional elements of Haṭha yoga practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140–141_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140–141-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kriya_Yoga_school" title="Kriya Yoga school">Kriya Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mallinson writes "The Buddha himself is said to have tried both pressing his tongue to the back of his mouth, in a manner similar to that of the hathayogic khecarīmudrā, and ukkutikappadhāna, a <a href="/wiki/Squatting_posture" class="mw-redirect" title="Squatting posture">squatting posture</a> which may be related to hathayogic techniques such as mahāmudrā, mahābandha, mahāvedha, mūlabandha, and vajrāsana in which pressure is put on the perineum with the heel, in order to force upwards the breath or Kundalinī."<sup id="cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are the <i>Sarvabuddhasamāyogaḍākinījālaśaṃvara</i>, <i>Guhyasamājatantra</i>, <i>*Caryāmelāpakapradīpa</i>, <i>Abhidhānottaratantra</i>, <i>Samputatilaka</i>, <i>Sekanirdeśa</i>, <i>Caturmudrānvaya</i>, <i>Laghukālacakratantra</i>, <i>Vimalaprabhā</i>, <i>Saḍangayoga</i> of Anupamaraksita, <i>Sekoddeśaṭīkā</i>, <i>Sekanirdeśapañjikā</i>, <i>Dākārṇavatantra</i>, <i>Gūdhapadā</i>, <i>Gunabharaṇī</i>, <i>Amṛtakaṇikā</i>, and <i>Yogimanoharā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cartoons in the first half of the 20th century mocked "Hindu holy men" in Haṭha yoga poses, accompanied with stories of weaknesses of Western women who fall for their yoga routines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201078–81_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201078–81-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Rosen states, the <i>asanas</i> vary significantly between Haṭha yoga texts, so some of the names may have been used for different poses than those now associated with these Sanskrit names.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201278–88_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201278–88-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not to be confused with hand <a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">mudras</a>, which are gestures.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xx-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017xx_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hatha+yoga">"Definition of HATHA YOGA"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+HATHA+YOGA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhatha%2Byoga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2011">Mallinson 2011</a>, p. 770.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birch_2011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birch_2011_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirch2011">Birch 2011</a>, pp. 527–558</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770–781-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770–781_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770–781_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2011">Mallinson 2011</a>, pp. 770–781.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_Amrtasiddhi_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2016b">Mallinson 2016b</a>, pp. 1–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite201257-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201257_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite201257_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWhite2012">White 2012</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallinson_2016-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mallinson_2016_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2016">Mallinson 2016</a>, pp. 109–140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson200817–19-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson200817–19_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson200817–19_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2008">Mallinson 2008</a>, pp. 17–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2020177–199_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2020">Mallinson 2020</a>, pp. 177–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSzántó20213–5,_20–23-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSzántó20213–5,_20–23_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSzántó2021">Mallinson & Szántó 2021</a>, pp. 3–5, 20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011771_14-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2011">Mallinson 2011</a>, p. 771.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011331-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacobsen2011331_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJacobsen2011">Jacobsen 2011</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson20191–33-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson20191–33_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2019">Mallinson 2019</a>, pp. 1–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201732,_180–181_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 32, 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2020_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2020_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton2020_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingleton2020">Singleton 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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In: <i>Brill Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i> Vol. 3. Brill, pp. 407-428"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, p. 213 note 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton20109,_29-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton20109,_29_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, pp. 9, 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_146–153-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_146–153_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingleton201029,_146–153_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingleton2010">Singleton 2010</a>, pp. 29, 146–153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000199–200-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000199–200_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000199–200_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaniélou195557–62-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaniélou195557–62_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaniélou1955">Daniélou 1955</a>, pp. 57–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59,_99-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59,_99_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 8–10, 59, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen2012220–223-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen2012220–223_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2012">Rosen 2012</a>, pp. 220–223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59–63-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20008–10,_59–63_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 