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<button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-European_contact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-European_contact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-European contact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-European_contact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arrival_of_Europeans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrival_of_Europeans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Arrival of Europeans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrival_of_Europeans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Becoming_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Becoming_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Becoming states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Becoming_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_statehood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_statehood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Since statehood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_statehood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ski_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ski_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Ski industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ski_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_of_the_term_and_historical/cultural_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_of_the_term_and_historical/cultural_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origins of the term and historical/cultural variations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origins_of_the_term_and_historical/cultural_variations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origins of the term and historical/cultural variations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origins_of_the_term_and_historical/cultural_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historical/archeological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical/archeological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Historical/archeological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical/archeological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological/topographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological/topographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geological/topographical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geological/topographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ecological</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Cultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetation_and_terrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetation_and_terrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vegetation and terrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetation_and_terrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_parks,_monuments_and_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_parks,_monuments_and_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>National parks, monuments and forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_parks,_monuments_and_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Cities and urban areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cities_and_urban_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cities and urban areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Largest_cities_and_metropolitan_areas_(2020_census)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_cities_and_metropolitan_areas_(2020_census)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Largest cities and metropolitan areas (2020 census)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_cities_and_metropolitan_areas_(2020_census)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Professional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Professional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Southwestern United States</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="جنوب غرب الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جنوب غرب الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9)" title="Югозапад (САЩ) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Югозапад (САЩ)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-oest_dels_Estats_Units" title="Sud-oest dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sud-oest dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihoz%C3%A1pad_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Jihozápad Spojených států amerických – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jihozápad Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdwesten_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südwesten der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suroeste_de_Estados_Unidos" title="Suroeste de Estados Unidos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suroeste de Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudokcidenta_Usono" title="Sudokcidenta Usono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sudokcidenta Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="ایالت‌های جنوب غربی آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت‌های جنوب غربی آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Ouest_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Sud-Ouest des États-Unis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sud-Ouest des États-Unis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAdwesten_(Feriene_Steaten)" title="Súdwesten (Feriene Steaten) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súdwesten (Feriene Steaten)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EB%82%A8%EC%84%9C%EB%B6%80" title="미국 남서부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 남서부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugozapad_SAD-a" title="Jugozapad SAD-a – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jugozapad SAD-a" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Serikat_Barat_Daya" title="Amerika Serikat Barat Daya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amerika Serikat Barat Daya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stati_Uniti_sud-occidentali" title="Stati Uniti sud-occidentali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stati Uniti sud-occidentali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D-%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דרום-מערב ארצות הברית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרום-מערב ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuidwesten_van_de_Verenigde_Staten" title="Zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuidwesten van de Verenigde Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%8D%97%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%A8" title="アメリカ合衆国南西部 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国南西部" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regi%C3%A3o_Sudoeste_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Região Sudoeste dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Região Sudoeste dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Юго-Запад США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Юго-Запад США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Southwestern United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwest_(USA)" title="Southwest (USA) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Southwest (USA)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Југозапад (САД) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Југозапад (САД)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jugozapad_(SAD)" title="Jugozapad (SAD) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jugozapad (SAD)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydv%C3%A4stra_USA" title="Sydvästra USA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydvästra USA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southwestern_United_States&params=37_N_111_W_region:US_dim:1000km_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°N</span> <span class="longitude">111°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37°N 111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37; -111</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geographical region of the United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region in the United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Southwestern United States</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">American Southwest, the Southwest</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="1744" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix" title="Downtown Phoenix">Downtown Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_Valley_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monument_Valley_2.jpg/145px-Monument_Valley_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monument_Valley_2.jpg/218px-Monument_Valley_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Monument_Valley_2.jpg/290px-Monument_Valley_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1022" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley</a>, AZ</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:92px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_rock_sedona_arizona_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cathedral_rock_sedona_arizona_2.jpg/139px-Cathedral_rock_sedona_arizona_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cathedral_rock_sedona_arizona_2.jpg/209px-Cathedral_rock_sedona_arizona_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Cathedral_rock_sedona_arizona_2.jpg/278px-Cathedral_rock_sedona_arizona_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Rock" title="Cathedral Rock">Cathedral Rock</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sedona,_Arizona" title="Sedona, Arizona">Sedona</a>, AZ</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Route_66_Downtown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Route_66_Downtown.jpg/288px-Route_66_Downtown.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Route_66_Downtown.jpg/432px-Route_66_Downtown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Route_66_Downtown.jpg/576px-Route_66_Downtown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Route 66 in downtown <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BosqueNM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BosqueNM.jpg/134px-BosqueNM.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BosqueNM.jpg/201px-BosqueNM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/BosqueNM.jpg/268px-BosqueNM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a> <a href="/wiki/Bosque" title="Bosque">Bosque</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bernalillo,_New_Mexico" title="Bernalillo, New Mexico">Bernalillo</a>, NM</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.JPG/150px-Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.JPG/225px-Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.JPG/300px-Palace_of_the_Governors_Santa_Fe.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Governors" title="Palace of the Governors">Palace of the Governors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>, NM</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:42px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Panoramic-of-arches-national-park-with-supermoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Panoramic-of-arches-national-park-with-supermoon.jpg/288px-Panoramic-of-arches-national-park-with-supermoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Panoramic-of-arches-national-park-with-supermoon.jpg/432px-Panoramic-of-arches-national-park-with-supermoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Panoramic-of-arches-national-park-with-supermoon.jpg/576px-Panoramic-of-arches-national-park-with-supermoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12000" data-file-height="1778" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_view_from_Hoover_Dam.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_view_from_Hoover_Dam.jpeg/142px-Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_view_from_Hoover_Dam.jpeg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_view_from_Hoover_Dam.jpeg/213px-Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_view_from_Hoover_Dam.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5a/Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_view_from_Hoover_Dam.jpeg/284px-Mike_O%27Callaghan%E2%80%93Pat_Tillman_Memorial_Bridge_view_from_Hoover_Dam.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4240" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Dam" title="Hoover Dam">Hoover Dam</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014,_Mojave_Desert_Desert_Willow,_Four_WIng_Saltbush,_Palo_Verde_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2014%2C_Mojave_Desert_Desert_Willow%2C_Four_WIng_Saltbush%2C_Palo_Verde_-_panoramio.jpg/142px-2014%2C_Mojave_Desert_Desert_Willow%2C_Four_WIng_Saltbush%2C_Palo_Verde_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2014%2C_Mojave_Desert_Desert_Willow%2C_Four_WIng_Saltbush%2C_Palo_Verde_-_panoramio.jpg/213px-2014%2C_Mojave_Desert_Desert_Willow%2C_Four_WIng_Saltbush%2C_Palo_Verde_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/2014%2C_Mojave_Desert_Desert_Willow%2C_Four_WIng_Saltbush%2C_Palo_Verde_-_panoramio.jpg/284px-2014%2C_Mojave_Desert_Desert_Willow%2C_Four_WIng_Saltbush%2C_Palo_Verde_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chilopsis_linearis" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilopsis linearis">Desert willow</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bellagio_Las_Vegas_December_2013_panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bellagio_Las_Vegas_December_2013_panorama.jpg/288px-Bellagio_Las_Vegas_December_2013_panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bellagio_Las_Vegas_December_2013_panorama.jpg/432px-Bellagio_Las_Vegas_December_2013_panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bellagio_Las_Vegas_December_2013_panorama.jpg/576px-Bellagio_Las_Vegas_December_2013_panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="3200" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_of_Las_Vegas" title="Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas">Cosmopolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bellagio_(resort)" title="Bellagio (resort)">Bellagio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesars_Palace" title="Caesars Palace">Caesars Palace</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Strip" title="Las Vegas Strip">Strip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:YsletaMission.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/YsletaMission.JPG/134px-YsletaMission.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/YsletaMission.JPG/201px-YsletaMission.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/YsletaMission.JPG/268px-YsletaMission.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Ysleta_Mission" title="Ysleta Mission">Ysleta Mission</a> in <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, Texas</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Mexican_breakfast_burrito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/New_Mexican_breakfast_burrito.jpg/150px-New_Mexican_breakfast_burrito.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/New_Mexican_breakfast_burrito.jpg/225px-New_Mexican_breakfast_burrito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/New_Mexican_breakfast_burrito.jpg/300px-New_Mexican_breakfast_burrito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican cuisine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Breakfast_burrito" title="Breakfast burrito">breakfast burrito</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwest_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Though regional definitions vary from source to source, Arizona and New Mexico (in dark red) are almost always considered the core, modern-day Southwest. The brighter red and striped states may or may not be considered part of this region. The brighter red states (California, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah) are also classified as part of the West by the U.S. Census Bureau, though the striped states are not; Oklahoma and Texas are classified as part of the South.[1]"><img alt="Though regional definitions vary from source to source, Arizona and New Mexico (in dark red) are almost always considered the core, modern-day Southwest. The brighter red and striped states may or may not be considered part of this region. The brighter red states (California, Colorado, Nevada, and Utah) are also classified as part of the West by the U.S. Census Bureau, though the striped states are not; Oklahoma and Texas are classified as part of the South.[1]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Southwest_map.png/250px-Southwest_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Southwest_map.png/375px-Southwest_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Southwest_map.png/500px-Southwest_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="832" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Though regional definitions vary from source to source, <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (in dark red) are almost always considered the core, modern-day Southwest. The brighter red and striped states may or may not be considered part of this region. The brighter red states (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>) are also classified as part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> by the U.S. Census Bureau, though the striped states are not; <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> are classified as part of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Southwestern_United_States&params=37_N_111_W_region:US_dim:1000km_type:city"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">37°N</span> <span class="longitude">111°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">37°N 111°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">37; -111</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">States</th><td class="infobox-data">Core:<br /><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a><br /><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a><br />Others, depending on boundaries used:<br /><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Southwestern United States</b>, also known as the <b>American Southwest</b> or simply <b>the Southwest</b>, is a geographic and cultural <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">region of the United States</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, along with adjacent portions of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>. The largest cities by <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">metropolitan area</a> are <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before 1848, in the historical region of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> as well as parts of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>, settlement was almost non-existent outside of Nuevo México's <a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico#Regions_and_municipalities" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Spanish or Mexican municipalities</a>. Much of the area had been a part of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and Mexico until the United States acquired the area through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> in 1848 and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> in 1854. </p><p>While the region's boundaries are not officially defined, there have been attempts to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-UAtpncd_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAtpncd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such definition is from the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> in California in the west (117° west longitude) to <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico" title="Carlsbad, New Mexico">Carlsbad, New Mexico</a>, in the east (104° west longitude); another says that it extends from the <a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Mexico–United States border">Mexico–United States border</a> in the south to the southern areas of Colorado, Utah, and Nevada in the north (39° north latitude).<sup id="cite_ref-CarltonDef_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarltonDef-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another definition, the <b>core Southwestern U.S.</b> includes only the states of Arizona and New Mexico; others focus on the land within the old Spanish and Mexican borders of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México"><i>Nuevo México</i> Province</a> or the later American <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kessell_2013_p._5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kessell_2013_p.-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Douglass_Graves_2017_p._6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Douglass_Graves_2017_p.-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oliva_1993_p._242_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oliva_1993_p._242-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Distinct elements of the <a href="/wiki/Western_lifestyle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western lifestyle">Western lifestyle</a> thrive in the region, such as <a href="/wiki/Western_wear" title="Western wear">Western wear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern cuisines</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Native_American_cuisine#Southwestern_Native_American_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American cuisine">Native American</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a>, or various genres of <a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western music</a> like <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America#Southwest" title="Indigenous music of North America">Indigenous</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a> music styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Deep_South_Dish_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deep_South_Dish-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Arellano_2017_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arellano_2017-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lucero_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lucero-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SpicesInc.com_The_Online_Spice_Store_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SpicesInc.com_The_Online_Spice_Store_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise with the sought-after Southwestern architectural styles in the region inspired by blending <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_architecture" title="Pueblo architecture">Pueblo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Style" title="Territorial Style">Territorial</a> styles, with <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Revival_architecture" title="Mediterranean Revival architecture">Mediterranean Revival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Revival_architecture" title="Mission Revival architecture">Mission Revival architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Deco_architecture" title="Pueblo Deco architecture">Pueblo Deco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ranch-style_house" title="Ranch-style house">Ranch-style houses</a> in the form of the amalgamated <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revival_architecture" title="Pueblo Revival architecture">Pueblo Revival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_Revival_architecture" title="Territorial Revival architecture">Territorial Revival</a> architectures.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_Reck_2001_p._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Reck_2001_p.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hooker_Howard_Price_2000_p._13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooker_Howard_Price_2000_p.-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HGTV_2015_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HGTV_2015-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Whiffen_1981_p._15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whiffen_1981_p.-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the region's <a href="/wiki/Vaquero#American_Southwest" title="Vaquero"><i>caballero</i></a> heritage of the Native American (especially <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hispanos_of_New_Mexico" title="Hispanos of New Mexico">Hispano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a>, and frontier <a href="/wiki/Cowboy" title="Cowboy">cowboy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Figueredo_2014_p._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Figueredo_2014_p.-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Livingston_2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Livingston_2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sood_2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sood_2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_geography">Regional geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Regional geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS_View_of_the_Southwestern_USA.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ISS_View_of_the_Southwestern_USA.JPG/220px-ISS_View_of_the_Southwestern_USA.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ISS_View_of_the_Southwestern_USA.JPG/330px-ISS_View_of_the_Southwestern_USA.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ISS_View_of_the_Southwestern_USA.JPG/440px-ISS_View_of_the_Southwestern_USA.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2850" /></a><figcaption>Panoramic view of the southwestern United States</figcaption></figure> <p>The geography of the region is mainly made up of four features: the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Deserts</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a>; although there are other geographical features as well, such as a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_Desert" title="Great Basin Desert">Great Basin Desert</a>. The deserts dominate the southern and western reaches of the area, while the plateau (which is largely made up of high desert) is the main feature north of the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Rim" title="Mogollon Rim">Mogollon Rim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two major rivers of the region are the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a>, running in the northern and western areas, and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a>, running in the east, north to south. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chihuahuan_Desert_from_South_Rim_BIBE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chihuahuan_Desert_from_South_Rim_BIBE.jpg/220px-Chihuahuan_Desert_from_South_Rim_BIBE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chihuahuan_Desert_from_South_Rim_BIBE.jpg/330px-Chihuahuan_Desert_from_South_Rim_BIBE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Chihuahuan_Desert_from_South_Rim_BIBE.jpg/440px-Chihuahuan_Desert_from_South_Rim_BIBE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The Chihuahuan desert terrain mainly consists of <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basins</a> broken by numerous small <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Formed approximately 8000 years ago, the Chihuahuan Desert is a relatively dry desert,<sup id="cite_ref-NMSU_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMSU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although it is slightly wetter than the Sonoran Desert to the west.<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chihuahuan Desert spreads across the southeastern portion of the region, covering from southeastern Arizona, across southern New Mexico, and the portion of western Texas included in the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-NMSU_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMSU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is the second largest desert in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> only a third of the desert is within the United States, with the rest in Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-NPSCD_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPSCD-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Paso and Albuquerque are the major US cities in this desert, with other smaller cities being <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roswell,_New_Mexico" title="Roswell, New Mexico">Roswell</a> in New Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Willcox,_Arizona" title="Willcox, Arizona">Willcox</a> in Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The elevation in the Chihuahuan varies from about 1,750 to 6,000 feet (500 to 1,800 meters), as there are several larger mountain ranges, such as the <a href="/wiki/Organ_Mountains" title="Organ Mountains">Organ Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains" title="Guadalupe Mountains">Guadalupe Mountains</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chiracahua_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiracahua Mountains">Chiracahua Mountains</a>, plus many smaller mountain ranges contained in the area, namely the <a href="/wiki/Animas_Mountains" title="Animas Mountains">Animas</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Andres_Mountains" title="San Andres Mountains">San Andres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Ana_Mountains" title="Doña Ana Mountains">Doña Ana Mountains</a> in New Mexico; and the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Mountains_(Texas)" title="Franklin Mountains (Texas)">Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hueco_Mountains" title="Hueco Mountains">Hueco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Davis_Mountains" title="Davis Mountains">Davis Mountains</a> in Texas. It also reaches up into the foothills of the higher ranges such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Range" title="Black Range">Black Range</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscura_Mountains" title="Oscura Mountains">Oscura Mountains</a> in New Mexico. High above the desert, these forest-covered and sometimes snow-capped mountains form <a href="/wiki/Sky_island" title="Sky island">sky islands</a>, with radically different flora and fauna than the surrounding desert below. The sky islands also supply the surrounding desert foothills with flowing water during the spring runoff and after the summer storms of the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexican Monsoon">New Mexican monsoon season</a>. The Chihuahuan is a "rain shadow" desert, formed between two mountain ranges (the Sierra Madre Occidental on the west and the Sierra Madre Oriental on the east) which block oceanic precipitation from reaching the area.