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</button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subspecies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subspecies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Subspecies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subspecies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Hybrids</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics_and_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics_and_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Genetics and evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Horns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interdigital_glands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interdigital_glands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Interdigital glands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interdigital_glands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology_and_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology_and_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ecology and behavior</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology and behavior subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology_and_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Diseases and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Threats and conservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relationship with humans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Blue wildebeest</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blouwildebees" title="Blouwildebees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Blouwildebees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A3%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="نو أزرق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نو أزرق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83" title="ХъахӀилаб гну – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХъахӀилаб гну" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Ивичесто гну – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ивичесто гну" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnou_glas" title="Gnou glas – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gnou glas" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyu_blau" title="Nyu blau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nyu blau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connochaetes_taurinus" title="Connochaetes taurinus – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Connochaetes taurinus" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pak%C5%AF%C5%88_%C5%BE%C3%ADhan%C3%BD" title="Pakůň žíhaný – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pakůň žíhaný" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oksegnu" title="Oksegnu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oksegnu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streifengnu" title="Streifengnu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Streifengnu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1d%C3%AD_d%C3%A1ghaa%CA%BC%C3%AD_doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%ADg%C3%AD%C3%AD" title="Jádí dághaaʼí dootłʼizhígíí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Jádí dághaaʼí dootłʼizhígíí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinignuu" title="Sinignuu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sinignuu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connochaetes_taurinus" title="Connochaetes taurinus – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Connochaetes taurinus" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blua_gnuo" title="Blua gnuo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Blua gnuo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u_urdin" title="Ñu urdin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ñu urdin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84_%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF" title="کل یالدار آبی‌رنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کل یالدار آبی‌رنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnou_bleu" title="Gnou bleu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gnou bleu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connochaetes_taurinus" title="Connochaetes taurinus – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Connochaetes taurinus" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91u_azul" title="Ñu azul – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ñu azul" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%80%EC%9D%80%EA%BC%AC%EB%A6%AC%EB%88%84" title="검은꼬리누 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="검은꼬리누" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%BF_%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Կապույտ գնու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կապույտ գնու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="नीला विल्डबीस्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नीला विल्डबीस्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dni_gnu" title="Obični gnu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obični gnu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyumbu_biru" title="Nyumbu biru – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nyumbu biru" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connochaetes_taurinus" title="Connochaetes taurinus – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Connochaetes taurinus" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%9B%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9C" title="גנו כחול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנו כחול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="ზოლებიანი გნუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ზოლებიანი გნუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyundol_(Connochaetes_taurinus)" title="Eyundol (Connochaetes taurinus) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Eyundol (Connochaetes taurinus)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Вили гну – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вили гну" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry%C5%BEuotoji_gnu" title="Dryžuotoji gnu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dryžuotoji gnu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%ADkos_gn%C3%BA" title="Csíkos gnú – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csíkos gnú" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Обично гну – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Обично гну" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%B1%D9%82" title="نو ازرق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نو ازرق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blauwe_gnoe" title="Blauwe gnoe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Blauwe gnoe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8C%E3%83%BC" title="オグロヌー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オグロヌー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="نیلا جنگلی بینسا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیلا جنگلی بینسا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu_pr%C4%99gowane" title="Gnu pręgowane – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gnu pręgowane" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnu-de-cauda-preta" title="Gnu-de-cauda-preta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gnu-de-cauda-preta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Голубой гну – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Голубой гну" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Blue wildebeest" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navadni_gnu" title="Navadni gnu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Navadni gnu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Обични гну – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обични гну" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%C4%8Dni_gnu" title="Obični gnu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obični gnu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / 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text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Blue wildebeest<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">1–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.66153846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span>Middle <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> – present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Wildebeest,_Ngorongoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Ngorongoro.jpg/220px-Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Ngorongoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Ngorongoro.jpg/330px-Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Ngorongoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Ngorongoro.jpg/440px-Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Ngorongoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2151" data-file-height="1434" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i>C. t. albojubatus</i><br />In the <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a> </td></tr> <tr style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"> <th colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_status" title="Conservation status">Conservation status</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/220px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/330px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg/440px-Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="137" /></span></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Least_Concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least Concern">Least Concern</a> <small> (<a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN 3.1</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Connochaetes" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest"><i>Connochaetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>C. taurinus</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Connochaetes