8–10, 59–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEĀraṇya1983230–236-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEĀraṇya1983230–236_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFĀraṇya1983">Āraṇya 1983</a>, pp. 230–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–219-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–219_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–219_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 202–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–203-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–203_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–203_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 202–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–205-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley2000202–205_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 202–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200955–60-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200955–60_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEliade2009">Eliade 2009</a>, pp. 55–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201787–88,_104–105-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton201787–88,_104–105_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 87–88, 104–105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200034–35-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200034–35_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200953-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200953_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEliade2009">Eliade 2009</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200953–54,_66–70-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200953–54,_66–70_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEliade2009">Eliade 2009</a>, pp. 53–54, 66–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201278–88-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201278–88_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201278–88_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2012">Rosen 2012</a>, pp. 78–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliade200954–55-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEliade200954–55_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEliade2009">Eliade 2009</a>, pp. 54–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201280–81-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201280–81_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201280–81_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2012">Rosen 2012</a>, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008491–492-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008491–492_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008">Larson, Bhattacharya & Potter 2008</a>, pp. 491–492.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERosen201280–981-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERosen201280–981_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRosen2012">Rosen 2012</a>, pp. 80–981.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017Chapter_6_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. Chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770,_774-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770,_774_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinson2011770,_774_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinson2011">Mallinson 2011</a>, pp. 770, 774.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaraswati1997422-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaraswati1997422_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSaraswati1997">Saraswati 1997</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017237–9252-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallinsonSingleton2017237–9252_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017">Mallinson & Singleton 2017</a>, pp. 237–9252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–97-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–97_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 6–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1995102–9103-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1995102–9103_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1995102–9103_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1995">Beck 1995</a>, pp. 102–9103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeck1995107–9110-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeck1995107–9110_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeck1995">Beck 1995</a>, pp. 107–9110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200010-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200010_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–61,_99-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–61,_99_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 10, 59–61, 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–12,_60–61-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley20006–12,_60–61_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 6–12, 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–63-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurley200010,_59–63_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBurley2000">Burley 2000</a>, pp. 10, 59–63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008139–147-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008139–147_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008">Larson, Bhattacharya & Potter 2008</a>, pp. 139–147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008">Larson, Bhattacharya & Potter 2008</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140–141-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008140–141_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008">Larson, Bhattacharya & Potter 2008</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀraṇya1983" class="citation book cs1">Āraṇya, Hariharānanda (1983). <i>Yoga Philosophy of Patanjali</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0873957281" title="Special:BookSources/978-0873957281"><bdi>978-0873957281</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Philosophy+of+Patanjali&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0873957281&rft.aulast=%C4%80ra%E1%B9%87ya&rft.aufirst=Harihar%C4%81nanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck1995" class="citation book cs1">Beck, Guy L. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZgybmMnWpaUC"><i>Sonic Theology: Hinduism and Sacred Sound</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1261-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1261-1"><bdi>978-81-208-1261-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sonic+Theology%3A+Hinduism+and+Sacred+Sound&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1261-1&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Guy+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZgybmMnWpaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch2011" class="citation journal cs1">Birch, Jason (2011). "The Meaning of Haṭha in Early Haṭhayoga". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>131</b> (4 (October-December 2011)): 527–558. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41440511">41440511</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Ha%E1%B9%ADha+in+Early+Ha%E1%B9%ADhayoga&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=4+%28October-December+2011%29&rft.pages=527-558&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41440511%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggs1938" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, G.W. (1938). <i>Gorakhnath and the Kanphata Yogis</i> (6th ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120805644" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120805644"><bdi>978-8120805644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorakhnath+and+the+Kanphata+Yogis&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-8120805644&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=G.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span> (2009 Reprint)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mikel_Burley" title="Mikel Burley">Burley, Mikel</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hathayogaitscont0000burl"><i>Haṭha-Yoga: Its Context, Theory, and Practice</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1706-7"><bdi>978-81-208-1706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ha%E1%B9%ADha-Yoga%3A+Its+Context%2C+Theory%2C+and+Practice&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1706-7&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=Mikel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhathayogaitscont0000burl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Daniélou, Alain</a> (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8g4AAAAIAAJ"><i>Yoga: the method of re-integration</i></a>. University Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0766133143" title="Special:BookSources/978-0766133143"><bdi>978-0766133143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+the+method+of+re-integration&rft.pub=University+Books&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-0766133143&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8g4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Michelis2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_De_Michelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth De Michelis">De Michelis, Elizabeth</a> (2007). "A Preliminary Survey of Modern Yoga Studies". <i>Asian Medicine</i>. <b>3</b> (1). Brill Academic Publishers: 1–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157342107x207182">10.1163/157342107x207182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+Preliminary+Survey+of+Modern+Yoga+Studies&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157342107x207182&rft.aulast=De+Michelis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2005" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, K. S. (2005). <i>Speaking of Yoga and Nature-Cure Therapy</i>. Sterling Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84557-045-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84557-045-3"><bdi>978-1-84557-045-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speaking+of+Yoga+and+Nature-Cure+Therapy&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84557-045-3&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliade2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mircea_Eliade" title="Mircea Eliade">Eliade, Mircea Elde</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V07l6gThaV0C"><i>Yoga: Immortality and Freedom</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14203-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-14203-6"><bdi>978-0-691-14203-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+Immortality+and+Freedom&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-691-14203-6&rft.aulast=Eliade&rft.aufirst=Mircea+Elde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV07l6gThaV0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Knut A. (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogapowersbrills00jaco"><i>Yoga Powers: Extraordinary Capacities Attained Through Meditation and Concentration</i></a></span>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21431-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21431-6"><bdi>978-90-04-21431-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Powers%3A+Extraordinary+Capacities+Attained+Through+Meditation+and+Concentration&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21431-6&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyogapowersbrills00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonBhattacharyaPotter2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_James_Larson" title="Gerald James Larson">Larson, Gerald James</a>; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar; Potter, Karl H. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6pURGdBBmIC"><i>Yoga: India's Philosophy of Meditation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3349-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-3349-4"><bdi>978-81-208-3349-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga%3A+India%27s+Philosophy+of+Meditation&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-208-3349-4&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Gerald+James&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Ram+Shankar&rft.au=Potter%2C+Karl+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6pURGdBBmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=73DzK3kTIgEC"><i>The Gheranda Samhita: The Original Sanskrit and an English Translation</i></a>. Yoga Vidya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0971646636" title="Special:BookSources/978-0971646636"><bdi>978-0971646636</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gheranda+Samhita%3A+The+Original+Sanskrit+and+an+English+Translation&rft.pub=Yoga+Vidya&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0971646636&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D73DzK3kTIgEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hlQRnDOr178C"><i>The Shiva Samhita: A Critical Edition</i></a>. Yoga Vidya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9716466-5-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9716466-5-0"><bdi>978-0-9716466-5-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shiva+Samhita%3A+A+Critical+Edition&rft.pub=Yoga+Vidya&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9716466-5-0&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhlQRnDOr178C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pB5Jh57zoO4C"><i>The Khecarividya of Adinatha: A Critical Edition and Annotated Translation of an Early Text of Hathayoga</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge_Taylor_%26_Francis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge Taylor & Francis Group">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16642-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-16642-8"><bdi>978-1-134-16642-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Khecarividya+of+Adinatha%3A+A+Critical+Edition+and+Annotated+Translation+of+an+Early+Text+of+Hathayoga&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-134-16642-8&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpB5Jh57zoO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1317005">"Yoga: Haṭha Yoga"</a>. In Basu, Helene; <a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a>; Malinar, Angelika; <a href="/wiki/Vasudha_Narayanan" title="Vasudha Narayanan">Narayanan, Vasudha</a> (eds.). <i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism</i>. Vol. 3. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 770–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354">10.1163/2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17641-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17641-6"><bdi>978-90-04-17641-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2212-5019">2212-5019</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Academia.edu" title="Academia.edu">Academia.edu</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yoga%3A+Ha%E1%B9%ADha+Yoga&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=770-781&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=2212-5019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2212-5019_BEH_COM_000354&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17641-6&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1317005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2011b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2011b). 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Brill Academic. pp. 327–344. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21214-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21214-5"><bdi>978-90-04-21214-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siddhi+and+Mah%C4%81siddhi+in+Early+Ha%E1%B9%ADhayoga+in+Yoga+Powers%3A+Extraordinary+Capacities+Attained+Through+Meditation+and+Concentration&rft.pages=327-344&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-21214-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (March 2012). M. Moses; E. 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Cambridge University Press: 165–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1356186313000734">10.1017/s1356186313000734</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161393103">161393103</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Yog%C4%ABs%27+Latest+Trick&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=165-180&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1356186313000734&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161393103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fs1356186313000734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2014). 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 177–199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198733508" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198733508"><bdi>978-0198733508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+Hathayoga%27s+Early+History%3A+From+Vajray%C4%81na+Sexual+Restraint+to+Universal+Somatic+Soteriology&rft.btitle=Hindu+Practice&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=177-199&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0198733508&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soas.ac.uk%2F35256%2F1%2FMallinson%25202020%2520Hat%25CC%25A3hayoga%25E2%2580%2599s%2520Early%2520History.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2016b" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2016b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26700528">"The Amrtasiddhi: Hathayoga's tantric Buddhist source text"</a>. <i>Śaivism and the Tantric Traditions</i>. <a href="/wiki/SOAS,_University_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="SOAS, University of London">SOAS, University of London</a>: 409.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C5%9Aaivism+and+the+Tantric+Traditions&rft.atitle=The+Amrtasiddhi%3A+Hathayoga%27s+tantric+Buddhist+source+text&rft.pages=409&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26700528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSingleton2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2017). <a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga"><i>Roots of Yoga</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-25304-5"><bdi>978-0-241-25304-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/928480104">928480104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Yoga&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F928480104&rft.isbn=978-0-241-25304-5&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinson2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1444/10/4/273/pdf-vor">"Kalavañcana in the Konkan: How a Vajrayana Hathayoga Tradition Cheated Buddhism's Death in India"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Religions_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religions (journal)">Religions</a></i>. <b>10</b> (273): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel10040273">10.3390/rel10040273</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Kalava%C3%B1cana+in+the+Konkan%3A+How+a+Vajrayana+Hathayoga+Tradition+Cheated+Buddhism%27s+Death+in+India&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=273&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel10040273&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mdpi.com%2F2077-1444%2F10%2F4%2F273%2Fpdf-vor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMallinsonSzántó2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Mallinson_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Mallinson (author)">Mallinson, James</a>; Szántó, Péter-Dániel (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/69343500"><i>The Amṛtasiddhi and Amṛtasiddhimūla: the Earliest Texts of the Haṭhayoga Tradition</i></a>. Pondicherry: Institut français de Pondichéry, école française d'extrême-orient. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8470-242-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8470-242-2"><bdi>978-81-8470-242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Am%E1%B9%9Btasiddhi+and+Am%E1%B9%9Btasiddhim%C5%ABla%3A+the+Earliest+Texts+of+the+Ha%E1%B9%ADhayoga+Tradition&rft.place=Pondicherry&rft.pub=Institut+fran%C3%A7ais+de+Pondich%C3%A9ry%2C+%C3%A9cole+fran%C3%A7aise+d%27extr%C3%AAme-orient&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-81-8470-242-2&rft.aulast=Mallinson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sz%C3%A1nt%C3%B3%2C+P%C3%A9ter-D%C3%A1niel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F69343500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayaram2003" class="citation book cs1">Mayaram, Shail (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yi6QpFCZBy8C"><i>Against History, Against State: Counterperspectives from the Margins</i></a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12730-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12730-1"><bdi>978-0-231-12730-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Against+History%2C+Against+State%3A+Counterperspectives+from+the+Margins&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12730-1&rft.aulast=Mayaram&rft.aufirst=Shail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYi6QpFCZBy8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller-Ortega2010" class="citation book cs1">Muller-Ortega, Paul E. 