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id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antwerp_and_Brussels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antwerp_and_Brussels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Antwerp and Brussels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antwerp_and_Brussels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_background" class="vector-toc-list-item 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<span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Peasants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peasants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape_elements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape_elements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Landscape elements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape_elements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Months_of_the_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Months_of_the_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Months of the year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Months_of_the_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prints_and_drawings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prints_and_drawings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prints and drawings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prints_and_drawings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Reception history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Selected works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References in other works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References_in_other_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References in other works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References_in_other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>In film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_die_Ouere" title="Pieter Bruegel die Ouere – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pieter Bruegel die Ouere" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بيتر بروخل الأكبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيتر بروخل الأكبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_o_Viello" title="Pieter Bruegel o Viello – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pieter Bruegel o Viello" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6y%C3%BCk_Piter_Breygel" title="Böyük Piter Breygel – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Böyük Piter Breygel" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Пітэр Брэйгель Старэйшы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пітэр Брэйгель Старэйшы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%88%D1%8B" title="Пітэр Брэйгель Старэйшы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пітэр Брэйгель Старэйшы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Питер Брьогел Стари – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Питер Брьогел Стари" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_gozh" title="Pieter Brueghel gozh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pieter Brueghel gozh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_el_Vell" title="Pieter Brueghel el Vell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pieter Brueghel el Vell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel" title="Pieter Bruegel – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pieter Bruegel" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_yr_Hynaf" title="Pieter Bruegel yr Hynaf – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pieter Bruegel yr Hynaf" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_den_%C3%A6ldre" title="Pieter Bruegel den ældre – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pieter Bruegel den ældre" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere" title="Pieter Bruegel der Ältere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pieter Bruegel der Ältere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_vanem" title="Pieter Bruegel vanem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pieter Bruegel vanem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%BF_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%83%CE%B2%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πίτερ Μπρίγκελ ο πρεσβύτερος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πίτερ Μπρίγκελ ο πρεσβύτερος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_el_Viejo" title="Pieter Brueghel el Viejo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pieter Brueghel el Viejo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_la_plia%C4%9Da" title="Pieter Bruegel la pliaĝa – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pieter Bruegel la pliaĝa" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_Zaharra" title="Pieter Bruegel Zaharra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pieter Bruegel Zaharra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%AF%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%87%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="پیتر بروگل مهتر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیتر بروگل مهتر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_l%27Ancien" title="Pieter Brueghel l'Ancien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pieter Brueghel l'Ancien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_de_Alde" title="Pieter Brueghel de Alde – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pieter Brueghel de Alde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel" title="Pieter Brueghel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pieter Brueghel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_M%C3%B2r" title="Pieter Brueghel Mòr – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Pieter Brueghel Mòr" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_o_Vello" title="Pieter Brueghel o Vello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pieter Brueghel o Vello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%ED%84%B0%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A4%BC%ED%97%90_%EB%8D%94_%EC%95%84%EC%9A%B0%EB%8D%94" title="피터르 브뤼헐 더 아우더 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피터르 브뤼헐 더 아우더" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A3" title="Պիտեր Բրեյգել Ավագ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիտեր Բրեյգել Ավագ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="पीटर ब्रूघेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पीटर ब्रूघेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_stariji" title="Pieter Brueghel stariji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pieter Brueghel stariji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_Senior" title="Pieter Bruegel Senior – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pieter Bruegel Senior" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_eldri" title="Pieter Brueghel eldri – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pieter Brueghel eldri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_il_Vecchio" title="Pieter Bruegel il Vecchio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pieter Bruegel il Vecchio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91" title="פיטר ברויגל האב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיטר ברויגל האב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_a_Matua" title="Pieter Bruegel a Matua – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pieter Bruegel a Matua" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98)" title="პიტერ ბრეიგელი (უფროსი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პიტერ ბრეიგელი (უფროსი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_Mzee" title="Pieter Brueghel Mzee – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pieter Brueghel Mzee" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrus_Breugelius_senior" title="Petrus Breugelius senior – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Petrus Breugelius senior" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%ABters_Br%C4%93gels_Vec%C4%81kais" title="Pīters Brēgels Vecākais – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pīters Brēgels Vecākais" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_den_Eeleren" title="Pieter Bruegel den Eeleren – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Pieter Bruegel den Eeleren" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piteris_Breigelis_Vyresnysis" title="Piteris Breigelis Vyresnysis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Piteris Breigelis Vyresnysis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_la_vea" title="Pieter Bruegel la vea – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pieter Bruegel la vea" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel" title="Pieter Bruegel – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pieter Bruegel" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Питер Бројгел Постариот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Питер Бројгел Постариот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB" title="പിയറ്റർ ബ്രൂഗൽ ഒന്നാമൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിയറ്റർ ബ്രൂഗൽ ഒന്നാമൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_(%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE)" title="पीटर ब्रूघेल (थोरला) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पीटर ब्रूघेल (थोरला)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="بيتر بروجل الاكبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيتر بروجل الاكبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel" title="Pieter Bruegel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pieter Bruegel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Том Питер Брейгель – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Том Питер Брейгель" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude" title="Pieter Bruegel de Oude – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pieter Bruegel de Oude" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB" title="ピーテル・ブリューゲル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピーテル・ブリューゲル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_den_eldre" title="Pieter Brueghel den eldre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pieter Brueghel den eldre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_den_eldre" title="Pieter Bruegel den eldre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pieter Bruegel den eldre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_lo_Vi%C3%A8lh" title="Pieter Brueghel lo Vièlh – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pieter Brueghel lo Vièlh" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Ole" title="Pieter Bruegel de Ole – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Pieter Bruegel de Ole" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_(starszy)" title="Pieter Bruegel (starszy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pieter Bruegel (starszy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel,_o_Velho" title="Pieter Bruegel, o Velho – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pieter Bruegel, o Velho" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_cel_B%C4%83tr%C3%A2n" title="Pieter Bruegel cel Bătrân – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pieter Bruegel cel Bătrân" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C,_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9)" title="Брейгель, Питер (Старший) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брейгель, Питер (Старший)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%90%D2%95%D0%B0" title="Питер Брейгель Аҕа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Питер Брейгель Аҕа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_(die_Allere)" title="Pieter Brueghel (die Allere) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Pieter Brueghel (die Allere)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_i_Vjetri" title="Pieter Bruegel i Vjetri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pieter Bruegel i Vjetri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel" title="Pieter Bruegel – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pieter Bruegel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Pieter Brueghel the Elder – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pieter Brueghel the Elder" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_star%C5%A1%C3%AD" title="Pieter Bruegel starší – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pieter Bruegel starší" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_starej%C5%A1i" title="Pieter Bruegel starejši – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pieter Bruegel starejši" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_den_Owru" title="Pieter Brueghel den Owru – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Pieter Brueghel den Owru" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B8" title="Питер Бројгел Старији – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Питер Бројгел Старији" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Breughel_Stariji" title="Pieter Breughel Stariji – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pieter Breughel Stariji" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_vanhempi" title="Pieter Brueghel vanhempi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pieter Brueghel vanhempi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_den_%C3%A4ldre" title="Pieter Bruegel den äldre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pieter Bruegel den äldre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பீட்டர் புரூகல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீட்டர் புரூகல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5_(%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD)" title="ปีเตอร์ เบรอเคิล (ผู้พ่อ) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ปีเตอร์ เบรอเคิล (ผู้พ่อ)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_(baba)" title="Pieter Brueghel (baba) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pieter Brueghel (baba)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Пітер Брейгель Старший – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пітер Брейгель Старший" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_el_Vecio" title="Pieter Brueghel el Vecio – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pieter Brueghel el Vecio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_Gi%C3%A0" title="Pieter Bruegel Già – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pieter Bruegel Già" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_B%C3%A4ldikum" title="Pieter Bruegel Bäldikum – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Pieter Bruegel Bäldikum" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_den_Oudern" title="Pieter Bruegel den Oudern – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pieter Bruegel den Oudern" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Bruegel_nga_magurang" title="Pieter Bruegel nga magurang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pieter Bruegel nga magurang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%8B%83%E9%B2%81%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94" title="老彼得·勃鲁盖尔 – Wu" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Painter_and_the_Buyer,_ca._1566_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Painter_and_the_Buyer%2C_ca._1566_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Painter_and_the_Buyer%2C_ca._1566_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Painter_and_the_Buyer%2C_ca._1566_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Painter_and_the_Buyer%2C_ca._1566_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Painter_and_the_Buyer%2C_ca._1566_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Painter_and_the_Buyer%2C_ca._1566_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2205" data-file-height="2640" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_and_The_Buyer" title="The Painter and The Buyer">The Painter and The Connoisseur</a></i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1565</span>, possibly Bruegel's <a href="/wiki/Self-portrait" title="Self-portrait">self-portrait</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Pieter Bruegel</div><br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1525–1530</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">probably <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1569-09-09</span>)</span>9 September 1569 (aged 39 to 44)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Netherlands" title="Habsburg Netherlands">Habsburg Netherlands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Wedding" title="The Peasant Wedding">The Peasant Wedding</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Death" title="The Triumph of Death">The Triumph of Death</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Movement</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pieter Bruegel</b> (also <b>Brueghel</b> or <b>Breughel</b>) <b>the Elder</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɔɪ/: 'oi' in 'choice'">ɔɪ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BROY</span>-gəl</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/əl/: 'le' in 'bottle'">əl</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BROO</span>-gəl</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Dutch:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="nl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">[ˈpitər<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbrøːɣəl]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/Nl-Breugel.ogg\/Nl-Breugel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Nl-Breugel.