taurinus</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/William_John_Burchell" title="William John Burchell">Burchell</a>, 1823)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subspecies </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p><i>C. t. albojubatus</i> <small>(Thomas, 1912)</small><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Cookson%27s_wildebeest" title="Cookson's wildebeest">C. t. cooksoni</a></i> <small>(Blaine, 1914)</small><br /> <i>C. t. johnstoni</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Philip_Sclater" title="Philip Sclater">Sclater</a>, 1896)</small><br /> <i><a href="/wiki/Western_white-bearded_wildebeest" title="Western white-bearded wildebeest">C. t. mearnsi</a></i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Edmund_Heller" title="Edmund Heller">Heller</a>, 1913)</small><br /> <i>C. t. taurinus</i> <small>(Burchell, 1823)</small> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Connochaetes_taurinus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Connochaetes_taurinus_map.svg/220px-Connochaetes_taurinus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Connochaetes_taurinus_map.svg/330px-Connochaetes_taurinus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Connochaetes_taurinus_map.svg/440px-Connochaetes_taurinus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Distribution of the subspecies:<div style="padding-left:3px; text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #978e73;background-color:#502D16; color:white;"> </span> <i>C. t. taurinus</i></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #978e73;background-color:#A05A2C; color:white;"> </span> <i>C. t. cooksoni</i></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #978e73;background-color:#FF6600; color:black;"> </span> <i>C. t. johnstoni</i></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #978e73;background-color:#AA8800; color:black;"> </span> <i>C. t. albojubatus</i></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #978e73;background-color:#FFCC00; color:black;"> </span> <i>C. t. mearnsi</i></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>The <b>blue wildebeest</b> (<i><b>Connochaetes taurinus</b></i>), also called the <b>common wildebeest</b>, <b>white-bearded gnu</b> or <b>brindled gnu</b>, is a large <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelope</a> and one of the two species of <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a>. It is placed in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Connochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Connochaetes">Connochaetes</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>, and has a close taxonomic relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">black wildebeest</a>. The blue wildebeest is known to have five <a href="/wiki/Subspecies" title="Subspecies">subspecies</a>. This broad-shouldered antelope has a muscular, front-heavy appearance, with a distinctive, robust <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">muzzle</a>. Young blue wildebeest are born tawny brown, and begin to take on their adult coloration at the age of 2 months. The adults' hues range from a deep slate or bluish-gray to light gray or even grayish-brown. Both sexes possess a pair of large curved <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>. </p><p>The blue wildebeest is an <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivore</a>, feeding primarily on short grasses. It forms herds which move about in loose aggregations, the animals being fast runners and extremely wary. The mating season begins at the end of the rainy season and a single calf is usually born after a gestational period of about 8.5 months. The calf remains with its mother for 8 months, after which it joins a juvenile herd. Blue wildebeest are found in short-grass plains bordering bush-covered acacia <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a> in southern and eastern Africa, thriving in areas that are neither too wet nor too arid. Three African populations of blue wildebeest take part in a long-distance <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migration</a>, timed to coincide with the annual pattern of rainfall and grass growth on the short-grass plains where they can find the nutrient-rich forage necessary for lactation and calf growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The blue wildebeest is native to <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. Today, it is extinct in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, but has been successfully reintroduced in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. The southern limit of the blue wildebeest range is the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a>, while the western limit is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>. The blue wildebeest is widespread and is being introduced into private game farms, reserves, and conservancies. The <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature_and_Natural_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources">International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources</a> rates the blue wildebeest as being of <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>. The population has been estimated to be around 1.5 million, and the population trend is stable. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_naming">Taxonomy and naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blue wildebeest was <a href="/wiki/Species_description" title="Species description">first described</a> in 1823 by English naturalist <a href="/wiki/William_John_Burchell" title="William John Burchell">William John Burchell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who gave it the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">scientific name</a> <i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shares the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Connochaetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Connochaetes">Connochaetes</a></i> with the <a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">black wildebeest</a> (<i>C. gnou</i>), and is placed in the family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>, ruminant animals with cloven hooves.<sup id="cite_ref-MSW3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSW3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generic name <i>Connochaetes</i> derives from the Greek words κόννος, kónnos, "beard", and χαίτη, khaítē, "flowing hair", "mane".<sup id="cite_ref-cp_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cp-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific name <i>taurinus</i> originates from the Greek word <i>tauros</i>, which means a bull or bullock.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common name "blue wildebeest" refers to the conspicuous, silvery-blue sheen of the coat,<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the alternative name "gnu" originates from the name for these animals used by the <a href="/wiki/Khoikhoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khoikhoi">Khoikhoi people</a>, a native pastoralist people of southwestern Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-mw_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though the blue and black wildebeest are currently classified in the same genus, the former was previously placed in a separate genus, <i>Gorgon</i>. In a study of the <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">mtDNA</a>, which was undertaken to understand more of the evolutionary relationships between the two species, the two were found to have a close phylogenetic relationship and had <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">diverged</a> about a million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbet_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbet-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subspecies">Subspecies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Subspecies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>C. taurinus</i> has five subspecies:<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i>C. t. taurinus</i> (Burchell, 1823), the blue wildebeest, common wildebeest, or brindled gnu occurs in Southern Africa from Namibia and South Africa to north of the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a> in Mozambique and south of the <a href="/wiki/Zambezi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Zambezi River">Zambezi River</a> in southwestern Zambia to southern Angola.</li> <li><i>C. t. johnstoni</i> (Sclater, 1896), the Nyassaland wildebeest occurs from north of the Zambezi River to east-central Tanzania. It is now extinct in Malawi.</li> <li><i>C. t. albojubatus</i> (Thomas, 1912), the eastern white-bearded wildebeest occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Rift_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Rift Valley">Gregory Rift Valley</a>, and from northern Tanzania to central Kenya.</li> <li><i>C. t. mearnsi</i> (Heller, 1913), the <a href="/wiki/Western_white-bearded_wildebeest" title="Western white-bearded wildebeest">western white-bearded wildebeest</a>, occurs in northern Tanzania and southern Kenya. Its range extends from the west of the Gregory Rift Valley to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speke_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speke Bay (page does not exist)">Speke Bay</a> on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a>.</li> <li><i>C. t. cooksoni</i> (Blaine, 1914), <a href="/wiki/Cookson%27s_wildebeest" title="Cookson's wildebeest">Cookson's wildebeest</a> is restricted to the <a href="/wiki/Luangwa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Luangwa Valley">Luangwa Valley</a> in Zambia and wanders sometimes into the plateau region of central Malawi.