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State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1385-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-1385-3"><bdi>978-1-4384-1385-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triadic+Heart+of+Siva%2C+The%3A+Kaula+Tantricism+of+Abhinavagupta+in+the+Non-dual+Shaivism+of+Kashmir&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-1385-3&rft.aulast=Muller-Ortega&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2maVlGOSdlMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rosen_(yoga_teacher)" title="Richard Rosen (yoga teacher)">Rosen, Richard</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ZeOYkgOQTUC"><i>Original Yoga: Rediscovering Traditional Practices of Haṭha yoga</i></a>. Shambhala Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2740-0"><bdi>978-0-8348-2740-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Original+Yoga%3A+Rediscovering+Traditional+Practices+of+Ha%E1%B9%ADha+yoga&rft.pub=Shambhala+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8348-2740-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ZeOYkgOQTUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraswati1997" class="citation book cs1">Saraswati, Satyananda (1997). <i>Asana Pranayama Mudrā Bandha</i>. Munger, Bihar India: Bihar Yoga Bharti. p. 422. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-86336-04-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-86336-04-4"><bdi>81-86336-04-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asana+Pranayama+Mudr%C4%81+Bandha&rft.place=Munger%2C+Bihar+India&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Bihar+Yoga+Bharti&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=81-86336-04-4&rft.aulast=Saraswati&rft.aufirst=Satyananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2010). <a href="/wiki/Yoga_Body" title="Yoga Body"><i>Yoga Body : the origins of modern posture practice</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974598-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-974598-2"><bdi>978-0-19-974598-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+Body+%3A+the+origins+of+modern+posture+practice&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-974598-2&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingleton2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Singleton_(yoga_scholar)" title="Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)">Singleton, Mark</a> (2020). "9. Early Haṭha Yoga". In Newcombe, Suzanne; O'Brien-Kop, Karen (eds.). <i>Routledge Handbook of Yoga and Meditation Studies</i>. Abingdon, Oxon. pp. 120–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05075-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05075-3"><bdi>978-1-351-05075-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1192307672">1192307672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Early+Ha%E1%B9%ADha+Yoga&rft.btitle=Routledge+Handbook+of+Yoga+and+Meditation+Studies&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pages=120-129&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1192307672&rft.isbn=978-1-351-05075-3&rft.aulast=Singleton&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSjoman1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Sjoman" title="Norman Sjoman">Sjoman, Norman</a> (1999) [1996]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BU2WI8wMpcC"><i>The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace</i></a> (2nd ed.). Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-389-2"><bdi>81-7017-389-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+Tradition+of+the+Mysore+Palace&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-7017-389-2&rft.aulast=Sjoman&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BU2WI8wMpcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSvatmarama2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svatmarama" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatmarama">Svatmarama</a> (2002). <i>The Haṭha yoga Pradipika</i>. Translated by Akers, Brian. Yoga Vidya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9899966-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9899966-4-8"><bdi>978-0-9899966-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ha%E1%B9%ADha+yoga+Pradipika&rft.pub=Yoga+Vidya&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9899966-4-8&rft.au=Svatmarama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeenhof2011" class="citation book cs1">Veenhof, Douglas (2011). <i>White Lama: The Life of Tantric Yogi Theos Bernard, Tibet's Emissary to the New World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Harmony_Books" title="Harmony Books">Harmony Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0385514323" title="Special:BookSources/978-0385514323"><bdi>978-0385514323</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Lama%3A+The+Life+of+Tantric+Yogi+Theos+Bernard%2C+Tibet%27s+Emissary+to+the+New+World&rft.pub=Harmony+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0385514323&rft.aulast=Veenhof&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pQuqAAAAQBAJ"><i>The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14934-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-14934-9"><bdi>978-0-226-14934-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alchemical+Body%3A+Siddha+Traditions+in+Medieval+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-226-14934-9&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpQuqAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gordon_White" title="David Gordon White">White, David Gordon</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3gjjqQJArWAC"><i>Yoga in Practice</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3993-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-3993-3"><bdi>978-1-4008-3993-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yoga+in+Practice&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-3993-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=David+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3gjjqQJArWAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernicke-Olesen2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Wernicke-Olesen" title="Bjarne Wernicke-Olesen">Wernicke-Olesen, Bjarne</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfmPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT147"><i>Goddess Traditions in Tantric Hinduism: History, Practice and