<sup id="cite_ref-NMSU_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMSU-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chihuahuan Desert is considered the "most biologically diverse desert in the Western Hemisphere and one of the most diverse in the world," and includes more species of cacti than any other desert in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-NPSCD_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPSCD-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prolific plants in this region are <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agave</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Creosote_bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Creosote bush">creosote bushes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in addition to the ubiquitous presence of various cacti species. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agfr_desert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Agfr_desert.jpg/170px-Agfr_desert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Agfr_desert.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Saguaro cactus in the Sonoran Desert.</figcaption></figure> <p>When people think of the desert southwest, the landscape of the Sonoran Desert is what mostly comes to mind.<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sonoran Desert makes up the southwestern portion of the Southwest; most of the desert lies in Mexico, but its United States component lies on the southeastern border of California, and the western 2/3 of southern Arizona. Rainfall averages between 4 and 12 in (100 and 300 mm) per year, and the desert's most widely known inhabitant is the <a href="/wiki/Saguaro_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguaro cactus">saguaro cactus</a>, which is unique to the desert.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LP_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is bounded on the northwest by the Mojave Desert, to the north by the Colorado Plateau and to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Mountains_forests" title="Arizona Mountains forests">Arizona Mountains forests</a> and the Chihuahuan Desert.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the trademark saguaro, the desert has the most diverse plant life of any desert in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes many other species of cacti, including the organ-pipe, senita, prickly pear, barrel, fishhook, hedgehog, cholla, silver dollar, and jojoba.<sup id="cite_ref-WWF_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WWF-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LP_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portion of the Sonora Desert which lies in the Southwestern United States is the most populated area within the region. Six of the top ten major population centers of the region are found within its borders: Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a>, all in Arizona. Also within its borders are <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott, Arizona</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most northwest portion of the American Southwest is covered by the Mojave Desert. Bordered on the south by the Sonoran Desert and the east by the Colorado Plateau, its range within the region makes up the southeast tip of Nevada, the southwestern corner of Utah and the northwestern corner of Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-LP_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In terms of topography, the Mojave is very similar to the Great Basin Desert, which lies just to its north.<sup id="cite_ref-ASW1_20-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASW1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the region, Las Vegas is the most populous city; other significant population centers include <a href="/wiki/Laughlin,_Nevada" title="Laughlin, Nevada">Laughlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pahrump,_Nevada" title="Pahrump, Nevada">Pahrump</a> in Nevada, <a href="/wiki/St._George,_Utah" title="St. George, Utah">St. George</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurricane,_Utah" title="Hurricane, Utah">Hurricane</a> in Utah, and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona" title="Bullhead City, Arizona">Bullhead City</a> in Arizona. The Mojave is the smallest, driest and hottest desert within the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-LP_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mojave gets less than 6 in (150 mm) of rain annually, and its elevation ranges from 3,000 to 6,000 feet (900 to 1,800 meters) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-DD1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DD1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most prolific vegetation is the tall <a href="/wiki/Joshua_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Joshua tree">Joshua tree</a>, which grow as tall as 40 ft (12 m), and are thought to live almost 1000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-LP_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major vegetation includes the Parry saltbush and the Mojave sage, both only found in the Mojave, as well as the creosote bush.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg/220px-Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg/330px-Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg/440px-Delicate_arch_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The Delicate Arch at <a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches National Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a> varies from the large stands of forests in the west, including the largest stand of <a href="/wiki/Ponderosa_pine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponderosa pine">ponderosa pine</a> trees in the world, to the Mesas to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although not called a desert, the Colorado Plateau is mostly made up of high desert. Within the Southwest U.S. region, the Colorado is bordered to the south by the Mogollon Rim and the Sonoran Desert, to the west by the Mojave Desert, and to the east by the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Rift">Rio Grande Rift</a> valley, and the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LP_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plateau is characterized by a series of plateaus and mesas, interspersed with canyons.<sup id="cite_ref-LP_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LP-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most dramatic example is the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But that is one of many dramatic vistas included within the Plateau, which includes spectacular lava formations, "painted" deserts, sand dunes, and badlands.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most distinctive features of the Plateau is its longevity, having come into existence at least 500 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Plateau can be divided into six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region. Beginning with the Navajo section forming the northern boundary of the Southwestern United States, which has shallower canyons than those in the Canyonlands section just to its north; the Navajo section is bordered to the south by the Grand Canyon section, which of course is dominated by the Grand Canyon; and the southeasternmost portion of the Plateau is the Datil section, consisting of valleys, mesas, and volcanic formations.<sup id="cite_ref-EBCP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBCP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albuquerque is the most populous city often considered at the edge of this portion contained in the Southwest region, but Santa Fe, New Mexico and Flagstaff, Arizona, are also significant population centers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four_Corners_Monument_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Four_Corners_Monument_%281%29.jpg/220px-Four_Corners_Monument_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Four_Corners_Monument_%281%29.jpg/330px-Four_Corners_Monument_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Four_Corners_Monument_%281%29.jpg/440px-Four_Corners_Monument_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners_Monument" title="Four Corners Monument">Four Corners Monument</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>, Tucson, and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> dominate the westernmost metropolitan areas in the Southwest, while <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>-<a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a>-<a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces</a> dominate the easternmost metropolitan areas.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">History of New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">History of Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">History of Utah</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">History of Nevada</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">History of Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">History of Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico">Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-European_contact">Pre-European contact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-European contact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_North_American_Southwest" title="Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest">Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial_Chaco_Canyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial_Chaco_Canyon.jpg/220px-Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial_Chaco_Canyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial_Chaco_Canyon.jpg/330px-Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial_Chaco_Canyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Pueblo_Bonito_Aerial_Chaco_Canyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Puebloan">Ancestral Puebloan</a> ruins at <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Canyon</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Human history in the Southwest begins with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a> hunter-gatherer culture which arrived sometime around 9000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201211–12_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201211–12-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture remained in the area for several millennia. At some point they were replaced by three great <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> Indian cultures: the <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral Pueblo people">Ancestral Pueblo people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>, all of which existed among other surrounding cultures including the <a href="/wiki/Patayan" title="Patayan">Patayan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maize began to be cultivated in the region sometime during the early first millennium BC, but it took several hundred years for the native cultures to be dependent on it as a food source.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As their dependence on maize grew, <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</a> Indians began developing irrigation systems around 600 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaco_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaco-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan20126_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan20126-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Anasazi,_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg/220px-Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg/330px-Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg/440px-Map_Anasazi%2C_Hohokam_and_Mogollon_cultures-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Map of Paleo-Indians in the American Southwest and Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>According to archeological finds, the Ancestral Pueblo people, also known as the "Anasazi" (although that term is viewed by modern <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pueblo people">Pueblo people</a> as derogatory and is becoming more and more disused), began settling in the area in approximately 1500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, they would spread throughout the entire northern section of the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This culture would go through several different eras lasting from approximately 1500 BC through the middle of the 15th century AD: the <a href="/wiki/Early_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Early Basketmaker II Era">Basketmaker I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Basketmaker_II_Era" title="Late Basketmaker II Era">II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era" title="Basketmaker III Era">III</a> phases followed by the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_I_Period" title="Pueblo I Period">Pueblo I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period" title="Pueblo II Period">II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period" title="Pueblo III Period">III</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period" title="Pueblo IV Period">IV</a>. As the Puebloans transitioned from a nomadic lifestyle to one based on both dry land and irrigated agriculture,<sup id="cite_ref-Chaco_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaco-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> their first domiciles were pithouses.<sup id="cite_ref-BM2_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM2-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon culture</a> developed later than the Puebloan, arising in the eastern area of the region at around 300 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their range would eventually extend deep into what would become Mexico, and dominate the southeastern portion of the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their settlements would evolve over time from pit-dwellings through pueblos and finally also incorporating cliff-dwellings. The <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> were the last of these ancestral cultures to develop, somewhere around AD 1, but they would grow to be the most populous of the three by AD 1300, despite being the smallest of the three in terms of area, covering most of the southwest portion.<sup id="cite_ref-AZMNH_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZMNH-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in approximately AD 600, the Hohokam began to develop an extensive series of irrigation canals;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201222–24_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201222–24-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the three major cultures in the Southwest, only the Ancestral Puebloans of the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaco culture">Chaco culture</a> and the Hohokam developed irrigation as a means of watering their agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Chaco_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chaco-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AZMNH_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AZMNH-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not long after the Hohokam reached the height of their culture, all three major cultures in the Southwest began to decline for unknown reasons, although severe drought and encroachment from other peoples have been postulated. By the end of the 15th century, all three cultures had disappeared. The <a href="/wiki/Puebloan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puebloan">modern Puebloan</a> tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Isleta_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Isleta Pueblo">Isleta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Pueblo" title="Sandia Pueblo">Sandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cochiti_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochiti Pueblo">Cochiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kewa_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kewa Pueblo">Kewa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Ana_Pueblo" title="Santa Ana Pueblo">Santa Ana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taos_Pueblo" title="Taos Pueblo">Taos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jemez_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemez Pueblo">Jemez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_Pueblo" title="Laguna Pueblo">Laguna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zia_Pueblo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zia Pueblo">Zia</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni peoples</a>, trace their ancestry back to the Ancestral Puebloans,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the <a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Akimel O'odham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham people">Tohono O'odham</a> claim descent from Hohokam.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area previously occupied by the Mogollon was taken over by an unrelated tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkiboGravesStark2007234_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkiboGravesStark2007234-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it is unclear whether any of the modern Indian tribes are descended from the Mogollon, some archeologists and historians believe that they mixed with Ancestral Puebloans and became part of the modern Hopi and Zuni tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oraibi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Oraibi.jpg/220px-Oraibi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Oraibi.jpg/330px-Oraibi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Oraibi.jpg/440px-Oraibi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Oraibi pueblo</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Southwestern United States was inhabited by a very large population of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">American Indian</a> tribes. The area once occupied by the ancestral Puebloans became inhabited by several American Indian tribes, the most populous of which were the <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Paiute" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Paiute">Southern Paiute</a>, and Hopi. The Navajo, along with the Hopi, were the earliest of the modern Indian tribes to develop in the Southwest. Around AD 1100 their culture began to develop in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a> area of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Navajos <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">migrated</a> from northwestern Canada and eastern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, where the majority of <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_languages" title="Athabaskan languages">Athabaskan</a> speakers reside.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ute were found over most of modern-day Utah and Colorado, as well as northern New Mexico and Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Paiutes roamed an area which covered over 45,000 square miles of southern Nevada and California, south-central Utah, and northern Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hopi settled the lands of the central and western portions of northern Arizona. Their village of <a href="/wiki/Oraibi,_Arizona" title="Oraibi, Arizona">Oraibi</a>, settled in approximately AD 1100, is, along with <a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Sky City</a> in New Mexico, one of the oldest continuously occupied settlements in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mogollon area became occupied by the Apaches and the Zuni. The Apache migrated into the American Southwest from the northern areas of North America at some point between 1200 and 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts48ff_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts48ff-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They settled throughout New Mexico, eastern Arizona, northern Mexico, parts of western Texas, and southern Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zuni count their direct ancestry through the ancestral Puebloans. The modern-day Zuni established a culture along the <a href="/wiki/Zuni_River" title="Zuni River">Zuni River</a> in far-eastern Arizona and western New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both major tribes of the O'odham tribe settled in the southern and central Arizona, in the lands once controlled by their ancestors, the Hohokam.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrival_of_Europeans">Arrival of Europeans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Arrival of Europeans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png/220px-Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png/330px-Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png/440px-Expedition_Cabeza_de_Vaca_Karte.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Narváez expedition (1528–36)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first European intrusion into the region came from the south. In 1539, a Jesuit Franciscan named <a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a> led an expedition from Mexico City which passed through eastern Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year <a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a>, based on reports from survivors of the <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a> (1528–36) who had crossed eastern Texas on their way to Mexico City, led an expedition to discover the Seven Golden Cities of Cíbola.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1582–3 expedition of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Espejo" title="Antonio de Espejo">Antonio de Espejo</a> explored New Mexico and eastern Arizona;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201238_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201238-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this led to <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a>'s establishment of the Spanish province of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> in 1598, with a capital founded near <a href="/wiki/Ohkay_Owingeh,_New_Mexico" title="Ohkay Owingeh, New Mexico">Ohkay Oweenge Pueblo</a>, which he called San Juan de los Caballeros.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oñate's party also attempted to establish a settlement in Arizona in 1599, but were turned back by inclement weather.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201238_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201238-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1610, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> was founded, making it the oldest capital in United States.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1664 Juan Archuleta led an expedition into what is now Colorado, becoming the first European to enter. A second Spanish expedition was led into Colorado by Juan Ulibarrí in 1706,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which he claimed the Colorado territory for Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1687 to 1691 the Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a> established several missions in the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_River_(Arizona)" title="Santa Cruz River (Arizona)">Santa Cruz River</a> valley;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201241_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201241-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kino further explored southern and central Arizona in 1694, during which he discovered the ruins of Casa Grande.<sup id="cite_ref-NPS1_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPS1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1732, Spanish settlers began to enter the region, and the Spanish started bestowing land grants in Mexico and the Southwest US.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201242_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201242-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1751, the O'odham rebelled against the Spanish incursions, but the revolt was unsuccessful. In fact, it had the exact opposite effect, for the result of the rebellion was the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_San_Ignacio_de_Tubac" title="Presidio San Ignacio de Tubac">presidio</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tubac,_Arizona" title="Tubac, Arizona">Tubac</a>, the first permanent European settlement in Arizona.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201243_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201243-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1768, the Spanish created the <a href="/wiki/Las_Californias_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Californias Province">Provincia de las Californias</a>, which included California and the Southwest US. Over approximately the next 50 years, the Spanish continued to explore the Southwest, and in 1776 the City of Tucson was founded when the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_San_Augustin_del_Tucson" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidio San Augustin del Tucson">Presidio San Augustin del Tucson</a> was created, relocating the presidio from Tubac.<sup id="cite_ref-brit1911_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1911-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201246_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201246-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1776, two Franciscan priests, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez and Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, led an <a href="/wiki/Dominguez%E2%80%93Escalante_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominguez–Escalante Expedition">expedition</a> from Santa Fe heading to California. After passing through Colorado, they became the first Europeans to travel into what is now Utah. Their journey was halted by bad weather in October, and they turned back, heading south into Arizona before turning east back to Santa Fe.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1846_Mitchell%27s_Map_of_Texas_Oregon_and_California_-_Geographicus_-_TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1846_Mitchell%27s_Map_of_Texas_Oregon_and_California_-_Geographicus_-_TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg/220px-1846_Mitchell%27s_Map_of_Texas_Oregon_and_California_-_Geographicus_-_TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1846_Mitchell%27s_Map_of_Texas_Oregon_and_California_-_Geographicus_-_TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg/330px-1846_Mitchell%27s_Map_of_Texas_Oregon_and_California_-_Geographicus_-_TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/1846_Mitchell%27s_Map_of_Texas_Oregon_and_California_-_Geographicus_-_TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg/440px-1846_Mitchell%27s_Map_of_Texas_Oregon_and_California_-_Geographicus_-_TXORCA-mitchell-1846.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="5420" /></a><figcaption>1846 map: Mexican <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (Upper California) in pink.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1804 Spain divided the Provincia de las Californias, creating the province <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, which consisted primarily of what would become California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, Utah and New Mexico. In 1821 Mexico achieved its independence from Spain and shortly after, in 1824, developed its <a href="/wiki/1824_Constitution_of_Mexico" title="1824 Constitution of Mexico">constitution</a>, which established the Alta California territory, which was the same geographic area as the earlier Spanish province. </p><p>In 1825, Arizona was visited by its first non-Spanish Europeans, English trappers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201252_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201252-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1836, the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a>, which contained the easternmost of the Southwest United States, won its independence from Mexico. In 1845 the Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States and immediately became a state, bypassing the usual territory phase. The new state still contained portions of what would eventually become parts of other states.