</li></ul> <p>In addition, the distinctive appearance of a western form, ranging from the Kalahari to central Zambia, suggests that subspecies <i>mattosi</i> (Blaine, 1825) may also prove distinct from subspecies <i>taurinus</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrids">Hybrids</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hybrids"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blue wildebeest is known to <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridise</a> with the black wildebeest.<sup id="cite_ref-hybrid1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybrid1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences in social behaviour and habitats have historically prevented interspecific hybridisation, but it may occur when both species are confined within the same area, and the offspring are usually fertile. A study of these hybrid animals at <a href="/wiki/Spioenkop_Dam_Nature_Reserve" title="Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve">Spioenkop Dam Nature Reserve</a> in South Africa revealed that many had <a href="/wiki/Congenital_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital disorder">congenital abnormalities</a> relating to their teeth, horns, and the <a href="/wiki/Wormian_bones" title="Wormian bones">Wormian bones</a> of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-hybrid2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybrid2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another study reported an increase in the size of the hybrid as compared to either of its parents. In some hybrid animals, the <a href="/wiki/Auditory_bulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditory bulla">auditory bullae</a> are highly deformed, and in others, the <a href="/wiki/Radius_(bone)" title="Radius (bone)">radius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulna" title="Ulna">ulna</a> are fused.<sup id="cite_ref-hybrid3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hybrid3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics_and_evolution">Genetics and evolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Genetics and evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Diploid#Diploid" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploid">diploid</a> number of <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosomes</a> in the blue wildebeest is 58.<sup id="cite_ref-skinner_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skinner-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chromosomes were studied in a male and a female wildebeest. In the female, all except a pair of very large <a href="/wiki/Submetacentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Submetacentric">submetacentric</a> chromosomes were found to be <a href="/wiki/Acrocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Acrocentric">acrocentric</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metaphase" title="Metaphase">Metaphases</a> were studied in the male's chromosomes, and very large submetacentric chromosomes were found there as well, similar to those in the female both in size and morphology. The rest were acrocentric. The <a href="/wiki/X_chromosome" title="X chromosome">X chromosome</a> is a large acrocentric, while the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> is a minute one.<sup id="cite_ref-wallace_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wallace-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-groves_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groves-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This species of wildebeest seems to have evolved around 2.5 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-hb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The black wildebeest is believed to have diverged from the blue wildebeest to become a distinct species around 1 million years ago, in the Middle to Late <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bassi_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bassi-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil evidence suggests that blue wildebeest were quite common in the <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_Humankind" title="Cradle of Humankind">Cradle of Humankind</a> in the past. Apart from eastern Africa, fossils are commonly found in <a href="/wiki/Saldanha_Bay" title="Saldanha Bay">Elandsfontein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornelia,_Free_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelia, Free State">Cornelia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florisbad_archaeological_and_paleontological_site" title="Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site">Florisbad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hb_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnu_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gnu_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/220px-Gnu_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gnu_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/330px-Gnu_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Gnu_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg/440px-Gnu_skeleton_at_MAV-USP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A skeleton photographed at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Veterinary_Anatomy_FMVZ_USP" title="Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP">Museum of Veterinary Anatomy FMVZ USP</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngorongoro_2012_05_30_2708_(7500961780).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ngorongoro_2012_05_30_2708_%287500961780%29.jpg/220px-Ngorongoro_2012_05_30_2708_%287500961780%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ngorongoro_2012_05_30_2708_%287500961780%29.jpg/330px-Ngorongoro_2012_05_30_2708_%287500961780%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Ngorongoro_2012_05_30_2708_%287500961780%29.jpg/440px-Ngorongoro_2012_05_30_2708_%287500961780%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of the horns</figcaption></figure> <p>The blue wildebeest exhibits <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>, with males being larger and darker than females. The blue wildebeest is typically 170–250 cm (67–98 in) in head-and-body length. The average height of the species is 115–151 cm (45–59 in).<sup id="cite_ref-uu_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Males typically weigh 170 to 410 kg (370 to 900 lb) and females weigh 140 to 260 kg (310 to 570 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A characteristic feature is the long, black tail, which is around 60–100 cm (24–39 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-uu_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All features and markings of this species are <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">bilaterally symmetrical</a> for both sexes.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average life span is 20 years in captivity.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest known captive individual lived for 24.3 years.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The age that blue wildebeest live to in the wild is debatable. </p><p>Blue wildebeest have one of the most efficient locomotor muscles in terms of energy used for mechanical work and wasted as heat, with 62.6% of energy being converted into movement and the remainder in heat.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can travel up to 80 km (50 mi) in 5 days without drinking water, with average temperatures of 38 °C (100 °F) in peak times of the day.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colouration">Colouration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Colouration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This broad-shouldered antelope has a muscular, front-heavy appearance, with a distinctive robust muzzle. Young are born tawny brown, and begin to take on their adult coloration at the age of 2 months. The adults' hues range from a deep slate or bluish-gray to light gray or even grayish-brown. The back and flanks are slightly lighter than the <a href="/wiki/Ventral" class="mw-redirect" title="Ventral">ventral</a> surface and underparts. Dark brown, vertical stripes mark the area between the neck and the back of the ribcage,<sup id="cite_ref-stuart_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus giving it the name "brindled gnu".<sup id="cite_ref-unwin_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unwin-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manes of both sexes appear long, stiff, thick, and jet black, the same colour as the tail and face.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the manes of the western and eastern white-bearded wildebeest are lank, those of the Nyassaland wildebeest and common wildebeest stick up. <a href="/wiki/Scent_gland" title="Scent gland">Scent glands</a>, which secrete a clear oil, are present in the forefeet and are larger in males than females.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of skull length, the smallest subspecies of the blue wildebeest is the western white-bearded wildebeest.<sup id="cite_ref-groves_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groves-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also the darkest subspecies; the eastern white-bearded wildebeest is the lightest race.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both subspecies possess a creamy white beard, whereas the beard is black in both the Nyassaland wildebeest and the common wildebeest. The longest muzzles are found in the Nyassaland wildebeest, and the shortest in female western white-bearded wildebeest.