Doctrine</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317585213" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317585213"><bdi>978-1317585213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goddess+Traditions+in+Tantric+Hinduism%3A+History%2C+Practice+and+Doctrine&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317585213&rft.aulast=Wernicke-Olesen&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZfmPCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeshe2005" class="citation book cs1">Yeshe, Thubten (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhPtIBEhGtYC&pg=PA97"><i>The Bliss of Inner Fire: Heart Practice of the Six Yogas of Naropa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Wisdom Publications">Wisdom Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861719785" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861719785"><bdi>978-0861719785</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bliss+of+Inner+Fire%3A+Heart+Practice+of+the+Six+Yogas+of+Naropa&rft.pub=Wisdom+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0861719785&rft.aulast=Yeshe&rft.aufirst=Thubten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhPtIBEhGtYC%26pg%3DPA97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHatha+yoga" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hatha_yoga&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hatha_yoga" title="Template:Hatha yoga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hatha_yoga" title="Template talk:Hatha yoga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hatha_yoga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hatha yoga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hatha_yoga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatha yoga</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sushumna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sushumna">Sushumna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Mayurasana, in the Jogapradipika, 1830" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/80px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/120px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg/160px-Jogapradipika_16_Mayurasana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="835" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts<br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">Asanas</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> seats <i><a href="/wiki/Darshana_Upanishad" title="Darshana Upanishad">Darshana Upanishad</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stravivara%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa">Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gorakhnath" title="Gorakhnath">Goraksha Sataka</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gomukhasana" title="Gomukhasana">Gomukhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muktasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktasana">Muktasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Padmasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhasana" title="Siddhasana">Siddhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simhasana" title="Simhasana">Simhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopasrayasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopasrayasana">Sopasrayasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sukhasana">Sukhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svastikasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Svastikasana">Svastikasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virasana" title="Virasana">Virasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Ancient non-meditation <i><a href="/wiki/Ahirbudhnya_Sa%E1%B9%83hit%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā">Ahirbudhnya Saṃhitā</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ta%C3%B1jalayoga%C5%9B%C4%81stravivara%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa">Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dandasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandasana">Dandasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmasana" title="Kurmasana">Kurmasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c. 7th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Ahirbudhnya_Samhita" title="Ahirbudhnya Samhita">Ahirbudhnya Samhita</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kukkutasana" title="Kukkutasana">Kukkutasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c. 10th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayurasana" title="Mayurasana">Mayurasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>c. 11th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Hemacandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemacandra">Hemachandra's <i>Yogashastra</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktasana">Muktasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirshasana" title="Shirshasana">Shirshasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>12th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha" title="Amaraugha">Amaraugha</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>13th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya_Yoga_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dattatreya Yoga Shastra">Dattatreya Yoga Shastra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Goraksha_Shataka" title="Goraksha Shataka">Goraksha Shataka</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vivekam%C4%81rta%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Da" title="Vivekamārtaṇḍa">Vivekamārtaṇḍa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>14th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%ABvidy%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Khecarīvidyā">Khecarīvidyā</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sharngadhara-paddhati" title="Sharngadhara-paddhati">Sharngadhara-paddhati</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogab%C4%ABja" title="Yogabīja">Yogabīja</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogat%C4%81r%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Yogatārāvalī">Yogatārāvalī</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshasana" title="Gorakshasana">Gorakshasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paschimottanasana" title="Paschimottanasana">Paschimottanasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>15th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baddha_Konasana" title="Baddha Konasana">Baddha Konasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanurasana" title="Dhanurasana">Dhanurasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendrasana" title="Matsyendrasana">Matsyendrasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utkatasana" title="Utkatasana">Utkatasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>17th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yogacintamani" title="Yogacintamani">Yogacintamani</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hay%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahr al-Hayāt">Bahr