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, the Southwest became embroiled in the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, partly as a result of the United States' annexation of Texas. On August 18, 1846, an American force captured Santa Fe, New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 16 of the same year, American forces captured Tucson, Arizona, marking the end of hostilities in the Southwest United States.<sup id="cite_ref-disturnell-1882_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disturnell-1882-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the war ended with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo" title="Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo">Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo</a> on February 2, 1848, the United States gained control of all of present-day California, Nevada and Utah, as well as the majority of Arizona, and parts of New Mexico and Colorado (the rest of present-day Colorado, and most of New Mexico had been gained by the United States in their annexation of the Republic of Texas).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final portion of the Southwestern United States came about through the acquisition of the southernmost parts of Arizona and New Mexico through the <a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a> in 1853.<sup id="cite_ref-brit1911_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1911-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1851, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis,_Colorado" title="San Luis, Colorado">San Luis</a> became the first European settlement in what is now Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Becoming_states">Becoming states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Becoming states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1849-1850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/United_States_1849-1850.png/220px-United_States_1849-1850.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/United_States_1849-1850.png/330px-United_States_1849-1850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/United_States_1849-1850.png/440px-United_States_1849-1850.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>United States 1849–1850</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_1850-1853-03.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/United_States_1850-1853-03.png/220px-United_States_1850-1853-03.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/United_States_1850-1853-03.png/330px-United_States_1850-1853-03.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/United_States_1850-1853-03.png/440px-United_States_1850-1853-03.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>United States 1850–1853</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the states of which at least a portion make up the Southwest, Texas was the first to achieve statehood. On December 29, 1845, the Republic of Texas was annexed, bypassing the status of becoming a territory, and immediately became a state.<sup id="cite_ref-TAnnexation_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TAnnexation-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, its borders included parts of what would become several other states: almost half of New Mexico, a third of Colorado, and small portions of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-comp1850_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-comp1850-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Texas current borders were set in the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a>, where Texas ceded land to the federal government in exchange for $10 million, which would go to paying off the debt Texas had accumulated in its war with Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the Mexican Cession, the lands of what had been the Mexican territory of Alta California were in flux: portions of what is now New Mexico were claimed, but never controlled, by Texas. With the Compromise of 1850, the states of Texas and California were created (Texas as a slave state, and California as a free state), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Utah_Territory" title="Utah Territory">Utah Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Mexico Territory consisted of most of Arizona and New Mexico (excluding a strip along their southern borders), a small section of southern Colorado, and the very southern tip of Nevada;<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Utah Territory consisted of Utah, most of Nevada, and portions of Wyoming and Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The New Mexico Territory was expanded along its southern extent, to its current border, with the signing of the Gadsden Purchase Treaty on December 30, 1853,<sup id="cite_ref-brit1911_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit1911-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was ratified by the U.S. Congress, with some slight alterations, in April 1854.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1860_Colorado_Territory_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1860_Colorado_Territory_map.svg/220px-1860_Colorado_Territory_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1860_Colorado_Territory_map.svg/330px-1860_Colorado_Territory_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/1860_Colorado_Territory_map.svg/440px-1860_Colorado_Territory_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>1860 Colorado Territory map</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utah_Territory_evolution_animation_-_August_2011.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Utah_Territory_evolution_animation_-_August_2011.gif/220px-Utah_Territory_evolution_animation_-_August_2011.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Utah_Territory_evolution_animation_-_August_2011.gif/330px-Utah_Territory_evolution_animation_-_August_2011.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Utah_Territory_evolution_animation_-_August_2011.gif/440px-Utah_Territory_evolution_animation_-_August_2011.gif 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>Utah Territory evolution 1850–1868</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Territory" title="Colorado Territory">Colorado Territory</a> was organized on February 28, 1861, created out of lands then currently in the Utah, Kansas, Nebraska, and New Mexico territories.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nevada_Territory" title="Nevada Territory">Nevada Territory</a> was also organized in 1861, on March 2, with land taken from the existing Utah Territory. Initially, only the western 2/3 of what is currently the State of Nevada was included in the territory, with its boundary to the east being the <a href="/wiki/39th_meridian_west_from_Washington" title="39th meridian west from Washington">39th meridian west from Washington</a>, and to the south the <a href="/wiki/37th_parallel_north" title="37th parallel north">37th parallel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1862 Nevada's eastern border shifted to the <a href="/wiki/38th_meridian_west_from_Washington" title="38th meridian west from Washington">38th meridian west from Washington</a>, and finally to its current position at the <a href="/wiki/37th_meridian_west_from_Washington" title="37th meridian west from Washington">37th meridian west from Washington</a> in 1866. The boundary modification in 1866 also included adding the southern triangular tip of the present-day state, taken from the Arizona Territory.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From July 24–27, 1861 a Confederate force under the command of Lt. Colonel John Robert Baylor forced the surrender of the small Union garrison stationed at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Fillmore" title="Fort Fillmore">Fort Fillmore</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mesilla,_New_Mexico" title="Mesilla, New Mexico">Mesilla, New Mexico</a>. On August 1, 1861, Baylor declared the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona Territory</a>, and claimed it for the Confederacy, with Mesilla as its capital.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territory, which had been formed by the portion of the existing New Mexico Territory below the 34th parallel, became official on February 14, 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_Arizona_Territory_1860_ZP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wpdms_Arizona_Territory_1860_ZP.svg/220px-Wpdms_Arizona_Territory_1860_ZP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wpdms_Arizona_Territory_1860_ZP.svg/330px-Wpdms_Arizona_Territory_1860_ZP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wpdms_Arizona_Territory_1860_ZP.svg/440px-Wpdms_Arizona_Territory_1860_ZP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="254" data-file-height="154" /></a><figcaption>Confederate Arizona (outlined in blue)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wpdms_new_mexico_territory_1866.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wpdms_new_mexico_territory_1866.png/220px-Wpdms_new_mexico_territory_1866.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Wpdms_new_mexico_territory_1866.png 1.5x" data-file-width="264" data-file-height="176" /></a><figcaption>Split of Arizona and New Mexico territories, in 1866, after small portion ceded to Nevada</figcaption></figure> <p>Nevada was admitted to the Union on October 31, 1864, becoming the 36th state.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was followed by the admittance to the Union of Colorado, which became the 38th state on August 1, 1876.<sup id="cite_ref-Colorado_Statehood_Proclamation_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colorado_Statehood_Proclamation-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confederate Arizona was short-lived, however. By May 1862, Confederate forces had been driven out of the region by union troops. That same month a bill was introduced into the U.S. Congress, and on February 24, 1863 <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Organic_Act" title="Arizona Organic Act">Arizona Organic Act</a>, which officially created the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Territory of Arizona</a>, splitting the New Mexico Territory at the 107th meridian.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Utah, as shown above, evolved out of the Utah Territory, as pieces of the original territory created in 1850 were carved out: parts were ceded to Nevada, Wyoming, and Colorado in 1861; another section to Nevada in 1862; and the final section to Nevada in 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGannett1885124_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGannett1885124-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1890, the LDS church issued the <a href="/wiki/1890_Manifesto" title="1890 Manifesto">1890 Manifesto</a>, which officially banned polygamy for members of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the last roadblock for Utah entering the Union, and on January 4, 1896, Utah was officially granted statehood, becoming the 45th state.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1869, <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">John Wesley Powell</a> led a 3-month expedition which explored the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> and the Colorado River.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Atlas_US_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Atlas_US-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1875, he would publish a book describing his explorations, <i>Report of the Exploration of the Columbia River of the West and Its Tributaries</i>, which was later republished as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Exploration_of_the_Colorado_River_and_Its_Canyons" title="The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons">The Exploration of the Colorado River and Its Canyons</a></i>. </p><p>In 1877 silver was discovered in southeastern Arizona. The notorious mining town of <a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone, Arizona</a> was born to service the miners.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The town would become immortalized as the scene of what is considered the greatest gunfight in the history of the Old West, the <a href="/wiki/Gunfight_at_the_O.K._Corral" title="Gunfight at the O.K. Corral">Gunfight at the O.K. Corral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copper was also discovered in 1877, near <a href="/wiki/Bisbee,_Arizona" title="Bisbee, Arizona">Bisbee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome,_Arizona" title="Jerome, Arizona">Jerome</a> in Arizona, which became an important component of the economy of the Southwest. Production began in 1880 and was made more profitable by the expansion of the railroad throughout the territory during the 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg/220px-Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg/330px-Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg/440px-Santa_Fe_Route_Map_1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption>The second transcontinental railroad: the "Santa Fe Route" – 1891.</figcaption></figure> <p>The early 1880s also saw the completion of the second transcontinental railroad, which ran through the heart of the Southwest, called the "Santa Fe Route." It ran from Chicago, down through Topeka, then further south to Albuquerque, before heading almost due west through northern Arizona to Los Angeles.<sup id="cite_ref-drury_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-drury-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The repeal of the <a href="/wiki/Sherman_Silver_Purchase_Act" title="Sherman Silver Purchase Act">Sherman Silver Purchase Act</a> in 1893 led to the decline of the silver mining industry in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1901, the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Fe Railroad">Santa Fe Railroad</a> reached the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, opening the way for a tourism boom,<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a trend led by restaurant and hotel entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Fred_Harvey_(entrepreneur)" title="Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)">Fred Harvey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last two territories within the Southwest to achieve statehood were New Mexico and Arizona. By 1863, with the splitting off of the Arizona Territory, New Mexico reached its modern borders. They became states within forty days of one another. On January 6, 1912, New Mexico became the 47th state in the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arizona would shortly follow, becoming the last of the 48 contiguous United States on February 14, 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_statehood">Since statehood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Since statehood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ski_industry">Ski industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ski industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area,_Albuquerque_AC,_crop1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area%2C_Albuquerque_AC%2C_crop1.JPG/220px-Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area%2C_Albuquerque_AC%2C_crop1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area%2C_Albuquerque_AC%2C_crop1.JPG/330px-Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area%2C_Albuquerque_AC%2C_crop1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area%2C_Albuquerque_AC%2C_crop1.JPG/440px-Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area%2C_Albuquerque_AC%2C_crop1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="998" /></a><figcaption>Sandia Peak Ski Area, New Mexico</figcaption></figure><p> The 1930s saw the beginning of the ski industry in the Southwest. Resorts were established in Colorado in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Estes_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Estes Park">Estes Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunnison,_Colorado#Winter" title="Gunnison, Colorado">Gunnison</a>, and on <a href="/wiki/Loveland_Pass" title="Loveland Pass">Loveland Pass</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Mexico's oldest ski area is <a href="/wiki/Sandia_Peak_Ski_Area" title="Sandia Peak Ski Area">Sandia Peak Ski Area</a> at the eastern edge of <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, which opened to skiers in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-SPSP_History_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SPSP_History-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-All-Ski_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-All-Ski-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the decade, in 1939, with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Alta_Ski_Area" title="Alta Ski Area">Alta Ski Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_of_Skiing_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Development of Skiing in Utah">Utah's skiing</a> began to be developed.<sup id="cite_ref-atasixty_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atasixty-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the ski conditions in the state, during WWII, the <a href="/wiki/10th_Mountain_Division" title="10th Mountain Division">10th Mountain Division</a> established <a href="/wiki/Camp_Hale" title="Camp Hale">Camp Hale</a> in Colorado to train elite ski troops.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_of_the_term_and_historical/cultural_variations"><span id="Origins_of_the_term_and_historical.2Fcultural_variations"></span>Origins of the term and historical/cultural variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Origins of the term and historical/cultural variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While this article deals with the core definition for the American Southwest, there are many others. The various definitions can be broken down into four main categories: Historical/Archeological; Geological/Topographical; Ecological; and Cultural. In the 1930s and 1940s, many definitions of the Southwest included all or part of Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado, and Utah. As time has gone on, the definition of the Southwest has become more solidified and more compact. For example, in 1948 the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> defined the American Southwest as all of California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico, and the southernmost sections of Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming, as well as parts of southwest Nebraska, western Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. By 1977, the Society's definition had narrowed to only the four states of Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico; and by 1982 the portion of the Southwest in the United States, as defined by the Society, had shrunk to Arizona and New Mexico, with the southernmost strip of Utah and Colorado, as well as the Mojave and Colorado deserts in California.<sup id="cite_ref-UAtpncd_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAtpncd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other individuals who focus on Southwest studies who favored a more limited extent of the area to center on Arizona and New Mexico, with small parts of surrounding areas, include <a href="/wiki/Erna_Fergusson" title="Erna Fergusson">Erna Fergusson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lummis" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Lummis">Charles Lummis</a> (who claimed to have coined the term, the Southwest), and cultural geographer <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gastil" title="Raymond Gastil">Raymond Gastil</a>, and ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Le%C3%B3n-Portilla" title="Miguel León-Portilla">Miguel León-Portilla</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UAtpncd_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAtpncd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Geographer <a href="/wiki/D._W._Meinig" class="mw-redirect" title="D. W. Meinig">D. W. Meinig</a> defines the Southwest in a very similar fashion to Reed: the portion of New Mexico west of the <a href="/wiki/Llano_Estacado" title="Llano Estacado">Llano Estacado</a> and the portion of Arizona east of the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> and south of the "canyon lands" and also including the <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> district of western Texas and the southernmost part of Colorado.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meinig breaks the Southwest down into four distinct subregions. He calls the first subregion "<a href="/wiki/Northern_New_Mexico" title="Northern New Mexico">Northern New Mexico</a>," and describes it as focused on <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a>. It extends from the <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a> of southern Colorado to south of <a href="/wiki/Socorro,_New_Mexico" title="Socorro, New Mexico">Socorro</a> and including the <a href="/wiki/Sandia-Manzano_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandia-Manzano Mountains">Sandia-Manzano Mountains</a>, with an east–west breadth in the north stretching from the upper <a href="/wiki/Canadian_River" title="Canadian River">Canadian River</a> to the upper <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_River_(Colorado_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="San Juan River (Colorado River)">San Juan River</a>. The area around Albuquerque is sometimes called <a href="/wiki/Central_New_Mexico" title="Central New Mexico">Central New Mexico</a>. </p><p>"Central Arizona" is a vast metropolitan area spread across one contiguous sprawling oasis, essentially equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix metropolitan area</a>. The city of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> is the largest urban center, and located in the approximate center of the area that includes <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a>, and many others.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meinig calls the third subregion "El Paso, Tucson, and the Southern Borderlands." While <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> are distinctly different cities, they serve as anchor points to the hinterland between them. <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> occupies a large oasis at the western end of the El Paso-Tucson corridor. The region between the two cities is a major transportation trunk with settlements serving both highway and railway needs. There are also large mining operations, ranches, and agricultural oases. Both El Paso and Tucson have large military installations nearby; <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bliss" title="Fort Bliss">Fort Bliss</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_Missile_Range" title="White Sands Missile Range">White Sands Missile Range</a> north of El Paso in New Mexico, and, near Tucson, the <a href="/wiki/Davis-Monthan_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Davis-Monthan Air Force Base">Davis-Monthan Air Force Base</a>. About 70 miles (110 km) to the southeast are the research facilities at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Huachuca" title="Fort Huachuca">Fort Huachuca</a>. These military installations form a kind of hinterland around the El Paso-Tucson region, and are served by scientific and residential communities such as <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Vista,_Arizona" title="Sierra Vista, Arizona">Sierra Vista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico" title="Alamogordo, New Mexico">Alamogordo</a>. El Paso's influence extends north into the <a href="/wiki/Mesilla_Valley" title="Mesilla Valley">Mesilla Valley</a>, and southeast along the Rio Grande into the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a> region of Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fourth subregion Meinig calls the "Northern Corridor and Navajolands," a major highway and railway trunk which connects Albuquerque and <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a>. Just north of the transportation trunk are large blocks of American Indian land.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical/archeological"><span id="Historical.2Farcheological"></span>Historical/archeological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical/archeological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica</a></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">US expanded westward</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">western border</a> also shifted westward, and consequently, so did the location of the Southwestern and <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern United States</a>. In the early years of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Overmountain_Men" title="Overmountain Men">newly colonized lands</a> lying immediately west of the Appalachian Mountains were <a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">detached</a> from North Carolina and given the name <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a>. During the decades that followed, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Southwest" title="Old Southwest">region known as "the Southwestern United States"</a> covered much of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> east of the Mississippi River. </p><p>However, as territories and eventual states to the west were added after the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>, the geographical "Southwest" expanded, and the relationship of these new acquisitions to the South itself became "increasingly unclear."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, archeologist, Erik Reed, gives a description which is the most widely accepted as defining the American Southwest, which runs from Durango, Colorado in the north, to Durango, Mexico, in the south, and from Las Vegas, Nevada in the west to Las Vegas, New Mexico in the East. Reed's definition is roughly equivalent to the western half of the Learning Center of the American Southwest's definition, leaving out any portion of Kansas and Oklahoma, and much of Texas, as well as the eastern half of New Mexico. Since this article is about the Southwestern United States, the areas of Sonora and Chihuahua in Mexico will be excluded. The portion left includes Arizona and western New Mexico, the very southernmost part of Utah, southwestern Colorado, the very tip of west Texas, and triangle formed by the southern tip of Nevada. This will be the defined scope that is used in this article unless otherwise specified in a particular area.<sup id="cite_ref-LCASDefine_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCASDefine-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geological/topographical"><span id="Geological.2Ftopographical"></span>Geological/topographical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geological/topographical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LCASMapoftheSouthwest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/LCASMapoftheSouthwest.jpg/225px-LCASMapoftheSouthwest.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/LCASMapoftheSouthwest.jpg/338px-LCASMapoftheSouthwest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/LCASMapoftheSouthwest.jpg/450px-LCASMapoftheSouthwest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Southwestern United States as defined by the Learning Center of the American Southwest<sup id="cite_ref-LCASDefine_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCASDefine-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Parts of the other states make up the various areas that can be included in the Southwest, depending on the source. The Learning Center of the American Southwest (LCAS)<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> does not rely on current state boundaries, and defines the American Southwest as parts of Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Utah.<sup id="cite_ref-LCASDefine_123-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LCASDefine-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this perspective, almost all of the region's physiographical traits, geological formations, and weather are contained within a box between 26° and 38° northern latitude, and 98° 30' and 124° western longitude.<sup id="cite_ref-UAtsd_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAtsd-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological">Ecological</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ecological"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When looking at the fauna of the region, there is a broader definition of the American Southwest. The Southwestern Center for Herpetological Research defines the Southwest as being only the states of Arizona, New Mexico, with parts of California, Nevada, Texas, and Utah; although they include all of those six states in their map of the region, solely for ease of defining the border.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cultural"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apache_Wickiup,_Edward_Curtis,_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_Curtis%2C_1903.jpg/220px-Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_Curtis%2C_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_Curtis%2C_1903.jpg/330px-Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_Curtis%2C_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_Curtis%2C_1903.jpg/440px-Apache_Wickiup%2C_Edward_Curtis%2C_1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a>. A dwelling used by various Native American tribes among the Southwestern US.