<sup id="cite_ref-groves_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-groves-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horns">Horns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Horns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both sexes possess a pair of large <a href="/wiki/Horn_(anatomy)" title="Horn (anatomy)">horns</a>, which are shaped like <a href="/wiki/Parentheses" class="mw-redirect" title="Parentheses">parentheses</a>. These extend outward to the side, and then curve upward and inward. In the males, the horns can be 83 cm (33 in) long, while the horns of the females are 30–40 cm (12–16 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-uu_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being an antelope, the blue wildebeest possesses various <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovine</a> characteristics. For instance, the horns resemble those of the female <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uu_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the heavy build and disproportionately large forequarters give it a bovine appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-ng_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ng-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kingdon_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interdigital_glands">Interdigital glands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interdigital glands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blue wildebeest only has interdigital (hoof) glands in its fore legs. Analysis of chemical constituents from a free ranging animal in Zimbabwe (Cawston Block) showed this gland contains cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, phenol, 2-phenolethanol, and six short-chain carboxylic acids.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology_and_behavior">Ecology and behavior</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ecology and behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NgoroNgoro_Crater,_Tanzania,_Africa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NgoroNgoro_Crater%2C_Tanzania%2C_Africa.jpg/220px-NgoroNgoro_Crater%2C_Tanzania%2C_Africa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NgoroNgoro_Crater%2C_Tanzania%2C_Africa.jpg/330px-NgoroNgoro_Crater%2C_Tanzania%2C_Africa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/NgoroNgoro_Crater%2C_Tanzania%2C_Africa.jpg/440px-NgoroNgoro_Crater%2C_Tanzania%2C_Africa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>Plains zebra and blue wildebeest grazing at Ngorongoro Crater</figcaption></figure> <p>The blue wildebeest is mostly active during the morning and the late afternoon, with the hottest hours of the day being spent in rest. These extremely agile and wary animals can run at speeds up to 80 km/h (50 mph), waving their tails and tossing their heads.<sup id="cite_ref-uu_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of the activity of blue wildebeest at the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a> showed that the animals devoted over half of their total time to rest, 33% to grazing, 12% to moving about (mostly walking), and a little to social interactions. However, variations existed among different age and sex groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:039_Juvenile_blue_wildebeest_covered_in_mud_running_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Juvenile blue wildebeest covered in mud running in the Serengeti National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/039_Juvenile_blue_wildebeest_covered_in_mud_running_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/220px-039_Juvenile_blue_wildebeest_covered_in_mud_running_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/039_Juvenile_blue_wildebeest_covered_in_mud_running_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/330px-039_Juvenile_blue_wildebeest_covered_in_mud_running_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/039_Juvenile_blue_wildebeest_covered_in_mud_running_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/440px-039_Juvenile_blue_wildebeest_covered_in_mud_running_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6666" data-file-height="4444" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile blue wildebeest covered in mud running in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The wildebeest usually rest close to others of their kind and move about in loose aggregations. Males form bachelor herds, and these can be distinguished from juvenile groups by the lower amount of activity and the spacing between the animals. Around 90% of the male calves join the bachelor herds before the next mating season. Bulls become territorial at the age of four or five years, and become very noisy (most notably in the western white-bearded wildebeest) and active. The bulls tolerate being close to each other and one square kilometre (0.39 sq mi) of plain can accommodate 270 bulls. Most territories are of a temporary nature and fewer than half of the male population hold permanent territories. In general, blue wildebeest rest in groups of a few to thousands at night, with a minimum distance of 1–2 m (3–7 ft) between individuals (though mothers and calves may remain in contact).<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a major prey item for <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetahs</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_leopard" title="African leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/African_wild_dog" title="African wild dog">African wild dogs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyenas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nile_crocodile" title="Nile crocodile">Nile crocodiles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-uu_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Female calves will stay with their mothers and other related females of the herd throughout their lives. Female individuals in a herd are from a wide range of ages, from yearlings to the oldest cow.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the wet season, the females generally lead the herd towards nutritious areas of grasses and areas where predators can be avoided. This is to ensure that newborn calves have the highest chance of survival as well as gaining the most nutritious milk.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bulls mark the boundaries of their territories with heaps of dung, secretions from their scent glands, and certain behaviors. Body language used by a territorial male includes standing with an erect posture, profuse ground pawing, and horning, frequent defecation, rolling and bellowing, and the sound "ga-noo" being produced. When competing over territory, males grunt loudly, paw the ground, make thrusting motion with their horns, and perform other displays of aggression.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The blue wildebeest is a <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivore</a>, feeding primarily on the short grasses which commonly grow on light, and <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline soil">alkaline</a> soils that are found in <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savanna grasslands</a> and on plains.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The animal's broad mouth is adapted for eating large quantities of short grass<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kingdon_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it feeds both during the day and night. When grass is scarce, it will also eat the foliage of shrubs and trees.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wildebeest commonly associate with <a href="/wiki/Plains_zebra" title="Plains zebra">plains zebras</a> as the latter eat the upper, less nutritious grass canopy, exposing the lower, greener material which the wildebeest prefer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whenever possible, the wildebeest likes to drink twice daily<sup id="cite_ref-uu_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uu-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and due to its regular requirement for water, it usually inhabits moist grasslands and areas with available water sources. The blue wildebeest drinks 9 to 12 litres of water every one to two days.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, it can also survive in the arid <a href="/wiki/Kalahari_Desert" title="Kalahari Desert">Kalahari Desert</a>, where it obtains sufficient water from melons and water-storing roots and tubers.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a study of the dietary habits of the wildebeest, the animals were found to be feeding on the three dominant kinds of grass of the area, namely: <i><a href="/wiki/Themeda_triandra" title="Themeda triandra">Themeda triandra</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Digitaria_macroblephara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digitaria macroblephara (page does not exist)">Digitaria macroblephara</a></i>, and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pennisetum_mezianum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pennisetum mezianum (page does not exist)">Pennisetum mezianum</a></i>. The time spent grazing increased by about 100% during the dry season. Though the choice of the diet remained the same in both the dry and the wet season, the animals were more selective during the latter.<sup id="cite_ref-ego_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ego-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reproduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg/220px-2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg/330px-2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg/440px-2012-wildebeest-fight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Two male blue wildebeest fighting for dominance</figcaption></figure> <p>Male blue wildebeest become sexually mature at about 2 years of age, while females can conceive at 16 months if adequately nourished.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-adw_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, most females do not start to breed until a year later. The <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating season</a>, which lasts for about 3 weeks, coincides with the end of the rainy season. This means that the animals are in good condition, having been feeding on highly nutritious new grass growth, and the conception rate is often as high as 95%. The mating season, or rut, typically begins on the night of a full moon, suggesting that the lunar cycle influences breeding. At this time, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> production peaks in males, resulting in increased calling and territorial behavior. The activities of these sexually excited males may also stimulate the female to come into <a href="/wiki/Estrus" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrus">estrus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As they stake out their territories and compete for females, males exhibit rivalry. When they clash, they face up to each other with bent knees and exchange horn thrusts. Elaborate individual <a href="/wiki/Display_(zoology)" title="Display (zoology)">displays</a> are made during their rivalry, and they may bellow, snort, and dig their horns into the ground. Once dominance has been established, each male attempts to lure the female into his domain.