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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Taxonomy and phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Taxonomy and phylogeny subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Taxonomy_and_phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Research history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical_classification_of_Artiodactyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_classification_of_Artiodactyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Historical classification of Artiodactyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_classification_of_Artiodactyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_classification_of_Cetacea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_classification_of_Cetacea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Historical classification of Cetacea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_classification_of_Cetacea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inner_systematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inner_systematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Inner systematics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inner_systematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anatomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anatomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anatomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Anatomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Anatomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Limbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Limbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Head" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Head</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horns_and_antlers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horns_and_antlers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Horns and antlers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horns_and_antlers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Teeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Senses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestive_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestive_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Digestive system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestive_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genitourinary_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genitourinary_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Genitourinary system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genitourinary_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Lifestyle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_habitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distribution and habitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_habitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Social behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Reproduction and life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predators_and_parasites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predators_and_parasites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Predators and parasites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predators_and_parasites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Interactions with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interactions with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Domestication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Domestication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Artiodactyl</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewehoewiges" title="Ewehoewiges – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ewehoewiges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paarhufer" title="Paarhufer – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Paarhufer" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%99%E1%88%89_%E1%8C%A3%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%B8%E1%88%86%E1%8A%94" title="ሙሉ ጣት ሸሆኔ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሙሉ ጣት ሸሆኔ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyeppirelleeh" title="Kyeppirelleeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Kyeppirelleeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliferf%C4%93ted%C4%93or" title="Cliferfētedēor – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cliferfētedēor" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="مزدوجات الأصابع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزدوجات الأصابع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pys%C3%A3k%C3%B5i" title="Pysãkõi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pysãkõi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BCtd%C4%B1rnaql%C4%B1lar" title="Cütdırnaqlılar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cütdırnaqlılar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جوتدیرناق‌لیلار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوتدیرناق‌لیلار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6" title="যুগ্ম ক্ষুরযুক্ত চতুষ্পদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুগ্ম ক্ষুরযুক্ত চতুষ্পদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3%CD%98-t%C3%AA_t%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Ngó͘-tê tōng-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ngó͘-tê tōng-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D1%83%D1%88_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D2%A1%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡуш тояҡлылар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡуш тояҡлылар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Парнакапытныя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Парнакапытныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Парнакапытныя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Парнакапытныя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Чифтокопитни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чифтокопитни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papkari" title="Papkari – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Papkari" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodaktiled" title="Artiodaktiled – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Artiodaktiled" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiod%C3%A0ctils" title="Artiodàctils – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Artiodàctils" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%C4%95%D0%BA%C4%95%D1%80_%D1%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Йĕкĕр чĕрнеллисем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йĕкĕр чĕрнеллисем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokopytn%C3%ADci" title="Sudokopytníci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sudokopytníci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parrett%C3%A5ede_hovdyr" title="Parrettåede hovdyr – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Parrettåede hovdyr" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paarhufer" title="Paarhufer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Paarhufer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5ralised" title="Sõralised – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõralised" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Αρτιοδάκτυλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αρτιοδάκτυλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parhufuloj" title="Parhufuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Parhufuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodaktilo" title="Artiodaktilo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Artiodaktilo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%81%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جفت‌سم‌سانان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جفت‌سم‌سانان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenhoevigen" title="Evenhoevigen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Evenhoevigen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artadachtail" title="Artadachtail – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Artadachtail" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiod%C3%A1ctilos" title="Artiodáctilos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Artiodáctilos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%98" title="우제류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우제류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%BD%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Երկսմբակավորներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Երկսմբակավորներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE-%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="सम-ऊँगली खुरदार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सम-ऊँगली खुरदार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parnoprsta%C5%A1i" title="Parnoprstaši – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Parnoprstaši" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para-hufajo" title="Para-hufajo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Para-hufajo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewan_berkuku_genap" title="Hewan berkuku genap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hewan berkuku genap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactylos" title="Artiodactylos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Artiodactylos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%81%C3%A6%D1%84%D1%82%C3%A6%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Дысæфтæгонтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дысæфтæгонтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaufd%C3%BDr" title="Klaufdýr – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Klaufdýr" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9B%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%94" title="מכפילי פרסה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מכפילי פרסה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9wan_kuku_genep" title="Kéwan kuku genep – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kéwan kuku genep" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B2" title="ಆರ್ಟಿಯೊಡ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೈಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆರ್ಟಿಯೊಡ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೈಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="წყვილჩლიქოსნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წყვილჩლიქოსნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BF%D1%82%D2%B1%D1%8F%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жұптұяқтылар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұптұяқтылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tollubekdunol_(Artiodactyla)" title="Tollubekdunol (Artiodactyla) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tollubekdunol (Artiodactyla)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ача туяктуулар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ача туяктуулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D3%B9%D1%87%D3%93%D0%BD_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%93" title="Кок кӹчӓн вольыквлӓ – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кок кӹчӓн вольыквлӓ" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rnad%C5%BEi" title="Pārnadži – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārnadži" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porakanopiai" title="Porakanopiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Porakanopiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evehovege" title="Evehovege – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Evehovege" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodatilo" title="Artiodatilo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Artiodatilo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rosujj%C3%BA_pat%C3%A1sok" title="Párosujjú patások – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Párosujjú patások" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Парнокопитни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Парнокопитни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="युग्मखुरी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युग्मखुरी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ჭკობაჩორქოამეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭკობაჩორქოამეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9" title="مزدوجات الاصابع – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مزدوجات الاصابع" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ခွာစုံပါသော တိရစ္ဆာန်များ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွာစုံပါသော တိရစ္ဆာန်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenhoevigen" title="Evenhoevigen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Evenhoevigen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E8%B9%84%E7%9B%AE" title="偶蹄目 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="偶蹄目" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paartuanet_Klooksdiarten" title="Paartuanet Klooksdiarten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Paartuanet Klooksdiarten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klovdyr" title="Klovdyr – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klovdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klauvdyr" title="Klauvdyr – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klauvdyr" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotteeyyii_quba_guutuu" title="Kotteeyyii quba guutuu – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kotteeyyii quba guutuu" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juft_tuyoqlilar" title="Juft tuyoqlilar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Juft tuyoqlilar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1%DB%92_%DA%A9%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="پدھرے کھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پدھرے کھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%8C%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%B7" title="Вожьясянгыжаэз – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Вожьясянгыжаэз" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parzystokopytne" title="Parzystokopytne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parzystokopytne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiod%C3%A1tilos" title="Artiodátilos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Artiodátilos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactile" title="Artiodactile – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Artiodactile" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskay_ruk%27anayuq" title="Iskay ruk'anayuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iskay ruk'anayuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Парнокопытные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парнокопытные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AB%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ыыраахтаах туйахтаахтар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ыыраахтаах туйахтаахтар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Even-taed_ungulate" title="Even-taed ungulate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Even-taed ungulate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dythundrak%C3%ABt" title="Dythundrakët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dythundrakët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Artiodactyl" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1rnokopytn%C3%ADky" title="Párnokopytníky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Párnokopytníky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodoprsti_kopitarji" title="Sodoprsti kopitarji – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sodoprsti kopitarji" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Парнопрсти копитари – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Парнопрсти копитари" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papkari" title="Papkari – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Papkari" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorkkael%C3%A4imet" title="Sorkkaeläimet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sorkkaeläimet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Part%C3%A5iga_hovdjur" title="Partåiga hovdjur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Partåiga hovdjur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF" title="இரட்டைப்படைக் குளம்பி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரட்டைப்படைக் குளம்பி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisenfednin" title="Tisenfednin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tisenfednin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88" title="อันดับสัตว์กีบคู่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อันดับสัตว์กีบคู่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ift_toynakl%C4%B1lar" title="Çift toynaklılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çift toynaklılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Парнокопитні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Парнокопитні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youdaezmoeg" title="Youdaezmoeg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Youdaezmoeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%99_Gu%E1%BB%91c_ch%E1%BA%B5n" title="Bộ Guốc chẵn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bộ Guốc chẵn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eevnhoevign" title="Eevnhoevign – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Eevnhoevign" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" title="Artiodactyla – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Artiodactyla" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E8%B9%84%E7%9B%AE" title="偶蹄目 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="偶蹄目" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E8%B9%84%E7%9B%AE" title="偶蹄目 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="偶蹄目" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%B1_s%C4%B1mey%C4%B1ni" title="Dı sımeyıni – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Dı sımeyıni" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evenoevihen" title="Evenoevihen – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Evenoevihen" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%B6%E8%B9%84%E7%9B%AE" title="偶蹄目 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="偶蹄目" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about whale traits and physical traits uniting whales with terrestrial artiodactyls.