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/220px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/330px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg/440px-Drawing_of_a_country_store_by_Marguerite_Martyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Fanciful drawing by <a href="/wiki/Marguerite_Martyn" title="Marguerite Martyn">Marguerite Martyn</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> of October 21, 1906, headed "Passing of the Country Store in the Southwest"</figcaption></figure> <p>Lawrence Clark Powell, a major bibliographer whose emphasis is on the Southwest, defined the American Southwest in a 1958 <i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Highways" title="Arizona Highways">Arizona Highways</a></i> article as, "the lands lying west of the Pecos, north of the [Mexican] Border, south of the Mesa Verde and the Grand Canyon, and east of the mountains which wall off Southern California and make it a land in itself."<sup id="cite_ref-UAtpncd_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAtpncd-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Texas has long been the focal point of this dichotomy, and is often considered, as such, the <i>core area</i> of "the South's Southwest."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_122-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a> area is generally acknowledged as part of the <i>desert Southwest</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most of Texas and large parts of Oklahoma are often placed into a sub-region of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, which some consider southwestern in the general framework of the original application, meaning the "Western South." This is an area containing the basic elements of Southern <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Culture of the Southern United States">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_American_English" title="Southern American English">linguistic</a> and settlement patterns, yet blended with traits of the frontier West. While this particular Southwest is notably different in many ways from the classic "Old South" or <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a>, these features are strong enough to give it a separate southwestern identity quite different in nature from that of the interior southwestern states to the west. </p><p>One of these distinguishing characteristics in Texas—in addition to having been a <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate state</a> during the Civil War—is that Indigenous and Spanish American culture never played a central role in the development of this area in relative comparison to the others, as the vast majority of settlers were Anglo and blacks from the South.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the present-day state of Oklahoma was <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> until the early 20th century, many of these American Indians were from the southeastern United States and became culturally assimilated early on. The majority of members of these tribes also allied themselves with the Confederacy during the Civil War. Combined with that, once the territory was open for settlement, southeastern pioneers made up a disproportionate number of these newcomers. All this contributed to the new state having a character that differed from other parts of the Southwest with large American Indian populations.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that a majority of residents of Texas and Oklahoma—unlike those in other "southwestern" states—self-identify as living in the South and consider themselves southerners rather than the West and westerners—also lends to treating these two states as a somewhat distinct and separate entity in terms of regional classification.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A026,_Joshua_Tree_National_Park,_California,_USA,_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A026%2C_Joshua_Tree_National_Park%2C_California%2C_USA%2C_1998.jpg/170px-A026%2C_Joshua_Tree_National_Park%2C_California%2C_USA%2C_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A026%2C_Joshua_Tree_National_Park%2C_California%2C_USA%2C_1998.jpg/255px-A026%2C_Joshua_Tree_National_Park%2C_California%2C_USA%2C_1998.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/A026%2C_Joshua_Tree_National_Park%2C_California%2C_USA%2C_1998.jpg/340px-A026%2C_Joshua_Tree_National_Park%2C_California%2C_USA%2C_1998.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Joshua tree (<i><a href="/wiki/Yucca_brevifolia" title="Yucca brevifolia">Yucca brevifolia</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vegetation_and_terrain">Vegetation and terrain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Vegetation and terrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vegetation of the southwest generally includes various types of <a href="/wiki/Yucca" title="Yucca">yucca</a>, along with <a href="/wiki/Saguaro_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saguaro cactus">saguaro cactus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrel_cactus" title="Barrel cactus">barrel cactus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">prickly pear cactus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_spoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert spoon">desert spoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creosote_bush" class="mw-redirect" title="Creosote bush">creosote bush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagebrush" title="Sagebrush">sagebrush</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greasewood" title="Greasewood">greasewood</a>. Many native cacti grow throughout Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and west Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-Weniger_1969_p._14_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weniger_1969_p._14-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a> is also located all over the high plains areas in Colorado, New Mexico, and Texas. The mountains of the southwestern states have large tracts of alpine trees. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg/220px-Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg/330px-Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg/440px-Curry_County_Eastern_New_Mexico_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="2271" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_New_Mexico" title="Eastern New Mexico">Eastern New Mexico</a>, but also located in <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Eastern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Eastern Plains">Eastern Colorado</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Texas" title="West Texas">West Texas</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Landscape features of the core southwestern areas include mountains, canyons, mesas, <a href="/wiki/Butte" title="Butte">buttes</a>, high broad basins, plateaus, desert lands, and some plains, characteristic of the <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_Province" title="Basin and Range Province">Basin and Range Province</a>. The entire southwestern region features semi-arid to arid terrain. The far eastern part of southwestern Texas, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country" title="Texas Hill Country">Texas Hill Country</a>, consists of dry, tall, and rugged rocky hills of limestone and granite. <a href="/wiki/South_Texas" title="South Texas">South Texas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Rio_Grande_Valley" title="Lower Rio Grande Valley">Rio Grande Valley</a> is mostly flat with many places consisting of scrub and bare topsoil, much like the deserts further west. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The region has an extremely diverse bird population, with hundreds of species being found in the American Southwest. In the <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_Mountains" title="Chiricahua Mountains">Chiricahua Mountains</a> alone, in southeastern Arizona, there can be found more than 400 species. Species include <a href="/wiki/Canada_goose" title="Canada goose">Canadian</a> (<i>Branta canadensis</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Snow_goose" title="Snow goose">snow geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandhill_crane" title="Sandhill crane">sandhill cranes</a> (<i>Grus canadensis</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_roadrunner" title="Greater roadrunner">roadrunner</a>, the state bird of New Mexico and most famous bird in the region, is found in all states of the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds of prey include the <a href="/wiki/Red-tailed_hawk" title="Red-tailed hawk">red-tailed hawk</a> (<i>Buteo jamaicensis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cooper%27s_hawk" title="Cooper's hawk">Cooper's hawk</a> (<i>Accipiter cooperii</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a> (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagles</a> (<i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>), <a href="/wiki/Harris%27s_hawk" title="Harris's hawk">Harris's hawk</a> (<i>Parabuteo unicinctus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American kestrel (<i>Falco sparverius</i>), peregrine falcon (<i>Falco peregrinus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the gray hawk (<i>Buteo plagiatus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_barn_owl" title="American barn owl">American barn owl</a> (<i>Tyto furcata</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Western_screech_owl" title="Western screech owl">western screech owl</a> (<i>Megascops kennicottii</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Great_horned_owl" title="Great horned owl">great horned owl</a> (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Elf_owl" title="Elf owl">elf owl</a> (<i>Micrathene whitneyi</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Burrowing_owl" title="Burrowing owl">burrowing owl</a> (<i>Athene cunicularia</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other bird species include the <a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">turkey vulture</a> (<i>Cathartes aura</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Black_vulture" title="Black vulture">black vulture</a> (<i>Coragyps atratus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Northern_cardinal" title="Northern cardinal">northern cardinal</a> (<i>Cardinalis cardinalis</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Blue_grosbeak" title="Blue grosbeak">blue grosbeak</a> (<i>Passerina caerulea</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/House_finch" title="House finch">house finch</a> (<i>Haemorhous mexicanus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_goldfinch" title="Lesser goldfinch">lesser goldfinch</a> (<i>Spinus psaltria</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Broad-billed_hummingbird" title="Broad-billed hummingbird">broad-billed hummingbird</a> (<i>Cynanthus latirostris</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Black-chinned_hummingbird" title="Black-chinned hummingbird">black-chinned hummingbird</a> (<i>Archilochus alexandri</i>), <a href="/wiki/Costa%27s_hummingbird" title="Costa's hummingbird">Costa's hummingbird</a> (<i>Calypte costae</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gambel%27s_quail" title="Gambel's quail">Gambel's quail</a> (<i>Callipepla gambelii</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Common_raven" title="Common raven">common raven</a> (<i>Corvus corax</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Gila_woodpecker" title="Gila woodpecker">Gila woodpecker</a> (<i>Melanerpes uropygialis</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_flicker" title="Gilded flicker">gilded flicker</a> (<i>Colaptes chrysoides</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Cactus_wren" title="Cactus wren">cactus wren</a> (<i>Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Rock_wren" title="Rock wren">rock wren</a> (<i>Salpinctes obsoletus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the federally endangered <a href="/wiki/Southwest_willow_flycatcher" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest willow flycatcher">Southwest willow flycatcher</a> (<i>Empidonax traillii extimus</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four types of doves call the Southwest home: the <a href="/wiki/White-winged_dove" title="White-winged dove">white-winged dove</a> (<i>Zenaida asiatica</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">mourning dove</a> (<i>Zenaida macroura</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Common_ground_dove" title="Common ground dove">common ground dove</a> (<i>Columbina passerina</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Inca_dove" title="Inca dove">Inca dove</a> (<i>Columbina inca</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desert_Bighorn_Sheep_Joshua_Tree_cropped.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Desert_Bighorn_Sheep_Joshua_Tree_cropped.JPG/220px-Desert_Bighorn_Sheep_Joshua_Tree_cropped.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Desert_Bighorn_Sheep_Joshua_Tree_cropped.JPG/330px-Desert_Bighorn_Sheep_Joshua_Tree_cropped.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Desert_Bighorn_Sheep_Joshua_Tree_cropped.JPG/440px-Desert_Bighorn_Sheep_Joshua_Tree_cropped.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1828" data-file-height="1492" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep" title="Desert bighorn sheep">Desert bighorn sheep</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Mammal species include the <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_black_bear" title="American black bear">black bear</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-tailed_jackrabbit" title="Black-tailed jackrabbit">black-tailed jackrabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_cottontail" title="Desert cottontail">desert cottontail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_bighorn_sheep" title="Desert bighorn sheep">desert bighorn sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gray_fox" title="Gray fox">gray fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">mountain lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_American_river_otter" title="North American river otter">river otter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_weasel" title="Long-tailed weasel">long-tailed weasel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_spotted_skunk" title="Western spotted skunk">western spotted skunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pronghorn" title="Pronghorn">pronghorn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raccoon" title="Raccoon">raccoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cactus_mouse" title="Cactus mouse">cactus mouse</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ord%27s_kangaroo_rat" title="Ord's kangaroo rat">Ord's kangaroo rat</a>, all of which can be found in parts of every southwestern state. <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">Elk</a> are found in parts of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Arizona. <a href="/wiki/White-nosed_coati" title="White-nosed coati">White-nosed coati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collared_peccary" title="Collared peccary">collared peccary</a>—or <i>javelina</i>—in the Southwest are normally found in southern areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas near the Mexican border. <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">Jaguars</a> can be found in the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Bootheel" class="mw-redirect" title="New Mexico Bootheel">bootheel region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_New_Mexico" title="Southwestern New Mexico">Southwestern New Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican_wolf" title="Mexican wolf">Mexican wolf</a> (<i>Canis lupus baileyi</i>) was reintroduced to Arizona and New Mexico in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-paquet2003_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paquet2003-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service study reported a minimum population of 241 Mexican wolves in southwest New Mexico and southeast Arizona at the beginning of 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a large contingent of snakes native to the region. Among them include the <a href="/wiki/Rosy_boa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosy boa">rosy boa</a> (<i>Lichanura trivirgata</i>); several sub-species of the <a href="/wiki/Glossy_snake" title="Glossy snake">glossy snake</a> (<i>Arizona elegans</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Bogertophis_subocularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bogertophis subocularis">Trans-Pecos ratsnake</a> (<i>Bogertophis subocularis</i>); several sub-species of shovel-nosed snakes; several sub-species of kingsnake, including the <a href="/wiki/Desert_kingsnake" title="Desert kingsnake">desert kingsnake</a> (<i>Lampropeltis getula splendida</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Lampropeltis_pyromelana" title="Lampropeltis pyromelana">Arizona mountain kingsnake</a> (<i>Lampropeltis pyromelana</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Micruroides" title="Micruroides">Arizona coral snake</a> (<i>Micruroides euryxanthus</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_atrox" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus atrox">western diamondback rattlesnake</a> (<i>Crotalus atrox</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Agkistrodon_contortrix_pictigaster" title="Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster">Trans-Pecos copperhead</a> (<i>Agkistrodon contortrix pictigaster</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_cerastes_cercobombus" title="Crotalus cerastes cercobombus">Sonoran sidewinder</a> (<i>Crotalus cerastes cercobombus</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_cerberus" title="Crotalus cerberus">Arizona black rattlesnake</a> (<i>Crotalus oreganus cerberus</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_viridis" title="Crotalus viridis">western rattlesnake</a> (<i>Crotalus viridis</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_oreganus_abyssus" title="Crotalus oreganus abyssus">Grand Canyon rattlesnake</a> (<i>Crotalus oreganus abyssus</i>), found only in Arizona; several sub-species of the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_willardi" title="Crotalus willardi">ridge-nosed rattlesnake</a> (<i>Crotalus willardi</i>), the most recent rattlesnake species to be discovered in the United States, including the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_willardi_obscurus" title="Crotalus willardi obscurus">New Mexico ridge-nosed rattlesnake</a> (<i>Crotalus willardi obscurus</i>), and the Arizona ridge-nosed rattlesnake, the state reptile of Arizona; and the <a href="/wiki/Sistrurus_catenatus_edwardsii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii">desert massasauga</a> (<i>Sistrurus catenatus edwardsii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other reptiles in the region include lizards and turtles. Lizards are highly represented in the region, the most distinctive denizen being the <a href="/wiki/Gila_monster" title="Gila monster">Gila monster</a>, native only to the American Southwest and the state of Sonora in Mexico. The <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_whiptail" title="New Mexico whiptail">New Mexico whiptail</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_symbols_of_New_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="List of state symbols of New Mexico">state reptile</a> of New Mexico. Other lizards include: <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_collared_lizard" title="Sonoran collared lizard">Sonoran collared lizard</a> (<i>Crotaphytus nebrius</i>); several types of geckos, including <a href="/wiki/Western_banded_gecko" title="Western banded gecko">western banded gecko</a> (<i>Coleonyx variegatus</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Common_house_gecko" title="Common house gecko">common house gecko</a> (<i>Hemidactylus frenatus</i>), and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_house_gecko" title="Mediterranean house gecko">Mediterranean house gecko</a> (<i>Hemidactylus turcicus</i>), the last two species being non-native to the region but have been introduced; the <a href="/wiki/Desert_iguana" title="Desert iguana">desert iguana</a> (<i>Dipsosaurus dorsalis</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Chuckwalla" title="Chuckwalla">chuckwalla</a> (<i>Sauromalus ater</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Greater_earless_lizard" title="Greater earless lizard">greater earless lizard</a> (<i>Cophosaurus texanus scitulus</i>); several sub-species of <a href="/wiki/Horned_lizard" title="Horned lizard">horned lizards</a> (<i>Phrynosoma</i>); numerous species of <a href="/wiki/Spiny_lizard" title="Spiny lizard">spiny lizards</a> (<i>Sceloporus</i>); <a href="/wiki/Gilbert%27s_skink" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert's skink">Gilbert's skink</a> (<i>Plestiodon gilberti</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Western_skink" title="Western skink">western skink</a> (<i>Plestiodon skiltonianus</i>); <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos_striped_whiptail" title="Trans-Pecos striped whiptail">Trans-Pecos striped whiptail</a> (<i>Aspidoscelis inornata heptagrammus</i>); and the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_night_lizard" title="Arizona night lizard">Arizona night lizard</a> (<i>Xantusia arizonae</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turtles are less numerous than their other reptilian counterparts, but several are found in the region, including: the <a href="/wiki/Painted_turtle#Western_painted_turtle" title="Painted turtle">western painted turtle</a> (<i>Chrysemys picta bellii</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_cooter" title="Rio Grande cooter">Rio Grande cooter</a> (<i>Pseudemys gorzugi</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Desert_box_turtle" title="Desert box turtle">desert box turtle</a> (<i>Terrapene ornata luteola</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_slider" title="Big Bend slider">Big Bend slider</a> (<i>Trachemys gaigeae gaigeae</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Sonora_mud_turtle" title="Sonora mud turtle">Sonora mud turtle</a> (<i>Kinosternon sonoriense</i>); and the <a href="/wiki/Desert_tortoise" title="Desert tortoise">desert tortoise</a> (<i>Gopherus agassizii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amphibians include numerous toads and frogs in the American Southwest. Toads which can be found in the region include the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains_toad" title="Great Plains toad">Great Plains toad</a> (<i>Anaxyrus cognatus</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Anaxyrus_debilis" title="Anaxyrus debilis">green toad</a> (<i>Anaxyrus debilis</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_toad" title="Arizona toad">Arizona toad</a> (<i>Anaxyrus microscaphus</i>); the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_spadefoot_toad" title="New Mexico spadefoot toad">New Mexico spadefoot</a> (<i>Spea multiplicata stagnalis</i>); and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_toad" title="Colorado River toad">Colorado River toad</a> (<i>Incilius alvarius</i>), also known as the Sonoran Desert toad. Frog representation includes: <a href="/wiki/Craugastor_augusti" title="Craugastor augusti">western barking frog</a> (<i>Craugastor augusti</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Canyon_tree_frog" title="Canyon tree frog">canyon tree frog</a> (<i>Hyla arenicolor</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_mountain_tree_frog" title="Wright's mountain tree frog">Arizona treefrog</a> (<i>Hyla wrightorum</i>); the <a href="/wiki/Western_chorus_frog" title="Western chorus frog">western chorus frog</a> (<i>Pseudacris triseriata</i>); <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_leopard_frog" title="Chiricahua leopard frog">Chiricahua leopard frog</a> (<i>Lithobates chiricahuensis</i>); and the <a href="/wiki/Relict_leopard_frog" title="Relict leopard frog">relict leopard frog</a> (<i>Lithobates onca</i>). There are quite a few salamanders throughout the region, including: the <a href="/wiki/Barred_tiger_salamander#Subspecies" title="Barred tiger salamander">Arizona tiger salamander</a> (<i>Ambystoma mavortium nebulosum</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Ensatina#Subspecies" title="Ensatina">painted ensatina</a> (<i>Ensatina eschscholtzii picta</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the Southwest being mostly arid, various fishes are found where water is available, including various species unique to the region. <a href="/wiki/Apache_trout" title="Apache trout">Apache trout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gila_trout" title="Gila trout">Gila trout</a> are two <a href="/wiki/Salmonidae" title="Salmonidae">salmonids</a> endemic to the area, with the former found only in Arizona and the latter only in Arizona and New Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Desert <a href="/wiki/Pupfish" title="Pupfish">pupfishes</a> are several closely related species of fish in the genus Cyprinodon, many of which are found in isolated spring-fed ponds hundreds of miles from each other, ranging from far West Texas to <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley" title="Death Valley">Death Valley</a> in California. These pupfishes often thrive in water considerably higher in temperature and dissolved solids than most fish can tolerate.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these desert fish species are endangered due to their limited and tenuous habitat, as well as loss of habitat due to human consumption of groundwater and diversion of surface water, as well as the introduction of species such as sportfish for recreation (see: <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Silvery_Minnow_v._Bureau_of_Reclamation" title="Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Bureau of Reclamation">Rio Grande Silvery Minnow v. Bureau of Reclamation</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonoradesert_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sonoradesert_1.JPG/220px-Sonoradesert_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sonoradesert_1.JPG/330px-Sonoradesert_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Sonoradesert_1.JPG/440px-Sonoradesert_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> terrain near <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The southwestern United States features a semi-arid to arid climate, depending on the location.<sup id="cite_ref-BATTG19_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BATTG19-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the Southwest is an arid desert climate, but higher elevations in the mountains in each state, with the exception of West Texas, feature alpine climates with very large amounts of snow. The metropolitan areas of Phoenix, Tucson, Las Vegas, and El Paso hardly ever receive any snow at all, as they are strictly desert lands with mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-BATTG19_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BATTG19-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Albuquerque receives less snow than other cities, but still receives significant snowfalls occasionally in the winter. Although it snows in this region, the snow in this part of the United States melts rapidly, often before nightfall. This is due mainly to the higher altitude and abundant sunshine in these states. </p><p>Nevada and Arizona are both generally arid with desert lands and mountains, and receive large amounts of snow in the higher elevations in and near the mountains. New Mexico, Utah, and Colorado are generally arid, with desert lands and mountains as well. They all receive decent amounts of snow and large amounts of snow in the high elevations in the mountains, although some areas in far southwestern and southern New Mexico do not receive much snow at all at lower elevations. West Texas is generally arid as well but does not receive the same amount of snow that the other southwestern states receive at their high elevations. The terrain of western Texas in the Southwest is the flat, rolling land of the plains, which eventually turns into a desert with some hills. There are significant mountains as well in west Texas upon reaching the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Pecos" title="Trans-Pecos">Trans-Pecos</a> area. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlsbad_caverns_entrance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Carlsbad_caverns_entrance.jpg/220px-Carlsbad_caverns_entrance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Carlsbad_caverns_entrance.jpg/330px-Carlsbad_caverns_entrance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Carlsbad_caverns_entrance.jpg/440px-Carlsbad_caverns_entrance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a> terrain near <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico" title="Carlsbad, New Mexico">Carlsbad</a></figcaption></figure><p> The term "High Desert" is also synonymous with this region. The High Desert is generally defined as the <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PBS_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PBS-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which extends from inland southern California into southern Nevada, east to the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio Grande Rift">Rio Grande Rift</a> in New Mexico. The High Desert also extends into parts of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwest</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Red_Desert_(Wyoming)" title="Red Desert (Wyoming)">Red Desert</a> in southwestern Wyoming. The High Desert is very different from the lower desert lands found in Arizona, in the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>. This area of the desert land generally sits at a very high elevation, much higher than the normal desert land, and can receive very cold temperatures at night in the winter (with the exception of California, southern Nevada and southwestern Utah), sometimes near zero degrees on very cold nights. The High Desert also receives a decent amount of snowfall in the winter (with the exception of California, southern Nevada and southwestern Utah) but melts very quickly. Rain falls in this region mainly in the summer, during the <a href="/wiki/North_American_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Monsoon">North American Monsoon</a> season. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CONM_Independence_monument_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CONM_Independence_monument_2.jpg/220px-CONM_Independence_monument_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CONM_Independence_monument_2.jpg/330px-CONM_Independence_monument_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/CONM_Independence_monument_2.jpg/440px-CONM_Independence_monument_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8603" data-file-height="3972" /></a><figcaption>Monument Canyon, some of the high desert lands found in Colorado</figcaption></figure> <p>The desert lands found in Eastern Utah, Northern Arizona, Colorado and New Mexico are usually referred to as the high desert. Colorado has scattered desert lands found in southern, southwestern, western, and northwestern parts of the state. These scattered desert lands are located in and around areas such as, the <a href="/wiki/Roan_Plateau" title="Roan Plateau">Roan Plateau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur_National_Monument" title="Dinosaur National Monument">Dinosaur National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_National_Monument" title="Colorado National Monument">Colorado National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Gorge" title="Royal Gorge">Royal Gorge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cortez,_Colorado" title="Cortez, Colorado">Cortez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dove_Creek,_Colorado" title="Dove Creek, Colorado">Dove Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monument" title="Canyons of the Ancients National Monument">Canyons of the Ancients National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Corners_Monument" title="Four Corners Monument">Four Corners Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montrose,_Colorado" title="Montrose, Colorado">Montrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mesa_Reservoir" title="Blue Mesa Reservoir">Blue Mesa Reservoir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Valley" title="San Luis Valley">San Luis Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve">Great Sand Dunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tree_National_Park" title="Joshua Tree National Park">Joshua Tree National Park</a>. Besides the <a href="/wiki/Chihuahuan_Desert" title="Chihuahuan Desert">Chihuahuan Desert</a>, lands in southwestern and southern New Mexico, they also have scattered desert lands in the northwestern and northern portions of their state, which is referred to as the high desert. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño">El Niño</a>, winters and springs are generally colder and wetter across southern portions of the region, while the northern portion stays warmer and drier due to a southern jet stream. Under <a href="/wiki/La_Ni%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="La Niña">La Niña</a>, the opposite happens, meaning the cool and wet weather tends to stay farther north.<sup id="cite_ref-BATTG19_158-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BATTG19-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Southwest also experiences multi-year and multi-decade episodes of severe drought, including the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_North_American_megadrought" title="Southwestern North American megadrought">southwestern North American megadrought</a> which emerged starting year 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_parks,_monuments_and_forests"><span id="National_parks.2C_monuments_and_forests"></span>National parks, monuments and forests</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: National parks, monuments and forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Canyon_Ao%C3%BBt_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grand_Canyon_Ao%C3%BBt_2006.jpg/800px-Grand_Canyon_Ao%C3%BBt_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grand_Canyon_Ao%C3%BBt_2006.jpg/1200px-Grand_Canyon_Ao%C3%BBt_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grand_Canyon_Ao%C3%BBt_2006.jpg/1600px-Grand_Canyon_Ao%C3%BBt_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5319" data-file-height="1061" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a> from the South Rim</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The southwestern United States contains many well-known national parks including <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_National_Park" title="Grand Canyon National Park">Grand Canyon</a> in Arizona, <a href="/wiki/Death_Valley_National_Park" title="Death Valley National Park">Death Valley</a> in California, <a href="/wiki/Great_Sand_Dunes_National_Park_and_Preserve" title="Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve">Great Sand Dunes</a> in Colorado, <a href="/wiki/Arches_National_Park" title="Arches National Park">Arches</a> in Utah, <a href="/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park" title="Big Bend National Park">Big Bend</a> in Texas, <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin_National_Park" title="Great Basin National Park">Great Basin</a> in Nevada, and <a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands</a> in New Mexico. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunes_as_White_Sands_NM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dunes_as_White_Sands_NM.jpg/220px-Dunes_as_White_Sands_NM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dunes_as_White_Sands_NM.jpg/330px-Dunes_as_White_Sands_NM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Dunes_as_White_Sands_NM.jpg/440px-Dunes_as_White_Sands_NM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_Sands_National_Park" title="White Sands National Park">White Sands National Park</a>, New Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>Arizona parks and monuments include Grand Canyon, <a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Navajo_Nation" title="Navajo Nation">Navajo Nation</a> park), <a href="/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park" title="Petrified Forest National Park">Petrified Forest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saguaro_National_Park" title="Saguaro National Park">Saguaro</a> national parks; the national monuments of <a href="/wiki/Agua_Fria_National_Monument" title="Agua Fria National Monument">Agua Fria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyon_de_Chelly_National_Monument" title="Canyon de Chelly National Monument">Canyon de Chelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande Ruins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_National_Monument" title="Chiricahua National Monument">Chiricahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ironwood_Forest_National_Monument" title="Ironwood Forest National Monument">Ironwood Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_Castle_National_Monument" title="Montezuma Castle National Monument">Montezuma Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navajo_National_Monument" title="Navajo National Monument">Navajo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_Pipe_Cactus_National_Monument" title="Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument">Organ Pipe Cactus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipe_Spring_National_Monument" title="Pipe Spring National Monument">Pipe Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert_National_Monument" title="Sonoran Desert National Monument">Sonoran Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Crater_Volcano_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunset Crater Volcano National Monument">Sunset Crater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tonto_National_Monument" title="Tonto National Monument">Tonto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuzigoot_National_Monument" title="Tuzigoot National Monument">Tuzigoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermilion_Cliffs_National_Monument" title="Vermilion Cliffs National Monument">Vermilion Cliffs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Walnut Canyon National Monument">Walnut Canyon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wupatki_National_Monument" title="Wupatki National Monument">Wupatki</a>. Other federal areas include the <a href="/wiki/Apache%E2%80%93Sitgreaves_National_Forests" title="Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests">Apache–Sitgreaves National Forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tumacacori_National_Historical_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumacacori National Historical Park">Tumacacori National Historical Park</a>. </p><p>Southern California parks and monuments include Death Valley and <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Tree_National_Park" title="Joshua Tree National Park">Joshua Tree</a> national parks; the national monuments of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Mountains_National_Monument" title="Castle Mountains National Monument">Castle Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Trails_National_Monument" title="Mojave Trails National Monument">Mojave Trails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sand_to_Snow_National_Monument" title="Sand to Snow National Monument">Sand to Snow</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel_Mountains_National_Monument" title="San Gabriel Mountains National Monument">San Gabriel Mountains</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mojave_National_Preserve" title="Mojave National Preserve">Mojave National Preserve</a>. </p><p>Colorado parks and monuments include Great Sand Dunes, <a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_of_the_Gunnison_National_Park" title="Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park">Black Canyon of the Gunnison</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Verde_National_Park" title="Mesa Verde National Park">Mesa Verde</a> national parks; the national monuments of <a href="/wiki/Browns_Canyon_National_Monument" title="Browns Canyon National Monument">Browns Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyons_of_the_Ancients_National_Monument" title="Canyons of the Ancients National Monument">Canyons of the Ancients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado_National_Monument" title="Colorado National Monument">Colorado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hovenweep_National_Monument" title="Hovenweep National Monument">Hovenweep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yucca_House_National_Monument" title="Yucca House National Monument">Yucca House</a>. Other federal areas include <a href="/wiki/Curecanti_National_Recreation_Area" title="Curecanti National Recreation Area">Curecanti National Recreation Area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bent%27s_Old_Fort_National_Historic_Site" title="Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site">Bent's Old Fort National Historic Site</a>; as well as the national forests of <a href="/wiki/San_Isabel_National_Forest" title="San Isabel National Forest">San Isabel</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_National_Forest" title="San Juan National Forest">San Juan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uncompahgre_National_Forest" title="Uncompahgre National Forest">Uncompahgre</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A511,_Little_Finland,_Nevada,_USA,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A511%2C_Little_Finland%2C_Nevada%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg/220px-A511%2C_Little_Finland%2C_Nevada%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A511%2C_Little_Finland%2C_Nevada%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg/330px-A511%2C_Little_Finland%2C_Nevada%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/A511%2C_Little_Finland%2C_Nevada%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg/440px-A511%2C_Little_Finland%2C_Nevada%2C_USA%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_Finland" title="Little Finland">Little Finland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gold_Butte_National_Monument" title="Gold Butte National Monument">Gold Butte National Monument</a>, Nevada</figcaption></figure> <p>Nevada has one national park at Great Basin, and the national monuments of <a href="/wiki/Basin_and_Range_National_Monument" title="Basin and Range National Monument">Basin and Range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_Butte_National_Monument" title="Gold Butte National Monument">Gold Butte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tule_Springs_Fossil_Beds_National_Monument" title="Tule Springs Fossil Beds National Monument">Tule Springs Fossil Beds</a>. Other federal areas include <a href="/wiki/Humboldt-Toiyabe_National_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest">Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Mead_National_Recreation_Area" title="Lake Mead National Recreation Area">Lake Mead National Recreation Area</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Red_Rock_Canyon_National_Conservation_Area" title="Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area">Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area</a>. </p><p>New Mexico has two national parks, at <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park" title="Carlsbad Caverns National Park">Carlsbad Caverns</a> and White Sands. National monuments include <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Aztec Ruins National Monument">Aztec Ruins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandelier_National_Monument" title="Bandelier National Monument">Bandelier</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Malpais_National_Monument" title="El Malpais National Monument">El Malpais</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Morro_National_Monument" title="El Morro National Monument">El Morro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gila_Cliff_Dwellings_National_Monument" title="Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument">Gila Cliff Dwellings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kasha-Katuwe_Tent_Rocks_National_Monument" title="Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks National Monument">Kasha-Katuwe Tent Rocks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organ_Mountains%E2%80%93Desert_Peaks_National_Monument" title="Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks National Monument">Organ Mountains–Desert Peaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph_National_Monument" title="Petroglyph National Monument">Petroglyph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_del_Norte_National_Monument" title="Rio Grande del Norte National Monument">Rio Grande del Norte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salinas_Pueblo_Missions_National_Monument" title="Salinas Pueblo Missions National Monument">Salinas Pueblo Missions</a>. Other federal park areas include <a href="/wiki/Chaco_Culture_National_Historical_Park" title="Chaco Culture National Historical Park">Chaco Culture National Historical Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pecos_National_Historical_Park" title="Pecos National Historical Park">Pecos National Historical Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sevilleta_National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge">Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge</a>, and the national forests of <a href="/wiki/Apache_National_Forest" title="Apache National Forest">Apache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carson_National_Forest" title="Carson National Forest">Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gila_National_Forest" title="Gila National Forest">Gila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_National_Forest" title="Lincoln National Forest">Lincoln</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_National_Forest" title="Santa Fe National Forest">Santa Fe</a>. </p><p>West Texas has two national parks, at Big Bend and <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe_Mountains_National_Park" title="Guadalupe Mountains National Park">Guadalupe Mountains</a>. Other federal park areas include <a href="/wiki/Chamizal_National_Memorial" title="Chamizal National Memorial">Chamizal National Memorial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Davis_National_Historic_Site" title="Fort Davis National Historic Site">Fort Davis National Historic Site</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountains_in_Zion_National_Park,_Utah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mountains_in_Zion_National_Park%2C_Utah.jpg/220px-Mountains_in_Zion_National_Park%2C_Utah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mountains_in_Zion_National_Park%2C_Utah.jpg/330px-Mountains_in_Zion_National_Park%2C_Utah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mountains_in_Zion_National_Park%2C_Utah.jpg/440px-Mountains_in_Zion_National_Park%2C_Utah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Mountains in <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion national park</a>, Utah</figcaption></figure> <p>Utah national parks include Arches, <a href="/wiki/Bryce_Canyon_National_Park" title="Bryce Canyon National Park">Bryce Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canyonlands_National_Park" title="Canyonlands National Park">Canyonlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reef_National_Park" title="Capitol Reef National Park">Capitol Reef</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zion_National_Park" title="Zion National Park">Zion</a>. National monuments include <a href="/wiki/Bears_Ears_National_Monument" title="Bears Ears National Monument">Bears Ears</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedar_Breaks_National_Monument" title="Cedar Breaks National Monument">Cedar Breaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Staircase%E2%80%93Escalante_National_Monument" title="Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument">Grand Staircase–Escalante</a>, Hovenweep (also in Colorado), <a href="/wiki/Natural_Bridges_National_Monument" title="Natural Bridges National Monument">Natural Bridges</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Bridge_National_Monument" title="Rainbow Bridge National Monument">Rainbow Bridge</a>. Other federal areas include <a href="/wiki/Glen_Canyon_National_Recreation_Area" title="Glen Canyon National Recreation Area">Glen Canyon National Recreation Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dixie_National_Forest" title="Dixie National Forest">Dixie National Forest</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manti%E2%80%93La_Sal_National_Forest" title="Manti–La Sal National Forest">Manti–La Sal National Forest</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hispanic Americans can be found in large numbers in every major city in the Southwest such as <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> (80%), <a href="/wiki/San_Antonio,_Texas" class="mw-redirect" title="San Antonio, Texas">San Antonio</a> (63%), <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (48%), <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> (47%), <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> (43%), <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> (41%), <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas, Nevada">Las Vegas</a> (32%), and <a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a> (27%). Over 60 percent of the Latino population in the Southwest is <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican American</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Very large Hispanic American populations can also be found in the smaller cities such as <a href="/wiki/Eagle_Pass,_Texas" title="Eagle Pass, Texas">Eagle Pass</a> (96%), <a href="/wiki/Las_Cruces,_New_Mexico" title="Las Cruces, New Mexico">Las Cruces</a> (56%), <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a> (55%), <a href="/wiki/Blythe,_California" title="Blythe, California">Blythe</a> (53%), <a href="/wiki/Pueblo,_Colorado" title="Pueblo, Colorado">Pueblo</a> (48%), <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a> (48%), and <a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a> (36%). Many small towns throughout the southwestern states also have significantly large Latino populations. </p><p>The largest Asian American populations in the southwest can be found in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some significant Asian population in Phoenix. The most significant American Indian populations can be found in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. </p><p>More than 20% of Native Americans live in the Southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1700, the only permanent Spanish settlements in the Southwest were along the valley of the upper Rio Grande in New Mexico.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_urban_areas">Cities and urban areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cities and urban areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area also contains many of the nation's largest cities and metropolitan areas, despite relatively low population density in rural areas. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> is the fifth most populous city in the country, and <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> were some of the fastest-growing cities in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-m1_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-m1-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the region as a whole has witnessed some of the highest population growth in the United States, and according to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a>, in 2008–2009, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> was the fastest-growing state in America. As of the 2010 Census, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> was the fastest-growing state in the United States, with an increase of 35.1% in the last ten years. Additionally, Arizona (24.6%), Utah (23.8%), Texas (20.6%), and Colorado (16.9%) were all in the top ten fastest-growing states as well.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">metropolitan areas</a> are centered around <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix</a> (with an estimated population of more than 5 million as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas%E2%80%93Paradise,_NV_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas–Paradise, NV MSA">Las Vegas</a> (more than 2.2 million), <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> (more than 1 million), <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque_metropolitan_area" title="Albuquerque metropolitan area">Albuquerque</a> (more than 900,000), and <a href="/wiki/El_Paso_metropolitan_area" title="El Paso metropolitan area">El Paso</a> (more than 840,000).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those five metropolitan areas have an estimated total population of more than 9.6 million as of 2017<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, with nearly 60 percent of them living in the two <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> cities—Phoenix and Tucson. </p> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>The five largest cities of the American Southwest (2020 census)</b></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="1. Phoenix (also the largest MSA)"><img alt="1. Phoenix (also the largest MSA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg/233px-Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg/350px-Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg/466px-Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">1. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> (also the largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">MSA</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_El_Paso_at_sunset.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="2. El Paso (5th largest MSA)"><img alt="2. El Paso (5th largest MSA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Downtown_El_Paso_at_sunset.jpeg/271px-Downtown_El_Paso_at_sunset.jpeg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Downtown_El_Paso_at_sunset.jpeg/406px-Downtown_El_Paso_at_sunset.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Downtown_El_Paso_at_sunset.jpeg/542px-Downtown_El_Paso_at_sunset.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">2. <a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> (5th largest MSA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Las_Vegas_89.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="3. Las Vegas (2nd largest MSA)"><img alt="3. Las Vegas (2nd largest MSA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Las_Vegas_89.jpg/270px-Las_Vegas_89.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Las_Vegas_89.jpg/405px-Las_Vegas_89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Las_Vegas_89.jpg/540px-Las_Vegas_89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">3. <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> (2nd largest MSA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abqdowntown.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="4. Albuquerque (also the 4th largest MSA)"><img alt="4. Albuquerque (also the 4th largest MSA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Abqdowntown.jpg/270px-Abqdowntown.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Abqdowntown.jpg/405px-Abqdowntown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Abqdowntown.jpg/540px-Abqdowntown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="1613" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">4. <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> (also the 4th largest MSA)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 217.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 215.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tucson_shab1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="5. Tucson (3rd largest MSA)"><img alt="5. Tucson (3rd largest MSA)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tucson_shab1.JPG/323px-Tucson_shab1.JPG" decoding="async" width="216" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tucson_shab1.JPG/485px-Tucson_shab1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tucson_shab1.JPG/647px-Tucson_shab1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">5. <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> (3rd largest MSA)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_cities_and_metropolitan_areas_(2020_census)"><span id="Largest_cities_and_metropolitan_areas_.282020_census.29"></span>Largest cities and metropolitan areas (2020 census)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Largest cities and metropolitan areas (2020 census)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>City </th> <th>State </th> <th>Population<sup id="cite_ref-Census1_168-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Metro Population<sup id="cite_ref-Census1_168-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census1-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006160813900000000♠">1,608,139</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006484583200000000♠">4,845,832</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005678815000000000♠">678,815</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005868859000000000♠">868,859</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas" title="Las Vegas">Las Vegas</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005641903000000000♠">641,903</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006226546100000000♠">2,265,461</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005564559000000000♠">564,559</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005916528000000000♠">916,528</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005542629000000000♠">542,629</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006104343300000000♠">1,043,433</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005504258000000000♠">504,258</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006484583200000000♠">4,845,832</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005478961000000000♠">478,961</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005755105000000000♠">755,105</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Henderson,_Nevada" title="Henderson, Nevada">Henderson</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005317610000000000♠">317,610</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006226546100000000♠">2,265,461</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005275987000000000♠">275,987</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006484583200000000♠">4,845,832</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7005267918000000000♠">267,918</span> </td> <td align="right"><span data-sort-value="7006484583200000000♠">4,845,832</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional">Professional</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Professional"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josh_Jacobs_Raiders-WFT_DEC2021_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Josh_Jacobs_Raiders-WFT_DEC2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Josh_Jacobs_Raiders-WFT_DEC2021_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Josh_Jacobs_Raiders-WFT_DEC2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Josh_Jacobs_Raiders-WFT_DEC2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Josh_Jacobs_Raiders-WFT_DEC2021_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Josh_Jacobs_Raiders-WFT_DEC2021_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4414" data-file-height="3455" /></a><figcaption>Runningback <a href="/wiki/Josh_Jacobs" title="Josh Jacobs">Josh Jacobs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders" title="Las Vegas Raiders">Las Vegas Raiders</a> <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> team</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T._J._McFarland_April_29,_2018_(50121467337).