<sup id="cite_ref-Moss_1975_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss_1975-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Courtship_display" title="Courtship display">courtship</a>, urination and low-stretch are common activities, and the male soon attempts to mount the female. A receptive female holds her tail to one side and stands still while copulation takes place. Matings may be repeated several times and may take place twice or more times within a minute. The male neither eats nor rests when a female is present in his territory, and during this time, the female keeps close to the male, often rubbing her head on his torso and sniffing his penis. While in season, a female may visit several territories and mate with several different males.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_wildebeest_(Connochaetes_taurinus_taurinus)_female_and_calf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Blue_wildebeest_%28Connochaetes_taurinus_taurinus%29_female_and_calf.jpg/220px-Blue_wildebeest_%28Connochaetes_taurinus_taurinus%29_female_and_calf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Blue_wildebeest_%28Connochaetes_taurinus_taurinus%29_female_and_calf.jpg/330px-Blue_wildebeest_%28Connochaetes_taurinus_taurinus%29_female_and_calf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Blue_wildebeest_%28Connochaetes_taurinus_taurinus%29_female_and_calf.jpg/440px-Blue_wildebeest_%28Connochaetes_taurinus_taurinus%29_female_and_calf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4530" data-file-height="3019" /></a><figcaption>A female and her calf</figcaption></figure> <p>The gestation period is about 8.5 months, and between 80 and 90% of the calves are born within a 3-week time period. Female wildebeest give birth in the middle of a herd rather than alone, and typically in the middle of the day. This allows time for the newborn to become steady on its feet before night falls and the predators become more active. Calves weigh about 19 kg (42 lb) at birth, and can usually stand on their own within a few minutes of birth. To escape predation, calves remain close to their mothers for a significant time, and may continue suckling until the next year's calf is nearly due. Male calves leave their mother at about 8 months and form herds with other male juveniles. In large female herds, 80% of the wildebeest offspring survive the first month, compared to a 50% survival rate in smaller herds.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Moss_1975_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moss_1975-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases_and_parasites">Diseases and parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Diseases and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:040_Blue_wildebeest_with_wattled_starlings_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wattled starlings eating ticks of a blue wildebeest in the Serengeti National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/040_Blue_wildebeest_with_wattled_starlings_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/220px-040_Blue_wildebeest_with_wattled_starlings_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/040_Blue_wildebeest_with_wattled_starlings_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/330px-040_Blue_wildebeest_with_wattled_starlings_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/040_Blue_wildebeest_with_wattled_starlings_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg/440px-040_Blue_wildebeest_with_wattled_starlings_in_the_Serengeti_National_Park_Photo_by_Giles_Laurent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7471" data-file-height="4981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wattled_starling" title="Wattled starling">Wattled starlings</a> eating ticks of a blue wildebeest in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The blue wildebeest is susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarcoptic_mange" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarcoptic mange">sarcoptic mange</a>, and hoof <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdon_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Herpesvirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpesvirus">herpesvirus</a> was first isolated from the blue wildebeest in 1960 by veterinary scientist <a href="/wiki/Walter_Plowright" title="Walter Plowright">Walter Plowright</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the causes of death vary from year to year, in one drought in Botswana, young calves and aged females were the most likely to die. On another occasion, an estimated 47% of deaths were caused by disease, 37% were due to predation, and the remainder were the result of accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdon_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The animal can be host to a number of different parasites. In one study, blue wildebeest were found to be hosts to 13 species of <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Trematode" class="mw-redirect" title="Trematode">trematode</a>, larvae of five <a href="/wiki/Oestridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Oestridae">oestrid flies</a>, three species of <a href="/wiki/Lice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lice">lice</a>, seven <a href="/wiki/Ixodid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ixodid">ixodid</a> <a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">tick</a> species, one <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mite</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Pentastomid" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentastomid">tongue worm</a>. Of these, most were more prevalent at some times of the year than others.<sup id="cite_ref-horak_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horak-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally, the larvae of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedoelstica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedoelstica (page does not exist)">Gedoelstica</a></i> and <i>Oestrus</i> occur in the <a href="/wiki/Nasal_passage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal passage">nasal passages</a> and respiratory cavities of the blue wildebeest, and sometimes migrate to the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdon_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to some other bovids, blue wildebeest are resistant to infestations by several species of ticks.<sup id="cite_ref-horak2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horak2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Connochaetes_taurinus_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Connochaetes_taurinus_anagoria.JPG/220px-Connochaetes_taurinus_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Connochaetes_taurinus_anagoria.JPG/330px-Connochaetes_taurinus_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Connochaetes_taurinus_anagoria.JPG/440px-Connochaetes_taurinus_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>Blue wildebeest inhabit places where water is available</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_wildebeest_at_Etosha_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blue_wildebeest_at_Etosha_National_Park.jpg/220px-Blue_wildebeest_at_Etosha_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blue_wildebeest_at_Etosha_National_Park.jpg/330px-Blue_wildebeest_at_Etosha_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Blue_wildebeest_at_Etosha_National_Park.jpg/440px-Blue_wildebeest_at_Etosha_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Blue wildebeest at <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The blue wildebeest is native to <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. Today, it is extinct in <a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a>, but has been successfully reintroduced into <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blue wildebeest are mainly found in short-grass plains bordering bush-covered acacia savannas in southern and eastern Africa, thriving in areas that are neither too wet nor too arid. They can be found in habitats that vary from overgrazed areas with dense bush to open <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodland</a> floodplains. Trees such as <i><a href="/wiki/Brachystegia" title="Brachystegia">Brachystegia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Combretum" title="Combretum">Combretum</a></i> spp. are common in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdon_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue wildebeest can tolerate arid regions as long as a potable water supply is available, normally within about 15–25 km (9.3–15.5 mi) distance. The southern limit of the blue wildebeest stops at the <a href="/wiki/Orange_River" title="Orange River">Orange River</a>, while the western limit is bounded by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Victoria" title="Lake Victoria">Lake Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kenya" title="Mount Kenya">Mount Kenya</a>. The range does not include montane or temperate grasslands.