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Artiodactyl" title="Talk:Artiodactyl">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Order of mammals</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Artiodactyls<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">55.4–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.24923076923px; width:18.750769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.24923076923px; width:18.750769230769px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.24923076923px; width:16.750769230769px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> Early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg/300px-The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg/450px-The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg/600px-The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" usemap="#ImageMap_0b6185b6a6dd767a" resource="/wiki/File:The_Cetartiodactyla.jpg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_0b6185b6a6dd767a"><area href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,169" alt="Northern giraffe" title="Northern giraffe" /><area href="/wiki/American_bison" shape="rect" coords="100,0,200,84" alt="American bison" title="American bison" /><area href="/wiki/Red_deer" shape="rect" coords="100,188,200,84" alt="Red deer" title="Red deer" /><area href="/wiki/Orca" shape="rect" coords="300,169,200,113" alt="Orca" title="Orca" /><area href="/wiki/Wild_boar" shape="rect" coords="300,56,200,113" alt="Wild boar" title="Wild boar" /><area href="/wiki/Dromedary" shape="rect" coords="300,0,200,113" alt="Dromedary" title="Dromedary" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Clockwise from center: <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> (<i>Bison bison</i>), <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedary</a> (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>), <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> (<i>Sus scrofa</i>), <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> (<i>Orcinus orca</i>), <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">northern giraffe</a> (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Artiodactyla" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scrotifera" title="Scrotifera">Scrotifera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Grandorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferungulata" title="Ferungulata">Ferungulata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pan-Euungulata" title="Pan-Euungulata">Pan-Euungulata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mirorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">Euungulata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraxonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraxonia">Paraxonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artiodactyla</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Owen</a>, 1848</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Subdivisions </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artiofabula" title="Artiofabula">Artiofabula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetruminantia" title="Cetruminantia">Cetruminantia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancodonta" title="Ancodonta">Ancodonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> (historically excluded)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Cetartiodactyla<br /><small>Montgelard et al. 1997</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Artiodactyls</b> are <a href="/wiki/Placentalia" title="Placentalia">placental mammals</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">order</a> <b>Artiodactyla</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AR</span>-tee-oh-<span style="font-size:90%">DAK</span>-tih-lə</i></a>, from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i>ἄρτιος<i>, ártios</i> 'even' and <i> </i>δάκτυλος<i>, dáktylos</i> 'finger, toe'). Typically, they are <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">ungulates</a> which bear weight equally on two (an even number) of their five toes (the third and fourth, often in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Hoof" title="Hoof">hoof</a>). The other three toes are either present, absent, <a href="/wiki/Vestigial" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestigial">vestigial</a>, or pointing posteriorly. By contrast, most <a href="/wiki/Perissodactyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Perissodactyl">perissodactyls</a> bear weight on an odd number of the five toes. Another difference between the two orders is that many artiodactyls (except for <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a>) digest plant <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in one or more <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> chambers rather than in their <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a> (as perissodactyls do). Molecular biology, along with new fossil discoveries, has found that cetaceans (<a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>) fall within this taxonomic branch, being most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">hippopotamuses</a>. Some modern taxonomists thus apply the name <b>Cetartiodactyla</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɑːr/: 'ar' in 'far'">ɑːr</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>) to this group, while others opt to include cetaceans within the existing name of Artiodactyla. Some researchers use "<b>even-toed ungulates</b>" to exclude cetaceans and only include terrestrial artiodactyls, making the term <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a> in nature. </p><p>The roughly 270 land-based even-toed ungulate species include <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">pigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peccaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Peccaries">peccaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">hippopotamuses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">goats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">cattle</a>. Many are herbivores, but suids are omnivorous, whereas cetaceans are entirely carnivorous. Artiodactyls are also known by many extinct groups such as <a href="/wiki/Anoplotheriidae" title="Anoplotheriidae">anoplotheres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cainotheriidae" title="Cainotheriidae">cainotheriids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merycoidodontoidea" title="Merycoidodontoidea">merycoidodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entelodontidae" title="Entelodontidae">entelodonts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthracotheriidae" title="Anthracotheriidae">anthracotheres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilosauridae" title="Basilosauridae">basilosaurids</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palaeomerycidae" title="Palaeomerycidae">palaeomerycids</a>. Many artiodactyls are of great dietary, economic, and cultural importance to humans. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolutionary_history">Evolutionary history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Evolutionary history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">Evolution of cetaceans</a></div><p> The oldest fossils of even-toed ungulates date back to the early <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> (about 53 million years ago). Since these findings almost simultaneously appeared in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, it is very difficult to accurately determine the origin of artiodactyls. The fossils are classified as belonging to the family <a href="/wiki/Diacodexeidae" title="Diacodexeidae">Diacodexeidae</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Orliac2012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orliac2012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prothero2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boivin2018_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boivin2018-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their best-known and best-preserved member is <i><a href="/wiki/Diacodexis" title="Diacodexis">Diacodexis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Prothero2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prothero2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were small animals, some as small as a <a href="/wiki/Hare" title="Hare">hare</a>, with a slim build, lanky legs, and a long tail. Their hind legs were much longer than their front legs. The <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">early</a> to middle Eocene saw the emergence of the ancestors of most of today's mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaulding2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entelodon_Sp_Illustration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two large boar-like creatures graze." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Entelodon_Sp_Illustration.jpg/220px-Entelodon_Sp_Illustration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Entelodon_Sp_Illustration.jpg/330px-Entelodon_Sp_Illustration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Entelodon_Sp_Illustration.jpg/440px-Entelodon_Sp_Illustration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Entelodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Entelodont">Entelodonts</a> were stocky animals with a large head, and were characterized by bony bumps on the lower jaw.</figcaption></figure> <p>Two formerly widespread, but now extinct, families of even-toed ungulates were <a href="/wiki/Entelodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Entelodont">Entelodontidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthracotheriidae" title="Anthracotheriidae">Anthracotheriidae</a>. Entelodonts existed from the middle Eocene to the <a href="/wiki/Early_Miocene" title="Early Miocene">early Miocene</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> and North America. They had a stocky body with short legs and a massive head, which was characterized by two humps on the lower jaw bone. Anthracotheres had a large, porcine (<a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a>-like) build, with short legs and an elongated <a href="/wiki/Snout" title="Snout">muzzle</a>. This group appeared in the middle Eocene up until the <a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>, and spread throughout Eurasia, Africa, and North America. Anthracotheres are thought to be the ancestors of hippos, and, likewise, probably led a similar aquatic lifestyle. Hippopotamuses appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">late Miocene</a> and occupied Africa and Asia—they never got to the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaulding2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The camels (<a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a>) were, during large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>, limited to North America; early forms like <a href="/wiki/Cainotheriidae" title="Cainotheriidae">Cainotheriidae</a> occupied Europe. Among the North American camels were groups like the stocky, short-legged <a href="/wiki/Merycoidodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Merycoidodontidae">Merycoidodontidae</a>. They first appeared in the late Eocene and developed a great diversity of species in North America. Only in the late Miocene or early Pliocene did they migrate from North America into Eurasia. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_North_America#Camelidae" title="List of mammals of North America">North American varieties</a> became extinct around 10,000 years ago. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>) have been around since the Eocene. In the late Eocene or the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a>, two families stayed in Eurasia and Africa; the <a href="/wiki/Peccaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Peccaries">peccaries</a>, which became extinct in the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>, exist today only in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MEPAN_Sivatherium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A deer-like animal wanders through a clearing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MEPAN_Sivatherium.jpg/220px-MEPAN_Sivatherium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MEPAN_Sivatherium.jpg/330px-MEPAN_Sivatherium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/MEPAN_Sivatherium.jpg/440px-MEPAN_Sivatherium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1073" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sivatherium" title="Sivatherium">Sivatherium</a></i> was a relative of giraffes with deer-like forehead <a href="/wiki/Ossicone" title="Ossicone">ossicones</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> South America was <a href="/wiki/Great_American_Interchange" title="Great American Interchange">settled by even-toed ungulates</a> only in the Pliocene, after the <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridge</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Panama" title="Isthmus of Panama">Isthmus of Panama</a> formed some three million years ago. With only the peccaries, lamoids (or <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>), and various species of <a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">capreoline deer</a>, South America has <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_South_America#Order:_Artiodactyla_(even-toed_ungulates_and_cetaceans)" title="List of mammals of South America">comparatively fewer artiodactyl families</a> than other continents, except Australia, which has no native species.</p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anoplotherium_commune_quadrupedal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anoplotherium_commune_quadrupedal.png/220px-Anoplotherium_commune_quadrupedal.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anoplotherium_commune_quadrupedal.png/330px-Anoplotherium_commune_quadrupedal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Anoplotherium_commune_quadrupedal.png/440px-Anoplotherium_commune_quadrupedal.png 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Anoplotherium" title="Anoplotherium">Anoplotherium</a></i> was the first fossil artiodactyl genus to be named, with a history dating back to 1804. It lived in Europe as part of the endemic family <a href="/wiki/Anoplotheriidae" title="Anoplotheriidae">Anoplotheriidae</a> during the late Eocene-earliest Oligocene.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy_and_phylogeny">Taxonomy and phylogeny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Taxonomy and phylogeny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Herbert_Maguire_-_Richard_Owen_1850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Richard Owen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Thomas_Herbert_Maguire_-_Richard_Owen_1850.png/220px-Thomas_Herbert_Maguire_-_Richard_Owen_1850.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Thomas_Herbert_Maguire_-_Richard_Owen_1850.png/330px-Thomas_Herbert_Maguire_-_Richard_Owen_1850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Thomas_Herbert_Maguire_-_Richard_Owen_1850.png/440px-Thomas_Herbert_Maguire_-_Richard_Owen_1850.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> coined the term "even-toed ungulate".</figcaption></figure> <p>The classification of artiodactyls was hotly debated because ocean-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> evolved from land-dwelling even-toed ungulates. Some <a href="/wiki/Semiaquatic" title="Semiaquatic">semiaquatic</a> even-toed ungulates (<a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a>) are more closely related to ocean-dwelling cetaceans than to other even-toed ungulates. </p><p>Phylogenetic classification only recognizes <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> taxa; that is, groups that descend from a common ancestor and include all of its descendants. To address this problem, the traditional order Artiodactyla and infraorder <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> are sometimes subsumed into the more inclusive Cetartiodactyla taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-montgelard97_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montgelard97-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative approach is to include both land-dwelling even-toed ungulates and ocean-dwelling cetaceans in a revised Artiodactyla taxon.<sup id="cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaulding2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_artiodactyls" title="List of artiodactyls">List of artiodactyls</a></div> <ul><li><b>Order Artiodactyla</b>/<b>Clade Cetartiodactyla</b><sup id="cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spaulding2009-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Diacodexeidae" title="Diacodexeidae">Diacodexeidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amphimerycidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amphimerycidae (page does not exist)">Amphimerycidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robiacinidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robiacinidae (page does not exist)">Robiacinidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Cainotheriidae" title="Cainotheriidae">Cainotheriidae</a></li> <li><b>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></b> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anoplotheriidae" title="Anoplotheriidae">Anoplotheriidae</a>?</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Merycoidodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Merycoidodontidae">Merycoidodontidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agriochoeridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agriochoeridae (page does not exist)">Agriochoeridae</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">llamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuñas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanacos</a> (7 extant and 13 extinct species)</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Oromerycidae" title="Oromerycidae">Oromerycidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Xiphodontidae" title="Xiphodontidae">Xiphodontidae</a>?</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Protoceratidae" title="Protoceratidae">Protoceratidae</a>?</li></ul></li> <li><b>Clade <a href="/wiki/Artiofabula" title="Artiofabula">Artiofabula</a></b> <ul><li><b>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></b> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a>: pigs (19 species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Tayassuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayassuidae">Tayassuidae</a>: peccaries (4 species)</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Sanitheriidae" title="Sanitheriidae">Sanitheriidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Doliochoeridae" title="Doliochoeridae">Doliochoeridae</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Clade <a href="/wiki/Cetruminantia" title="Cetruminantia">Cetruminantia</a></b> <ul><li><b>Clade <a href="/wiki/Cetancodontamorpha" title="Cetancodontamorpha">Cetancodontamorpha</a></b> <ul><li>Genus <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Andrewsarchus" title="Andrewsarchus">Andrewsarchus</a></i>?</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Entelodontidae" title="Entelodontidae">Entelodontidae</a></li> <li><b>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></b> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Raoellidae" title="Raoellidae">Raoellidae</a></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichobunoidea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichobunoidea (page does not exist)">Dichobunoidea</a> – paraphyletic to Cetacea and Raoellidae <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dichobunidae" title="Dichobunidae">Dichobunidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Helohyidae" title="Helohyidae">Helohyidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Choeropotamidae" title="Choeropotamidae">Choeropotamidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cebochoeridae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cebochoeridae (page does not exist)">Cebochoeridae</a> (Family contains <a href="/wiki/Cebochoerus" title="Cebochoerus">Cebochoerus</a>)</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Mixtotheriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixtotheriidae">Mixtotheriidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Ancodonta" title="Ancodonta">Ancodonta</a></b> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anthracotheriidae" title="Anthracotheriidae">Anthracotheriidae</a> – paraphyletic to Hippopotamidae</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a>: hippos (two species)</li></ul></li> <li><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></b>: whales (about 90 species) <ul><li><b>Parvorder <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Archaeoceti" title="Archaeoceti">Archaeoceti</a></b> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Pakicetidae" title="Pakicetidae">Pakicetidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ambulocetidae" title="Ambulocetidae">Ambulocetidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Remingtonocetidae" title="Remingtonocetidae">Remingtonocetidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Basilosauridae" title="Basilosauridae">Basilosauridae</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Clade <a href="/wiki/Neoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoceti">Neoceti</a></b> <ul><li><b>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Mysticeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticeti">Mysticeti</a></b>: baleen whales <ul><li>Superfamily Balaenoidea: <a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">right whales</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Balaenidae" title="Balaenidae">Balaenidae</a>: greater <a href="/wiki/Right_whale" title="Right whale">right whales</a> (four species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cetotheriidae" title="Cetotheriidae">Cetotheriidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_right_whale" title="Pygmy right whale">pygmy right whale</a> (one species)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily Balaenopteroidea: large <a href="/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Balaenopteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaenopteridae">Balaenopteridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Balaenoptera" title="Balaenoptera">slender-back rorquals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a> (eight species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Eschrichtiidae" title="Eschrichtiidae">Eschrichtiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gray_whale" title="Gray whale">gray whale</a> (one species)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Parvorder <a href="/wiki/Odontoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</a></b>: toothed whales <ul><li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Delphinoidea" title="Delphinoidea">Delphinoidea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">oceanic dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, and others <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Delphinidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphinidae">Delphinidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_dolphin" title="Oceanic dolphin">oceanic true dolphins</a> (38 species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">Monodontidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Monodontidae" title="Monodontidae">Arctic whales</a>; <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga</a> (two species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Phocoenidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Phocoenidae">Phocoenidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a> (six species)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Physeteroidea" title="Physeteroidea">Physeteroidea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Physeteroidea" title="Physeteroidea">sperm whales</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Kogiidae" title="Kogiidae">Kogiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kogiidae" title="Kogiidae">lesser sperm whales</a> (two species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Physeteridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Physeteridae">Physeteridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a> (one species)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily <a href="/wiki/Platanistoidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanistoidea">Platanistoidea</a>: <a href="/wiki/River_dolphin" title="River dolphin">river dolphins</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Iniidae" title="Iniidae">Iniidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Iniidae" title="Iniidae">South American river dolphins</a> (two species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Lipotidae" title="Lipotidae">Lipotidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_river_dolphin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese river dolphin">Chinese river dolphin</a> (one species, possibly extinct)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Platanistidae" title="Platanistidae">Platanistidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_river_dolphin" title="South Asian river dolphin">South Asian river dolphin</a> (one species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Pontoporiidae" title="Pontoporiidae">Pontoporiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/La_Plata_dolphin" title="La Plata dolphin">La Plata dolphin</a> (one species)</li></ul></li> <li>Superfamily Ziphioidea <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Ziphiidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziphiidae">Ziphiidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Beaked_whale" title="Beaked whale">beaked whales</a> (22 species)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b>Total-group Ruminantia</b> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Anoplotheriidae" title="Anoplotheriidae">Anoplotheriidae</a>?