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/T._J._McFarland_April_29%2C_2018_%2850121467337%29.jpg/220px-T._J._McFarland_April_29%2C_2018_%2850121467337%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/T._J._McFarland_April_29%2C_2018_%2850121467337%29.jpg/330px-T._J._McFarland_April_29%2C_2018_%2850121467337%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/T._J._McFarland_April_29%2C_2018_%2850121467337%29.jpg/440px-T._J._McFarland_April_29%2C_2018_%2850121467337%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4973" data-file-height="3542" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T._J._McFarland" title="T. J. McFarland">T. J. McFarland</a> pitcher for the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a> professional baseball team.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the four <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports</a>, Phoenix and Las Vegas are the only metropolitan areas in the Southwest that have representatives. While Las Vegas is home to the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Raiders" title="Las Vegas Raiders">Las Vegas Raiders</a> <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> football team and the <a href="/wiki/Vegas_Golden_Knights" title="Vegas Golden Knights">Vegas Golden Knights</a> <a href="/wiki/NHL" class="mw-redirect" title="NHL">NHL</a> hockey team, Phoenix is one of only 13 U.S. cities to have representatives in all four: <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals" title="Arizona Cardinals">Arizona Cardinals</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes" title="Arizona Coyotes">Arizona Coyotes</a> in the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>. The Greater Phoenix area is home to the <a href="/wiki/Cactus_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactus League">Cactus League</a>, one of two spring training leagues for Major League Baseball; fifteen of MLB's thirty teams are now included in the Cactus League.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region has also been the scene of several NFL super bowls. Sun Devil Stadium in Tempe held <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXX" title="Super Bowl XXX">Super Bowl XXX</a> in 1996, when the <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Steelers" title="Pittsburgh Steelers">Pittsburgh Steelers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State Farm Stadium in Glendale, Arizona hosted <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII" title="Super Bowl XLII">Super Bowl XLII</a> on February 3, 2008, in which the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a> defeated the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX" title="Super Bowl XLIX">Super Bowl XLIX</a>, which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Patriots" title="New England Patriots">New England Patriots</a> defeating the <a href="/wiki/Seattle_Seahawks" title="Seattle Seahawks">Seattle Seahawks</a> 28–24. The U.S. Airways Center hosted both the <a href="/wiki/1995_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="1995 NBA All-Star Game">1995</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2009_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2009 NBA All-Star Game">2009 NBA All-Star Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury" title="Phoenix Mercury">Phoenix Mercury</a> were one of the original eight teams to launch the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">Women's National Basketball Association</a> (WNBA).<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor American football</a> is represented by the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Rattlers" title="Arizona Rattlers">Arizona Rattlers</a> located in Phoenix.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region is also host to several major professional golf events: the <a href="/wiki/LPGA" title="LPGA">LPGA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/RR_Donnelley_LPGA_Founders_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="RR Donnelley LPGA Founders Cup">Founder's Cup</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Open" title="Phoenix Open">Phoenix Open</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shriners_Hospitals_for_Children_Open" class="mw-redirect" title="Shriners Hospitals for Children Open">Shriners Hospitals for Children Open</a> (in Las Vegas) of the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Golfers%27_Association_of_America" title="Professional Golfers' Association of America">PGA</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Tucson_Conquistadores_Classic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tucson Conquistadores Classic">Tucson Conquistadores Classic</a> (in Tucson), and the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Schwab_Cup_Championship" title="Charles Schwab Cup Championship">Charles Schwab Cup Championship</a> (in Scottsdale) on the <a href="/wiki/Champions_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Champions Tour">Champions Tour</a> of the PGA.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> has two venues within the region: The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix International Raceway">Phoenix International Raceway</a>, was built in 1964 with a one-mile oval, with a one-of-a-kind design, as well as a 2.5-mile road course,<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Motor_Speedway" title="Las Vegas Motor Speedway">Las Vegas Motor Speedway</a>, a 1,200-acre (490 ha) complex of multiple tracks for motorsports racing.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several nationally recognized running events in the region, including The Phoenix Marathon, a qualifier for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Marathon_Series" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock 'n' Roll Marathon Series">Rock 'n' Roll Marathon Series</a> in both <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Arizona_Marathon" title="Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon">Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Las_Vegas_Marathon" title="Rock 'n' Roll Las Vegas Marathon">Las Vegas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Las Vegas is also the end point for the annual Baker to Vegas Challenge Cup Relay, a 120-mile-long foot race by law enforcement teams from around the world,<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is the largest law enforcement athletic event in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Professional_Bull_Riders" title="Professional Bull Riders">Professional Bull Riders</a> association has its headquarters in Pueblo, Colorado. The <a href="/wiki/Professional_Bull_Riders#World_Finals_Event_Champions" title="Professional Bull Riders">PBR World Finals</a> are held annually in Las Vegas,<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which also hosts the <a href="/wiki/National_Finals_Rodeo" title="National Finals Rodeo">National Finals Rodeo</a>. </p><p>Since the 1950s, Las Vegas has been host to many of professional boxing's largest events, beginning with the Heavyweight non-title bout in 1955 between world light heavyweight champion <a href="/wiki/Archie_Moore" title="Archie Moore">Archie Moore</a> and perennial contender <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B1o_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Niño Valdés">Niño Valdés</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a> fought his last world title bout in Las Vegas against <a href="/wiki/Larry_Holmes" title="Larry Holmes">Larry Holmes</a> in 1980, and <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Mayweather" class="mw-redirect" title="Floyd Mayweather">Floyd Mayweather</a> fought many of his major fights there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="College">College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Southwest is home to a rich tradition of college sports. The <a href="/wiki/Pac-12_Conference" title="Pac-12 Conference">Pac-12 Conference</a> has two teams in the region, the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Sun_Devils" title="Arizona State Sun Devils">Arizona State Sun Devils</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Wildcats" title="Arizona Wildcats">University of Arizona Wildcats</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a> also has two teams, the <a href="/wiki/UNLV_Rebels" title="UNLV Rebels">UNLV Rebels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Lobos" title="New Mexico Lobos">University of New Mexico Lobos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Conference_USA" title="Conference USA">Conference USA</a> is represented by the <a href="/wiki/UTEP_Miners" title="UTEP Miners">University of Texas at El Paso Miners</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Big_Sky_Conference" title="Big Sky Conference">Big Sky Conference</a> has two teams: the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona_Lumberjacks" title="Northern Arizona Lumberjacks">Lumberjacks</a> of Northern Arizona University in Flagstaff, Arizona, and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Utah_Thunderbirds" title="Southern Utah Thunderbirds">Southern Utah University Thunderbirds</a> in Cedar City, Utah. The <a href="/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference" title="Western Athletic Conference">Western Athletic Conference</a> also has two representatives, the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_State_Aggies" title="New Mexico State Aggies">New Mexico State University Aggies</a> in Las Cruces, New Mexico, and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Antelopes" title="Grand Canyon Antelopes">Grand Canyon University Antelopes</a> in Phoenix. </p><p>Las Vegas is becoming the nexus for NCAA league basketball tournaments. The <a href="/wiki/Mountain_West_Conference" title="Mountain West Conference">Mountain West Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Athletic_Conference" title="Western Athletic Conference">Western Athletic Conference</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Conference" title="West Coast Conference">West Coast Conference</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Pac-12_Conference" title="Pac-12 Conference">Pac-12 Conference</a> all hold their conference basketball tournaments in Las Vegas.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Southwest is the site of six college football bowl games: the TicketCity Cactus Bowl, formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Insight_Bowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Insight Bowl">Insight Bowl</a>, in Tempe;<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Bowl" title="Arizona Bowl">Arizona Bowl</a> in Tucson; the <a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Bowl" title="Fiesta Bowl">Fiesta Bowl</a>, played at the University of Phoenix Stadium;<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Bowl" title="Las Vegas Bowl">Las Vegas Bowl</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Bowl" title="New Mexico Bowl">New Mexico Bowl</a> in Albuquerque;<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Bowl" title="Sun Bowl">Sun Bowl</a> in El Paso, Texas.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The erstwhile [20th century] <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Conference" title="Southwest Conference">Southwest Conference</a> might seem to have been named after this region, but it had no teams from <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> nor <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. All but one of its teams were from schools in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SWC_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SWC-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="10" align="center"><b>Presidential electoral votes in Southwestern states since 1952</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Arizona</th> <th>California</th> <th>Colorado</th> <th>Nevada</th> <th>New Mexico </th> <th>Oklahoma</th> <th>Texas</th> <th>Utah </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_presidential_election" title="1952 United States presidential election">1952</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1956_United_States_presidential_election" title="1956 United States presidential election">1956</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Εisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">1960</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_presidential_election" title="1964 United States presidential election">1964</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hubert_H._Humphrey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubert H. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_presidential_election" title="1976 United States presidential election">1976</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Carter</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1984_United_States_presidential_election" title="1984 United States presidential election">1984</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_presidential_election" title="1988 United States presidential election">1988</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1992_United_States_presidential_election" title="1992 United States presidential election">1992</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1996_United_States_presidential_election" title="1996 United States presidential election">1996</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Dole" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Dole" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Dole" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Dole">Dole</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Dole" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert J. Dole">Dole</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_presidential_election" title="2000 United States presidential election">2000</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Gore</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2004_United_States_presidential_election" title="2004 United States presidential election">2004</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kerry" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kerry">Kerry</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2008_United_States_presidential_election" title="2008 United States presidential election">2008</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2012_United_States_presidential_election" title="2012 United States presidential election">2012</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Clinton</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Biden</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election" title="2024 United States presidential election">2024</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Harris</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></td> <td style="background-color:#FFB6B6"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Southwest" title="Pacific Southwest">Pacific Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Conference" title="Southwest Conference">Southwest Conference</a> (for a different division of the US for sports)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Education_Foundation" title="Water Education Foundation">Water Education Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Cuisine of the Southwestern United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote:"The Learning Center of the American Southwest is a collaboration among 48 national park units in four NPS Inventory and Monitoring Networks, three Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Units (CESUs), and several nonprofit partners. This partnership is dedicated to understanding and preserving the unique resources of the American Southwest through science and education."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/pdfs/maps-data/maps/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">"Census Regions and Divisions of the United States"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>census.gov</i>. U.S. Department of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, Geography Division. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228130953/http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/pdfs/reference/us_regdiv.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on December 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 27,</span> 2016</span>. <q>PDF file link under <i>General Reference Maps</i> on <i>census.gov/geo/maps-data/maps/reference.html</i></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=Census+Regions+and+Divisions+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fpdfs%2Fmaps-data%2Fmaps%2Freference%2Fus_regdiv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/datasets/2010-2020/metro/totals/cbsa-est2020.csv">"Annual Resident Population Estimates for Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas and Their Geographic Components: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2019; April 1, 2020; and July 78, 2020"</a>. <i>2020 Population Estimates</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Population Division. 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(1992). Wilder, Joseph Carlton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsw.library.arizona.edu/3403/problem.html">"Land, Sky, and People: The Southwest Defined – The Problem: No Consistent Definition"</a>. University of Arizona<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land%2C+Sky%2C+and+People%3A+The+Southwest+Defined+%E2%80%93+The+Problem%3A+No+Consistent+Definition&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Byrkit&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsw.library.arizona.edu%2F3403%2Fproblem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CarltonDef-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CarltonDef_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrkit1992" class="citation web cs1">Byrkit, James W. (1992). Wilder, Joseph Carlton (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsw.library.arizona.edu/3403/defined.html">"Land, Sky, and People: The Southwest Defined"</a>. University of Arizona<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2018</span>. <q>The coordinates 104°–117° West Longitude and 29°–39° North Latitude constitute the boundaries of this region</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Land%2C+Sky%2C+and+People%3A+The+Southwest+Defined&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Byrkit&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjsw.library.arizona.edu%2F3403%2Fdefined.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kessell_2013_p.-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kessell_2013_p._5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessell2013" class="citation book cs1">Kessell, J.L. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkCuPLXntpUC"><i>Spain in the Southwest: A Narrative History of Colonial New Mexico, Arizona, Texas, and California</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806180120" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806180120"><bdi>978-0806180120</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Navajo People<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navajo+History&rft.pub=Navajo+People&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnavajopeople.org%2Fnavajo-history.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Navajo-people">"Navajo people"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. July 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navajo+people&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FNavajo-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southernute-nsn.gov/history/">"History of the Southern Ute"</a>. Southern Ute Indian Tribe<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Southern+Ute&rft.pub=Southern+Ute+Indian+Tribe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southernute-nsn.gov%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utahindians.org/archives/paiutes/history.html">"History: The Paiutes"</a>. Utah American Indian Digital Archive<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History%3A+The+Paiutes&rft.pub=Utah+American+Indian+Digital+Archive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futahindians.org%2Farchives%2Fpaiutes%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasey2007" class="citation book cs1">Casey, Robert L. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeytohighsou00robe_0/page/382"><i><span></span>'Journey to the High Southwest</i></a>. Guilford, CT: Globe Pequot Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeytohighsou00robe_0/page/382">382</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0762740642" title="Special:BookSources/978-0762740642"><bdi>978-0762740642</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Journey+to+the+High+Southwest&rft.place=Guilford%2C+CT&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0762740642&rft.aulast=Casey&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneytohighsou00robe_0%2Fpage%2F382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts48ff-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts48ff_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsRoberts,_Calvin_A.1998" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Susan A.; Roberts, Calvin A. (1998). <i>A History of New Mexico</i>. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826317928" title="Special:BookSources/0826317928"><bdi>0826317928</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+New+Mexico&rft.place=Albuquerque%2C+NM&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0826317928&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Susan+A.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Calvin+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanindianhistory.net/native-americans-of-the-southwest/">"Native Americans of the Southwest"</a>. American Indian History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Native+Americans+of+the+Southwest&rft.pub=American+Indian+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanindianhistory.net%2Fnative-americans-of-the-southwest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zuniindian.net/zuni-history/">"Zuni History"</a>. Zuni Indians<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zuni+History&rft.pub=Zuni+Indians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zuniindian.net%2Fzuni-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonation-nsn.gov/history_culture.aspx">"History & Culture"</a>. Tohono O'odham Nation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 8,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Tohono+O%27odham+Nation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonation-nsn.gov%2Fhistory_culture.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542: from the city of Mexico to the Grand ..." by Pedro de Castañeda de Nájera, Antonio de Mendoza, Juan Camilo, p. 5 (Google Books <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1555910661" title="Special:BookSources/1555910661">1555910661</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NPS1-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NPS1_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NPS1_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/cagr/learn/historyculture/index.htm">"A Brief History of the Casa Grande Ruins"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Casa+Grande+Ruins&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fcagr%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201238-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201238_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201238_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan2012">Sheridan 2012</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090105162531/http://www.nmmagazine.com./native_american/san_juan.php">"San Juan Pueblo"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Magazine" title="New Mexico Magazine">New Mexico Magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmmagazine.com/native_american/san_juan.php">the original</a> on January 5, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Magazine&rft.atitle=San+Juan+Pueblo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nmmagazine.com%2Fnative_american%2Fsan_juan.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmons1992" class="citation book cs1">Simmons, Marc (1992). <i>The Last Conquistador</i>. Norman: U of OK Press. pp. 96, 111. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0806123389" title="Special:BookSources/0806123389"><bdi>0806123389</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Conquistador&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=96%2C+111&rft.pub=U+of+OK+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0806123389&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNitt1972" class="citation book cs1">McNitt, Frank (1972). <i>Navajo Wars: Military Campaigns, Slave Raids, and Reprisals</i>. Albuquerque: U of NM Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826302467" title="Special:BookSources/0826302467"><bdi>0826302467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navajo+Wars%3A+Military+Campaigns%2C+Slave+Raids%2C+and+Reprisals&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=U+of+NM+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0826302467&rft.aulast=McNitt&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thegeozone.com/treasure/colorado/history/index.jsp">"A General History Of Colorado"</a>. The Geo Zone<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+General+History+Of+Colorado&rft.pub=The+Geo+Zone&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthegeozone.com%2Ftreasure%2Fcolorado%2Fhistory%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150707163103/http://www.explore-old-west-colorado.com/spanish-explorers.html">"Spanish Explorers: The Quest for Gold"</a>. Explore-Old-West-Colorado.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explore-old-west-colorado.com/spanish-explorers.html">the original</a> on July 7, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Spanish+Explorers%3A+The+Quest+for+Gold&rft.pub=Explore-Old-West-Colorado.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explore-old-west-colorado.com%2Fspanish-explorers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201241-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201241_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan2012">Sheridan 2012</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessell1970" class="citation book cs1">Kessell, John L. (1970). <i>Mission of Sorrow: Jesuit Guevavi and the Pimas, 1691–1767</i>. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816501920" title="Special:BookSources/0816501920"><bdi>0816501920</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mission+of+Sorrow%3A+Jesuit+Guevavi+and+the+Pimas%2C+1691%E2%80%931767&rft.place=Tucson%2C+AZ&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0816501920&rft.aulast=Kessell&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201242-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201242_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan2012">Sheridan 2012</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201243-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201243_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan2012">Sheridan 2012</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit1911-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit1911_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit1911_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit1911_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 361–362.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tucson&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=361-362&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheridan201246-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheridan201246_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSheridan2012">Sheridan 2012</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uintahbasintah.org/journalmain.htm">"Domínguez and Escalante Expedition Year 1775"</a>. 