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These wildebeest are rarely found at altitudes over 1,800–2,100 m (5,900–6,900 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of a small population of Cookson's wildebeest that occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Luangwa_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Luangwa Valley">Luangwa Valley</a> (Zambia), the wildebeest is absent in the wetter parts of the southern savanna country, and particularly is not present in <a href="/wiki/Miombo_woodlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Miombo woodlands">miombo woodlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three African populations of blue wildebeest take part in long-distance <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrations</a>, timed to coincide with the annual pattern of rainfall and grass growth on the short-grass plains, where they can find the nutrient-rich forage necessary for lactation and calf growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The timing of the migration in both directions can vary considerably from year to year. At the end of the rainy season, they migrate to dry-season areas in response to a lack of drinking water. When the rainy season begins again a few months later, the animals trek back to their wet-season range.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These movements and access to nutrient-rich forage for reproduction allow migratory wildebeest populations to grow to much larger numbers than resident populations. Many long-distance migratory populations of wildebeest existed 100 years ago, but currently, all but three migrations (<a href="/wiki/Serengeti" title="Serengeti">Serengeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarangire_Ecosystem" title="Tarangire Ecosystem">Tarangire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kafue_National_Park" title="Kafue National Park">Kafue</a>) have been disrupted, cut off, and lost.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_and_conservation">Threats and conservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Threats and conservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major human-related factors affecting populations include large-scale deforestation, the drying up of water sources, the expansion of settlements and poaching. Diseases of domestic cattle such as <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a> can be transmitted to the animals and take their toll.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The erection of fences that interrupt traditional migratory routes between wet and dry-season ranges have resulted in mass death events when the animals become cut off from water sources and the areas of better grazing they are seeking during droughts.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the factors influencing wildebeest populations in the <a href="/wiki/Mara_Region" title="Mara Region">Maasai Mara</a> ecosystem revealed that the populations had undergone a drastic decline of around 80% from about 119,000 individuals in 1977 to around 22,000 twenty years later. The major cause of this was thought to be the expansion of agriculture, which led to the loss of wet-season grazing and the traditional calving and breeding ranges.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, drastic declines have recently occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Tarangire_Ecosystem" title="Tarangire Ecosystem">Tarangire</a> wildebeest migration.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The total number of blue wildebeest is estimated to be around 100,000. The population trend overall is unstable and the numbers in the <a href="/wiki/Serengeti_National_Park" title="Serengeti National Park">Serengeti National Park</a> (Tanzania) have increased to about 1,300,000. The population density ranges from 0.15/km<sup>2</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Hwange_National_Park" title="Hwange National Park">Hwange</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etosha_National_Park" title="Etosha National Park">Etosha</a> National Parks to 35/km<sup>2</sup> in <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a> and Serengeti National Park, where they are most plentiful. Blue wildebeest have also been introduced into a number of private game farms, reserves, and conservancy areas.<sup id="cite_ref-aad_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aad-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a> rates the blue wildebeest as being of <a href="/wiki/Least_concern" class="mw-redirect" title="Least concern">least concern</a>. However, the numbers of the eastern white-bearded wildebeest (<i>C. t. albojubatus</i>) have seen a steep decline to a current level of probably 6,000 to 8,000 animals, and this is causing some concern.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of other subspecies are including; 150,000 in common wildebeest (<i>C. t. taurinus</i>), 5,000~75,000 in Nyassaland wildebeest (<i>C. t. johnstoni</i>), 5,000~10,000 in Cookson's wildebeest (<i>C. t. cooksoni</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_humans">Relationship with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationship with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taxidermied_Lion_and_Blue_Wildebeest,_Namibia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Taxidermied_Lion_and_Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Namibia.jpg/220px-Taxidermied_Lion_and_Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Namibia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Taxidermied_Lion_and_Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Namibia.jpg/330px-Taxidermied_Lion_and_Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Namibia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Taxidermied_Lion_and_Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Namibia.jpg/440px-Taxidermied_Lion_and_Blue_Wildebeest%2C_Namibia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Taxidermied <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lion</a> and blue wildebeest, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As one of the major herbivores of southern and eastern Africa, the blue wildebeest is one of the animals that draw tourists to the area to observe big game, and as such, it is of major economic importance to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-adw_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-adw-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, blue wildebeest have been hunted for their hides and meat, the skin making good-quality leather, though the flesh is coarse, dry, and rather tough.<sup id="cite_ref-nowak_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nowak-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, blue wildebeest can also affect human beings negatively. They can compete with domestic livestock for grazing and water and can transmit fatal diseases like rinderpest to cattle and cause epidemics among animals. They can also spread <a href="/wiki/Ticks_of_domestic_animals" title="Ticks of domestic animals">ticks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lungworm" title="Lungworm">lungworms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapeworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeworm">tapeworms</a>, flies, and <a href="/wiki/Paramphistomum" title="Paramphistomum">paramphistome flukes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-talbot_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-talbot-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An ancient carved slab of <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> depicting an animal very similar to the blue wildebeest has been discovered. Dating back to around 3000 BC, it was found in <a href="/wiki/Hierakonopolis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierakonopolis">Hierakonopolis</a> (Nekhen), which used to be the religious and political capital of <a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper Egypt</a> at that time. This may be evidence that the animal used to occur in North Africa and was associated with the ancient Egyptians.<sup id="cite_ref-kingdon_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blue_wildebeest&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn_status_11_November_2021-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_status_11_November_2021_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildebeest%2C+Gnu&rft.pub=Comparative+Placentation&rft.aulast=Benirschke&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplacentation.ucsd.edu%2Fgnu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taurus">"Taurus"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taurus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftaurus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Estes_1991-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Estes_1991_8-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2004" class="citation book cs1">Estes, R. D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g977LsZHpcsC"><i>The Behavior Guide to African Mammals: Including Hoofed Mammals, Carnivores, Primates</i></a> (4th ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 150–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08085-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08085-0"><bdi>978-0-520-08085-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314123756/https://books.google.com/books?id=g977LsZHpcsC">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Behavior+Guide+to+African+Mammals%3A+Including+Hoofed+Mammals%2C+Carnivores%2C+Primates&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=150-6&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08085-0&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg977LsZHpcsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mw-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mw_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gnu">"Gnu"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106214230/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gnu">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gnu&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgnu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corbet-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Corbet_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbetRobinson,_T.J.1991" class="citation journal cs1">Corbet, S.W.; Robinson, T.J. (1991). "Genetic divergence in South African Wildebeest: comparative cytogenetics and analysis of mitochondrial DNA". <i>The Journal of Heredity</i>. <b>82</b> (6): 447–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jhered.a111126">10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1795096">1795096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=Genetic+divergence+in+South+African+Wildebeest%3A+comparative+cytogenetics+and+analysis+of+mitochondrial+DNA&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=447-452&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.jhered.a111126&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1795096&rft.aulast=Corbet&rft.aufirst=S.W.