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/Nl-Breugel.ogg/Nl-Breugel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Nl-Breugel.ogg" title="File:Nl-Breugel.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1525–1530</span> – 9 September 1569) was among the most significant artists of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting</a>, a painter and <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaker</a>, known for his <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a> scenes (so-called <a href="/wiki/Genre_art" title="Genre art">genre painting</a>); he was a pioneer in presenting both types of subject as large paintings. </p><p>He was a formative influence on <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a> and later painting in general in his innovative choices of subject matter, as one of the first generation of artists to grow up when religious subjects had ceased to be the natural subject matter of painting. He also painted no portraits, the other mainstay of Netherlandish art. After his training and travels to Italy, he returned in 1555 to settle in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, where he worked mainly as a prolific designer of <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> for the leading publisher of the day. At the end of the 1550s, he made painting his main medium, and all his famous paintings come from the following period of little more than a decade before his early death in 1569, when he was probably in his early forties. </p><p>In the 20th and 21st centuries, Bruegel's works have inspired artists in both the literary arts and in cinema. His painting <i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Fall_of_Icarus" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus">Landscape with the Fall of Icarus</a></i>, now thought only to survive in copies, is the subject of the final lines of the 1938 poem "<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux_Arts_(poem)" title="Musée des Beaux Arts (poem)">Musée des Beaux Arts</a>" by <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>. Russian film director <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a> refers to Bruegel's paintings in his films several times, including <i><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(1972_film)" title="Solaris (1972 film)">Solaris</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mirror_(1975_film)" title="Mirror (1975 film)">Mirror</a></i> (1975). Director <a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a> also uses Bruegel's paintings in his film <i><a href="/wiki/Melancholia_(2011_film)" title="Melancholia (2011 film)">Melancholia</a></i> (2011). In 2011, the film <i>The Mill and the Cross</i> was released featuring Bruegel's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Procession_to_Calvary_(Bruegel)" title="The Procession to Calvary (Bruegel)">The Procession to Calvary (Bruegel)</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Anger.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Anger.JPG/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Anger.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Anger.JPG/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Anger.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Anger.JPG/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_or_the_Seven_Vices_-_Anger.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a> designed by Bruegel and published by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Cock" title="Hieronymus Cock">Hieronymus Cock</a>, <i>The Seven Deadly Sins or the Seven Vices – Anger</i>, 1558</figcaption></figure> <p>Bruegel's birth date is not documented, but inferred from the fact that Bruegel entered the Antwerp painters' guild in 1551. This usually happened between the ages of twenty to twenty-five, giving a range for his birth between 1525 and 1530.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His master, according to <a href="/wiki/Karel_van_Mander" title="Karel van Mander">Karel van Mander</a>, was the Antwerp painter <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Coecke_van_Aelst" title="Pieter Coecke van Aelst">Pieter Coecke van Aelst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two main early sources for Bruegel's biography are <a href="/wiki/Lodovico_Guicciardini" title="Lodovico Guicciardini">Lodovico Guicciardini</a>'s account of the Low Countries (1567) and Karel van Mander's 1604 <i><a href="/wiki/Schilder-boeck" title="Schilder-boeck">Schilder-boeck</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guicciardini recorded that Bruegel was born in <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>, but van Mander specified that Bruegel was born in a village (<i>dorp</i>) near Breda called "Brueghel",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which does not fit any known place.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nothing at all is known of his family background. Van Mander seems to assume he came from a peasant background, in keeping with the over-emphasis on Bruegel's peasant genre scenes given by van Mander and many early art historians and critics.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%BE_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%85.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Leading_the_Blind" title="The Blind Leading the Blind">The Blind Leading the Blind</a></i>, 1568</figcaption></figure> <p>In contrast, scholars of the last six decades have emphasised the intellectual content of his work, and conclude: "There is, in fact, every reason to think that Pieter Bruegel was a townsman and a highly educated one, on friendly terms with the humanists of his time",<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ignoring van Mander's <i>dorp</i> and just placing his childhood in Breda itself.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breda was already a significant centre as the base of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orange-Nassau" title="House of Orange-Nassau">House of Orange-Nassau</a>, with a population of some 8,000,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although 90% of its 1300 houses were destroyed in a fire in 1534. This reversal can be taken to excess; although Bruegel moved in highly educated <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> circles, it seems "he had not mastered Latin", and had others add the Latin captions in some of his drawings.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between 1545 and 1550 he was a pupil of Pieter Coecke, who died on 6 December 1550.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this, Bruegel was already working in <a href="/wiki/Mechelen" title="Mechelen">Mechelen</a>, where he is documented between September 1550 and October 1551 assisting <a href="/wiki/Peeter_Baltens" title="Peeter Baltens">Peeter Baltens</a> on an altarpiece (now lost), painting the wings in <i><a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruegel possibly got this work via the connections of <a href="/wiki/Mayken_Verhulst" title="Mayken Verhulst">Mayken Verhulst</a>, the wife of Pieter Coecke. Mayken's father and eight siblings were all artists or married artists, and lived in Mechelen.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1551 Bruegel became a free master in the <a href="/wiki/Guild_of_Saint_Luke" title="Guild of Saint Luke">Guild of Saint Luke</a> of Antwerp. He set off for Italy soon after, probably by way of France. He visited <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and, rather adventurously for the period, by 1552 had reached <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio Calabria</a> at the southern tip of the mainland, where a drawing records the city in flames after a Turkish raid.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He probably continued to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, but by 1553 was back in Rome. There he met the miniaturist <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Clovio" title="Giulio Clovio">Giulio Clovio</a>, whose will of 1578 lists paintings by Bruegel; in one case a joint work. These works, apparently landscapes, have not survived, but marginal miniatures in manuscripts by Clovio are attributed to Bruegel.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Big_Fish_Eat_Little_Fish,_1556_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Big_Fish_Eat_Little_Fish%2C_1556_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Big_Fish_Eat_Little_Fish%2C_1556_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Big_Fish_Eat_Little_Fish%2C_1556_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Big_Fish_Eat_Little_Fish%2C_1556_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Big_Fish_Eat_Little_Fish%2C_1556_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Big_Fish_Eat_Little_Fish%2C_1556_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="2192" /></a><figcaption><i>The Big Fish Eat the Little Fish</i>, Bruegel's drawing for a print, 1556<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>He left Italy by 1554, and had reached Antwerp by 1555, when the set of prints to his designs known as the <i>Large Landscapes</i> were published by <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Cock" title="Hieronymus Cock">Hieronymus Cock</a>, the most important print publisher of northern Europe. Bruegel's return route is uncertain, but much of the debate over it was made irrelevant in the 1980s when it was realised that the celebrated series of large drawings of mountain landscapes thought to have been made on the trip were not by Bruegel at all.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the drawings from the trip that are considered authentic are of landscapes; unlike most other 16th-century artists visiting Rome he seems to have ignored both classical ruins and contemporary buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antwerp_and_Brussels">Antwerp and Brussels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antwerp and Brussels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1555 until 1563, Bruegel lived in Antwerp, then the publishing centre of northern Europe, mainly working as a designer of over forty prints for Cock, though his dated paintings begin in 1557.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With one exception, Bruegel did not work the plates himself, but produced a drawing which Cock's specialists worked from. From 1559, he dropped the 'h' from his name and signed his paintings as <i>Bruegel</i>; his relatives continued to use "Brueghel" or "Breughel". He moved in the lively <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanist</a> circles of the city, and his change of name (or at least its spelling) in 1559 can be seen as an attempt to Latinise it; at the same time he changed the script he signed in from the Gothic <a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">blackletter</a> to Roman capitals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1563, he married Pieter Coecke van Aelst's daughter <a href="/wiki/Mayken_Coecke" title="Mayken Coecke">Mayken Coecke</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, where he lived for the remainder of his short life. Antwerp was the capital of Netherlandish commerce and the art market;<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brussels was the centre of government. Van Mander tells a story that his mother-in-law pushed for the move to distance him from his established servant girl mistress.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By now painting had become his main activity, and his most famous works come from these years. His paintings were much sought after, with patrons including wealthy Flemish collectors and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Perrenot_de_Granvelle" title="Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle">Cardinal Granvelle</a>, in effect the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> chief minister, who was based in Mechelen. Bruegel had two sons, both well known as painters, and a daughter about whom nothing is known. These were <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Pieter Brueghel the Younger">Pieter Brueghel the Younger</a> (1564–1638) and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> (1568–1625); he died too early to train either of them. He died in Brussels on 9 September 1569 and was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Kapellekerk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kapellekerk">Kapellekerk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van Mander records that before he died he told his wife to burn some drawings, perhaps designs for prints, carrying inscriptions "which were too sharp or sarcastic ... either out of remorse or for fear that she might come to harm or in some way be held responsible for them", which has led to much speculation that they were politically or doctrinally provocative, in a climate of sharp tension in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._007.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._007.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._007.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Procession_to_Calvary_(Bruegel)" title="The Procession to Calvary (Bruegel)">The Procession to Calvary</a></i>, 1564, Bruegel's second largest painting at 124 cm × 170 cm (49 in × 67 in)</figcaption></figure> <p>Bruegel was born at a time of extensive change in Western Europe. Humanist ideals from the previous century influenced artists and scholars. Italy was at the end of its High Renaissance of arts and culture, when artists such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> painted their masterpieces. In 1517, about eight years before Bruegel's birth, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> created his <i><a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a></i> and began the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in neighbouring Germany. Reformation was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm#Protestant_Reformation" title="Iconoclasm">iconoclasm</a> and widespread <a href="/wiki/Beeldenstorm" title="Beeldenstorm">destruction of art</a>, including in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. The Catholic Church viewed Protestantism and its destructive iconoclasm of art as a threat to the Church. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>, which concluded in 1563, <a href="/wiki/The_Reformation_and_art#Council_of_Trent" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reformation and art">determined</a> that religious art should be more focused on religious subject-matter and less on material things and decorative qualities. </p><p>At this time, the Low Countries were divided into <a href="/wiki/Seventeen_Provinces" title="Seventeen Provinces">Seventeen Provinces</a>, some of which wanted separation from the Habsburg rule based in Spain. The Reformation meanwhile produced a number of Protestant denominations that gained followers in the Seventeen Provinces, influenced by the newly Lutheran German states to the east and the newly Anglican England to the west. The Habsburg monarchs of Spain attempted a policy of strict religious uniformity for the Catholic Church within their domains and enforced it with the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>. Increasing religious antagonisms and riots, political manoeuvrings, and executions eventually resulted in the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a>. </p><p>In this atmosphere Bruegel reached the height of his career as a painter. Two years before his death, the Eighty Years' War began between the United Provinces and Spain. Although Bruegel did not live to see it, seven provinces became independent and formed the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a>, while the other ten remained under Habsburg control at the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subjects">Subjects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Subjects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peasants">Peasants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peasants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Dutch_Proverbs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5649" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Netherlandish_Proverbs" title="Netherlandish Proverbs">Netherlandish Proverbs</a></i>, 1559, oil on oak wood</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6567" data-file-height="4770" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Games_(Bruegel)" title="Children's Games (Bruegel)">Children's Games</a></i>, 1560</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Peasant_Wedding_-_Google_Art_Project_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7678" data-file-height="5306" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Wedding" title="The Peasant Wedding">The Peasant Wedding</a></i>, 1566–69, oil on panel. A late peasant subject, with a more monumental treatment.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pieter Bruegel specialised in <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre paintings</a> populated by peasants, often with a landscape element, though he also painted religious works. Making the life and manners of peasants the main focus of a work was rare in painting in Bruegel's time, and he was a pioneer of the genre painting. Many of his peasant paintings fall into two groups in terms of scale and composition, both of which were original and influential on later painting. His earlier style shows dozens of small figures, seen from a high viewpoint, and spread fairly evenly across the central picture space. The setting is typically an urban space surrounded by buildings, within which the figures have a "fundamentally disconnected manner of portrayal", with individuals or small groups engaged in their own distinct activity, while ignoring all the others.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His earthy, unsentimental but vivid depiction of the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games—are unique windows on a vanished folk culture, though still characteristic of Belgian life and culture today, and a prime source of <a href="/wiki/Iconography" title="Iconography">iconographic</a> evidence about both physical and social aspects of 16th-century life. For example, his famous painting <i><a href="/wiki/Netherlandish_Proverbs" title="Netherlandish Proverbs">Netherlandish Proverbs</a></i>, originally <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blue_Cloak" title="The Blue Cloak">The Blue Cloak</a></i>, illustrates dozens of then-contemporary <a href="/wiki/Aphorism" title="Aphorism">aphorisms</a>, many of which still are in use in current Flemish, French, English and Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Flemish environment provided a large artistic audience for proverb-filled paintings because proverbs were well known and recognisable as well as entertaining. <i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Games_(Bruegel)" title="Children's Games (Bruegel)">Children's Games</a></i> shows the variety of amusements enjoyed by young people. His winter landscapes of 1565, like <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i>, are taken as corroborative evidence of the severity of winters during the <a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a>. Bruegel often painted community events, as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Wedding" title="The Peasant Wedding">The Peasant Wedding</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_Between_Carnival_and_Lent" title="The Fight Between Carnival and Lent">The Fight Between Carnival and Lent</a></i>. In paintings like <i>The Peasant Wedding</i>, Bruegel painted individual, identifiable people, while the people in <i>The Fight Between Carnival and Lent</i> are unidentifiable, muffin-faced <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a> of greed or gluttony. </p><p>Bruegel also painted religious scenes in a wide Flemish landscape setting, as in the <i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_(Bruegel)" title="Conversion of Paul (Bruegel)">Conversion of Paul</a></i> and <i>The Sermon of St. John the Baptist</i>. Even if Bruegel's subject matter was unconventional, the religious ideals and proverbs driving his paintings were typical of the Northern Renaissance. He accurately depicted people with disabilities, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Leading_the_Blind" title="The Blind Leading the Blind">The Blind Leading the Blind</a></i>, which depicted a quote from the Bible: "If the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch" (Matthew 15:14). Using the Bible to interpret this painting, the six blind men are symbols of the blindness of mankind in pursuing earthly goals instead of focusing on Christ's teachings. </p><p>Using abundant spirit and comic power, Bruegel created some of the very early images of acute social protest in art history. Examples include paintings such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_Between_Carnival_and_Lent" title="The Fight Between Carnival and Lent">The Fight Between Carnival and Lent</a></i> (a satire of the conflicts of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>) and engravings like <i>The Ass in the School</i> and <i>Strongboxes Battling Piggybanks</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1560s, Bruegel moved to a style showing only a few large figures, typically in a landscape background without a distant view. His paintings dominated by their landscapes take a middle course as regards both the number and size of figures. </p> <dl><dt>Late monumental peasant figures</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Land of Cockaigne (1567), Alte Pinakothek, an illustration of the medieval mythical land of plenty called Cockaigne"><img alt="The Land of Cockaigne (1567), Alte Pinakothek, an illustration of the medieval mythical land of plenty called Cockaigne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg/300px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg/400px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2081" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Cockaigne_(Bruegel)" title="The Land of Cockaigne (Bruegel)">The Land of Cockaigne</a></i> (1567), <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a>, an illustration of the medieval mythical land of plenty called <a href="/wiki/Cockaigne" title="Cockaigne">Cockaigne</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Peasant_and_the_Birdnester_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_1568.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Peasant and the Nest Robber (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna"><img alt="The Peasant and the Nest Robber (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Peasant_and_the_Birdnester_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_1568.jpeg/200px-The_Peasant_and_the_Birdnester_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_1568.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Peasant_and_the_Birdnester_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_1568.jpeg/300px-The_Peasant_and_the_Birdnester_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_1568.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/The_Peasant_and_the_Birdnester_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_1568.jpeg/400px-The_Peasant_and_the_Birdnester_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_1568.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2588" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_and_the_Nest_Robber" title="The Peasant and the Nest Robber">The Peasant and the Nest Robber</a></i> (1568), <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_The_Peasant_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Peasant Dance (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, oil on oak panel"><img alt="The Peasant Dance (1568), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna, oil on oak panel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pieter_Bruegel_The_Peasant_Dance.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_The_Peasant_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pieter_Bruegel_The_Peasant_Dance.jpg/300px-Pieter_Bruegel_The_Peasant_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Pieter_Bruegel_The_Peasant_Dance.jpg/400px-Pieter_Bruegel_The_Peasant_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2086" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Dance" title="The Peasant Dance">The Peasant Dance</a></i> (1568), <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna, oil on oak panel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Cripples.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Beggars (The Cripples) (1568), Louvre, Paris, oil on panel"><img alt="The Beggars (The Cripples) (1568), Louvre, Paris, oil on panel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Cripples.JPG/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Cripples.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Cripples.JPG/300px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Cripples.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Cripples.JPG/400px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Cripples.JPG 2x" data-file-width="689" data-file-height="585" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beggars_(Bruegel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Beggars (Bruegel)">The Beggars (The Cripples)</a></i> (1568), <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris, oil on panel</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape_elements">Landscape elements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landscape elements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_der_%C3%84ltere_-_Landschaft_mit_der_Flucht_nach_%C3%84gypten.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="2117" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Flight_into_Egypt_(Bruegel)" title="Landscape with the Flight into Egypt (Bruegel)">Landscape with the Flight into Egypt</a></i>, 1563, 37.1 × 55.6 cm (14.6 × 21.9 in), owned by <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Granvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Granvelle">Cardinal Granvelle</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bruegel adapted and made more natural the <a href="/wiki/World_landscape" title="World landscape">world landscape</a> style, which shows small figures in an imaginary panoramic landscape seen from an elevated viewpoint that includes mountains and lowlands, water, and buildings. Back in Antwerp from Italy he was commissioned in the 1550s by the publisher <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Cock" title="Hieronymus Cock">Hieronymus Cock</a> to make drawings for a series of <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a>, the <i>Large Landscapes</i>, to meet what was now a growing demand for landscape images. </p><p>Some of his earlier paintings, such as his <i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Flight_into_Egypt_(Bruegel)" title="Landscape with the Flight into Egypt (Bruegel)">Landscape with the Flight into Egypt</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld</a>, 1563), are fully within the Patinir conventions, but his <i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Fall_of_Icarus" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus">Landscape with the Fall of Icarus</a></i> (known from two copies) had a Patinir-style landscape, in which already the largest figure was a <a href="/wiki/Genre_painting" title="Genre painting">genre figure</a> who was only a bystander for the supposed narrative subject, and may not even be aware of it. The date of Bruegel's lost original is unclear,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it is probably relatively early, and if so, foreshadows the trend of his later works. During the 1560s the early scenes crowded with multitudes of very small figures, whether peasant genre figures or figures in religious narratives, give way to a small number of much larger figures. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Months_of_the_year">Months of the year</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Months of the year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_(Winter)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6819" data-file-height="4853" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i>, 1565, oil on wood</figcaption></figure> <p>His famous set of landscapes with genre figures depicting the seasons are the culmination of his landscape style; the five surviving paintings use the basic elements of the world landscape (only one lacks craggy mountains) but transform them into his own style. They are larger than most previous works, with a <a href="/wiki/Genre_scene" class="mw-redirect" title="Genre scene">genre scene</a> with several figures in the foreground, and the panoramic view seen past or through trees.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bruegel was also aware of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube School">Danube School</a>'s landscape style through <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master prints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The surviving five paintings are <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gloomy_Day" title="The Gloomy Day">The Gloomy Day</a></i> (February-March), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i> (December-January), and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Herd" title="The Return of the Herd">The Return of the Herd</a></i> (October-November) which are on display in the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Harvest" title="The Hay Harvest">The Hay Harvest</a></i> (June-July) is on display in the <a href="/wiki/Lobkowicz_Palace" title="Lobkowicz Palace">Lobkowicz Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>; and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvesters_(painting)" title="The Harvesters (painting)">The Harvesters</a></i> which is on display at the Metropolitan in New York. The painting associated with the April-May seasonal transition is assumed to be lost. </p><p>The series on the months of the year includes several of Bruegel's best-known works. In 1565, a wealthy patron in Antwerp, <a href="/wiki/Niclaes_Jonghelinck" class="mw-redirect" title="Niclaes Jonghelinck">Niclaes Jonghelinck</a>, commissioned him to paint a series of paintings of each month of the year. There has been dispute among art historians as to whether the series originally included six or twelve works.