al-Hayāt</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakasana" title="Bakasana">Bakasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhujangasana" title="Bhujangasana">Bhujangasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakasana">Kakasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraunchasana" title="Kraunchasana">Kraunchasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makarasana" title="Makarasana">Makarasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukasana" title="Mandukasana">Mandukasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyasana" title="Matsyasana">Matsyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrasana_(yoga)" title="Vajrasana (yoga)">Vajrasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrikshasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vrikshasana">Vrikshasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>18th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasa-paddhati</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handstand" title="Handstand">Adho Mukha Vrikshasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>19th C. <i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akarna_Dhanurasana" title="Akarna Dhanurasana">Akarna Dhanurasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhairavasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhairavasana">Bhairavasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasasana" title="Durvasasana">Durvasasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garudasana" title="Garudasana">Garudasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halasana" title="Halasana">Halasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navasana" title="Navasana">Navasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashasana">Pashasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Bandha_Sarvangasana" title="Setu Bandha Sarvangasana">Setu Bandha Sarvangasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tittibhasana" title="Tittibhasana">Tittibhasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdhva_Dhanurasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdhva Dhanurasana">Urdhva Dhanurasana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Late <ul><li>1905 <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li> <li>1943 <i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_A_Personal_Experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of A Personal Experience</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yogic_mudrās" title="Mudra">Mudras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maha Bandha">Maha Bandha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhara_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhara Bandha">Jalandhara Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mula_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mula Bandha">Mula Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uddiyana_Bandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Uddiyana Bandha">Uddiyana Bandha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khecar%C4%AB_mudr%C4%81" title="Khecarī mudrā">Khechari mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajroli_mudra" title="Vajroli mudra">Vajroli mudra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anuloma_pranayama" title="Anuloma pranayama">Anuloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhramari#Pranayama" title="Bhramari">Bhramari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjayi" title="Ujjayi">Ujjayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots_of_Yoga" title="Roots of Yoga">Roots of Yoga</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">Yoga as exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Yoga using props</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_Hatha_Yoga_asanas" title="Category:Medieval Hatha Yoga asanas">Category:Medieval Hatha Yoga asanas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Yoga" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga" title="Template:Yoga"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Yoga" title="Template talk:Yoga"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Yoga"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Yoga" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subtle_body" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Bodies_Doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Bodies Doctrine">Three bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosha" title="Kosha">Five sheaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)" title="Nadi (yoga)">Nadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Ida" title="Nadi (yoga)">Ida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Sushumna" title="Nadi (yoga)">Sushumna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadi_(yoga)#Pingala" title="Nadi (yoga)">Pingala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prana" title="Prana">Prana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three Yogas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><i>and sometimes</i> <a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Yajnavalkya" title="Yoga Yajnavalkya">Yoga Yajnavalkya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashtanga_(eight_limbs_of_yoga)" title="Ashtanga (eight limbs of yoga)">Eight limbs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_position" title="Lotus position">Lotus position</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyahara" title="Pratyahara">Pratyahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Dhāraṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">Kriyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pranava_yoga" title="Pranava yoga">Pranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81da_yoga" title="Nāda yoga">Nada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Shabd_Yoga" title="Surat Shabd Yoga">Surat Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aghor_Yoga" title="Aghor Yoga">Aghor Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra#Yoga" title="Mudra">Mudras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(yoga)" title="Bandha (yoga)">Bandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Mahamudra (Hatha Yoga)">Mahamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viparita_Karani" title="Viparita Karani">Viparita Karani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mudras_(yoga)" title="List of mudras (yoga)">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasa_(ritual)" title="Nyasa (ritual)">Nyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbhaka" title="Kumbhaka">Kumbhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama_vritti" title="Sama vritti">Sama vritti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatkarma" title="Shatkarma">Shatkarmas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neti_(Hatha_Yoga)" title="Neti (Hatha Yoga)">Neti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhauti" title="Dhauti">Dhauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauli" title="Nauli">Nauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basti_(hatha_yoga)" title="Basti (hatha