&rft.au=Robinson%2C+T.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0725">"Zambezian and Mopane woodlands"</a>. <i>Terrestrial Ecoregions</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Terrestrial+Ecoregions&rft.atitle=Zambezian+and+Mopane+woodlands&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fat0725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=625079">"<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ITIS" class="mw-redirect" title="ITIS">ITIS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140202192026/http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=625079">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connochaetes+taurinus&rft.pub=ITIS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D625079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hybrid1-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hybrid1_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroble_rRushworth,_I.Brink,_J.S.Bloomer,_P.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Groble r, J.P.; Rushworth, I.; Brink, J.S.; Bloomer, P.; Kotze, A.; Reilly, B.; Vrahimis, S. (2011). "Management of hybridization in an endemic species: decision-making in the face of imperfect information in the case of the black wildebeest—<i>Connochaetes gnou</i>". <i>European Journal of Wildlife Research</i>. <b>57</b> (5): 997–1006. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10344-011-0567-1">10.1007/s10344-011-0567-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2263%2F19462">2263/19462</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23964988">23964988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Wildlife+Research&rft.atitle=Management+of+hybridization+in+an+endemic+species%3A+decision-making+in+the+face+of+imperfect+information+in+the+case+of+the+black+wildebeest%E2%80%94Connochaetes+gnou&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=997-1006&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2263%2F19462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23964988%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10344-011-0567-1&rft.aulast=Groble+r&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=Rushworth%2C+I.&rft.au=Brink%2C+J.S.&rft.au=Bloomer%2C+P.&rft.au=Kotze%2C+A.&rft.au=Reilly%2C+B.&rft.au=Vrahimis%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hybrid2-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hybrid2_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckermannBrink,_J._S.Vrahimis,_S.De_Klerk,_B.2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ackermann, R. R.; Brink, J. S.; Vrahimis, S.; De Klerk, B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fsajs.v106i11%2F12.423">"Hybrid wildebeest (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) provide further evidence for shared signatures of admixture in mammalian crania"</a>. <i>South African Journal of Science</i>. <b>106</b> (11/12): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fsajs.v106i11%2F12.423">10.4102/sajs.v106i11/12.423</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11427%2F27315">11427/27315</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=Hybrid+wildebeest+%28Artiodactyla%3A+Bovidae%29+provide+further+evidence+for+shared+signatures+of+admixture+in+mammalian+crania&rft.volume=106&rft.issue=11%2F12&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11427%2F27315&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fsajs.v106i11%2F12.423&rft.aulast=Ackermann&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.au=Brink%2C+J.+S.&rft.au=Vrahimis%2C+S.&rft.au=De+Klerk%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fsajs.v106i11%252F12.423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hybrid3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hybrid3_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Klerk2008" class="citation thesis cs1">De Klerk, B. (2008). <i>An osteological documentation of hybrid wildebeest and its bearing on black wildebeest (</i>Connochaetes gnou<i>) evolution</i> (Doctoral dissertation).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+osteological+documentation+of+hybrid+wildebeest+and+its+bearing+on+black+wildebeest+%28Connochaetes+gnou%29+evolution&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=De+Klerk&rft.aufirst=B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skinner-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-skinner_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkinnerChimimba,_C._T.2005" class="citation book cs1">Skinner, J. D.; Chimimba, C. T. (2005). <i>The Mammals of the Southern African Subregion</i> (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 645–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84418-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84418-5"><bdi>978-0-521-84418-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mammals+of+the+Southern+African+Subregion&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=645-8&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84418-5&rft.aulast=Skinner&rft.aufirst=J.+D.&rft.au=Chimimba%2C+C.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wallace-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wallace_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1978" class="citation journal cs1">Wallace, C. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v21i1.974">"Chromosome analysis in the Kruger National Park: The chromosomes of the blue wildebeest <i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>"</a>. <i>Koedoe</i>. <b>21</b> (1): 195–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v21i1.974">10.4102/koedoe.v21i1.974</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Koedoe&rft.atitle=Chromosome+analysis+in+the+Kruger+National+Park%3A+The+chromosomes+of+the+blue+wildebeest+Connochaetes+taurinus&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=195-6&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fkoedoe.v21i1.974&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fkoedoe.v21i1.974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-groves-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-groves_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-groves_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrovesGrubbs,_P.2011" class="citation book cs1">Groves, C.; Grubbs, P. 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Cape Town: Struik. pp. 162–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-065-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-77007-065-3"><bdi>978-1-77007-065-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+the+Cradle+of+Humankind+%3A+Sterkfontein%2C+Swartkrans%2C+Kromdraai+%26+Environs+World+Heritage+Site&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=162-3&rft.edition=2nd+revised&rft.pub=Struik&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-77007-065-3&rft.aulast=Hilton-Barber&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Berger%2C+L.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bassi-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bassi_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassi2013" class="citation book cs1">Bassi, J. (2013). <i>Pilot in the Wild: Flights of Conservation and Survival</i>. South Africa: Jacana Media. pp. 116–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4314-0871-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4314-0871-9"><bdi>978-1-4314-0871-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilot+in+the+Wild%3A+Flights+of+Conservation+and+Survival&rft.place=South+Africa&rft.pages=116-8&rft.pub=Jacana+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4314-0871-9&rft.aulast=Bassi&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uu-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-uu_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uu_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uu_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uu_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uu_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uu_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-uu_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuffman" class="citation web cs1">Huffman, B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190437/http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Connochaetes_taurinus.html">"<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i> : Brindled gnu, Blue wildebeest"</a>. Ultimate Ungulate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Connochaetes_taurinus.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Connochaetes+taurinus+%3A+Brindled+gnu%2C+Blue+wildebeest&rft.pub=Ultimate+Ungulate&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ultimateungulate.com%2FArtiodactyla%2FConnochaetes_taurinus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingdon2015" class="citation book cs1">Kingdon, Jonathan (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p1hMCAAAQBAJ"><i>The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals: Second Edition</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 601. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2531-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4729-2531-2"><bdi>978-1-4729-2531-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230314123755/https://books.google.com/books?id=p1hMCAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdon+Field+Guide+to+African+Mammals%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=601&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4729-2531-2&rft.aulast=Kingdon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp1hMCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-adw-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-adw_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adw_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adw_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adw_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adw_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-adw_23-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeraci" class="citation web cs1">Geraci, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/accounts/Connochaetes_taurinus/">"<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i> : Blue wildebeest"</a>. <i>University of Michigan Museum of Zoology</i>. 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New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. p. 433. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0079095089" title="Special:BookSources/0079095089"><bdi>0079095089</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grzimek%27s+encyclopedia+of+mammals.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=433&rft.edition=English+language&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0079095089&rft.aulast=Grzimek&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtinBartlam-BrooksHubelLowe2018" class="citation journal cs1">Curtin, N. 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(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rvc-repository.worktribe.com/OutputFile/1385428">"Remarkable muscles, remarkable locomotion in desert-dwelling wildebeest"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>563</b>: 393–396. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0602-4">10.1038/s41586-018-0602-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10044%2F1%2F64452">10044/1/64452</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Remarkable+muscles%2C+remarkable+locomotion+in+desert-dwelling+wildebeest.&rft.volume=563&rft.pages=393-396&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10044%2F1%2F64452&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0602-4&rft.aulast=Curtin&rft.aufirst=N.+A.&rft.au=Bartlam-Brooks%2C+H.+L.+A.&rft.au=Hubel%2C+T.+Y.&rft.au=Lowe%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Gardner-Medwin%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Bennitt%2C+E.&rft.au=Amos%2C+S.+J.&rft.au=Lorenc%2C+M.&rft.au=West%2C+T.+G.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+A.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frvc-repository.worktribe.com%2FOutputFile%2F1385428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stuart-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stuart_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuartStuart,_T.2001" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, C.; Stuart, T. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sdY_sa1FPw0C"><i>Field Guide to Mammals of Southern Africa</i></a> (3rd ed.). Cape Town: Struik. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-537-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-537-3"><bdi>978-1-86872-537-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+Mammals+of+Southern+Africa&rft.place=Cape+Town&rft.pages=204&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Struik&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-537-3&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Stuart%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsdY_sa1FPw0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unwin-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unwin_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnwin2011" class="citation book cs1">Unwin, M. (2011). <i>Southern African Wildlife : A Visitor's Guide</i> (2nd ed.). Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. pp. 83–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-347-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84162-347-4"><bdi>978-1-84162-347-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+African+Wildlife+%3A+A+Visitor%27s+Guide&rft.place=Chalfont+St.+Peter&rft.pages=83-5&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84162-347-4&rft.aulast=Unwin&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ng-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ng_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201153456/http://animals.nationalgeographic.co.in/animals/mammals/wildebeest/">"Wildebeest (<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wildebeest+%28Connochaetes+taurinus%29&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanimals.nationalgeographic.co.in%2Fanimals%2Fmammals%2Fwildebeest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kingdon-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kingdon_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingdon1989" class="citation book cs1">Kingdon, Jonathan (1989). <i>East African Mammals : An Atlas of Evolution in Africa</i> (Vol. 3, Part D:Bovids ed.). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wildlife+Monographs%3AThe+Wildebeest+in+Western+Masailand%2C+East+Africa&rft.pages=20-31&rft.pub=National+Academies&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3830455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Talbot&rft.aufirst=L.+M.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3830455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor,_J.Cohen,_Y.Hobbs,_T.2006" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, J.; Cohen, Y.; Hobbs, T. (2006). "The roles of large herbivores in ecosystem nutrient cycles". In Danell, K. 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Gland, Switzerland: The IUCN Species Survival Commission. p. 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0477-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8317-0477-7"><bdi>978-2-8317-0477-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Antelope+Database+1998&rft.place=Gland%2C+Switzerland&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=The+IUCN+Species+Survival+Commission&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-2-8317-0477-7&rft.aulast=East&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=IUCN&rft.au=SSC+Antelope+Specialist+Group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nowak-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nowak_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNowak1999" class="citation book cs1">Nowak, R. M. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0001nowa"><i>Walker's Mammals of the World</i></a></span> (6th ed.). Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 1184–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-5789-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-5789-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walker%27s+Mammals+of+the+World&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=1184-6&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8&rft.aulast=Nowak&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwalkersmammalsof0001nowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlue+wildebeest" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Connochaetes taurinus</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q328809" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q328809">Q328809</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Connochaetes_taurinus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Connochaetes taurinus">Connochaetes taurinus</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Connochaetes_taurinus/">Connochaetes_taurinus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ARKive" title="ARKive">ARKive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.arkive.org/wd/connochaetes-taurinus/">connochaetes-taurinus</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id33659">33659</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=462571">462571</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/XPLQ">XPLQ</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/308531">308531</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/CONNTA">CONNTA</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/2441105">2441105</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/42280">42280</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10228143">10228143</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=625079">625079</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/5229">5229</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists#Mammal_Diversity_Database" title="American Society of Mammalogists">MDD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mammaldiversity.org/taxon/1006134">1006134</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200510">14200510</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9927">9927</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Observation.org" title="Observation.org">Observation.org</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://observation.org/species/79405/">79405</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=19028">19028</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=133827">133827</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv" class="extiw" title="de:Tierstimmenarchiv">TSA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=4721">4721</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Antilope taurina</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41162657" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q41162657">Q41162657</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9221949">9221949</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/ZooBank" title="ZooBank">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/383E494F-C44E-4DDE-BC69-759FAC02F0FA">383E494F-C44E-4DDE-BC69-759FAC02F0FA</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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