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Koerner" title="Joseph Koerner">Joseph Koerner</a> in his 2018 book <i>Bosch and Bruegel</i> states that Archduke Ernst, who took possession of the paintings after Niclaes defaulted on taxes, had as early as 1569 inventoried only six paintings in this series during the year of Bruegel's death.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection is next inventoried to be in the possession of Archduke Leopold who in 1659 indicated that five of them were extant.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only five of these paintings are known to have survived into the 21st century. Traditional Flemish luxury <a href="/wiki/Book_of_hours" title="Book of hours">books of hours</a> (e.g., the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A8s_Riches_Heures_du_Duc_de_Berry" title="Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry">Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1416) had calendar pages that included the <a href="/wiki/Labours_of_the_Months" title="Labours of the Months">Labours of the Months</a>, depictions set in landscapes of the agricultural tasks, weather, and social life typical for that month. </p><p>Bruegel's paintings were on a far larger scale than a typical calendar page painting, each one approximately three feet by five feet. For Bruegel, this was a large commission (the price of a commission was based on how large the painting was) and an important one. In 1565, the Calvinist riots began and it was only two years before the Eighty Years' War broke out. Bruegel may have felt safer with a secular commission so as to not offend Calvinist or Catholic.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the most famous paintings from this series included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i> (December–January) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvesters_(painting)" title="The Harvesters (painting)">The Harvesters</a></i> (August-September). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prints_and_drawings">Prints and drawings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prints and drawings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Beekeepers_and_the_Birdnester,_c1568_-_Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Beekeepers_and_the_Birdnester%2C_c1568_-_Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin.jpg/220px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Beekeepers_and_the_Birdnester%2C_c1568_-_Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Beekeepers_and_the_Birdnester%2C_c1568_-_Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin.jpg/330px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Beekeepers_and_the_Birdnester%2C_c1568_-_Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Beekeepers_and_the_Birdnester%2C_c1568_-_Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin.jpg/440px-Pieter_Brueghel_the_Elder_-_The_Beekeepers_and_the_Birdnester%2C_c1568_-_Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2652" /></a><figcaption><i>Beekeepers</i>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1568</span></figcaption></figure> <p>On his return from Italy to Antwerp, Bruegel earned his living producing drawings to be turned into prints for the leading print publisher of the city, and indeed northern Europe, <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Cock" title="Hieronymus Cock">Hieronymus Cock</a>. At his "House of the Four Winds" Cock ran a production and distribution operation efficiently turning out prints of many sorts that was more concerned with sales than the finest artistic achievement. Most of Bruegel's prints come from this period, but he continued to produce drawn designs for prints until the end of his life, leaving only two completed out of a series of the <i>Four Seasons</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prints were popular and it is reasonable to assume that all those published have survived. In many cases we also have Bruegel's drawings. Although the subject matter of his graphic work was often continued in his paintings, there are considerable differences in emphases between the two <i>oeuvres</i>. To his contemporaries and for long after, until public museums and good reproductions of the paintings made these better known, Bruegel was much better known through his prints than his paintings, which largely explains the critical assessment of him as merely the creator of comic peasant scenes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prints are mostly engravings, though from about 1559 onwards some are <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etchings</a> or mixtures of both techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only one complete <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> was made from a Bruegel design, with another left incomplete. This, <i>The Dirty Wife</i>, is a most unusual survival (now <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>) of a drawing on the wooden block intended for printing. For some reason, the specialist <a href="/wiki/Woodcut#Division_of_labour" title="Woodcut">block-cutter</a> who carved away the block, following the drawing while also destroying it, had only done one corner of the design before stopping work. The design then appears as an engraving, perhaps soon after Bruegel's death.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Spring,_1565_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Spring%2C_1565_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Spring%2C_1565_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Spring%2C_1565_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Spring%2C_1565_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Spring%2C_1565_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Spring%2C_1565_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3190" data-file-height="2452" /></a><figcaption><i>Spring</i>, 1565, a drawing made to be engraved. It was apparently never painted by Bruegel himself, but after his death came dozens of versions in paint by his son and others.</figcaption></figure> <p>Among his greatest successes were a series of allegories, among several designs adopting many of the very individual mannerisms of his compatriot <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bosch" title="Hieronymus Bosch">Hieronymus Bosch</a>: <i>The Seven Deadly Sins</i> and <i>The Virtues</i>. The sinners are grotesque and unidentifiable while the allegories of virtue often wear odd headgear.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That imitations of Bosch sold well is demonstrated by his drawing <i>Big Fish Eat Little Fish</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Albertina" title="Albertina">Albertina</a>), which Bruegel signed but Cock shamelessly attributed to Bosch in the print version.<sup id="cite_ref-auto6_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto6-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Bruegel presumably made them, no drawings that are clearly preparatory studies for paintings survive. Most surviving drawings are finished designs for prints, or landscape drawings that are fairly finished. After a considerable purge of attributions in recent decades, led by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Mielke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Mielke (page does not exist)">Hans Mielke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sixty-one sheets of drawings are now generally agreed to be by Bruegel.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new "Master of the Mountain Landscapes" has emerged from the carnage. Mielke's key observation was that the lily watermark on the paper of several sheets was only found from around 1580 onwards, which led to the rapid acceptance of his proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another group of about twenty-five pen drawings of landscapes, many signed and dated as by Bruegel, are now given to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Savery" title="Jacob Savery">Jacob Savery</a>, probably from the decade of so before his death in 1603. A giveaway was that two drawings including the walls of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> were dated 1563 but included elements only built in the 1590s. This group appears to have been made as deliberate forgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1563, Bruegel moved from Antwerp to Brussels, where he married Mayken Coecke, the daughter of the painter Pieter Coecke van Aelst and <a href="/wiki/Mayken_Verhulst" title="Mayken Verhulst">Mayken Verhulst</a>. As registered in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)" title="Cathedral of Our Lady (Antwerp)">Cathedral of Antwerp</a>, their <a href="/wiki/Ondertrouw" title="Ondertrouw">deposition for marriage</a> was registered 25 July 1563. The marriage was concluded in the <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel Church">Chapel Church</a>, Brussels in 1563.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pieter the Elder had two sons: Pieter Brueghel the Younger and Jan Brueghel the Elder (both kept their name as Brueghel). Their grandmother, Mayken Verhulst, trained the sons because "the Elder" died when both were very small children. The older brother, Pieter Brueghel copied his father's style and compositions with competence and considerable commercial success. Jan was much more original, and very versatile. He was an important figure in the transition to the Baroque style in <a href="/wiki/Flemish_Baroque_painting" title="Flemish Baroque painting">Flemish Baroque painting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age_painting" title="Dutch Golden Age painting">Dutch Golden Age painting</a> in a number of its genres. He was often a collaborator with other leading artists, including with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Paul_Rubens" title="Peter Paul Rubens">Peter Paul Rubens</a> on many works including the <i>Allegory of Sight</i>. </p><p>Other members of the family include <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Kessel_the_Elder" title="Jan van Kessel the Elder">Jan van Kessel the Elder</a> (grandson of Jan Brueghel the Elder) and <a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Kessel_the_Younger" title="Jan van Kessel the Younger">Jan van Kessel the Younger</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers the Younger</a>, son-in-law of Jan Brueghel the Elder, the family is also related to the whole Teniers family of painters and the Quellinus family of painters and sculptors, through the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Jan-Erasmus_Quellinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan-Erasmus Quellinus">Jan-Erasmus Quellinus</a> to Cornelia, daughter of David Teniers the Younger. </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Brueghel_family" title="Brueghel family">Brueghel family</a> tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Pieter Brueghel the Younger">Pieter Brueghel the Younger</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Brueghel" title="Ambrosius Brueghel">Ambrosius Brueghel</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Jan Brueghel the Younger">Jan Brueghel the Younger</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Anna Brueghel x <a href="/wiki/David_Teniers_the_Younger" title="David Teniers the Younger">David Teniers the Younger</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Paschasia Brueghel</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Hieronymous van Kessel the Younger</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieter_Brueghel" title="Jan Pieter Brueghel">Jan Pieter Brueghel</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Brueghel" title="Abraham Brueghel">Abraham Brueghel</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_Brueghel" title="Jan Baptist Brueghel">Jan Baptist Brueghel</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_van_Kessel_the_Elder" title="Jan van Kessel the Elder">Jan van Kessel the Elder</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_history">Reception history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Massacre_of_the_Innocents_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6772" data-file-height="4641" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents_(Bruegel)" title="Massacre of the Innocents (Bruegel)">Massacre of the Innocents</a></i>, (c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1565–1567), British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>; a much-copied painting</figcaption></figure> <p>Bruegel's art was long more highly valued by collectors than critics. His friend <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> described him in a friendship album in 1574 as "the most perfect painter of his century", but both <a href="/wiki/Vasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasari">Vasari</a> and Van Mander see him as essentially a comic successor to Hieronymus Bosch.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As well as being forward-looking, his art reinvigorates medieval subjects such as marginal <a href="/wiki/Drollerie" class="mw-redirect" title="Drollerie">drolleries</a> of ordinary life in <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a>, and the calendar scenes of agricultural labours set in landscape backgrounds, and puts these on a much larger scale than before, and in the expensive medium of <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil painting</a>. He does the same with the fantastic and anarchic world developed in Renaissance prints and book illustrations.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruegel's work was, as far as we know, always keenly collected. The banker Nicolaes Jonghelinck owned sixteen paintings; his brother <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Jonghelinck" title="Jacques Jonghelinck">Jacques Jonghelinck</a> was a gentleman-sculptor and medallist, who also had significant business interests. He made medals and tombs in an international style for the Brussels elite, especially <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Granvelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Granvelle">Cardinal Granvelle</a>, who was also a keen patron of Bruegel.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granvelle owned at least two Bruegels, including the <a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Flight_into_Egypt_(Bruegel)" title="Landscape with the Flight into Egypt (Bruegel)">Courtauld <i>Flight into Egypt</i></a>, but we do not know if he bought them directly from the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Granvelle's nephew and heir was strong-armed out of his Bruegels by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf II">Rudolf II</a>, the very acquisitive Austrian Habsburg Emperor. The series of the <i>Months</i> entered the Habsburg collections in 1594, given to Rudolf's brother and later taken by the emperor himself. Rudolf eventually owned at least ten Bruegel paintings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A generation later Rubens owned eleven or twelve, which mostly passed to the Antwerp senator Pieter Stevens, and were then sold in 1668.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruegel,_Pieter_(I)_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_en_vogelknip,_1565.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bruegel%2C_Pieter_%28I%29_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_en_vogelknip%2C_1565.jpg/220px-Bruegel%2C_Pieter_%28I%29_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_en_vogelknip%2C_1565.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bruegel%2C_Pieter_%28I%29_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_en_vogelknip%2C_1565.jpg/330px-Bruegel%2C_Pieter_%28I%29_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_en_vogelknip%2C_1565.