</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Xiphodontidae" title="Xiphodontidae">Xiphodontidae</a>?</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Cainotheriidae" title="Cainotheriidae">Cainotheriidae</a>?</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Protoceratidae" title="Protoceratidae">Protoceratidae</a>?</li> <li><b>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a></b> <ul><li><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Tragulina" title="Tragulina">Tragulina</a></b> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leptomerycidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leptomerycidae (page does not exist)">Leptomerycidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hypertragulidae" title="Hypertragulidae">Hypertragulidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetragulidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praetragulidae (page does not exist)">Praetragulidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Gelocidae" title="Gelocidae">Gelocidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Bachitheriidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachitheriidae">Bachitheriidae</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Tragulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragulidae">Tragulidae</a>: chevrotains (ten species)</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeomerycidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeomerycidae (page does not exist)">Archaeomerycidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lophiomerycidae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lophiomerycidae (page does not exist)">Lophiomerycidae</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a></b> <ul><li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Palaeomerycidae" title="Palaeomerycidae">Palaeomerycidae</a></li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Dromomerycidae" title="Dromomerycidae">Dromomerycidae</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> (one species)</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Climacoceratidae" title="Climacoceratidae">Climacoceratidae</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a> and four species of <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a> (five species total)</li> <li>Family <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Hoplitomerycidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoplitomerycidae">Hoplitomerycidae</a></li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> (49 species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a> (seven species)</li> <li>Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">buffaloes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">caprines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> (135 species)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_history">Research history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Research history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Humpback whale swimming under water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/220px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/330px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg/440px-Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Molecular and morphological studies confirmed that cetaceans are the closest living relatives of hippopotamuses.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1990s, biological <a href="/wiki/Systematics" title="Systematics">systematics</a> used not only morphology and fossils to classify organisms, but also <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>. Molecular biology involves sequencing an organism's DNA and RNA and comparing the sequence with that of other living beings—the more similar they are, the more closely they are related. Comparison of even-toed ungulate and cetaceans genetic material has shown that the closest living relatives of <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">hippopotamuses</a> is the paraphyletic group Artiodactyla. </p><p>Dan Graur and Desmond Higgins were among the first to come to this conclusion, and included a paper published in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they did not recognize hippopotamuses and classified the <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> as the sister group of cetaceans. Subsequent studies established the close relationship between hippopotamuses and cetaceans; these studies were based on <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein genes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Short_interspersed_nuclear_element" title="Short interspersed nuclear element">SINEs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fibrinogen" title="Fibrinogen">fibrinogen</a> sequences,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cytochrome" title="Cytochrome">cytochrome</a> and <a href="/wiki/RRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RRNA">rRNA</a> sequences,<sup id="cite_ref-montgelard97_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-montgelard97-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/RBP3" title="RBP3">IRBP</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Von_Willebrand_factor" title="Von Willebrand factor">vWF</a>) gene sequences,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">adrenergic receptors</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Apolipoprotein" title="Apolipoprotein">apolipoproteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2001, the fossil limbs of a <i><a href="/wiki/Pakicetus" title="Pakicetus">Pakicetus</a></i> (amphibioid cetacean the size of a wolf) and <i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyolestes" title="Ichthyolestes">Ichthyolestes</a></i> (an early whale the size of a fox) were found in Pakistan. They were both <a href="/wiki/Archaeocete" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeocete">archaeocetes</a> ("ancient whales") from about 48 million years ago (in the Eocene). These findings showed that archaeocetes were more terrestrial than previously thought, and that the special construction of the <a href="/wiki/Talus_bone" title="Talus bone">talus</a> (ankle bone) with a double-rolled joint surface,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="What is a 'double-rolled joint surface'? (September 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> previously thought to be unique to even-toed ungulates, were also in early cetaceans.<sup id="cite_ref-MamEv_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MamEv-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mesonychia" title="Mesonychia">mesonychians</a>, another type of ungulate, did not show this special construction of the talus, and thus was concluded to not have the same ancestors as cetaceans.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippopotamus_amphibius.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hippo splashes in the water" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hippopotamus_amphibius.JPG/220px-Hippopotamus_amphibius.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hippopotamus_amphibius.JPG/330px-Hippopotamus_amphibius.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Hippopotamus_amphibius.JPG/440px-Hippopotamus_amphibius.JPG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption>Hippos are a geologically young group, which raises questions about their origin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest cetaceans date back to the early Eocene (53 million years ago), whereas the oldest known hippopotamus dates back only to the Miocene (15 million years ago). The hippopotamids are descended from the anthracotheres, a family of semiaquatic and terrestrial artiodactyls that appeared in the late Eocene, and are thought to have resembled small- or narrow-headed hippos. Research is therefore focused on anthracotheres (family Anthracotheriidae); one dating from the Eocene to Miocene was declared to be "hippo-like" upon discovery in the 19th century. A study from 2005 showed that the anthracotheres and hippopotamuses had very similar <a href="/wiki/Skull" title="Skull">skulls</a>, but differed in the adaptations of their teeth. It was nevertheless believed that cetaceans and anthracothereres descended from a common ancestor, and that hippopotamuses developed from anthracotheres. A study published in 2015 confirmed this, but also revealed that hippopotamuses were derived from older anthracotherians.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly introduced genus <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epirigenys&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epirigenys (page does not exist)">Epirigenys</a></i> from Eastern Africa is thus the sister group of hippos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_classification_of_Artiodactyla">Historical classification of Artiodactyla</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical classification of Artiodactyla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a> postulated a close relationship between camels and ruminants as early as the mid-1700s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Blainville" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri de Blainville">Henri de Blainville</a> recognized the similar anatomy of the limbs of pigs and hippos,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> and British zoologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a> coined the term "even-toed ungulates" and the scientific name "Artiodactyla" in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Internal morphology (mainly the stomach and the molars) were used for classification. <a href="/wiki/Suines" class="mw-redirect" title="Suines">Suines</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>) and hippopotamuses have molars with well-developed roots and a simple stomach that digests food. Thus, they were grouped together as non-ruminants (Porcine). All other even-toed ungulates have molars with a <a href="/wiki/Selenodont" title="Selenodont">selenodont</a> construction (crescent-shaped cusps) and have the ability to <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminate</a>, which requires regurgitating food and re-chewing it. Differences in stomach construction indicated that rumination evolved independently between <a href="/wiki/Tylopod" class="mw-redirect" title="Tylopod">tylopods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>; therefore, tylopods were excluded from <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a>. </p><p>The taxonomy that was widely accepted by the end of the 20th century was:<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (September 2016)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><div style="display:inline" class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap">Even-toed ungulates </span></div> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._80)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="730" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Selenodont" title="Selenodont">Selenodont</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_(Camelus_bactrianus).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png/50px-Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png/75px-Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png/100px-Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="131" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminants</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Tragulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragulidae">Tragulidae</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="298" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/50px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/75px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/100px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_classification_of_Cetacea">Historical classification of Cetacea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical classification of Cetacea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mesonyx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An illustration of a mesonychian, which looks like a wolf-like animal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mesonyx.jpg/220px-Mesonyx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mesonyx.jpg/330px-Mesonyx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mesonyx.jpg/440px-Mesonyx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3173" data-file-height="2203" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mesonychia" title="Mesonychia">mesonychians</a> were long considered ancestors of <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern cetaceans are highly adapted sea creatures which, morphologically, have little in common with land mammals; they are similar to other <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cow">sea cows</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>. However, they evolved from originally terrestrial mammals. The most likely ancestors were long thought to be mesonychians—large, carnivorous animals from the early Cenozoic (<a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a>), which had <a href="/wiki/Hooves" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooves">hooves</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a> on their feet. Their molars were adapted to a carnivorous diet, resembling the teeth in modern <a href="/wiki/Toothed_whale" title="Toothed whale">toothed whales</a>, and, unlike other mammals, had a uniform construction.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suspected relations can be shown as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Paraxonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraxonia">Paraxonia</a>  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="mw-redirect" title="Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/50px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/75px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/100px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> Cete  </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Mesonychia" title="Mesonychia">Mesonychia</a> <abbr title="Extinct">†</abbr><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Synoplotherium112DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Synoplotherium112DB.jpg/50px-Synoplotherium112DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Synoplotherium112DB.jpg/75px-Synoplotherium112DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Synoplotherium112DB.jpg/100px-Synoplotherium112DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1317" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p> <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowhead-Whale1_(16273933365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg/50px-Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg/75px-Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg/100px-Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inner_systematics">Inner systematics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Inner systematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular findings and morphological indications suggest that artiodactyls, as traditionally defined, are paraphyletic with respect to cetaceans. Cetaceans are deeply nested within the former; the two groups together form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> taxon, for which the name Cetartiodactyla is sometimes used. Modern nomenclature divides Artiodactyla (or Cetartiodactyla) in four subordinate taxa: camelids (Tylopoda), pigs and peccaries (Suina), ruminants (Ruminantia), and hippos plus cetaceans (Whippomorpha). </p><p>The presumed lineages within Artiodactyla can be represented in the following <a href="/wiki/Cladogram" title="Cladogram">cladogram</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-O'Leary2013_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Leary2013-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Song2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Song2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dos_Reis2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dos_Reis2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Upham2019_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Upham2019-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade" style="font-size:100%;line-height:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <b>Artiodactyla</b>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a> (camels) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_(Camelus_bactrianus).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png/50px-Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png/75px-Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png/100px-Cladogram_of_Cetacea_within_Artiodactyla_%28Camelus_bactrianus%29.png 2x" data-file-width="184" data-file-height="131" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Artiofabula" title="Artiofabula">Artiofabula</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a> (pigs) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_(Pl._80)_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Recherches_pour_servir_%C3%A0_l%27histoire_naturelle_des_mammif%C3%A8res_%28Pl._80%29_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="697" data-file-height="437" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> <a href="/wiki/Cetruminantia" title="Cetruminantia">Cetruminantia</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">  <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a> (ruminants)   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a> (mouse deer) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Tragulus_napu_-_1818-1842_-_Print_-_Iconographia_Zoologica_-_Special_Collections_University_of_Amsterdam_-_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="298" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> (horn bearers) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/50px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/75px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png/100px-Walia_ibex_illustration_white_background.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="421" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">  <a href="/wiki/Cetancodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetancodonta">Cetancodonta</a>   </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a> (hippopotamuses) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_(white_background).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg/50px-Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg/75px-Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg/100px-Voyage_en_Abyssinie_Plate_2_%28white_background%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="730" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>  <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a> (whales) <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bowhead-Whale1_(16273933365).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg/50px-Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg/75px-Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg/100px-Bowhead-Whale1_%2816273933365%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last">  (or <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a>)   </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelus_dromedarius_in_Singapore_Zoo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A camel chillaxing." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Camelus_dromedarius_in_Singapore_Zoo.JPG/220px-Camelus_dromedarius_in_Singapore_Zoo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Camelus_dromedarius_in_Singapore_Zoo.JPG/330px-Camelus_dromedarius_in_Singapore_Zoo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Camelus_dromedarius_in_Singapore_Zoo.JPG/440px-Camelus_dromedarius_in_Singapore_Zoo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camels</a> are now considered a sister group of <a href="/wiki/Artiofabula" title="Artiofabula">Artiofabula</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antilocapra_americana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pronghorn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Antilocapra_americana.jpg/220px-Antilocapra_americana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Antilocapra_americana.jpg/330px-Antilocapra_americana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Antilocapra_americana.jpg/440px-Antilocapra_americana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a> is the only extant antilocaprid.</figcaption></figure> <p>The four summarized Artiodactyla taxa are divided into ten extant families:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The camelids (<a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a>) comprise only one family, <a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a>. It is a species-poor artiodactyl suborder of North American origin<sup id="cite_ref-Cui2007_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cui2007-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is well adapted to extreme habitats—the <a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">dromedary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Bactrian</a> camels in the Old World deserts and the <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanacos</a>, llamas, <a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">vicuñas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">alpacas</a> in South American high mountain regions.</li> <li>The pig-like creatures (<a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a>) are made up of two families: <ul><li>The pigs (<a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a>) are limited to the Old World. These include the <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> and the domesticated form, the <a href="/wiki/Domestic_pig" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic pig">domestic pig</a>.</li> <li>The peccaries (<a href="/wiki/Tayassuidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayassuidae">Tayassuidae</a>) are named after glands on their belly and are indigenous to Central and South America.</li></ul></li> <li>The ruminants (<a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a>) consist of six families: <ul><li>The mouse deer (<a href="/wiki/Tragulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragulidae">Tragulidae</a>) are the smallest and most primitive even-toed-ruminants; they inhabit forests of Africa and Asia.</li> <li>The giraffe-like creatures (<a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a>) are composed of two species: the giraffe and the <a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a>.</li> <li>The musk deer (<a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a>) is indigenous to East Asia.</li> <li>The antilocaprids (<a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a>) of North America comprise only one extant species: the <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>.</li> <li>The deer (<a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a>) are made up of about 45 species, which are characterized by a pair of <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a> (generally only in males). They are spread across Europe, Asia, and the Americas. This group includes, among other species, the <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> (wapiti), and <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> (caribou).</li> <li>The bovids (<a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a>) are the most species-rich. Among them are <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">caprines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>, and more.</li></ul></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">whippomorphs</a> include hippos and cetaceans: <ul><li>The hippos (<a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a>) comprise two groups, the <a href="/wiki/Common_hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Common hippo">common hippo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pygmy hippo">pygmy hippo</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> comprise 72 species and two parvorders: toothed whales (<a href="/wiki/Odontoceti" class="mw-redirect" title="Odontoceti">Odontoceti</a>) and baleen whales (<a href="/wiki/Mysticeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mysticeti">Mysticeti</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Although deer, musk deer, and pronghorns have traditionally been summarized as cervids (Cervioidea), molecular studies provide different—and inconsistent—results, so the question of phylogenetic systematics of infraorder <a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> (the horned ruminants) for the time being, cannot be answered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indohyus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Illustration of an Indohyus, a mouse-like mammal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Indohyus_BW.jpg/220px-Indohyus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Indohyus_BW.jpg/330px-Indohyus_BW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Indohyus_BW.jpg/440px-Indohyus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>Reconstruction of <i><a href="/wiki/Indohyus" title="Indohyus">Indohyus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anatomy">Anatomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Anatomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg/220px-Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg/330px-Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg/440px-Blue_Duiker_skeleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Blue duiker (<i><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Philantomba monticola</a>)</i> skeleton on display at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Osteology" title="Museum of Osteology">Museum of Osteology</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Artiodactyls are generally <a href="/wiki/Quadruped" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadruped">quadrupeds</a>. Two major body types are known: suinids and hippopotamuses are characterized by a stocky body, short legs, and a large head; camels and ruminants, though, have a more slender build and lanky legs. Size varies considerably; the smallest member, the mouse deer, often reaches a body length of only 45 centimeters (18 in) and a weight of 1.5 kilograms (3.3 lb). The largest member, the hippopotamus, can grow up to 5 meters (16 ft) in length and weigh 4.5 metric tons (5 short tons), and the giraffe can grow to be 5.5 meters (18 ft) tall and 4.7 meters (15 ft) in body length. All even-toed ungulates display some form of <a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">sexual dimorphism</a>: the males are consistently larger and heavier than the females. In deer, only the males boast antlers, and the horns of <a href="/wiki/Bovines" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovines">bovines</a> are usually small or not present in females. Male <a href="/wiki/Indian_antelope" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian antelope">Indian antelopes</a> have a much darker coat than females. </p><p>Almost all even-toed ungulates have fur, with the exception being the nearly hairless hippopotamus. Fur varies in length and coloration depending on the habitat. Species in cooler regions can shed their coat. Camouflaged coats come in colors of yellow, gray, brown, or black tones. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Limbs">Limbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Limbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tragulus_javanicus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mouse deer, which looks like a mouse with tiny stilt-like deer legs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tragulus_javanicus.jpg/220px-Tragulus_javanicus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Tragulus_javanicus.jpg/330px-Tragulus_javanicus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Tragulus_javanicus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mouse_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mouse deer">mouse deer</a> is the smallest even-toed ungulate.</figcaption></figure> <p>Even-toed ungulates bear their name because they have an even number of <a href="/wiki/Toe" title="Toe">toes</a> (two or four)—in some peccaries, the <a href="/wiki/Hind_legs" class="mw-redirect" title="Hind legs">hind legs</a> have a reduction in the number of toes to three. The central axis of the leg is between the third and fourth toe. The first toe is missing in modern artiodactyls, and can only be found in now-extinct genera. The second and fifth toes are adapted differently between species: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippopotamus-foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hippopotamuses have all four toes pointing out."><img alt="Hippopotamuses have all four toes pointing out." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hippopotamus-foot.jpg/157px-Hippopotamus-foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hippopotamus-foot.jpg/236px-Hippopotamus-foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Hippopotamus-foot.jpg/315px-Hippopotamus-foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="401" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hippopotamuses have all four toes pointing out.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sow-foot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="For pigs and other biungulates the second and fifth toes are directed backwards."><img alt="For pigs and other biungulates the second and fifth toes are directed backwards." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sow-foot.jpg/210px-Sow-foot.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Sow-foot.jpg/315px-Sow-foot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Sow-foot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="301" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">For pigs and other biungulates the second and fifth toes are directed backwards.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dromedar-Fuss.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="When camels have only two toes present, the claws are transformed into nails."><img alt="When camels have only two toes present, the claws are transformed into nails." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dromedar-Fuss.jpg/240px-Dromedar-Fuss.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dromedar-Fuss.jpg/360px-Dromedar-Fuss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dromedar-Fuss.jpg/480px-Dromedar-Fuss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">When camels have only two toes present, the claws are transformed into nails.</div> </li> </ul> <p>When camels have only two toes present, the <a href="/wiki/Claw" title="Claw">claws</a> are transformed into <a href="/wiki/Nail_(anatomy)" title="Nail (anatomy)">nails</a> (while both are made of <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a>, claws are curved and pointed while nails are flat and dull).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These claws consist of three parts: the plate (top and sides), the sole (bottom), and the bale (rear). In general, the claws of the forelegs are wider and blunter than those of the hind legs, and they are farther apart. Aside from camels, all even-toed ungulates put just the tip of the foremost <a href="/wiki/Phalanx_bone" title="Phalanx bone"> phalanx</a> on the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_skeletons_with_Artiodactyls_highlighted.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Six hand skeletons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hand_skeletons_with_Artiodactyls_highlighted.png/250px-Hand_skeletons_with_Artiodactyls_highlighted.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hand_skeletons_with_Artiodactyls_highlighted.png/375px-Hand_skeletons_with_Artiodactyls_highlighted.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Hand_skeletons_with_Artiodactyls_highlighted.png/500px-Hand_skeletons_with_Artiodactyls_highlighted.png 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption> Diagrams of hand skeletons of various mammals, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Orangutan" title="Orangutan">orangutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>. Highlighted are the even-toed ungulates pig and cow.</figcaption></figure> <p>In even-toed ungulates, the bones of the stylopodium (upper arm or thigh bone) and <a href="/wiki/Zygopodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Zygopodium">zygopodiums</a> (tibia and fibula) are usually elongated. The muscles of the limbs are predominantly localized, which ensures that artiodactyls often have very slender legs. A <a href="/wiki/Clavicle" title="Clavicle">clavicle</a> is never present, and the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> is very agile and swings back and forth for added mobility when running. The special construction of the legs causes the legs to be unable to rotate, which allows for greater stability when running at high speeds. In addition, many smaller artiodactyls have a very flexible body, contributing to their speed by increasing their stride length. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head">Head</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Head"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many even-toed ungulates have a relatively large head. The skull is elongated and rather narrow; the <a href="/wiki/Frontal_bone" title="Frontal bone">frontal bone</a> is enlarged near the back and displaces the <a href="/wiki/Parietal_bone" title="Parietal bone">parietal bone</a>, which forms only part of the side of the cranium (especially in ruminants). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horns_and_antlers">Horns and antlers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Horns and antlers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gemsbok_Kgalagadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A gemsbok, a type of antelope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gemsbok_Kgalagadi.jpg/220px-Gemsbok_Kgalagadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gemsbok_Kgalagadi.jpg/330px-Gemsbok_Kgalagadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Gemsbok_Kgalagadi.jpg/440px-Gemsbok_Kgalagadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Outgrowths of the frontal bone characterize most forehead weapons carriers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">gemsbok</a> and its horns.</figcaption></figure> <p>Four families of even-toed ungulates have cranial appendages. These <a href="/wiki/Pecora" title="Pecora">Pecora</a> (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">musk deer</a>), have one of four types of cranial appendages: true horns, <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antlers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ossicone" title="Ossicone">ossicones</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DeMiguel_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeMiguel-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>True horns</i> have a bone core that is covered in a permanent sheath of keratin, and are found only in the <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">bovids</a>. <i>Antlers</i> are bony structures that are shed and replaced each year; they are found in deer (members of the family <a href="/wiki/Cervidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervidae">Cervidae</a>). They grow from a permanent outgrowth of the frontal bone called the pedicle and can be branched, as in the <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>), or <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/palmate">palmate</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> (<i>Alces alces</i>). <i>Ossicones</i> are permanent bone structures that fuse to the frontal or parietal bones during an animal's life and are found only in the <a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a>. <i>Pronghorns</i>, while similar to horns in that they have keratinous sheaths covering permanent bone cores, are deciduous.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Deciduous as in shed seasonally, or deciduous as in temporary (like baby teeth)? (September 2016)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-JS_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All these cranial appendages can serve for posturing, battling for mating privilege, and for defense. In almost all cases, they are sexually dimorphic, and are often found only on the males. One exception is the species <i>Rangifer tarandus</i>, known as <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> in Europe or caribou in North America, where both sexes can grow antlers yearly, though the females' antlers are typically smaller and not always present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teeth">Teeth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Teeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hirscheber1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A deer-pig with elongated lower canines that curve up, forming elephant-like tusks." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hirscheber1a.jpg/220px-Hirscheber1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hirscheber1a.jpg/330px-Hirscheber1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Hirscheber1a.jpg/440px-Hirscheber1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">canines</a> of Suinas develop into <a href="/wiki/Tusk" title="Tusk">tusks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <table cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center; border: solid 1px gray;" class="Zahnformel" align="right" border="1" rules="none"> <tbody><tr style="background-color: #eeeeee;"> <th colspan="2" style="border-bottom: solid 1px gray; width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Dental_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental formula">Dental formula</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom: solid 1px gray; width: 12.5%"><a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">I</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom: solid 1px gray; width: 12.5%"><a href="/wiki/Canine_tooth" title="Canine tooth">C</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom: solid 1px gray; width: 12.5%"><a href="/wiki/Premolar" title="Premolar">P</a> </th> <th style="border-bottom: solid 1px gray; width: 12.5%"><a href="/wiki/Molar_(tooth)" title="Molar (tooth)">M</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: right;">30–44 </td> <td rowspan="2">= </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid 1px black; color: #ffaa00;">0–3 </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid 1px black; color: #00dd00;">0–1 </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid 1px black; color: #dd00dd;">2–4 </td> <td style="border-bottom: solid 1px black; color: #0000ff;">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="color: #ffaa00;">1–3 </td> <td style="color: #00dd00;">1 </td> <td style="color: #dd00dd;">2–4 </td> <td style="color: #0000ff;">3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are two trends in terms of teeth within Artiodactyla. The Suina and hippopotamuses have a relatively large number of teeth (with some pigs having 44); their dentition is more adapted to a squeezing <a href="/wiki/Mastication" class="mw-redirect" title="Mastication">mastication</a>, which is characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>. Camels and ruminants have fewer teeth; there is often a yawning <a href="/wiki/Diastema" title="Diastema">diastema</a>, a designated gap in the teeth where the molars are aligned for crushing plant matter. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Incisor" title="Incisor">incisors</a> are often reduced in ruminants, and are completely absent in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper jaw">upper jaw</a>. The canines are enlarged and tusk-like in the Suina, and are used for digging in the ground and for defense. In ruminants, the males' upper canines are enlarged and used as a weapon in certain species (mouse deer, musk deer, <a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">water deer</a>); species with frontal weapons are usually missing the upper canines. The lower canines of ruminants resemble the incisors, so that these animals have eight uniform teeth in the frontal part of the <a href="/wiki/Lower_jaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower jaw">lower jaw</a>. </p><p>The molars of porcine have only a few bumps. In contrast, camels and ruminants have bumps that are crescent-shaped cusps (<a href="/wiki/Selenodont" title="Selenodont">selenodont</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Senses">Senses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Senses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artiodactyls have a well-developed sense of smell and sense of hearing. Unlike many other mammals, they have a poor sense of sight—moving objects are much easier to see than stationary ones. Similar to many other prey animals, their eyes are on the sides of the head, giving them an almost panoramic view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digestive_system">Digestive system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Digestive system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Warthog_Face_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A warthog." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warthog_Face_001.jpg/220px-Warthog_Face_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warthog_Face_001.jpg/330px-Warthog_Face_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Warthog_Face_001.jpg/440px-Warthog_Face_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1455" /></a><figcaption>Pigs (such as this <a href="/wiki/Warthog" title="Warthog">warthog</a>) have a simple sack-shaped stomach.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rothirsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A male deer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rothirsch.jpg/220px-Rothirsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rothirsch.jpg/330px-Rothirsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Rothirsch.jpg/440px-Rothirsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>As with all <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> have such a multi-chambered stomach, which is used for better digesting plant food.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a> (Ruminantia) ruminate their food—they regurgitate and re-chew it. Ruminants' mouths often have additional <a href="/wiki/Salivary_gland" title="Salivary gland">salivary glands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a> is often heavily calloused to avoid injury from hard plant parts and to allow easier transport of roughly chewed food. Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections: the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Omasum" title="Omasum">omasum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the food is ingested, it is mixed with saliva in the <a href="/wiki/Rumen" title="Rumen">rumen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reticulum_(anatomy)" title="Reticulum (anatomy)">reticulum</a> and separates into layers of solid versus liquid material. The solids lump together to form a <a href="/wiki/Bolus_(digestion)" title="Bolus (digestion)">bolus</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Cud" title="Cud">cud</a>); this is regurgitated by reticular contractions while the <a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a> is closed. When the bolus enters the mouth, the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and re-swallowed. The bolus is chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break it down. Ingested food passes to the "fermentation chamber" (rumen and reticulum), where it is kept in continual motion by rhythmic contractions. Cellulytic <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>) produce <a href="/wiki/Cellulase" title="Cellulase">cellulase</a>, which is needed to break down the cellulose found in plant material.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of digestion has two advantages: plants that are indigestible to other species can be digested and used, and the duration of the actual food consumption shortened; the animal spends only a short time out in the open with its head to the ground—rumination can take place later, in a sheltered area.<sup id="cite_ref-Shively1985_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shively1985-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a> (camels, llamas, and alpacas) and <a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">chevrotains</a> have three-chambered stomachs, while the rest of <a href="/wiki/Ruminantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminantia">Ruminantia</a> have four-chambered stomachs. The handicap of a heavy digestive system has increased selective pressure towards limbs that allow the animal to quickly escape predators.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most species within <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a> have a simple two-chambered stomach that allows for an <a href="/wiki/Omnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivorous">omnivorous</a> diet. The <a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">babirusa</a>, however, is a herbivore,<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has extra <a href="/wiki/Maxillary_teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxillary teeth">maxillary teeth</a> to allow for proper mastication of plant material. Most of the fermentation occurs with the help of cellulolytic microorganisms within the <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">caecum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Peccaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Peccaries">Peccaries</a> have a complex stomach that contains four compartments.<sup id="cite_ref-Shively1985_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shively1985-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their fore stomach has fermentation carried out by microbes and has high levels of <a href="/wiki/Volatile_fatty_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Volatile fatty acid">volatile fatty acid</a>; it has been proposed that their complex fore-stomach is a means to slow digestive passage and increase digestive efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Shively1985_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shively1985-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hippopotamuses have three-chambered stomachs and do not ruminate. They consume around 68 kilograms (150 lb) of grass and other plant matter each night. They may cover distances up to 32 kilometers (20 mi) to obtain food, which they digest with the help of microbes that produce cellulase. Their closest living relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Obligate_carnivore" class="mw-redirect" title="Obligate carnivore">obligate carnivores</a>. </p><p>Unlike other even-toed ungulates, pigs have a simple sack-shaped <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoM_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoM-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some artiodactyls, such as <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, lack a <a href="/wiki/Gall_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Gall bladder">gall bladder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genitourinary_system">Genitourinary system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Genitourinary system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_castration_-_a_book_for_the_use_of_students_and_practitioners_(1914)_(14597296668).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Animal_castration_-_a_book_for_the_use_of_students_and_practitioners_%281914%29_%2814597296668%29.jpg/119px-Animal_castration_-_a_book_for_the_use_of_students_and_practitioners_%281914%29_%2814597296668%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Animal_castration_-_a_book_for_the_use_of_students_and_practitioners_%281914%29_%2814597296668%29.jpg/179px-Animal_castration_-_a_book_for_the_use_of_students_and_practitioners_%281914%29_%2814597296668%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Animal_castration_-_a_book_for_the_use_of_students_and_practitioners_%281914%29_%2814597296668%29.jpg/238px-Animal_castration_-_a_book_for_the_use_of_students_and_practitioners_%281914%29_%2814597296668%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="2388" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_comparative_anatomy_of_the_domesticated_animals_(1908)_(20676871591).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_comparative_anatomy_of_the_domesticated_animals_%281908%29_%2820676871591%29.jpg/95px-The_comparative_anatomy_of_the_domesticated_animals_%281908%29_%2820676871591%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_comparative_anatomy_of_the_domesticated_animals_%281908%29_%2820676871591%29.jpg/143px-The_comparative_anatomy_of_the_domesticated_animals_%281908%29_%2820676871591%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/The_comparative_anatomy_of_the_domesticated_animals_%281908%29_%2820676871591%29.jpg/190px-The_comparative_anatomy_of_the_domesticated_animals_%281908%29_%2820676871591%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="2294" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Genitourinary system</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Bull" title="Bull">bull</a></div></div></div></div> <p>The penises of even-toed ungulates have an S-shape at rest and lie in a pocket under the skin on the belly.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Corpus_cavernosum_penis" title="Corpus cavernosum penis">corpora cavernosa</a> are only slightly developed; and an <a href="/wiki/Erection" title="Erection">erection</a> mainly causes this curvature to extend, which leads to an extension, but not a thickening, of the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>. Cetaceans have similar penises.<sup id="cite_ref-Gille_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gille-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some even-toed ungulates, the penis contains a structure called the <i>urethral process.</i><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testicles</a> are located in the <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> and thus outside the <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_cavity" title="Abdominal cavity">abdominal cavity</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> of many females descend—as the testicles descend of many male mammals—and are close to the <a href="/wiki/Pelvic_inlet" title="Pelvic inlet">pelvic inlet</a> at the level of the fourth <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar vertebra</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> has two horns (<a href="/wiki/Uterine_horns" title="Uterine horns">uterus bicornis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Gille_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gille-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_japanese_serows.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two Japanese serows (goat-antelopes) sit together." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lightmatter_japanese_serows.jpg/220px-Lightmatter_japanese_serows.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lightmatter_japanese_serows.jpg/330px-Lightmatter_japanese_serows.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Lightmatter_japanese_serows.jpg/440px-Lightmatter_japanese_serows.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow</a> has glands in the eyes that are clearly visible.</figcaption></figure> <p>The number of <a href="/wiki/Mammary_gland" title="Mammary gland">mammary glands</a> is variable and correlates, as in all mammals, with <a href="/wiki/Litter_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Litter (animal)">litter size</a>. Pigs, which have the largest litter size of all even-toed ungulates, have two rows of <a href="/wiki/Teat" title="Teat">teats</a> lined from the armpit to the groin area. In most cases, however, even-toed ungulates have only one or two pairs of teats. In some species these form an <a href="/wiki/Udder" title="Udder">udder</a> in the groin region. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exocrine_gland" title="Exocrine gland">Secretory glands</a> in the skin are present in virtually all species and can be located in different places, such as in the eyes, behind the horns, the neck, or back, on the feet, or in the anal region. </p><p>Artiodactyls have a <a href="/wiki/Carotid_rete" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotid rete">carotid rete</a> heat exchange that enables them, unlike perissodactyls which lack one, to regulate their brain temperature independently of their bodies. It has been argued that its presence explains the greater success of artiodactyls compared to perissodactyls in being able to adapt to diverse environments from the Arctic Circle to deserts and tropical savannahs.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_Lust_2008_pp._415–418_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_Lust_2008_pp._415–418-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Distribution and habitat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artiodactyls are native to almost all parts of the world, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. Humans have introduced different artiodactyls worldwide as hunting animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pough2005_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artiodactyls inhabit almost every habitat, from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical rainforests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a> to <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">deserts</a> and high <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain regions</a>. The greatest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> prevails in open habitats such as <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a> and open forests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_behavior">Social behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impalas_and_Giraffes_Benh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two giraffes stand, surrounded by impalas (a type of antelope)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Impalas_and_Giraffes_Benh.jpg/220px-Impalas_and_Giraffes_Benh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Impalas_and_Giraffes_Benh.jpg/330px-Impalas_and_Giraffes_Benh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Impalas_and_Giraffes_Benh.jpg/440px-Impalas_and_Giraffes_Benh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Artiodactyls, like <a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">impalas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, live in groups.</figcaption></figure> <p>The social behavior of even-toed ungulates varies from species to species. Generally, there is a tendency to merge into larger groups, but some live alone or in pairs. Species living in groups often have a <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">hierarchy</a>, both among males and females. Some species also live in <a href="/wiki/Harem_(zoology)" title="Harem (zoology)">harem groups</a>, with one male, several females, and their common offspring. In other species, the females and juveniles stay together, while males are solitary or live in bachelor groups and seek out females only during <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating season</a>. </p><p>Many artiodactyls are <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territorial</a> and mark their territory, for example, with <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)#Scent_marking" title="Territory (animal)">glandular secretions or urine</a>. In addition to year-round sedentary species, there are animals that <a href="/wiki/Animal_migration" title="Animal migration">migrate</a> seasonally. </p><p>There are <a href="/wiki/Diurnality" title="Diurnality">diurnal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crepuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Crepuscular">crepuscular</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nocturnal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nocturnal">nocturnal</a> artiodactyls. Some species' pattern of wakefulness varies with season or habitat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reproduction_and_life_expectancy">Reproduction and life expectancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reproduction and life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildebeest_calves,_Kruger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Roaming wildebeests" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wildebeest_calves%2C_Kruger.jpg/220px-Wildebeest_calves%2C_Kruger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wildebeest_calves%2C_Kruger.jpg/330px-Wildebeest_calves%2C_Kruger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Wildebeest_calves%2C_Kruger.jpg/440px-Wildebeest_calves%2C_Kruger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="838" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Most artiodactyls, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a>, are born with hair.</figcaption></figure> <p>Generally, even-toed ungulates tend to have long <a href="/wiki/Gestation_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Gestation period">gestation periods</a>, smaller litter sizes, and more highly developed newborns. As with many other mammals, species in <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">polar</a> regions have a fixed <a href="/wiki/Mating_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Mating season">mating season</a>, while those in <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> areas breed year-round. They carry out polygynous mating behavior, meaning a male mates with several females and suppresses all competition. </p><p>The length of the gestation period varies from four to five months for porcine, deer, and musk deer; six to ten months for hippos, deer, and bovines; ten to thirteen months with camels; and fourteen to fifteen months with giraffes. Most deliver one or two babies, but some pigs can deliver up to ten. </p><p>The newborns are <a href="/wiki/Precocial" class="mw-redirect" title="Precocial">precocial</a> (born relatively mature) and come with open eyes and are hairy (with the exception of the hairless hippos). Juvenile deer and pigs have striped or spotted coats; the pattern disappears as they grow older. The juveniles of some species spend their first weeks with their mother in a safe location, where others may be running and following the herd within a few hours or days. </p><p>Life expectancy is typically twenty to thirty years; as in many mammals, smaller species often have a shorter lifespan than larger species. The artiodactyls with the longest lifespans are the hippos, cows, and camels, which can live 40 to 50 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predators_and_parasites">Predators and parasites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Predators and parasites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Artiodactyls have different <a href="/wiki/Natural_predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural predator">natural predators</a> depending on their size and habitat. There are several <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> that prey on them, including <a href="/wiki/Large_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Large cat">large cats</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a>. Other predators are <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolves">wolves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a>, large <a href="/wiki/Raptor_(bird)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raptor (bird)">raptors</a>, and for small species and young animals, large <a href="/wiki/Snake" title="Snake">snakes</a>. For cetaceans, possible predators include sharks, polar bears, and other cetaceans; in the latter is the orca, the top predator of the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">Parasites</a> include <a href="/wiki/Nematode" title="Nematode">nematodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Botflies">botflies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flea" title="Flea">fleas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Fluke_(parasite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluke (parasite)">flukes</a>, but they have debilitating effects only when the infestation is severe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interactions_with_humans">Interactions with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Interactions with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestication">Domestication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Domestication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestication of animals">Domestication of animals</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ardiak_bazkan_ari_dira.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sheep on a farm" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ardiak_bazkan_ari_dira.JPG/220px-Ardiak_bazkan_ari_dira.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ardiak_bazkan_ari_dira.JPG/330px-Ardiak_bazkan_ari_dira.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Ardiak_bazkan_ari_dira.JPG/440px-Ardiak_bazkan_ari_dira.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Some artiodactyls, like <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, have been domesticated for thousands of years.