yoga)">Basti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalabhati" title="Kapalabhati">Kapalabhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhastrika" title="Bhastrika">Bhastrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C4%81%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Trāṭaka">Trataka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)#Yoga_and_brahmacharya" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahasiddha" title="Mahasiddha">Mahasiddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laya_Yoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Laya Yoga">Laya Yoga</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini" title="Kundalini">Kundalini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Sexual Yoga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hatha yoga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaraugha_Prabodha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amaraugha Prabodha">Amaraugha Prabodha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amritasiddhi" title="Amritasiddhi">Amritasiddhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahr_al-Hayat" title="Bahr al-Hayat">Bahr al-Hayat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81bhy%C4%81sapaddhati" title="Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati">Hathabhyasapaddhati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ha%E1%B9%ADha_Ratn%C4%81val%C4%AB" title="Haṭha Ratnāvalī">Hatha Ratnavali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga_Pradipika" title="Hatha Yoga Pradipika">Hatha Yoga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hatha_Yoga:_The_Report_of_a_Personal_Experience" title="Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience">Hatha Yoga: The Report of a Personal Experience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Joga_Prad%C4%ABpik%C4%81" title="Joga Pradīpikā">Joga Pradipika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sritattvanidhi" title="Sritattvanidhi">Sritattvanidhi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha_Samhita" title="Vasishtha Samhita">Vasishtha Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vimanarcanakalpa" title="Vimanarcanakalpa">Vimanarcanakalpa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yogasopana_Purvacatuska" title="Yogasopana Purvacatuska">Yogasopana Purvacatuska</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha">Samatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samadhi (Buddhism)">Samadhi (Buddhism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassan%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassanā">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Visuddhimagga" title="Visuddhimagga">Visuddhimagga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tendai" title="Tendai">Tendai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Kriyayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Kriyayoga (Buddhist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Caryayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Caryayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classes_of_Tantra_in_Tibetan_Buddhism#Anuttarayoga" title="Classes of Tantra in Tibetan Buddhism">Anuttarayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahajayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahajayana">Sahajayana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tibet <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Devata yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trul_khor" title="Trul khor">Yantra yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Dharmas_of_Naropa" title="Six Dharmas of Naropa">Six Yogas of Naropa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tummo" title="Tummo">Tummo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luminous_mind" title="Luminous mind">Ösel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmamudra" class="mw-redirect" title="Karmamudra">Karmamudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Milam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phowa" title="Phowa">Phowa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayoga" title="Mahayoga">Mahayoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuyoga" title="Anuyoga">Anuyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atiyoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Atiyoga">Atiyoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahamudra" title="Mahamudra">Mahamudra</a></li></ul></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Tangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shingon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shingon">Shingon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">As exercise</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downward_Dog_Pose" title="Downward Dog Pose">Downward dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_asanas" title="Standing asanas">Standing asanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_asanas" title="List of asanas">List of asanas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drishti_(yoga)" title="Drishti (yoga)">Drishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Salutation" title="Sun Salutation">Sun Salutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viny%C4%81sa" title="Vinyāsa">Vinyāsa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasta_Vinyasas" title="Hasta Vinyasas">Hasta Vinyasas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_therapy" title="Yoga as therapy">Yoga as therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_for_women" title="Yoga for women">Yoga for women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_using_props" title="Yoga using props">Props</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_on_Yoga" title="Light on Yoga">Light on Yoga</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_hybrids" title="List of yoga hybrids">Yoga hybrids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_Yoga" title="International Day of Yoga">International Day of Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yoga_schools" title="List of yoga schools">List of yoga schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga_gurus" title="Modern yoga gurus">Modern yoga gurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Nidra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Nidra">Yoga Nidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Yoga_scholars" title="Template:Yoga scholars">Yoga scholars (template)</a></li> <li>Journals <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asana_Journal" title="Asana Journal">Asana Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Journal" title="Yoga Journal">Yoga Journal</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1199434/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4122189-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hatha yoga"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85149177">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940922g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940922g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span 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