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bruegel%2C_Pieter_%28I%29_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_en_vogelknip%2C_1565.jpg/440px-Bruegel%2C_Pieter_%28I%29_-_Winterlandschap_met_schaatsers_en_vogelknip%2C_1565.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12406" data-file-height="8224" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Landscape_with_Ice_skaters_and_Bird_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Landscape with Ice skaters and Bird trap">Winter Landscape with (Skaters and) a Bird Trap</a></i> (1565), Bruegel's most copied painting, smaller than many of his landscapes at 38 × 56 cm<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bruegel's son Pieter could still keep himself and a large studio team busy producing replicas or adaptations of Bruegel's works, as well as his own compositions along similar lines, sixty years or more after they were first painted. The most frequently copied works were generally not the ones that are most famous today, though this may reflect the availability of the full-scale detailed drawings that were evidently used. The most-copied painting is the <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Landscape_with_Ice_skaters_and_Bird_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Landscape with Ice skaters and Bird trap">Winter Landscape with (Skaters and) a Bird Trap</a></i> (1565), of which the original is in Brussels; 127 copies are recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They include paintings after some of Bruegel's drawn print designs, especially <i>Spring</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next century's artists of peasant genre scenes were heavily influenced by Brueghel.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the Brueghel family, early figures were <a href="/wiki/Adriaen_Brouwer" title="Adriaen Brouwer">Adriaen Brouwer</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1605</span>/6 – 1638) and <a href="/wiki/David_Vinckboons" title="David Vinckboons">David Vinckboons</a> (1576 – c. 1632), both Flemish-born but spending much of their time in the northern Netherlands. As well as the general conception of such <i>kermis</i> subjects, Vinckboons and other artists took from Bruegel "such stylistic devices as the bird's-eye perspective, ornamentalised vegetation, bright palette, and stocky, odious figures."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forty years after their deaths, and over a century after Bruegel's, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Steen" title="Jan Steen">Jan Steen</a> (1626–79) continued to show a particular interest in Bruegelian treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The critical treatment of Bruegel as essentially an artist of comic peasant scenes persisted until the late 19th century, even after his best paintings became widely visible as royal and aristocratic collections were turned into museums. This had been partly explicable when his work was mainly known from copies, prints and reproductions.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even Henri Hymans, whose work of 1890/1891 was the first important contribution to modern Bruegel scholarship, could describe him thus: "His field of enquiry is certainly not of the most extensive; his ambition, too, is modest. He confines himself to a knowledge of mankind and the most immediate objects", a line no modern scholar is likely to take.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his landscape paintings, in good colour reproduction, have become his best-loved works, so his importance in the history of <a href="/wiki/Landscape_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Landscape art">landscape art</a> has become understood.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_13-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are about forty generally accepted surviving paintings, twelve of which are in the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others are known to have been lost, including what, according to van Mander, Bruegel himself thought his best work, "a picture in which Truth triumphs".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bruegel only etched one plate himself, <i>The Rabbit Hunt,</i> but designed some forty prints, both <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engravings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etchings</a>, mostly for the <a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Cock" title="Hieronymus Cock">Cock publishing house</a>. As discussed above, about sixty-one drawings are now recognised as authentic, mostly designs for prints or landscapes. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_1557_-_A_Pig_Has_To_Go_in_a_Sty.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Pig Has to Go in a Sty (1557), Bruegel's earliest genre scene, private collection"><img alt="A Pig Has to Go in a Sty (1557), Bruegel's earliest genre scene, private collection" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_1557_-_A_Pig_Has_To_Go_in_a_Sty.jpg/198px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_1557_-_A_Pig_Has_To_Go_in_a_Sty.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_1557_-_A_Pig_Has_To_Go_in_a_Sty.jpg/296px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_1557_-_A_Pig_Has_To_Go_in_a_Sty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_1557_-_A_Pig_Has_To_Go_in_a_Sty.jpg/395px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_1557_-_A_Pig_Has_To_Go_in_a_Sty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1145" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>A Pig Has to Go in a Sty</i> (1557), Bruegel's earliest genre scene, private collection</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Fall of the Rebel Angels (1562), Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium"><img alt="The Fall of the Rebel Angels (1562), Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/300px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/400px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21654" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_(Bruegel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Bruegel)">The Fall of the Rebel Angels</a></i> (1562), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dulle_Griet,_by_Pieter_Brueghel_(I).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dulle Griet (1563), Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp"><img alt="Dulle Griet (1563), Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dulle_Griet%2C_by_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29.jpg/200px-Dulle_Griet%2C_by_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dulle_Griet%2C_by_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29.jpg/300px-Dulle_Griet%2C_by_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Dulle_Griet%2C_by_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29.jpg/400px-Dulle_Griet%2C_by_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4334" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dull_Gret" title="Dull Gret">Dulle Griet</a></i> (1563), <a href="/wiki/Museum_Mayer_van_den_Bergh" title="Museum Mayer van den Bergh"> Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Wedding Dance (1566), oil on oak panel, The Detroit Institute of Arts"><img alt="The Wedding Dance (1566), oil on oak panel, The Detroit Institute of Arts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/300px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg/400px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_The_Wedding_Dance_-_30.374_-_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1519" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Dance" title="The Wedding Dance">The Wedding Dance</a></i> (1566), oil on oak panel, <a href="/wiki/The_Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Detroit Institute of Arts">The Detroit Institute of Arts</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brueghel7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Census at Bethlehem (1566), oil on wood panel, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium"><img alt="The Census at Bethlehem (1566), oil on wood panel, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Brueghel7.jpg/200px-Brueghel7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Brueghel7.jpg/300px-Brueghel7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Brueghel7.jpg/400px-Brueghel7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="566" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Census_at_Bethlehem" title="The Census at Bethlehem">The Census at Bethlehem</a></i> (1566), oil on wood panel, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3466" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_Between_Carnival_and_Lent" title="The Fight Between Carnival and Lent">The Fight Between Carnival and Lent</a></i> (1559) <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Children%E2%80%99s_Games_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6567" data-file-height="4770" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Games_(Bruegel)" title="Children's Games (Bruegel)">Children's Games</a></i> (1560), <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/220px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/330px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg/440px-The_Triumph_of_Death_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Death" title="The Triumph of Death">The Triumph of Death</a></i> (c. 1562), <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, Madrid</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder">List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></div> <ul><li><i>Landscape with Christ and the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias</i>, 1553, probably with <a href="/wiki/Maarten_de_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Maarten de Vos">Maarten de Vos</a>, private collection</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower_(Bruegel)" title="Parable of the Sower (Bruegel)">Parable of the Sower</a></i>, 1557, <a href="/wiki/Timken_Museum_of_Art" title="Timken Museum of Art">Timken Museum of Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Zw%C3%B6lf_Sprichw%C3%B6rter_(Bruegel).jpg" title="File:Zwölf Sprichwörter (Bruegel).jpg">Twelve Proverbs</a></i>, 1558, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Mayer_van_den_Bergh" title="Museum Mayer van den Bergh">Museum Mayer van den Bergh</a>, Antwerp</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Fall_of_Icarus" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus">Landscape with the Fall of Icarus</a></i>, probably 1550s, Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels – Note: Now seen as a copy of a lost authentic Bruegel painting<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlandish_Proverbs" title="Netherlandish Proverbs">Netherlandish Proverbs</a>, 1559, <a href="/wiki/Gem%C3%A4ldegalerie_(Berlin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemäldegalerie (Berlin)">Gemäldegalerie</a>, Berlin. (Originally titled <i>The Blue Cloak</i>.)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_Between_Carnival_and_Lent" title="The Fight Between Carnival and Lent">The Fight Between Carnival and Lent</a></i>, 1559, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><i>Portrait of an Old Woman</i>, 1560, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a>, Munich</li> <li><i>Temperance</i>, 1560</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Games_(Bruegel)" title="Children's Games (Bruegel)">Children's Games</a></i>, 1560, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._031.jpg" title="File:Pieter Bruegel d. Ä. 031.jpg">Naval Battle in the Gulf of Naples</a></i>, 1560, <a href="/wiki/Galleria_Doria-Pamphilj" class="mw-redirect" title="Galleria Doria-Pamphilj">Galleria Doria-Pamphilj</a>, Rome</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_(Bruegel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Bruegel)">The Fall of the Rebel Angels</a></i> 1562, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a>, Brussels</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg/220px-Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg/330px-Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg/440px-Brueghel-tower-of-babel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i> (1563, large version), <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna, oil on panel</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suicide_of_Saul" title="The Suicide of Saul">The Suicide of Saul</a> (Battle Against The Philistines on the Gilboa)</i>, 1562, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Monkeys_(Bruegel)" title="Two Monkeys (Bruegel)">Two Monkeys</a></i>, 1562, <a href="/wiki/Staatliche_Museen" class="mw-redirect" title="Staatliche Museen">Staatliche Museen</a>, Gemäldegalerie, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Death" title="The Triumph of Death">The Triumph of Death</a></i>, c. 1562, <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dull_Gret" title="Dull Gret">Dulle Griet (Mad Meg)</a></i>, c. 1563, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Mayer_van_den_Bergh" title="Museum Mayer van den Bergh">Museum Mayer van den Bergh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The "Large" Tower of Babel</a></i>, 1563, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The "Little" Tower of Babel</a></i>, c. 1563, <a href="/wiki/Museum_Boijmans_Van_Beuningen" title="Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen">Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Flight_into_Egypt_(Bruegel)" title="Landscape with the Flight into Egypt (Bruegel)">Landscape with the Flight into Egypt</a></i>, 1563, <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Courtauld Institute Galleries">Courtauld Institute Galleries</a>, London</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Virgin_(Bruegel)" title="The Death of the Virgin (Bruegel)">The Death of the Virgin</a></i>, 1564, (<a href="/wiki/Grisaille" title="Grisaille">grisaille</a>), <a href="/wiki/Upton_House,_Warwickshire" title="Upton House, Warwickshire">Upton House</a>, Banbury</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Procession_to_Calvary_(Bruegel)" title="The Procession to Calvary (Bruegel)">The Procession to Calvary</a></i>, 1564, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adoration_of_the_Kings_(Bruegel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Adoration of the Kings (Bruegel)">The Adoration of the Kings</a></i>, 1564, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Gallery,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Gallery, London">The National Gallery, London</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_haymaking,_by_Pieter_Bruegel_(I).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg/220px-The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg/330px-The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg/440px-The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Harvest" title="The Hay Harvest">The Hay Harvest</a></i> (1565), <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_(Prague)" title="National Museum (Prague)">National Museum (Prague)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lobkowicz" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobkowicz">Lobkowicz</a> family collection in Lobkowicz Palace in <a href="/wiki/Prague_Castle" title="Prague Castle">Prague Castle</a><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Corn_Harvest_(August).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Corn_Harvest_%28August%29.JPG/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Corn_Harvest_%28August%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Corn_Harvest_%28August%29.JPG/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Corn_Harvest_%28August%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Corn_Harvest_%28August%29.JPG/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Corn_Harvest_%28August%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2305" data-file-height="1648" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvesters_(painting)" title="The Harvesters (painting)">The Harvesters</a></i> (1565), oil on panel, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Landscape_with_a_Bird_Trap" title="Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap">Winter Landscape with a Bird Trap</a></i>, 1565, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a>, Brussels, inv. 8724</li> <li><i>The Months</i>, a cycle of probably six paintings of the months or seasons, of which five remain: <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a> (Dec.