</figcaption></figure> <p>Artiodactyls have been hunted by primitive humans for various reasons: for meat or <a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">fur</a>, as well as to use their bones and teeth as weapons or tools. Their <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domestication</a> began around 8000 BCE. To date, humans have domesticated <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, camels, llamas, alpacas, and <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a>. Initially, livestock was used primarily for food, but they began being used for work activities around 3000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clear evidence exists of antelope being used for food 2 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Olduvai_Gorge" title="Olduvai Gorge">Olduvai Gorge</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Rift_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnon" title="Cro-Magnon">Cro-Magnons</a> relied heavily on reindeer for food, skins, tools, and weapons; with dropping temperatures and increased reindeer numbers at the end of the Pleistocene, they became the prey of choice. Reindeer remains accounted for 94% of bones and teeth found in a cave above the river <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9ou" title="Céou">Céou</a> that was inhabited around 12,500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, most even-toed ungulates can be consumed as a <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">Kosher</a> meat, with the principal exception of <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a> (pigs, etc.) and <a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">hippopotamids</a>, which are even-toed animals but do not <a href="/wiki/Ruminants" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruminants">chew the cud</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a>, which, for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Rabbinical Law</a>, are considered to be scaleless fish, and thus not Kosher. </p><p>Today, artiodactyls are kept primarily for their meat, milk, and <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, fur, or <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hide</a> for clothing. Domestic cattle, the <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yak</a>, and camels are used for work, as rides, or as <a href="/wiki/Pack_animal" title="Pack animal">pack animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2016)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Threats">Threats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ur-painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of an aurochs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ur-painting.jpg/220px-Ur-painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ur-painting.jpg/330px-Ur-painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ur-painting.jpg/440px-Ur-painting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> has been extinct since the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The endangerment level of each even-toed ungulate is different. Some species are <a href="/wiki/Synanthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Synanthropic">synanthropic</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>) and have spread into areas that they are not indigenous to, either having been brought in as farm animals or having run away as people's pets. Some artiodactyls also benefit from the fact that their predators (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">Tasmanian tiger</a>) were severely decimated by ranchers, who saw them as competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Pough2005_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pough2005-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, many artiodactyls have declined significantly in numbers, and some have even gone extinct, largely due to <a href="/wiki/Over-hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-hunting">over-hunting</a>, and, more recently, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>. Extinct species include several gazelles, the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_hippopotamus" title="Malagasy hippopotamus">Malagasy hippopotamus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bluebuck" title="Bluebuck">bluebuck</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schomburgk%27s_deer" title="Schomburgk's deer">Schomburgk's deer</a>. Two species, the <a href="/wiki/Scimitar-horned_oryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scimitar-horned oryx">Scimitar-horned oryx</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a>. Fourteen species are considered <a href="/wiki/Critically_endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically endangered">critically endangered</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">addax</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kouprey" title="Kouprey">kouprey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">wild Bactrian camel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Saiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Saiga">saiga</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">pygmy hog</a>. Twenty-four species are considered <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Okapi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/32px-Okapi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/48px-Okapi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Okapi2.jpg/64px-Okapi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1482" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mammals" title="Portal:Mammals">Mammals portal</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Orliac2012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Orliac2012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOrliacBenoitO'Leary2012" class="citation journal cs1">Orliac, M.J.; Benoit, J.; O'Leary, M.A. (November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482349">"The inner ear of <i>Diacodexis</i>, the oldest artiodactyl mammal"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>21</b> (5): 417–426. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2012.01562.x">10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01562.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3482349">3482349</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22938073">22938073</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2010691">2010691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=The+inner+ear+of+Diacodexis%2C+the+oldest+artiodactyl+mammal&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=417-426&rft.date=2012-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3482349%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2010691%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22938073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2012.01562.x&rft.aulast=Orliac&rft.aufirst=M.J.&rft.au=Benoit%2C+J.&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+M.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3482349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prothero2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prothero2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheodorErfurtGrégoire_Métais2007" class="citation book cs1">Theodor, Jessica M.; Erfurt, Jörg; Grégoire Métais (23 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qO8H_alEofAC&pg=PA32">"The earliest artiodactyls: Diacodexeidae, Dichobunidae, Homacodontidae, Leptochoeridae and Raoellidae"</a>. In Prothero, Donald R.; Foss, Scott E. (eds.). <i>Evolution of Artiodactyls</i>. Johns Hopkins University. pp. 32–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801887352" title="Special:BookSources/9780801887352"><bdi>9780801887352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+earliest+artiodactyls%3A+Diacodexeidae%2C+Dichobunidae%2C+Homacodontidae%2C+Leptochoeridae+and+Raoellidae&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Artiodactyls&rft.pages=32-58&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University&rft.date=2007-10-23&rft.isbn=9780801887352&rft.aulast=Theodor&rft.aufirst=Jessica+M.&rft.au=Erfurt%2C+J%C3%B6rg&rft.au=Gr%C3%A9goire+M%C3%A9tais&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqO8H_alEofAC%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boivin2018-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boivin2018_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoivinOrliac2018" class="citation journal cs1">Boivin, M.; Orliac, M.J.; et al. (September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03052875/file/Boivin_etal_Geobios_2018.pdf">"New material of <i>Diacodexis</i> (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from the early Eocene of Southern Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Geobios</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 285–306. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Geobi..51..285B">2018Geobi..51..285B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geobios.2018.06.003">10.1016/j.geobios.2018.06.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:134967454">134967454</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302025914/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03052875/file/Boivin_etal_Geobios_2018.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geobios&rft.atitle=New+material+of+Diacodexis+%28Mammalia%2C+Artiodactyla%29+from+the+early+Eocene+of+Southern+Europe&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=285-306&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A134967454%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geobios.2018.06.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Geobi..51..285B&rft.aulast=Boivin&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Orliac%2C+M.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-03052875%2Ffile%2FBoivin_etal_Geobios_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spaulding2009-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spaulding2009_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpauldingO'LearyGatesy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Spaulding, M; O'Leary, MA; Gatesy, J (2009). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+new+phylogenetic+marker%2C+apolipoprotein+B%2C+provides+compelling+evidence+for+eutherian+relationships&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=225-240&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12878460&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs1055-7903%2803%2900118-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003MolPE..28..225A&rft.aulast=Amrine-Madsen&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft.au=Koepfli%2C+Klaus-Peter&rft.au=Wayne%2C+Robert+K.&rft.au=Springer%2C+Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F10647632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MamEv-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MamEv_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavageLong1986" class="citation book cs1">Savage, R. J. G.; Long, M. R. (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava"><i>Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide</i></a></span>. New York: Facts on File. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/208">208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-1194-0"><bdi>978-0-8160-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mammal+Evolution%3A+an+illustrated+guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-1194-0&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=R.+J.+G.&rft.au=Long%2C+M.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmammalevolutioni0000sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceBininda-EmondsGittleman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Price, Samantha A.; Bininda-Emonds, Olaf R. P.; Gittleman, John L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7665216">"A complete phylogeny of the whales, dolphins and even-toed hoofed mammals (Cetartiodactyla)"</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>80</b> (3): 445–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1464793105006743">10.1017/s1464793105006743</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16094808">16094808</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45056197">45056197</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904193253/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/7665216_A_complete_phylogeny_of_the_whales_dolphins_and_even-toed_hoofed_mammals_Cetartiodactyla">Archived</a> from the original on 4 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+complete+phylogeny+of+the+whales%2C+dolphins+and+even-toed+hoofed+mammals+%28Cetartiodactyla%29&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=445-73&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45056197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16094808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1464793105006743&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Samantha+A.&rft.au=Bininda-Emonds%2C+Olaf+R.+P.&rft.au=Gittleman%2C+John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F7665216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._Rose2005" class="citation book cs1">D. Rose, Kenneth (2005). J. David Archibald (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DhchVG_rbQ8C&pg=PA216"><i>The Rise of Placental Mammals: Origins and Relationships of the Major Extant Clades</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801880223" title="Special:BookSources/9780801880223"><bdi>9780801880223</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240621034329/https://books.google.com/books?id=DhchVG_rbQ8C&pg=PA216#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Placental+Mammals%3A+Origins+and+Relationships+of+the+Major+Extant+Clades&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780801880223&rft.aulast=D.+Rose&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDhchVG_rbQ8C%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen1848" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Owen, Richard</a> (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37048577">"Description of Teeth and portions of Jaws of two extinct Anthracotherioid Quadrupeds (Hyopotamus vectianus and Hyop. bovinus) discovered by the Marchioness of Hastings in the Eocene Deposits on the N.W. coast of the Isle of Wight: with an attempt to develope Cuvier's idea of the Classification of Pachyderms by the Number of their Toes"</a>. <i>Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of London</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 103–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1848.004.01-02.21">10.1144/GSL.JGS.1848.004.01-02.21</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231106171352/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37048577">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+the+Geological+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Description+of+Teeth+and+portions+of+Jaws+of+two+extinct+Anthracotherioid+Quadrupeds+%28Hyopotamus+vectianus+and+Hyop.+bovinus%29+discovered+by+the+Marchioness+of+Hastings+in+the+Eocene+Deposits+on+the+N.W.+coast+of+the+Isle+of+Wight%3A+with+an+attempt+to+develope+Cuvier%27s+idea+of+the+Classification+of+Pachyderms+by+the+Number+of+their+Toes&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-141&rft.date=1848&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FGSL.JGS.1848.004.01-02.21&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fpage%2F37048577&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">etwa noch bei Nowak (1999) oder Hendrichs (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndoFujiwara2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ando, Konami; Fujiwara, Shin-ichi (10 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108153">"Farewell to life on land - thoracic strength as a new indicator to determine paleoecology in secondary aquatic mammals"</a>. <i>Journal of Anatomy</i>. <b>229</b> (6): 768–777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoa.12518">10.1111/joa.12518</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8782">0021-8782</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5108153">5108153</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27396988">27396988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Anatomy&rft.atitle=Farewell+to+life+on+land+-+thoracic+strength+as+a+new+indicator+to+determine+paleoecology+in+secondary+aquatic+mammals&rft.volume=229&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=768-777&rft.date=2016-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5108153%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0021-8782&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27396988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjoa.12518&rft.aulast=Ando&rft.aufirst=Konami&rft.au=Fujiwara%2C+Shin-ichi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5108153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKennaBell1997" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Malcolm C.; Bell, Susan K. (1997). <i><span></span>'Classification of Mammals - Above the Species Level</i>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-11013-6"><bdi>978-0-231-11013-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Classification+of+Mammals+-+Above+the+Species+Level&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11013-6&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Malcolm+C.&rft.au=Bell%2C+Susan+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2006" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, N.R. 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ScienceDaily. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081022110102/http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/09/030923065212.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bones+From+French+Cave+Show+Neanderthals%2C+Cro-Magnon+Hunted+Same+Prey&rft.pub=ScienceDaily&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedaily.com%2Freleases%2F2003%2F09%2F030923065212.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay,_J.2004" class="citation book cs1">Clay, J. 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Washington, D.C., US: Island Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-370-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55963-370-3"><bdi>978-1-55963-370-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Agriculture+and+the+Environment%3A+A+Commodity-by-Commodity+Guide+to+Impacts+and+Practices&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+US&rft.pub=Island+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55963-370-3&rft.au=Clay%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iucnredlist.org/search">"Cetartiodactyla"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110805065610/http://www.iucnredlist.org/apps/redlist/search">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cetartiodactyla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.org/pages/7678/details">"Artiodactyla"</a>. Encyclopedia of Life. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141013110619/http://eol.org/pages/7678/details">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Artiodactyla&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+of+Life&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feol.org%2Fpages%2F7678%2Fdetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtiodactyl" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Artiodactyl&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/artiodactyl" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:artiodactyl"> artiodactyl</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ultimateungulate.com/NewTaxonomy.html">Ungulate Taxonomy: A new perspective from Groves and Grubb (2011)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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href="/wiki/Cingulata" title="Cingulata">Cingulata <small>(Armadillos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilosa" title="Pilosa">Pilosa <small>(Anteaters and sloths)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrotheria" title="Afrotheria">Afrotheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida <small>(Tenrecs and golden moles)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_shrew" title="Elephant shrew">Macroscelidea <small>(Elephant shrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orycteropodidae" title="Orycteropodidae">Tubulidentata <small>(Aardvarks)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">Hyracoidea <small>(Hyraxes)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proboscidea" title="Proboscidea">Proboscidea <small>(Elephants)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenia" title="Sirenia">Sirenia <small>(Dugongs and manatees)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boreoeutheria" title="Boreoeutheria">Boreoeutheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla <small>(Hedgehogs, shrews, moles and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">Chiroptera <small>(Bats)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangolin" title="Pangolin">Pholidota <small>(Pangolins)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnivora" title="Carnivora">Carnivora <small>(Dogs, cats and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odd-toed_ungulate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odd-toed ungulate">Perissodactyla <small>(Horses, zebras, donkeys, rhinoceroses and tapirs)</small></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artiodactyla <small>(Pigs, camels, hippos, deer, buffalo, gazelles, giraffes, whales, dolphins and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euarchontoglires" title="Euarchontoglires">Euarchontoglires</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">Rodentia <small>(Rats, guinea pigs, squirrels, beavers, chinchillas, porcupines, capybaras and relatives)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagomorpha" title="Lagomorpha">Lagomorpha <small>(Rabbits, hares and pikas)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treeshrew" title="Treeshrew">Scandentia <small>(Treeshrews)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colugo" title="Colugo">Dermoptera <small>(Colugos)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates <small>(Lorises, lemurs, tarsiers, monkeys, apes (including humans) and relatives)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Extant_Artiodactyla_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Artiodactyla" title="Template talk:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artiodactyla"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Extant_Artiodactyla_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Extant <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Artiodactyla</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></li> <li>Infraclass: <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a></li> <li>Superorder: <a href="/wiki/Laurasiatheria" title="Laurasiatheria">Laurasiatheria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Ruminantia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">Ruminantia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilocapridae" title="Antilocapridae">Antilocapridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antilocapra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Antilocapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">Pronghorn (<i>A. americana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giraffidae" title="Giraffidae">Giraffidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">Okapi (<i>O. johnstoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">Giraffa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_giraffe" title="Northern giraffe">Northern giraffe (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_giraffe" title="Southern giraffe">Southern giraffe (<i>G. giraffa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulated_giraffe" title="Reticulated giraffe">Reticulated giraffe (<i>G. reticulata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masai_giraffe" title="Masai giraffe">Masai giraffe (<i>G. tippelskirchi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Moschidae" title="Moschidae">Moschidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moschus" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Musk_deer" title="Musk deer">Moschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anhui_musk_deer" title="Anhui musk deer">Anhui musk deer (<i>M. anhuiensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_musk_deer" title="Dwarf musk deer">Dwarf musk deer (<i>M. berezovskii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_musk_deer" title="Alpine musk deer">Alpine musk deer (<i>M. chrysogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_musk_deer" title="Kashmir musk deer">Kashmir musk deer (<i>M. cupreus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_musk_deer" title="Black musk deer">Black musk deer (<i>M. fuscus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_musk_deer" title="White-bellied musk deer">Himalayan musk deer (<i>M. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_musk_deer" title="Siberian musk deer">Siberian musk deer (<i>M. moschiferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chevrotain" title="Chevrotain">Tragulidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Hyemoschus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_chevrotain" title="Water chevrotain">Water chevrotain (<i>H. aquaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moschiola" title="Moschiola">Moschiola</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_spotted_chevrotain" title="Indian spotted chevrotain">Indian spotted chevrotain (<i>M. indica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-striped_chevrotain" title="Yellow-striped chevrotain">Yellow-striped chevrotain (<i>M. kathygre</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_spotted_chevrotain" title="Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain">Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (<i>M. meminna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragulus" title="Tragulus">Tragulus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_mouse-deer" title="Java mouse-deer">Java mouse-deer (<i>T. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_mouse-deer" title="Lesser mouse-deer">Lesser mouse-deer (<i>T. kanchil</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_mouse-deer" title="Greater mouse-deer">Greater mouse-deer (<i>T. napu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mouse-deer" title="Philippine mouse-deer">Philippine mouse-deer (<i>T. nigricans</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_mouse-deer" title="Vietnam mouse-deer">Vietnam mouse-deer (<i>T. versicolor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamson%27s_mouse-deer" title="Williamson's mouse-deer">Williamson's mouse-deer (<i>T. williamsoni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large family listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Cervidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Cervidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cervinae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cervinae" title="Cervinae">Cervinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muntjac" title="Muntjac">Muntiacus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_yellow_muntjac" title="Bornean yellow muntjac">Bornean yellow muntjac (<i>M. atherodes</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hairy-fronted_muntjac" title="Hairy-fronted muntjac">Hairy-fronted muntjac (<i>M. crinifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fea%27s_muntjac" title="Fea's muntjac">Fea's muntjac (<i>M. feae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongshan_muntjac" title="Gongshan muntjac">Gongshan muntjac (<i>M. gongshanensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatran_muntjac" title="Sumatran muntjac">Sumatran muntjac (<i>M. montanus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_red_muntjac" title="Southern red muntjac">Southern red muntjac (<i>M. muntjak</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu_Hoat_muntjac" title="Pu Hoat muntjac">Pu Hoat muntjac (<i>M. puhoatensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_muntjac" title="Leaf muntjac">Leaf muntjac (<i>M. putaoensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac (<i>M. reevesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt%27s_muntjac" title="Roosevelt's muntjac">Roosevelt's muntjac (<i>M. rooseveltorum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truong_Son_muntjac" title="Truong Son muntjac">Truong Son muntjac (<i>M. truongsonensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_red_muntjac" title="Northern red muntjac">Northern red muntjac (<i>M. vaginalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_muntjac" title="Giant muntjac">Giant muntjac (<i>M. vuquangensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Elaphodus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tufted_deer" title="Tufted deer">Tufted deer (<i>E. cephalophus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dama_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dama (genus)">Dama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_fallow_deer" title="European fallow deer">European fallow deer (<i>D. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_fallow_deer" title="Persian fallow deer">Persian fallow deer (<i>D. mesopotamica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Axis_(genus)" title="Axis (genus)">Axis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chital" title="Chital">Chital (<i>A. axis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calamian_deer" title="Calamian deer">Calamian deer (<i>A. calamianensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_deer" title="Bawean deer">Bawean deer (<i>A. kuhlii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_hog_deer" title="Indian hog deer">Hog deer (<i>A. porcinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rucervus" title="Rucervus">Rucervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barasingha" title="Barasingha">Barasingha (<i>R. duvaucelii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eld%27s_deer" title="Eld's deer">Eld's deer (<i>R. eldii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphurus" title="Elaphurus">Elaphurus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_David%27s_deer" title="Père David's deer">Père David's deer (<i>E. davidianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rusa_(genus)" title="Rusa (genus)">Rusa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_spotted_deer" title="Visayan spotted deer">Visayan spotted deer (<i>R. alfredi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_deer" title="Philippine deer">Philippine sambar (<i>R. mariannus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Rusa deer (<i>R. timorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambar_deer" title="Sambar deer">Sambar (<i>R. unicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Cervus" title="Cervus">Cervus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thorold%27s_deer" title="Thorold's deer">Thorold's deer (<i>C. albirostris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">Red deer (<i>C. elaphus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk (<i>C. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_red_deer" title="Central Asian red deer">Central Asian red deer (<i>C. hanglu</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sika_deer" title="Sika deer">Sika deer (<i>C. nippon</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capreolinae" title="Capreolinae">Capreolinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Alces</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose (<i>A. alces</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Hydropotes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_deer" title="Water deer">Water deer (<i>H. inermis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capreolus" title="Capreolus">Capreolus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">European roe deer (<i>C. capreolus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_roe_deer" title="Siberian roe deer">Siberian roe deer (<i>C. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Rangifer</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">Reindeer (<i>R. tarandus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippocamelus" title="Hippocamelus">Hippocamelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taruca" title="Taruca">Taruca (<i>H. antisensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Andean_deer" title="South Andean deer">South Andean deer (<i>H. bisulcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Brocket_deer" title="Brocket deer">Mazama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_brocket" title="Red brocket">Red brocket (<i>M. americana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_red_brocket" title="Small red brocket">Small red brocket (<i>M. bororo</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merida_brocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Merida brocket">Merida brocket (<i>M. bricenii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_brocket" title="Dwarf brocket">Dwarf brocket (<i>M. chunyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_brocket" title="Gray brocket">Gray brocket (<i>M. gouazoubira</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_brocket" title="Pygmy brocket">Pygmy brocket (<i>M. nana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_brown_brocket" title="Amazonian brown brocket">Amazonian brown brocket (<i>M. nemorivaga</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_red_brocket" title="Little red brocket">Little red brocket (<i>M. rufina</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_red_brocket" title="Central American red brocket">Central American red brocket (<i>M. temama</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Ozotoceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pampas_deer" title="Pampas deer">Pampas deer (<i>O. bezoarticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Blastocerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_deer" title="Marsh deer">Marsh deer (<i>B. dichotomus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudu" title="Pudu">Pudu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_pudu" title="Southern pudu">Southern pudu (<i>P. pudu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pudella" class="mw-redirect" title="Pudella">Pudella</a></i>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pudella_carlae" title="Pudella carlae">Peruvian Yungas pudu (<i>P. carlae</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_pudu" title="Northern pudu">Northern pudu (<i>P. mephistophiles</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Odocoileus" title="Odocoileus">Odocoileus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">Mule deer (<i>O. hemionus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yucatan_brown_brocket" title="Yucatan brown brocket">Yucatan brown brocket (<i>O. pandora</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">White-tailed deer (<i>O. virginianus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grazing_antelope" title="Grazing antelope">Hippotraginae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippotragus" title="Hippotragus">Hippotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roan_antelope" title="Roan antelope">Roan antelope (<i>H. equinus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sable_antelope" title="Sable antelope">Sable antelope (<i>H. niger</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryx" title="Oryx">Oryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_African_oryx" title="East African oryx">East African oryx (<i>O. beisa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scimitar_oryx" title="Scimitar oryx">Scimitar oryx (<i>O. dammah</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemsbok" title="Gemsbok">Gemsbok (<i>O. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_oryx" title="Arabian oryx">Arabian oryx (<i>O. leucoryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addax" title="Addax">Addax (<i>A. nasomaculatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reduncinae" title="Reduncinae">Reduncinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Kobus_(antelope)" title="Kobus (antelope)">Kobus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waterbuck" title="Waterbuck">Waterbuck (<i>K. ellipsiprymnus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kob" title="Kob">Kob (<i>K. kob</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechwe" title="Lechwe">Lechwe (<i>K. leche</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_lechwe" title="Nile lechwe">Nile lechwe (<i>K. megaceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puku" title="Puku">Puku (<i>K. vardonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Reedbuck" title="Reedbuck">Redunca</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_reedbuck" title="Southern reedbuck">Southern reedbuck (<i>R. arundinum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_reedbuck" title="Mountain reedbuck">Mountain reedbuck (<i>R. fulvorufula</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohor_reedbuck" title="Bohor reedbuck">Bohor reedbuck (<i>R. redunca</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepycerotinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Aepyceros" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Aepyceros</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impala" title="Impala">Impala (<i>A. melampus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Peleinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pelea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Pelea</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_rhebok" title="Grey rhebok">Grey rhebok (<i>P. capreolus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alcelaphinae" title="Alcelaphinae">Alcelaphinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Beatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hirola" title="Hirola">Hirola (<i>B. hunteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus" title="Damaliscus">Damaliscus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damaliscus_lunatus" title="Damaliscus lunatus">Common tsessebe (<i>D. lunatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bontebok" title="Bontebok">Bontebok (<i>D. pygargus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Alcelaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">Hartebeest (<i>A. buselaphus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">Connochaetes</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_wildebeest" title="Black wildebeest">Black wildebeest (<i>C. gnou</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_wildebeest" title="Blue wildebeest">Blue wildebeest (<i>C. taurinus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Pantholops" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Pantholops</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_antelope" title="Tibetan antelope">Tibetan antelope (<i>P. hodgsonii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">Large subfamily listed below</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Caprinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Caprinae" title="Caprinae">Caprinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Ammotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_sheep" title="Barbary sheep">Barbary sheep (<i>A. lervia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_tahr" title="Arabian tahr">Arabian tahr (<i>A. jayakari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Budorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Takin" title="Takin">Takin (<i>B. taxicolor</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Capra_(genus)" title="Capra (genus)">Capra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">Wild goat (<i>C. aegagrus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Caucasian_tur" title="West Caucasian tur">West Caucasian tur (<i>C. caucasia</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Caucasian_tur" title="East Caucasian tur">East Caucasian tur (<i>C. cylindricornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markhor" title="Markhor">Markhor (<i>C. falconeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Domestic goat (<i>C. hircus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">Alpine ibex (<i>C. ibex</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubian_ibex" title="Nubian ibex">Nubian ibex (<i>C. nubiana</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_ibex" title="Iberian ibex">Iberian ibex (<i>C. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_ibex" title="Siberian ibex">Siberian ibex (<i>C. sibirica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walia_ibex" title="Walia ibex">Walia ibex (<i>C. walie</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Serow" title="Serow">Capricornis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_serow" title="Japanese serow">Japanese serow (<i>C. crispus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_serow" title="Red serow">Red serow (<i>C. rubidus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_serow" title="Mainland serow">Mainland serow (<i>C. sumatraensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_serow" title="Taiwan serow">Taiwan serow (<i>C. swinhoei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tahr" title="Tahr">Hemitragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_tahr" title="Himalayan tahr">Himalayan tahr (<i>H. jemlahicus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Goral" title="Goral">Naemorhedus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_goral" title="Red goral">Red goral (<i>N. baileyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_goral" title="Long-tailed goral">Long-tailed goral (<i>N. caudatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_goral" title="Himalayan goral">Himalayan goral (<i>N. goral</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_goral" title="Chinese goral">Chinese goral (<i>N. griseus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Oreamnos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_goat" title="Mountain goat">Mountain goat (<i>O. americanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Ovibos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muskox" title="Muskox">Muskox (<i>O. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiritragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgiri_tahr" title="Nilgiri tahr">Nilgiri tahr (<i>N. hylocrius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Ovis" title="Ovis">Ovis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argali" title="Argali">Argali (<i>O. ammon</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">Domestic sheep (<i>O. aries</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_sheep" title="Bighorn sheep">Bighorn sheep (<i>O. canadensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dall_sheep" title="Dall sheep">Dall sheep (<i>O. dalli</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouflon" title="Mouflon">Mouflon (<i>O. gmelini</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_sheep" title="Snow sheep">Snow sheep (<i>O. nivicola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">Urial (<i>O. vignei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudois" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudois">Pseudois</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharal" title="Bharal">Bharal (<i>P. nayaur</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Rupicapra" title="Rupicapra">Rupicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_chamois" title="Pyrenean chamois">Pyrenean chamois (<i>R. pyrenaica</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">Chamois (<i>R. rupicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Bovinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boselaphini" title="Boselaphini">Boselaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Tetracerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-horned_antelope" title="Four-horned antelope">Four-horned antelope (<i>T. quadricornis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Boselaphus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nilgai" title="Nilgai">Nilgai (<i>B. tragocamelus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wild_water_buffalo" title="Wild water buffalo">Wild water buffalo (<i>B. arnee</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Domestic water buffalo (<i>B. bubalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_anoa" title="Lowland anoa">Lowland anoa (<i>B. depressicornis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamaraw" title="Tamaraw">Tamaraw (<i>B. mindorensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_anoa" title="Mountain anoa">Mountain anoa (<i>B. quarlesi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison (<i>B. bison</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison (<i>B. bonasus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_cattle" title="Bali cattle">Bali cattle (<i>B. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal (<i>B. frontalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur (<i>B. gaurus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Domestic yak (<i>B. grunniens</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu (<i>B. indicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng (<i>B. javanicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak (<i>B. mutus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle (<i>B. taurus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudoryx</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Saola (<i>P. nghetinhensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">Syncerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo (<i>S. caffer</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphini" title="Tragelaphini">Tragelaphini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Tragelaphus" title="Tragelaphus">Tragelaphus</a></i><br /><small><span style="color:#696969"><span class="nobold">(including <a href="/wiki/Kudu" title="Kudu">kudus</a>)</span></span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyala" title="Nyala">Nyala (<i>T. angasii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_nyala" title="Mountain nyala">Mountain nyala (<i>T. buxtoni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bongo_(antelope)" title="Bongo (antelope)">Bongo (<i>T. eurycerus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesser_kudu" title="Lesser kudu">Lesser kudu (<i>T. imberbis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnessed_bushbuck" title="Harnessed bushbuck">Harnessed bushbuck (<i>T. scriptus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitatunga" title="Sitatunga">Sitatunga (<i>T. spekeii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_kudu" title="Greater kudu">Greater kudu (<i>T. strepsiceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_bushbuck" title="Cape bushbuck">Cape bushbuck (<i>T. sylvaticus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><i><a href="/wiki/Taurotragus" title="Taurotragus">Taurotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_eland" title="Giant eland">Giant eland (<i>T. derbianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_eland" title="Common eland">Common eland (<i>T. oryx</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Family_Bovidae_(subfamily_Antilopinae)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="nobold">Family <a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> (subfamily <a href="/wiki/Antilopinae" title="Antilopinae">Antilopinae</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antilopini" title="Antilopini">Antilopini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Ammodorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dibatag" title="Dibatag">Dibatag (<i>A. clarkei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Antidorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Springbok" title="Springbok">Springbok (<i>A. marsupialis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Antilope</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbuck" title="Blackbuck">Blackbuck (<i>A. cervicapra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Eudorcas" title="Eudorcas">Eudorcas</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongalla_gazelle" title="Mongalla gazelle">Mongalla gazelle (<i>E. albonotata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-fronted_gazelle" title="Red-fronted gazelle">Red-fronted gazelle (<i>E. rufifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomson%27s_gazelle" title="Thomson's gazelle">Thomson's gazelle (<i>E. thomsonii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heuglin%27s_gazelle" title="Heuglin's gazelle">Heuglin's gazelle (<i>E. tilonura</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazelle" title="Gazelle">Gazella</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinkara" title="Chinkara">Chinkara (<i>G. bennettii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuvier%27s_gazelle" title="Cuvier's gazelle">Cuvier's gazelle (<i>G. cuvieri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas_gazelle" title="Dorcas gazelle">Dorcas gazelle (<i>G. dorcas</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlanger%27s_gazelle" title="Erlanger's gazelle">Erlanger's gazelle (<i>G. erlangeri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gazelle" title="Mountain gazelle">Mountain gazelle (<i>G. gazella</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhim_gazelle" title="Rhim gazelle">Rhim gazelle (<i>G. leptoceros</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speke%27s_gazelle" title="Speke's gazelle">Speke's gazelle (<i>G. spekei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">Goitered gazelle (<i>G. subgutturosa</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Litocranius</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerenuk" title="Gerenuk">Gerenuk (<i>L. walleri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nanger" title="Nanger">Nanger</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dama_gazelle" title="Dama gazelle">Dama gazelle (<i>N. dama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_gazelle" title="Grant's gazelle">Grant's gazelle (<i>N. granti</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bright%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bright's gazelle">Bright's gazelle (<i>N. notatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter%27s_gazelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter's gazelle">Peter's gazelle (<i>N. petersii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemmerring%27s_gazelle" title="Soemmerring's gazelle">Soemmerring's gazelle (<i>N. soemmerringii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Procapra" title="Procapra">Procapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_gazelle" title="Mongolian gazelle">Mongolian gazelle (<i>P. gutturosa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_(antelope)" title="Goa (antelope)">Goa (<i>P. picticaudata</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_gazelle" title="Przewalski's gazelle">Przewalski's gazelle (<i>P. przewalskii</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saigini</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Saiga" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saiga_antelope" title="Saiga antelope">Saiga antelope (<i>S. tatarica</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neotragini" title="Neotragini">Neotragini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Dorcatragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beira_(antelope)" title="Beira (antelope)">Beira (<i>D. megalotis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Dik-dik" title="Dik-dik">Madoqua</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther%27s_dik-dik" title="Günther's dik-dik">Günther's dik-dik (<i>M. guentheri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk%27s_dik-dik" title="Kirk's dik-dik">Kirk's dik-dik (<i>M. kirkii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_dik-dik" title="Silver dik-dik">Silver dik-dik (<i>M. piacentinii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt%27s_dik-dik" title="Salt's dik-dik">Salt's dik-dik (<i>M. saltiana</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Neotragus" title="Neotragus">Neotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_antelope" title="Royal antelope">Royal antelope (<i>N. pygmaeus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Nesotragus" title="Nesotragus">Nesotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_pygmy_antelope" title="Bates's pygmy antelope">Bates' pygmy antelope (<i>N. batesi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suni" title="Suni">Suni (<i>N. moschatus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Oreotragus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klipspringer" title="Klipspringer">Klipspringer (<i>O. oreotragus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Ourebia</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oribi" title="Oribi">Oribi (<i>O. ourebi</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Raphicerus" title="Raphicerus">Raphicerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steenbok" title="Steenbok">Steenbok (<i>R. campestris</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_grysbok" title="Cape grysbok">Cape grysbok (<i>R. melanotis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_grysbok" title="Sharpe's grysbok">Sharpe's grysbok (<i>R. sharpei</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Cephalophus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aders%27s_duiker" title="Aders's duiker">Aders's duiker (<i>C. adersi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooke%27s_duiker" title="Brooke's duiker">Brooke's duiker (<i>C. brookei</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peters%27s_duiker" title="Peters's duiker">Peters' duiker (<i>C. callipygus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-legged_duiker" title="White-legged duiker">White-legged duiker (<i>C. crusalbum</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_duiker" title="Bay duiker">Bay duiker (<i>C. dorsalis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey%27s_duiker" title="Harvey's duiker">Harvey's duiker (<i>C. harveyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jentink%27s_duiker" title="Jentink's duiker">Jentink's duiker (<i>C. jentinki</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White-bellied_duiker" title="White-bellied duiker">White-bellied duiker (<i>C. leucogaster</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_forest_duiker" title="Red forest duiker">Red forest duiker (<i>C. natalensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_duiker" title="Black duiker">Black duiker (<i>C. niger</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black-fronted_duiker" title="Black-fronted duiker">Black-fronted duiker (<i>C. nigrifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogilby%27s_duiker" title="Ogilby's duiker">Ogilby's duiker (<i>C. ogilbyi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruwenzori_duiker" title="Ruwenzori duiker">Ruwenzori duiker (<i>C. rubidis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-flanked_duiker" title="Red-flanked duiker">Red-flanked duiker (<i>C. rufilatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow-backed_duiker" title="Yellow-backed duiker">Yellow-backed duiker (<i>C. silvicultor</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott%27s_duiker" title="Abbott's duiker">Abbott's duiker (<i>C. spadix</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyns%27s_duiker" title="Weyns's duiker">Weyns's duiker (<i>C. weynsi</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebra_duiker" title="Zebra duiker">Zebra duiker (<i>C. zebra</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Duiker" title="Duiker">Philantomba</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_duiker" title="Blue duiker">Blue duiker (<i>P. monticola</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_duiker" title="Maxwell's duiker">Maxwell's duiker (<i>P. maxwellii</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter%27s_duiker" title="Walter's duiker">Walter's duiker (<i>P. walteri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><i><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Sylvicapra</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_duiker" title="Common duiker">Common duiker (<i>S. grimmia</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Suina" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Suina" title="Suina">Suina</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Suidae" title="Suidae">Suidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Babirusa" title="Babirusa">Babyrousa</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buru_babirusa" title="Buru babirusa">Buru babirusa (<i>B. babyrussa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sulawesi_babirusa" title="North Sulawesi babirusa">North Sulawesi babirusa (<i>B. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togian_babirusa" title="Togian babirusa">Togian babirusa (<i>B. togeanensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Hylochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_forest_hog" title="Giant forest hog">Giant forest hog (<i>H. meinertzhageni</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Phacochoerus" class="mw-redirect" title="Phacochoerus">Phacochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_warthog" title="Desert warthog">Desert warthog (<i>P. aethiopicus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_warthog" title="Common warthog">Common warthog (<i>P. africanus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Porcula</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hog" title="Pygmy hog">Pygmy hog (<i>P. salvania</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Potamochoerus" title="Potamochoerus">Potamochoerus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bushpig" title="Bushpig">Bushpig (<i>P. larvatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_river_hog" title="Red river hog">Red river hog (<i>P. porcus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Sus_(genus)" title="Sus (genus)">Sus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palawan_bearded_pig" title="Palawan bearded pig">Palawan bearded pig (<i>S. ahoenobarbus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bornean_bearded_pig" title="Bornean bearded pig">Bornean bearded pig (<i>S. barbatus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_warty_pig" title="Visayan warty pig">Visayan warty pig (<i>S. cebifrons</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_warty_pig" title="Celebes warty pig">Celebes warty pig (<i>S. celebensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">Domestic pig (<i>S. domesticus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_warty_pig" title="Flores warty pig">Flores warty pig (<i>S. heureni</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver%27s_warty_pig" title="Oliver's warty pig">Oliver's warty pig (<i>S. oliveri</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_warty_pig" title="Philippine warty pig">Philippine warty pig (<i>S. philippensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">Wild boar (<i>S. scrofa</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_warty_pig" title="Timor warty pig">Timor warty pig (<i>S. timoriensis</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javan_warty_pig" title="Javan warty pig">Javan warty pig (<i>S. verrucosus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">Tayassuidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">Tayassu</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White-lipped_peccary" title="White-lipped peccary">White-lipped peccary (<i>T. pecari</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Catagonus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chacoan_peccary" title="Chacoan peccary">Chacoan peccary (<i>C. wagneri</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Dicotyles</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">Collared peccary (<i>D. tajacu</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Tylopoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tylopoda" title="Tylopoda">Tylopoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Camelidae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><a href="/wiki/Camelidae" title="Camelidae">Camelidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Lama_(genus)" title="Lama (genus)">Lama</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Llama" title="Llama">Llama (<i>L. glama</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">Guanaco (<i>L. guanicoe</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca" title="Alpaca">Alpaca (<i>L. pacos</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a" title="Vicuña">Vicuña (<i>L. vicugna</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">Camelus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bactrian_camel" title="Bactrian camel">Domestic Bactrian camel (<i>C. bactrianus</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromedary" title="Dromedary">Dromedary/Arabian camel (<i>C. dromedarius</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Bactrian_camel" title="Wild Bactrian camel">Wild Bactrian camel (<i>C. ferus</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Suborder_Whippomorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Suborder <a href="/wiki/Whippomorpha" title="Whippomorpha">Whippomorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamidae" title="Hippopotamidae">Hippopotamidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus_(genus)" title="Hippopotamus (genus)">Hippopotamus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hippopotamus" title="Hippopotamus">Hippopotamus (<i>H. amphibius</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><i><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Choeropsis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pygmy_hippopotamus" title="Pygmy hippopotamus">Pygmy hippopotamus (<i>C. liberiensis</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.5em"><a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">Cetacea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cetacea" title="Template:Cetacea">Cetacea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Artiodactyla</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25329" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q25329">Q25329</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Artiodactyla" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Artiodactyla/">Artiodactyla</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Faunal_Directory" title="Australian Faunal Directory">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Artiodactyla">Artiodactyla</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=304">304</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/6227M">6227M</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/7678">7678</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1ARTIO">1ARTIO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12644">12644</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/eaf48d96-8b8b-4c2e-90fe-8de942580313">eaf48d96-8b8b-4c2e-90fe-8de942580313</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/731">731</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/152870">152870</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11174">11174</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=180692">180692</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=14200001">14200001</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000376178">NHMSYS0000376178</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=91561">91561</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4a18d2b8-713b-49ca-bda4-0e279654c184">4a18d2b8-713b-49ca-bda4-0e279654c184</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=622916">622916</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=42307">42307</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AB0787CD-0A46-FF98-FDAB-F894E6D524AB">AB0787CD-0A46-FF98-FDAB-F894E6D524AB</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/World_Register_of_Marine_Species" title="World Register of Marine Species">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=993623">993623</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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