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University of Washington Press 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Southern Focus Poll 1992–1999. Odom Institute; Center for the Study of the American South.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weniger_1969_p._14-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weniger_1969_p._14_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeniger1969" class="citation book cs1">Weniger, D. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EauBqShPEVoC&pg=PR14"><i>Cacti of the Southwest: Texas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Louisiana</i></a>. Elma Dill Russell Spencer Foundation Series. University of Texas Press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70000-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70000-0"><bdi>978-0-292-70000-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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DesertUSA<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Looking+for+Birds+in+the+Southwest&rft.pub=DesertUSA&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Jay+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertusa.com%2Fmag08%2Fjun08%2Fbirds-in-the-southwest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_roadrunner_new.php">"Greater Roadrunner"</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greater+Roadrunner&rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_roadrunner_new.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_hawks_eagles.php">"Hawks & Eagles"</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawks+%26+Eagles&rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_hawks_eagles.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_caracaras_falcons.php">"Caracaras & Falcons"</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caracaras+%26+Falcons&rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_caracaras_falcons.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/652/articles/introduction">"Gray Hawk"</a>. Cornell Lab of Ornithology<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vultures&rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fbooks%2Fnhsd_vultures.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.desertmuseum.org/books/nhsd_cardinals_grosbeaks.php">"Cardinals & Grosbeaks"</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixraceway.com/About-Us/Timeline.aspx">the original</a> on November 25, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline&rft.pub=phoenixraceway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixraceway.com%2FAbout-Us%2FTimeline.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvms.com/">"Las Vegas Motor Speedway"</a>. Speedway Motorsports, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://competitorgroup.com/brands/events/">the original</a> on July 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events&rft.pub=competitorgroup.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcompetitorgroup.com%2Fbrands%2Fevents%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/2009/jun/11/nv-las-vegas-marathon-061109/?california">"Las Vegas Strip to close for marathon runners"</a>. The San Diego Union Tribune. June 11, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Las+Vegas+Strip+to+close+for+marathon+runners&rft.date=2009-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.signonsandiego.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fjun%2F11%2Fnv-las-vegas-marathon-061109%2F%3Fcalifornia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bakervegas.com/">"BakerVegas"</a>. BakerVegas<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BakerVegas&rft.pub=BakerVegas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bakervegas.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bakervegas.net/about-us/race-history/">"Challenge Cup "Baker To Vegas" History"</a>. Baker to Vegas<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PBR+World+Finals&rft.pub=The+Professional+Bull+Riders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbrworldfinals.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowden" class="citation web cs1">Snowden, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2193325-how-las-vegas-became-the-boxing-capital-of-the-world">"How Las Vegas Became the Boxing Capital of the World"</a>. <i>Bleacher Report</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=How+Las+Vegas+Became+the+Boxing+Capital+of+the+World&rft.aulast=Snowden&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F2193325-how-las-vegas-became-the-boxing-capital-of-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarp2012" class="citation web cs1">Carp, Steve (March 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150715111401/http://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/pac-12-bring-basketball-tourney-mgm-grand-garden">"Pac-12 to bring basketball tourney to MGM Grand Garden"</a>. Las Vegas Review-Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reviewjournal.com/sports/pac-12-bring-basketball-tourney-mgm-grand-garden">the original</a> on July 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pac-12+to+bring+basketball+tourney+to+MGM+Grand+Garden&rft.pub=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft.date=2012-03-13&rft.aulast=Carp&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reviewjournal.com%2Fsports%2Fpac-12-bring-basketball-tourney-mgm-grand-garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140214175040/http://www.football-bowl.com/bowls/insight-bowl.html">"Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl"</a>. football-bowl.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.football-bowl.com/bowls/insight-bowl.html">the original</a> on February 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Wild+Wings+Bowl&rft.pub=football-bowl.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.football-bowl.com%2Fbowls%2Finsight-bowl.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106042237/http://www.fiestabowl.org/index.php/insight">"Fiesta Bowl"</a>. fiestabowl.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiestabowl.org/index.php/insight/">the original</a> on January 6, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiesta+Bowl&rft.pub=fiestabowl.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiestabowl.org%2Findex.php%2Finsight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lvbowl.com/media/releases/201300925">"Royal Purple Announced as Bowl Game's Title Sponsor"</a>. Las Vegas. September 25, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Purple+Announced+as+Bowl+Game%27s+Title+Sponsor&rft.pub=Las+Vegas&rft.date=2013-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lvbowl.com%2Fmedia%2Freleases%2F201300925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gildannewmexicobowl.com/">"Gildan New Mexico Bowl"</a>. ESPN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gildan+New+Mexico+Bowl&rft.pub=ESPN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gildannewmexicobowl.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunbowl.org/">"Hyundai Sun Bowl"</a>. Sun Bowl Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hyundai+Sun+Bowl&rft.pub=Sun+Bowl+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunbowl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SWC-195"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SWC_195-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"See also" [the article about the] <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Conference" title="Southwest Conference">Southwest Conference</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bozanic, Andrew D. A., "Preserving Pictures of the Past: The Packaging and Selling of the American Southwest with an Emphasis on the Historic Preservation," <i>Nevada Historical Society Quarterly,</i> 53 (Fall–Winter 2010), 196–214.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2017" class="citation book cs1">Burke, F. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3rQ9DgAAQBAJ"><i>A Land Apart: The Southwest and the Nation in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. The Modern American West. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2841-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2841-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-2841-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Land+Apart%3A+The+Southwest+and+the+Nation+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.series=The+Modern+American+West&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2841-7&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3rQ9DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusby2004" class="citation book cs1">Busby, M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lmg142dU3wQC"><i>The Southwest</i></a>. Greenwood encyclopedia of American regional cultures. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32805-3"><bdi>978-0-313-32805-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southwest&rft.series=Greenwood+encyclopedia+of+American+regional+cultures&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32805-3&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLmg142dU3wQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChávez1984" class="citation book cs1">Chávez, John R. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostland00john"><i>The Lost Land: The Chicano Image of the Southwest</i></a></span>. Albuquerque.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Land%3A+The+Chicano+Image+of+the+Southwest&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ch%C3%A1vez&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostland00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeón1999" class="citation book cs1">León, Arnoldo De (1999). <i>Mexican Americans in Texas</i>. Harlan Davidson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88295-948-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88295-948-4"><bdi>0-88295-948-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexican+Americans+in+Texas&rft.pub=Harlan+Davidson&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-88295-948-4&rft.aulast=Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Arnoldo+De&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Garcia, Richard A. "Changing Chicano Historiography," <i>Reviews in American History</i> 34.4 (2006) 521–528 in <a href="/wiki/Project_MUSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Project MUSE">Project MUSE</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin-Pierce2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Trudy_Griffin-Pierce" title="Trudy Griffin-Pierce">Griffin-Pierce, T.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=t2MszsCnZbQC"><i>Native Peoples of the Southwest</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-1908-1"><bdi>978-0-8263-1908-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+Southwest&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-1908-1&rft.aulast=Griffin-Pierce&rft.aufirst=T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dt2MszsCnZbQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lamar, Howard, ed. <i>The New Encyclopedia of the American West</i> (Yale U.P., 1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300070888" title="Special:BookSources/0300070888">0300070888</a></li> <li>Meinig, Donald W. <i>Southwest: Three Peoples in Geographical Change, 1600–1970,</i> (1971), <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-501288-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-501288-7">0-19-501288-7</a></li> <li>Prampolini, Gaetano, and Annamaria Pinazzi (eds). "The Shade of the Saguaro/La sombra del saguaro," Firenze University Press <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fupress.com/">Firenze University Press</a> (2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkiboGravesStark2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_M._Skibo" title="James M. Skibo">Skibo, James M.</a>; Graves, Michael W.; Stark, Miriam T. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L9oJ1z7U0uQC&q=Mogollon+pueblo&pg=PA234"><i>Archaeological Anthropology: Perspectives on Method and Theory</i></a>. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-2517-1"><bdi>978-0-8165-2517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeological+Anthropology%3A+Perspectives+on+Method+and+Theory&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-2517-1&rft.aulast=Skibo&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft.au=Graves%2C+Michael+W.&rft.au=Stark%2C+Miriam+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL9oJ1z7U0uQC%26q%3DMogollon%2Bpueblo%26pg%3DPA234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1982" class="citation book cs1">Weber, David J. (1982). <i>The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846</i>. UNM Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-0603-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-0603-9"><bdi>0-8263-0603-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+Frontier%2C+1821-1846&rft.pub=UNM+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-8263-0603-9&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouthwestern+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Weber, David J. "The Spanish Borderlands, Historiography Redux." <i>The History Teacher</i>, 39#1 (2005), pp. 43–56. JSTOR, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30036743">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Southwest_(United_States_of_America)#Q858847" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Southwest (United States of America)">Southwestern United States</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/history/nr/travel/amsw/">American Southwest, a National Park Service <i>Discover Our Shared Heritage</i> Travel Itinerary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS57937">Water-use Trends in the Desert Southwest, 1950–2000</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">Western</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Antarctica" title="East Antarctica">East Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau" title="Antarctic Plateau">Antarctic Plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains" title="Transantarctic Mountains">Transantarctic Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Antarctica" title="West Antarctica">West Antarctica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula" title="Antarctic Peninsula">Antarctic Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aralkum_Desert" title="Aralkum Desert">Aralkum Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Asia" title="Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Asia" title="Greater Central Asia">Greater Central Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Northeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Asia" title="Pacific Asia">Pacific Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Far_East" title="Russian Far East">Russian Far East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_(region)" title="Ural (region)">Ural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_states" title="Himalayan states">Himalayan states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of South Asia">Subregions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle East and North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Scandinavian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">South-eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkan Peninsula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">South-western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwestern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_nations" title="Celtic nations">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-speaking Europe">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(Americas)" title="Middle America (Americas)">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_America" title="Northern America">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern United States</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">West South Central United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mexico" title="Northern Mexico">Northern Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-America" title="Anglo-America">Anglo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_America" title="French America">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-America" title="Ibero-America">Ibero</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_America" title="Hispanic America">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_America" title="Portuguese America">Portuguese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Australia" title="Mainland Australia">Mainland Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealandia" title="Zealandia">Zealandia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin_(sedimentary_basin)" title="Amazon Basin (sedimentary basin)">Amazon Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community" title="Andean Community">Andean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands" title="Brazilian Highlands">Brazilian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_South_America" title="Caribbean South America">Caribbean South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guianas" title="The Guianas">The Guianas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands" title="Lists of islands">Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Africa" title="List of islands of Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_islands_of_the_Americas" title="Lists of islands of the Americas">America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_North_America" title="List of islands of North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Central_America" title="List of islands of Central America">Central America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_America" title="List of islands of South America">South America</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Europe" title="List of islands of Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_area" title="List of European islands by area">by area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_islands_by_population" title="List of European islands by population">by population</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_New_Zealand" title="List of islands of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Arctic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Atlantic_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Baltic_Sea" title="List of islands in the Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Black_Sea" title="List of islands in the Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands" title="List of Caribbean islands">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Irish_Sea" title="List of islands in the Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Mediterranean" title="List of islands in the Mediterranean">Mediterranean Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Adriatic" title="List of islands in the Adriatic">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Aegean_Islands" title="List of Aegean Islands">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Islands" title="Ionian Islands">Ionian Sea</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Persian_Gulf" title="List of islands in the Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_East_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_South_China_Sea" title="List of islands in the South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">Southern Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Trench" title="Mariana Trench">Mariana Trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean#World_Ocean" title="Ocean">World Ocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Body_of_water" title="Body of water">waterbodies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes" title="List of lakes">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_lakes" title="Lists of lakes">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">Seas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rim_regions" title="Category:Rim regions">Rim</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Rim">Atlantic Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Mediterranean" title="Indo-Mediterranean">Indo-Mediterranean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Ocean Rim">Indian Ocean Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Rim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Rim">Mediterranean Rim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Rim" title="Pacific Rim">Pacific Rim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polar_regions_of_Earth" title="Polar regions of Earth">Polar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_regions" title="Category:Global regions">Global</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_East" title="Global East">Global East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Pivot_of_History#The_Heartland" title="The Geographical Pivot of History">Global Heartland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Asia" title="Northeast Asia">Global Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Northwest" title="Global Northwest">Global Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">Global South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southeast" title="Global Southeast">Global Southeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Southwest" title="Global Southwest">Global Southwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Global West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Continents_of_Earth" title="Template:Continents of Earth">Continents of Earth</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas">List of seas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Earth" title="Template:Earth">Physical Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Minor Outlying Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal domestic dependent nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty#Maritime_territory_of_the_United_States" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Maritime territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time zones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_Time_Zone" title="Chamorro Time Zone">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_Time_Zone" title="Samoa Time Zone">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii%E2%80%93Aleutian_Time_Zone" title="Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone">Hawaii–Aleutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Time_Zone" title="Alaska Time Zone">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Time_Zone" title="Pacific Time Zone">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Time_Zone" title="Central Time Zone">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Time_Zone" title="Atlantic Time Zone">Atlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">Census</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific states">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_states" title="Mountain states">Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">E N Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_North_Central_states" title="West North Central states">W N Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Middle Atlantic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_states" title="South Atlantic states">S Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_South_Central_states" title="East South Central states">E S Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_South_Central_states" title="West South Central states">W S Central</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of<br />appeals</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_First_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fourth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Fifth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Sixth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Seventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eighth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Tenth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">11th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Physiographic regions of the United States">Physiographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Ranges" title="Pacific Coast Ranges">Pacific Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermontane_Plateaus" title="Intermontane Plateaus">Intermontane Plateaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurentian_Upland" title="Laurentian Upland">Laurentian Upland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_Plains" title="Interior Plains">Interior Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Interior_Highlands" title="U.S. Interior Highlands">Interior Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Highlands" title="Appalachian Highlands">Appalachian Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Plain" title="Atlantic Plain">Atlantic Plain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidewater_(region)" title="Tidewater (region)">Tidewater</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_coastline" title="List of U.S. states and territories by coastline">Coastal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_the_United_States" title="Historical regions of the United States">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Acquisitions</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase" title="Gadsden Purchase">Gadsden Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Treaty" title="Oregon Treaty">Oregon Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Cession" title="Mexican Cession">Mexican Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">Alaska Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newlands_Resolution" title="Newlands Resolution">Newlands Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1898)" title="Treaty of Paris (1898)">Acquisition of Puerto Rico and Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Tutuila" title="Treaty of Cession of Tutuila">Cession of Tutuila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Cession_of_Manu%27a" title="Treaty of Cession of Manu'a">Cession of Manu'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Enabling_Act" title="Oklahoma Enabling Act">Annexation of the Indian Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Danish_West_Indies" title="Treaty of the Danish West Indies">Treaty of the Danish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands#United_Nations_trusteeship" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Acquisition of the Northern Mariana Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_states_(American_Civil_War)" title="Border states (American Civil War)">Border states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_South" title="Old South">Old South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie" title="Dixie">Dixie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">Slave states and free states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divided</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Northeast" title="Atlantic Northeast">Atlantic Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Californias" title="The Californias">The Californias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Pothole_Region" title="Prairie Pothole Region">Prairie Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Islands" title="Samoan Islands">Samoan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Corners" title="Four Corners">Four Corners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Plains_(United_States)" title="High Plains (United States)">High Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermountain_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermountain states">Intermountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_border_states_of_the_United_States" title="International border states of the United States">International border states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cascadia_(bioregion)" title="Cascadia (bioregion)">Cascadia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-South_(region)" title="Mid-South (region)">Mid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_South" title="New South">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_South" title="Upland South">Upland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Midwest" title="Upper Midwest">Upper Midwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Regions of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regions_of_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regions of the United States">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_topics" title="Template:United States topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_topics" title="Template talk:United States topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="History of the United States (1789–1815)">1789–1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1815%E2%80%931849)" title="History of the United States (1815–1849)">1815–1849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1865%E2%80%931917)" title="History of the United States (1865–1917)">1865–1917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1917%E2%80%931945)" title="History of the United States (1917–1945)">1917–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1945%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the United States (1945–1964)">1945–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1964%E2%80%931980)" title="History of the United States (1964–1980)">1964–1980</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1980%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the