–Jan.)</i>, 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gloomy_Day" title="The Gloomy Day">The Gloomy Day</a> (Feb.–Mar.)</i>, 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Harvest" title="The Hay Harvest">The Hay Harvest</a> (June–July)</i>, 1565, <a href="/wiki/Lobkowicz_Palace" title="Lobkowicz Palace">Lobkowicz Palace</a> at the Prague Castle Complex, Czech Republic</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvesters_(painting)" title="The Harvesters (painting)">The Harvesters</a> (Aug.-Sept.)</i>, 1565, <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" title="Metropolitan Museum of Art">Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>, New York</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Herd" title="The Return of the Herd">The Return of the Herd</a> (Oct.–Nov.)</i>, 1565, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_the_Woman_Taken_in_Adultery_(Bruegel)" title="Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery (Bruegel)">Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery</a></i> (1565), <a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld Institute of Art</a>, London</li> <li><i>Preaching of John the Baptist</i>, 1566, <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts_(Budapest)" title="Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)">Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Census_at_Bethlehem" title="The Census at Bethlehem">The Census at Bethlehem</a></i>, 1566, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Fine_Arts_of_Belgium" title="Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium">Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Dance" title="The Wedding Dance">The Wedding Dance</a></i>, c. 1566, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Institute_of_Arts" title="Detroit Institute of Arts">Detroit Institute of Arts</a>, Detroit</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_(Bruegel)" title="Conversion of Paul (Bruegel)">Conversion of Paul</a></i>, 1567, Kunsthistorishes Museum, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents_(Bruegel)" title="Massacre of the Innocents (Bruegel)">Massacre of the Innocents</a></i>, c. 1567, versions at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Collection" title="Royal Collection">Royal Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna">Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Brukenthal_National_Museum" title="Brukenthal National Museum">Brukenthal National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Sibiu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at <a href="/wiki/Upton_House,_Warwickshire" title="Upton House, Warwickshire">Upton House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banbury" title="Banbury">Banbury</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Cockaigne_(Bruegel)" title="The Land of Cockaigne (Bruegel)">The Land of Cockaigne</a></i>, 1567, <a href="/wiki/Alte_Pinakothek" title="Alte Pinakothek">Alte Pinakothek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_a_Winter_Landscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Adoration of the Magi in a Winter Landscape">The Adoration of the Magi in the Snow</a></i>, 1567, <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Reinhart_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Reinhart Collection">Oskar Reinhart Collection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winterthur" title="Winterthur">Winterthur</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magpie_on_the_Gallows" title="The Magpie on the Gallows">The Magpie on the Gallows</a></i>, 1568, <a href="/wiki/Hessisches_Landesmuseum" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessisches Landesmuseum">Hessisches Landesmuseum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Misanthrope_(Bruegel)" title="The Misanthrope (Bruegel)">The Misanthrope</a></i>, 1568, <a href="/wiki/Museo_di_Capodimonte" title="Museo di Capodimonte">Museo di Capodimonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Leading_the_Blind" title="The Blind Leading the Blind">The Blind Leading the Blind</a></i>, 1568, <a href="/wiki/Museo_Nazionale_di_Capodimonte" class="mw-redirect" title="Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte">Museo Nazionale di Capodimonte</a>, Naples</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Wedding" title="The Peasant Wedding">The Peasant Wedding</a></i>, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Dance" title="The Peasant Dance">The Peasant Dance</a></i>, 1568, <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a>, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beggars" title="The Beggars">The Beggars (The Cripples)</a></i>, 1568, <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Paris</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_and_the_Nest_Robber" title="The Peasant and the Nest Robber">The Peasant and the Nest Robber</a></i>, 1568, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Brueghel,_the_Elder_-_Three_soldiers.JPG" title="File:Pieter Brueghel, the Elder - Three soldiers.JPG">The Three Soldiers</a></i>, 1568, <a href="/wiki/The_Frick_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="The Frick Collection">The Frick Collection</a>, New York City</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_at_Sea" title="The Storm at Sea">The Storm at Sea</a></i>, an unfinished work, probably Bruegel's last painting.</li> <li><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3092_Print_16146kopie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/3092_Print_16146kopie.jpg/220px-3092_Print_16146kopie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/3092_Print_16146kopie.jpg/330px-3092_Print_16146kopie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/3092_Print_16146kopie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption><i>Village views with trees and a mule</i>, 1526–1569, The Phoebus Foundation</figcaption></figure><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wine_of_Saint_Martin%27s_Day" title="The Wine of Saint Martin's Day">The Wine of Saint Martin's Day</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Museo_del_Prado" title="Museo del Prado">Museo del Prado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> (discovered in 2010)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Prints and drawings</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/File:Bigfishlittlefish.JPG" title="File:Bigfishlittlefish.JPG">Large Fish Eat Small Fish</a></i>, 1556; we have both Bruegel's design and prints after it</li> <li><i>Ass at School</i>, 1556, drawing, <a href="/wiki/Kupferstichkabinett_Berlin" title="Kupferstichkabinett Berlin">Print room</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin_State_Museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin State Museums">Berlin State Museums</a></li> <li><i>The Calumny of Apelles</i>, 1565, drawing, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, London</li> <li><i>The Painter and the Connoisseur</i>, drawing, c. 1565, <a href="/wiki/Albertina,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Albertina, Vienna">Albertina, Vienna</a></li> <li><i>Village views with trees and a mule</i>, 1526–1569, The Phoebus Foundation</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_other_works">References in other works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References in other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_literature">In literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Landschaft_mit_Sturz_des_Ikarus_Pieter_Breughel_d_%C3%84.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Landschaft_mit_Sturz_des_Ikarus_Pieter_Breughel_d_%C3%84.jpg/220px-Landschaft_mit_Sturz_des_Ikarus_Pieter_Breughel_d_%C3%84.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Landschaft_mit_Sturz_des_Ikarus_Pieter_Breughel_d_%C3%84.jpg/330px-Landschaft_mit_Sturz_des_Ikarus_Pieter_Breughel_d_%C3%84.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Landschaft_mit_Sturz_des_Ikarus_Pieter_Breughel_d_%C3%84.jpg/440px-Landschaft_mit_Sturz_des_Ikarus_Pieter_Breughel_d_%C3%84.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5200" data-file-height="3393" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Fall_of_Icarus" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus">Landscape with the Fall of Icarus</a></i>, probably an early copy of Bruegel's lost original, c. 1558</figcaption></figure> <p>His painting <i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Fall_of_Icarus" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus">Landscape with the Fall of Icarus</a></i>, now thought only to survive in copies, is the subject of the final lines of the 1938 poem "<a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_des_Beaux_Arts_(poem)" title="Musée des Beaux Arts (poem)">Musée des Beaux Arts</a>" by <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>: </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>In Brueghel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away<br /> Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman<br /> Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry,<br /> But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone<br /> As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green<br /> Water, and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen<br /> Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky,<br /> Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>It also was the subject of a 1960 poem "<a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Fall_of_Icarus_(poem)" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus (poem)">Landscape with the Fall of Icarus</a>" by <a href="/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams" title="William Carlos Williams">William Carlos Williams</a>, and was mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Roeg" title="Nicolas Roeg">Nicolas Roeg</a>'s 1976 science fiction film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Fell_to_Earth_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Man Who Fell to Earth (film)">The Man Who Fell to Earth</a></i>. Williams' final collection of poetry alludes to several of Bruegel's works. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_Twee_geketend_apen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_Twee_geketend_apen.jpg/220px-Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_Twee_geketend_apen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_Twee_geketend_apen.jpg/330px-Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_Twee_geketend_apen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_Twee_geketend_apen.jpg/440px-Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_Twee_geketend_apen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3662" data-file-height="3073" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Monkeys_(Bruegel)" title="Two Monkeys (Bruegel)">Two Monkeys</a></i>, 1562, oil on panel</figcaption></figure> <p>Bruegel's painting <i><a href="/wiki/Two_Monkeys_(Bruegel)" title="Two Monkeys (Bruegel)">Two Monkeys</a></i> was the subject of <a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a>'s 1957 poem, "Brueghel's Two Monkeys".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> refers to Brueghel in his poem "<a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Seed_Cutters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Seed Cutters (page does not exist)">The Seed Cutters</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Jones alludes to the painting <i>The Blind Leading the Blind</i> in his World War One prose-poem <i><a href="/wiki/In_Parenthesis" title="In Parenthesis">In Parenthesis</a></i>: "the stumbling dark of the blind, that Breughel knew about – ditch circumscribed". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Frayn" title="Michael Frayn">Michael Frayn</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Headlong_(Frayn_novel)" title="Headlong (Frayn novel)">Headlong</a></i>, imagines a lost panel from the 1565 <i>Months</i> series resurfacing unrecognised, which triggers a conflict between an art (and money) lover and the boor who possesses it. Much thought is spent on Bruegel's secret motives for painting it. </p><p>Author <a href="/wiki/Don_Delillo" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Delillo">Don Delillo</a> uses Bruegel's painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Death" title="The Triumph of Death">The Triumph of Death</a></i> in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Underworld_(DeLillo_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Underworld (DeLillo novel)">Underworld</a></i> and his short story "<a href="/wiki/Pafko_at_the_Wall" title="Pafko at the Wall">Pafko at the Wall</a>". It is believed that the painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i> influenced the classic <a href="/wiki/Hunters_in_the_Snow_(short_story)" title="Hunters in the Snow (short story)">short story with the same title</a> written by <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Wolff" title="Tobias Wolff">Tobias Wolff</a> and featured in <i>In the Garden of the North American Martyrs</i>. </p><p>In the foreword to his novel <i>The Folly of the World</i>, author <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Bullington" title="Jesse Bullington">Jesse Bullington</a> explains that Bruegel's painting <i><a href="/wiki/Netherlandish_Proverbs" title="Netherlandish Proverbs">Netherlandish Proverbs</a></i> inspired the title and also the plot to some extent. Various sections are introduced with a proverb depicted in the painting that alludes to a plot element. </p><p>Poet <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Plath" title="Sylvia Plath">Sylvia Plath</a> refers to Bruegel's painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Death" title="The Triumph of Death">The Triumph of Death</a></i> in her poem "Two Views of a Cadaver Room" from her 1960 collection <i><a href="/wiki/The_Colossus_and_Other_Poems" title="The Colossus and Other Poems">The Colossus and Other Poems</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film">In film</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian film director <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky" title="Andrei Tarkovsky">Andrei Tarkovsky</a> refers to Bruegel's paintings in his films several times, notably in <i><a href="/wiki/Solaris_(1972_film)" title="Solaris (1972 film)">Solaris</a></i> (1972) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_(1975_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mirror (1975 film)">The Mirror</a></i> (1975). </p><p>Director <a href="/wiki/Lars_von_Trier" title="Lars von Trier">Lars von Trier</a> also uses Bruegel's paintings in his film <i><a href="/wiki/Melancholia_(2011_film)" title="Melancholia (2011 film)">Melancholia</a></i> (2011). This was used as a reference to Tarkovsky's <i>Solaris</i>, a movie with related themes. </p><p>His 1564 painting <i><a href="/wiki/The_Procession_to_Calvary_(Bruegel)" title="The Procession to Calvary (Bruegel)">The Procession to Calvary</a></i> inspired the 2011 Polish-Swedish film co-production <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mill_and_the_Cross" title="The Mill and the Cross">The Mill and the Cross</a></i>, in which Bruegel is played by <a href="/wiki/Rutger_Hauer" title="Rutger Hauer">Rutger Hauer</a>. Bruegel's paintings in the <a href="/wiki/Kunsthistorisches_Museum" title="Kunsthistorisches Museum">Kunsthistorisches Museum</a> are shown in the 2012 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Museum_Hours" title="Museum Hours">Museum Hours</a></i>, where his work is discussed in casual conversations between a security guard at the museum and a visitor from Montreal visiting a hospitalised relative, and taking time off between hospital visits to go to the museum. Some attention is given to tour guides making presentations about some of the Bruegel paintings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder">List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Netherlandish_painting" title="Early Netherlandish painting">Early Netherlandish painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_and_Flemish_Renaissance_painting" title="Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting">Dutch and Flemish Renaissance painting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 63–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Bruegel">"Bruegel"</a>. <i>Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bruegel&rft.btitle=Columbia+Electronic+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FBruegel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/brueghel">"Brueghel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Brueghel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fbrueghel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322181453/https://www.lexico.com/definition/bruegel">"Bruegel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Bruegel">the original</a> on 22 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bruegel&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBruegel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Brueghel" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Brueghel">"Brueghel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=Brueghel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DBrueghel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Brueghel">"Brueghel"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Brueghel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FBrueghel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 5; Grove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/mand001schi01_01/mand001schi01_01_0221.php">van Mander's Bruegel biography in Dutch</a>; Wied, 15–18 gives a full English translation. Guicciardini was an Italian who had lived in Antwerp since at least 1542, and probably knew Bruegel, which Van Mander, born in 1648 on the <a href="/wiki/Meulebeke" title="Meulebeke">other side of Flanders</a>, is most unlikely to have done.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"den welcken is geboren niet wijt van Breda, op een Dorp geheeten Brueghel, welcks naem hy met hem ghedraghen heeft, en zijn naecomelinghen ghelaten."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove: "none of the three Flemish villages of that name is close to Breda".; Wied, 18, says two of the villages (Groot Bruegel and Cleyn Bruegel) are close to <a href="/wiki/Bree,_Belgium" title="Bree, Belgium">Bree, Belgium</a>, which is "Breda" in Latin, perhaps causing Van Mander confusion. <a href="/wiki/Son_en_Breugel" title="Son en Breugel">Son en Breugel</a> still has supporters but is 34 miles from Breda, though just outside <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a> – see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/13292">RKD</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 57–58; Grove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_13-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wied, 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is according to Van Mander; although there is no documentation and little evident stylistic influence from his future father-in-law, modern scholars generally accept this.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 5, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove; Orenstein, 204 for the drawing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 5–6; Grove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto6-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto6_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 140–142</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 266–267, and following catalogue pages; Grove</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, 502; Orenstein, 96–97 for one agreed exception; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=712020&partId=1">this British Museum page</a> for another drawing of Roman ruins, perhaps the Colosseum, recently attributed to Bruegel</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wied, 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Mander, quoted in Wied, 16; Orenstein, 7; Hagens, 15</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove; Orenstein, 8–9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote1968" class="citation book cs1">Foote, Timothy (1968). <i>The World of Bruegel</i>. Library of Congress: Time-Life Library of Art. pp. 18–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Bruegel&rft.place=Library+of+Congress&rft.pages=18-27&rft.pub=Time-Life+Library+of+Art&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Franits, 203</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokstad,_Cothren2010" class="citation book cs1">Stokstad, Cothren, Marilyn, Michael (2010). <i>Art History- Fourteenth to Seventeenth Century Art</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+History-+Fourteenth+to+Seventeenth+Century+Art&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Stokstad%2C+Cothren&rft.aufirst=Marilyn%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayor, A. Hyatt (1971). <i>Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press, p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">about 1558 has been suggested</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silver, 39–52; Snyder, 502–510; Harbison, 140–142; Schama, 431–433</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Chapter 5, especially 275–278</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, Walter S. (1977) :) . Bruegel. The World of Art Library. Thames and Hudson pp 147–148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Koerner. 2018. <i>Bosch and Bruegel</i>. Princeton Univ. Press. Page 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Koerner. 2018. <i>Bosch and Bruegel</i>. Princeton Univ. Press. Page 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoote1968" class="citation book cs1">Foote, Timothy (1968). <i>The World of Bruegel</i>. Library of Congress: Time-Life Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Bruegel&rft.place=Library+of+Congress&rft.pub=Time-Life+Library&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Foote&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 236–238, and following pages</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wied, 36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein catalogues the prints in chronological order, as far as it is known</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 241–242, 246–248; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/338710">Metropolitan page</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, vii gives the total; fifty-four were in the exhibition and are catalogued, and most others illustrated. These included all those from the largest collections, Berlin (10), London (8) and Vienna (6). Sellink in 2012 lists 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 266–267, and following catalogue pages for individual works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 276–277, and following catalogue pages for individual works.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jean Bastiaensen, "De verloving van Pieter Bruegel de Oude. Nieuw licht op de Antwerpse verankering", Openbaar Kunstbezit Vlaanderen, 51 (2013), no. 1: 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pieter-Bruegel-the-Elder">"Pieter Bruegel, the Elder | Flemish artist"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Pieter+Bruegel%2C+the+Elder+%26%23124%3B+Flemish+artist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FPieter-Bruegel-the-Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, 484; Orenstein, 9–11, 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gombrich, 295; Clark, 41–43, 27, 33, 57, also covering Gothic aspects of Bruegel's style</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, 484–485</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 9–10; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/samples/cam032/98029502.pdf">p. 30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper, Hugh</a>; <i>Princes and Artists, Patronage and Ideology at Four Habsburg Courts 1517–1633</i>, 116, 1976, Thames & Hudson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0500232326" title="Special:BookSources/0500232326">0500232326</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Braham, Helen, <i>The Princes Gate Collection</i>, p. 7, Courtauld Institute Galleries, London 1981, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0904563049" title="Special:BookSources/0904563049">0904563049</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wied, 144, 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2014/old-master-british-paintings-evening-l14033/lot.10.html">Sotheby's: Catalogue note on a good copy</a>, sold London, Lot 10 9 July 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orenstein, 67–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franits, 35, 53–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grove; Manfred Sellink in 2012 listed forty paintings, seventy drawings and seventy-five prints, the latter slightly higher numbers than other sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wied, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF(Het_journaal_1–11/11/09)" class="citation web cs1">(Het journaal 1–11/11/09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071019024246/http://www.vrtnieuws.net/cm/vrtnieuws.net/cultuurmedia/kunsten/071017Icarus_nietauthentiek">"deredactie.be"</a>. Vrtnieuws.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vrtnieuws.net/cm/vrtnieuws.net/cultuurmedia/kunsten/071017Icarus_nietauthentiek">the original</a> on 19 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=deredactie.be&rft.pub=Vrtnieuws.net&rft.au=%28Het+journaal+1%E2%80%9311%2F11%2F09%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vrtnieuws.net%2Fcm%2Fvrtnieuws.net%2Fcultuurmedia%2Fkunsten%2F071017Icarus_nietauthentiek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobkowiczgala.com/">"Lobkowicz Fundraiser"</a>. <i>Lobkowicz Fundraiser</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lobkowicz+Fundraiser&rft.atitle=Lobkowicz+Fundraiser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flobkowiczgala.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brukenthalmuseum.ro/europeana_en/etajII/04.htm">"Muzeul National Brukenthal Sibiu"</a>. <i>www.brukenthalmuseum.ro</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.brukenthalmuseum.ro&rft.atitle=Muzeul+National+Brukenthal+Sibiu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brukenthalmuseum.ro%2Feuropeana_en%2FetajII%2F04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzymborska1995" class="citation book cs1">Szymborska, Wislawa (1995). <i>View With a Grain of Sand</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=View+With+a+Grain+of+Sand&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Szymborska&rft.aufirst=Wislawa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeaney2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Heaney, Seamus</a> (22 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPvJn4dSIqwC&pg=PA60"><i>Opened Ground: Poems 1966–1996</i></a>. Faber & Faber. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-26279-3"><bdi>978-0-571-26279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opened+Ground%3A+Poems+1966%E2%80%931996&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2010-12-22&rft.isbn=978-0-571-26279-3&rft.aulast=Heaney&rft.aufirst=Seamus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPvJn4dSIqwC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Clark" title="Kenneth Clark">Clark, Kenneth</a>, <i>Landscape into Art</i>, 1949, page refs to Penguin edn of 1961</li> <li>Franits, Wayne, <i>Dutch Seventeenth-Century Genre Painting</i>, Yale UP, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300102372" title="Special:BookSources/0300102372">0300102372</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Gombrich" title="Ernst Gombrich">Gombrich, E.H.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_Art" title="The Story of Art">The Story of Art</a></i>, Phaidon, 13th edn. 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B7148%2B1841%2B0" title="Special:BookSources/0+7148+1841+0">0 7148 1841 0</a></li> <li>"Grove": Wied, Alexander and Van Miegroet, Hans J. "Bruegel." <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press, accessed 2 February 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T011669pg1">subscription required</a></li> <li>Harbison, Craig. <i>The Art of the Northern Renaissance</i>, 1995, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0297835122" title="Special:BookSources/0297835122">0297835122</a></li> <li>"Hagens": Hagen, Rose-Marie; Hagen, Rainer, <i>Bruegel, The Complete Paintings</i>, 2001, Midpoint Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3822815314" title="Special:BookSources/3822815314">3822815314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Honour" title="Hugh Honour">Hugh Honour</a> and John Fleming, <i>A World History of Art</i>, 1st edn. 1982 (many later editions), Macmillan, London, page refs to 1984 Macmillan 1st edn. paperback. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333371852" title="Special:BookSources/0333371852">0333371852</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrenstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Orenstein, Nadine M., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/97318"><i>Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Drawings and Prints</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-990-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-990-1"><bdi>978-0-87099-990-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pieter+Bruegel+the+Elder%3A+Drawings+and+Prints&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-990-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibmma.contentdm.oclc.org%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp15324coll10%2Fid%2F97318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APieter+Bruegel+the+Elder" class="Z3988"></span> fully online</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schama,_Simon" class="mw-redirect" title="Schama, Simon">Simon Schama</a>, <i>Landscape and Memory</i>, 1995, HarperCollins (2004 HarperPerennial edn used), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0006863485" title="Special:BookSources/0006863485">0006863485</a></li> <li>Silver, Larry, <i>Peasant Scenes and Landscapes: The Rise of Pictorial Genres in the Antwerp Art Market</i>, 2006, University of Pennsylvania Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812222113" title="Special:BookSources/0812222113">0812222113</a>, 9780812222111, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EeKag-HBkGoC&pg=PA27&dq">Google Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Snyder_(art_historian)" title="James Snyder (art historian)">Snyder, James</a>. <i>Northern Renaissance Art</i>, 1985, Harry N. Abrams, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0136235964" title="Special:BookSources/0136235964">0136235964</a></li> <li>Wied, Alexander, <i>Bruegel</i>, 1980, Studio Vista, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0289709741" title="Special:BookSources/0289709741">0289709741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wood_(art_historian)" title="Christopher Wood (art historian)">Wood, Christopher</a>, <i>Albrecht Altdorfer and the Origins of Landscape</i>, 1993, Reaktion Books, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0948462469" title="Special:BookSources/0948462469">0948462469</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Silver, Larry, <i>Pieter Bruegel</i>, 2011</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Leo_Koerner" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Leo