United States (1980–1991)">1980–1991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">1991–2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(2008%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the United States (2008–present)">2008–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By event</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_American_military_history" title="Colonial American military history">military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederation period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_frontier" title="American frontier">American frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">drafting and ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">Native genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Era" title="Progressive Era">Progressive Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">Women's suffrage</a></li> <li>Civil rights movement <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">1865–1896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1896%E2%80%931954)" title="Civil rights movement (1896–1954)">1896–1954</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">1954–1968</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_imperialism" title="American imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_in_World_War_I" title="United States in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">home front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Feminist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_liberation" title="Gay liberation">LGBT Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1991%E2%80%932008)" title="History of the United States (1991–2008)">Post-Cold War (1991–2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States" title="Great Recession in the United States">Great Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_history_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the history of the United States">Outline of U.S. history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_discoveries" title="Timeline of United States discoveries">Discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_United_States_inventions" title="Timeline of United States inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States" title="Military history of the United States">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Technological and industrial history of the United States">Technological and industrial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_United_States" title="Geography of the United States">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._territorial_sovereignty" title="U.S. territorial sovereignty">Territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">Contiguous United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_enclave" title="Federal enclave">federal enclaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">insular zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">minor outlying islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_populated_places_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of populated places in the United States">populated places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_United_States" title="List of earthquakes in the United States">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_the_United_States" title="List of extreme points of the United States">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_United_States" title="List of islands of the United States">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountains of the United States">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_peaks_of_the_United_States" title="List of mountain peaks of the United States">peaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountain_ranges#United_States" title="List of mountain ranges">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada" title="Sierra Nevada">Sierra Nevada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_in_the_United_States_National_Park_System" title="List of areas in the United States National Park System">National Parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Southwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li>Longest <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_United_States" title="List of rivers of the United States">rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_River" title="Arkansas River">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_of_the_South" title="Red River of the South">Red (South)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande" title="Rio Grande">Rio Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon_River" title="Yukon River">Yukon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_the_United_States" title="Time in the United States">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_United_States" title="Water supply and sanitation in the United States">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_United_States" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the United States">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Executive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Powers_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Powers of the president of the United States">powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_executive_departments" title="United States federal executive departments">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government" title="Independent agencies of the United States government">Independent agencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Intelligence_Community" title="United States Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence" title="Director of National Intelligence">Director of National Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_law_enforcement_in_the_United_States" title="Federal law enforcement in the United States">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">ATF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Customs_and_Border_Protection" title="U.S. Customs and Border Protection">CBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Diplomatic_Security" title="Bureau of Diplomatic Security">Diplomatic Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">DEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Immigration_and_Customs_Enforcement" title="U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement">ICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">Marshals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secret_Service" title="United States Secret Service">Secret Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Security_Administration" title="Transportation Security Administration">TSA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General_(United_States)" title="Office of Inspector General (United States)">Inspector generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_civil_service" title="United States federal civil service">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Public policy of the United States">Public policy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of current members of the United States House of Representatives">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_senators" title="List of current United States senators">current members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="President pro tempore of the United States Senate">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States#President_of_the_United_States_Senate" title="Vice President of the United States">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Police" title="United States Capitol Police">Capitol Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Budget_Office" title="Congressional Budget Office">Congressional Budget Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Accountability_Office" title="Government Accountability Office">Government Accountability Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Publishing_Office" title="United States Government Publishing Office">Government Publishing Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_judiciary_of_the_United_States" title="Federal judiciary of the United States">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_courts_of_appeals" title="United States courts of appeals">Courts of appeals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_circuit_judges" title="List of current United States circuit judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">District courts</a>/<a href="/wiki/United_States_territorial_court" title="United States territorial court">Territorial courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_district_and_territorial_courts" title="List of United States district and territorial courts">list of courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_district_judges" title="List of current United States district judges">list of judges</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_tribunals_in_the_United_States" title="Federal tribunals in the United States">Other tribunals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">U.S. attorney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties_in_the_United_States" title="Civil liberties in the United States">civil liberties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Code" title="United States Code">United States Code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uniformed_services_of_the_United_States" title="Uniformed services of the United States">Uniformed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">Space Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(United_States)" title="National Guard (United States)">National Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOAA_Commissioned_Officer_Corps" title="NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps">NOAA Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Public_Health_Service_Commissioned_Corps" title="United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps">Public Health Service Corps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_governments_of_the_United_States" title="State governments of the United States">State</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Government of the District of Columbia">Federal District</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territorial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_constitutional_officer" title="State constitutional officer">Executive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">Governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_governors" title="List of current United States governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant governor (United States)">Lieutenant governor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_United_States_lieutenant_governors" title="List of current United States lieutenant governors">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_state_(U.S._state_government)" title="Secretary of state (U.S. state government)">Secretary of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_attorney_general" title="State attorney general">Attorney general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_treasurer" title="State treasurer">Treasurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_auditor" title="State auditor">Auditor/Comptroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_commissioner" title="Agriculture commissioner">Agriculture commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_commissioner" title="Insurance commissioner">Insurance commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_utilities_commission" title="Public utilities commission">Public utilities commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_police_(United_States)" title="State police (United States)">State police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_and_local_law_enforcement_agencies" title="List of United States state and local law enforcement agencies">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_legislature_(United_States)" title="State legislature (United States)">Legislative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_state_legislatures" title="List of United States state legislatures">List of legislatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_legislators" title="List of U.S. state legislators">List of legislators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_court_(United_States)" title="State court (United States)">Judicial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_supreme_court" title="State supreme court">Supreme courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_chief_justices" title="List of state chief justices">Chief justices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_attorney" title="District attorney">District attorney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_district_attorneys_by_county" class="mw-redirect" title="List of district attorneys by county">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/State_law_(United_States)" title="State law (United States)">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_constitutions_in_the_United_States" title="State constitutions in the United States">State constitutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">Statutory codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_act" title="Uniform act">Uniform act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_U.S._state_and_territory_governments" title="Comparison of U.S. state and territory governments">Comparison of governments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tribe_(Native_American)" title="Tribe (Native American)">Tribal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Native American recognition in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes_in_the_contiguous_United_States" title="List of federally recognized tribes in the contiguous United States">Federally recognized tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Alaska_Native_tribal_entities" title="List of Alaska Native tribal entities">Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State-recognized tribes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_reservations_in_the_United_States" title="List of Indian reservations in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_home_land" title="Hawaiian home land">Hawaiian home land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_United_States" title="Local government in the United States">Local</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/County_(United_States)" title="County (United States)">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_counties_and_county_equivalents" title="List of United States counties and county equivalents">List of counties and county equivalents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_executive" title="County executive">County executive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheriffs_in_the_United_States" title="Sheriffs in the United States">Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_clerk" title="Municipal clerk">Clerk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)" title="Independent city (United States)">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coterminous_municipality" title="Coterminous municipality">Coterminous municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_charter#United_States" title="Municipal charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government" title="Mayor–council government">Mayor–council government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager_government" title="Council–manager government">Council–manager government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_commission_government" title="City commission government">City commission government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayoralty_in_the_United_States" title="Mayoralty in the United States">Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">City manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_council#United_States" title="Municipal council">City council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_civil_division" title="Minor civil division">Minor divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_meeting" title="Town meeting">Town meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_school_districts_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of school districts in the United States">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_United_States" title="Corruption in the United States">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_states_and_blue_states" title="Red states and blue states">Red states and blue states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign policy of the United States">foreign policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_presidency" title="Imperial presidency">Imperial presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Ideologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_political_scandals_in_the_United_States" title="List of federal political scandals in the United States">Scandals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States_by_sector" title="Economy of the United States by sector">By sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="Agriculture in the United States">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_the_United_States" title="Communications in the United States">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_United_States" title="Energy in the United States">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Insurance in the United States">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_the_United_States" title="Manufacturing in the United States">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_the_United_States" title="Mining in the United States">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_United_States" title="Science and technology in the United States">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_United_States" title="Tourism in the United States">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign trade of the United States">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_United_States_by_state" title="List of companies of the United States by state">by state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_the_United_States" title="List of exports of the United States">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_budget" title="United States federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_by_the_United_States" title="Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States">Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve" title="Federal Reserve">Federal Reserve System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_position_of_the_United_States" title="Financial position of the United States">Financial position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Labor unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">Public debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_the_United_States" title="Social programs in the United States">Social welfare programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_United_States" title="Taxation in the United States">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_the_United_States" title="Unemployment in the United States">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport in the United States">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_in_the_United_States" title="Aviation in the United States">Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_in_the_United_States" title="Driving in the United States">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Public transportation in the United States">Public transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Rail transportation in the United States">Rail transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Transportation policy of the United States">Transportation policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation safety in the United States">Transportation safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Trucking industry in the United States">Trucking industry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Society of the United States">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_States" title="Culture of the United States">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_(culture)" title="Americana (culture)">Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_the_United_States" title="Architecture in the United States">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_United_States" title="Dance in the United States">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">Economic issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction_in_the_United_States" title="Eviction in the United States">eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_class_in_the_United_States" title="Working class in the United States">working class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_United_States" title="Education in the United States">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_the_United_States" title="Literacy in the United States">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_United_States" title="Family in the United States">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_United_States" title="Fashion in the United States">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flags_of_the_United_States" title="List of flags of the United States">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_the_United_States" title="Folklore of the United States">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Public holidays in the United States">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_holidays_in_the_United_States" title="Federal holidays in the United States">Federal holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_the_United_States" title="Housing in the United States">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_United_States" title="Languages of the United States">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">ASL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_literature" title="American literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_States" title="Mass media in the United States">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_journalism" title="History of American journalism">journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_United_States" title="Internet in the United States">internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_newspapers" title="History of American newspapers">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_States" title="Radio in the United States">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_States" title="Television in the United States">television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_in_the_United_States" title="Naming in the United States">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_(personification)" title="Columbia (personification)">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_philosophy" title="American philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ideologies_in_the_United_States" title="Political ideologies in the United States">Political ideologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_United_States" title="Sexuality in the United States">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_United_States" title="Society of the United States">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_United_States" title="Sports in the United States">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_the_United_States" title="Theater in the United States">Theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_United_States" title="Transportation in the United States">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_art_of_the_United_States" title="Visual art of the United States">Visual art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_the_United_States" title="Homelessness in the United States">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Homeownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_United_States" title="Health in the United States">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_the_United_States" title="Aging of the United States">Aging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare in the United States">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_in_the_United_States" title="Birth control in the United States">Birth control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenatal_care_in_the_United_States" title="Prenatal care in the United States">Prenatal care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospice_care_in_the_United_States" title="Hospice care in the United States">Hospice care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_health_care_in_the_United_States" title="Immigrant health care in the United States">Immigrant health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_rationing_in_the_United_States" title="Healthcare rationing in the United States">Rationing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_finance_in_the_United_States" title="Health care finance in the United States">Health care finance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_costs_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance costs in the United States">Health insurance costs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Health care prices in the United States">Health care prices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug_prices_in_the_United_States" title="Prescription drug prices in the United States">Prescription drug prices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_United_States" title="Disability in the United States">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">Health insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_the_United_States" title="Food safety in the United States">Food safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician_shortage_in_the_United_States" title="Physician shortage in the United States">Physician shortage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty and health in the United States">Poverty and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity_in_the_United_States" title="Obesity in the United States">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_deserts_in_the_United_States" title="Medical deserts in the United States">Medical deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_reproductive_health_in_the_United_States" title="Women's reproductive health in the United States">Women's reproductive health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_life_expectancy" title="List of U.S. states and territories by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Capital punishment in the United States">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_United_States" title="Crime in the United States">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incarceration_in_the_United_States" title="Incarceration in the United States">incarceration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_States_government" title="Criticism of the United States government">Criticism of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_the_United_States" title="Discrimination in the United States">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States" title="Affirmative action in the United States">affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Intersex rights in the United States">intersex rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Islamophobia in the United States">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the United States">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Racism against Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Energy policy of the United States">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental issues in the United States">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Environmental movement in the United States">Environmental movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_United_States" title="Climate change in the United States">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_politics_in_the_United_States" title="Gun politics in the United States">Gun politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shootings_in_the_United_States" title="Mass shootings in the United States">Mass shootings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_in_the_United_States" title="Hunger in the United States">Hunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_in_the_United_States" title="Tobacco in the United States">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Human rights in the United States">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">illegal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_the_United_States" title="National security of the United States">National security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Terrorism in the United States">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opioid_epidemic_in_the_United_States" title="Opioid epidemic in the United States">Opioid epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_in_the_United_States" title="Xenophobia in the United States">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;;font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_United_States" title="Outline of the United States">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States" title="Category:United States">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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