Koerner">Joseph Leo Koerner</a>, <i>Bosch and Bruegel: From Enemy Painting to Everyday Life</i> (The A. W. Mellon Lectures in the Fine Arts), 2016, Princeton</li> <li>Jos Koldeweij; Matthijs Ilsink, <i>Hieronymus Bosch: Visions of Genius</i>, 2016, Yale</li> <li>Sellink, Manfred, <i>Bruegel: The Complete Paintings, Drawings and Prints</i>, 2007</li> <li>Meganck, Tine Luk <i>Pieter Bruegel the Elder: Fall of the Rebel Angels: Art, Knowledge and Politics on the Eve of the Dutch Revolt</i>, 2014, Milan, Silvana Editoriale</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pieter-bruegel-the-elder.org">Pieter-Bruegel-The-Elder.org: 99 works by Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/pi/68">Pieter Bruegel the Elder in BALaT </a> — <i>Belgian Art Links and Tools (KIK-IRPA, Brussels)</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubhist.com/person/367/pieter-bruegel-the-elder">Pubhist.com: Gallery of all paintings and drawings</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9045046/_Eng_The_political_consciousness_of_Pieter_Bruegel">Academia.edu: The political consciousness of Pieter Bruegel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theartnewspaper.com/preview/vienna-bags-bruegel-blockbuster">Bruegel blockbuster in Vienna</a> – largest ever exhibition on Bruegel in 2018</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Template talk:Pieter Bruegel the Elder"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pieter Bruegel the Elder"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder">Paintings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paintings_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="List of paintings by Pieter Bruegel the Elder">List of paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower_(Bruegel)" title="Parable of the Sower (Bruegel)">Parable of the Sower</a></i> (1557)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naval_Battle_in_the_Gulf_of_Naples" title="Naval Battle in the Gulf of Naples">Naval Battle in the Gulf of Naples</a></i> (1558–1562)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fight_Between_Carnival_and_Lent" title="The Fight Between Carnival and Lent">The Fight Between Carnival and Lent</a></i> (1559)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netherlandish_Proverbs" title="Netherlandish Proverbs">Netherlandish Proverbs</a></i> (1559)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Games_(Bruegel)" title="Children's Games (Bruegel)">Children's Games</a></i> (1560)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Fall_of_Icarus" title="Landscape with the Fall of Icarus">Landscape with the Fall of Icarus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Triumph_of_Death" title="The Triumph of Death">The Triumph of Death</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1562</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels_(Bruegel)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fall of the Rebel Angels (Bruegel)">The Fall of the Rebel Angels</a></i> (1562)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Suicide_of_Saul" title="The Suicide of Saul">The Suicide of Saul</a></i> (1562)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Monkeys_(Bruegel)" title="Two Monkeys (Bruegel)">Two Monkeys</a></i> (1562)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dull_Gret" title="Dull Gret">Dull Gret</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Magi_in_the_Snow" title="Adoration of the Magi in the Snow">Adoration of the Magi in the Snow</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tower_of_Babel_(Bruegel)" title="The Tower of Babel (Bruegel)">The Tower of Babel</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Landscape_with_the_Flight_into_Egypt_(Bruegel)" title="Landscape with the Flight into Egypt (Bruegel)">Landscape with the Flight into Egypt</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Kings_(Bruegel)" title="Adoration of the Kings (Bruegel)">Adoration of the Kings</a></i> (1564)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Virgin_(Bruegel)" title="The Death of the Virgin (Bruegel)">The Death of the Virgin</a></i> (1564)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Procession_to_Calvary_(Bruegel)" title="The Procession to Calvary (Bruegel)">The Procession to Calvary</a></i> (1564)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christ_and_the_Woman_Taken_in_Adultery_(Bruegel)" title="Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery (Bruegel)">Christ and the Woman Taken in Adultery</a></i> (1565)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gloomy_Day" title="The Gloomy Day">The Gloomy Day</a></i> (1565)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Harvesters_(painting)" title="The Harvesters (painting)">The Harvesters</a></i> (1565)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Harvest" title="The Hay Harvest">The Hay Harvest</a></i> (1565)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Herd" title="The Return of the Herd">The Return of the Herd</a></i> (1565)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wine_of_Saint_Martin%27s_Day" title="The Wine of Saint Martin's Day">The Wine of Saint Martin's Day</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1565</span>–1568)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></i> (1565)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Landscape_with_Ice_skaters_and_Bird_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Landscape with Ice skaters and Bird trap">Winter Landscape with Ice skaters and Bird trap</a></i> (1565)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Innocents_(Bruegel)" title="Massacre of the Innocents (Bruegel)">Massacre of the Innocents</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1565</span>–1567)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Census_at_Bethlehem" title="The Census at Bethlehem">The Census at Bethlehem</a></i> (1566)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sermon_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist_(Bruegel)" title="The Sermon of Saint John the Baptist (Bruegel)">The Sermon of Saint John the Baptist</a></i> (1566)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Dance" title="The Wedding Dance">The Wedding Dance</a></i> (1566)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_(Bruegel)" title="Conversion of Paul (Bruegel)">Conversion of Paul</a></i> (1567)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Land_of_Cockaigne_(Bruegel)" title="The Land of Cockaigne (Bruegel)">The Land of Cockaigne</a></i> (1567)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Wedding" title="The Peasant Wedding">The Peasant Wedding</a></i> (1567)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_Dance" title="The Peasant Dance">The Peasant Dance</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1567</span>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Beggars" title="The Beggars">The Beggars</a></i> (1568)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Peasant_and_the_Nest_Robber" title="The Peasant and the Nest Robber">The Peasant and the Nest Robber</a></i> (1568)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Leading_the_Blind" title="The Blind Leading the Blind">The Blind Leading the Blind</a></i> (1568)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magpie_on_the_Gallows" title="The Magpie on the Gallows">The Magpie on the Gallows</a></i> (1568)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Misanthrope_(Bruegel)" title="The Misanthrope (Bruegel)">The Misanthrope</a></i> (1568)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Storm_at_Sea" title="The Storm at Sea">The Storm at Sea</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1569</span>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wierix,_Johannes_(attributed_to)_-_Portrait_of_Pieter_Brueghel_(I)_-_1572_-_RP-P-1907-593_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wierix%2C_Johannes_%28attributed_to%29_-_Portrait_of_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29_-_1572_-_RP-P-1907-593_cropped.jpg/75px-Wierix%2C_Johannes_%28attributed_to%29_-_Portrait_of_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29_-_1572_-_RP-P-1907-593_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wierix%2C_Johannes_%28attributed_to%29_-_Portrait_of_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29_-_1572_-_RP-P-1907-593_cropped.jpg/113px-Wierix%2C_Johannes_%28attributed_to%29_-_Portrait_of_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29_-_1572_-_RP-P-1907-593_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wierix%2C_Johannes_%28attributed_to%29_-_Portrait_of_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29_-_1572_-_RP-P-1907-593_cropped.jpg/150px-Wierix%2C_Johannes_%28attributed_to%29_-_Portrait_of_Pieter_Brueghel_%28I%29_-_1572_-_RP-P-1907-593_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3451" data-file-height="4263" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Drawings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Painter_and_The_Buyer" title="The Painter and The Buyer">The Painter and The Buyer</a></i> (1565)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EAEAAE;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Pieter Brueghel the Younger">Pieter Brueghel the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Elder" title="Jan Brueghel the Elder">Jan Brueghel the Elder</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Brueghel_the_Younger" title="Jan Brueghel the Younger">Jan Brueghel the Younger</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breugel,_Netherlands" title="Breugel, Netherlands">Breugel, Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_en_Breugel" title="Son en Breugel">Son en Breugel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mill_and_the_Cross" title="The Mill and the Cross">The Mill and the Cross</a></i> (2011 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruegel_(crater)" title="Bruegel (crater)">Bruegel (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9664_Brueghel" class="mw-redirect" title="9664 Brueghel">9664 Brueghel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruegel_(think_tank)" title="Bruegel (think tank)">Bruegel (think tank)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labours_of_the_months_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labours_of_the_months_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Template:Labours of the months by Pieter Bruegel the Elder"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labours_of_the_months_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Template talk:Labours of the months by Pieter Bruegel the Elder"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labours_of_the_months_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labours of the months by Pieter Bruegel the Elder"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labours_of_the_months_by_Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Labours of the months by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pieter Bruegel the Elder</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em;">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i> <b><a href="/wiki/The_Hunters_in_the_Snow" title="The Hunters in the Snow">The Hunters in the Snow</a></b><br />(Dec.–Jan.)</i> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_(Winter)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hunters in the Snow"><img alt="The Hunters in the Snow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/100px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder_-_Hunters_in_the_Snow_%28Winter%29_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6819" data-file-height="4853" /></a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i> <b><a href="/wiki/The_Gloomy_Day" title="The Gloomy Day">The Gloomy Day</a></b> <br />(Feb.–Mar.)</i> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_De_sombere_dag_(vroege_voorjaar).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gloomy Day"><img alt="The Gloomy Day" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_De_sombere_dag_%28vroege_voorjaar%29.jpg/100px-Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_De_sombere_dag_%28vroege_voorjaar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_De_sombere_dag_%28vroege_voorjaar%29.jpg/150px-Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_De_sombere_dag_%28vroege_voorjaar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_De_sombere_dag_%28vroege_voorjaar%29.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_de_Oude_-_De_sombere_dag_%28vroege_voorjaar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1444" /></a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p>Missing <br /><i>(Apr.–May)</i> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i> <b><a href="/wiki/The_Hay_Harvest" title="The Hay Harvest">The Hay Harvest</a> </b> <br />(Jun.–Jul.)</i> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_haymaking,_by_Pieter_Bruegel_(I).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Hay Harvest"><img alt="The Hay Harvest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg/100px-The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg/150px-The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg/200px-The_haymaking%2C_by_Pieter_Bruegel_%28I%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2117" data-file-height="1528" /></a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i> <b><a href="/wiki/The_Harvesters_(painting)" title="The Harvesters (painting)">The Harvesters</a></b> <br />(Aug.–Sep.)</i> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Harvesters"><img alt="The Harvesters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/100px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/150px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_the_Elder-_The_Harvesters_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="30000" data-file-height="21851" /></a></span> </p> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <p><i> <b><a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_the_Herd" title="The Return of the Herd">The Return of the Herd</a> </b> <br />(Oct.–Nov.)</i> <br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._103b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Return of the Herd"><img alt="The Return of the Herd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._103b.jpg/100px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._103b.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._103b.jpg/150px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._103b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._103b.jpg/200px-Pieter_Bruegel_d._%C3%84._103b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2192" /></a></span> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43270#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43270#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43270#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/95761864">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118674013">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80162848">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935800w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935800w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36158631">Australia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500013247">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/13292">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/ac08f1cf-f7b2-42e6-a5db-d04528e7de5f">KulturNav</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/94a0af1c-547f-435e-b10c-9fbf036912c9">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/6341/">Victoria</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/8473/">Auckland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/15144804">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1221615">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118674013.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6474bvb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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