CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Phoenix, Arizona - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b51ecee4-ab70-4b0f-9327-55272345e82a","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Phoenix,_Arizona","wgTitle":"Phoenix, Arizona","wgCurRevisionId":1275685361,"wgRevisionId":1275685361,"wgArticleId":49121,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Pages using the Phonos extension","Articles containing Navajo-language text","Pages with Navajo IPA","Articles containing Walapai-language text","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use American English from January 2019","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Use mdy dates from October 2023", "Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020","All articles containing potentially dated statements","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005","Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia","Pages using the Kartographer extension","Phoenix, Arizona","1868 establishments in Arizona Territory","Cities in Arizona","Cities in Maricopa County, Arizona","County seats in Arizona","Phoenix metropolitan area","Populated places established in 1867","Populated places in the Sonoran Desert","State capitals in the United States"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Phoenix,_Arizona","wgRelevantArticleId":49121,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":33.44833333333333,"lon":-112.07388888888889},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q16556","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg/1200px-Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg/800px-Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg/640px-Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Phoenix, Arizona - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Phoenix_Arizona rootpage-Phoenix_Arizona skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages">Special pages</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phoenix%2C+Arizona" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phoenix%2C+Arizona" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Phoenix%2C+Arizona" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phoenix%2C+Arizona" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_and_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_and_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Founding and incorporation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_and_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901_to_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901_to_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 1901 to World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1901_to_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-World_War_II_explosive_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-World_War_II_explosive_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Post-World War II explosive growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-World_War_II_explosive_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 1960s to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Cityscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neighborhoods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neighborhoods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Neighborhoods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neighborhoods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Flora and fauna </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Arts and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Arts and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Performing arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_heritage_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_heritage_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Cultural heritage resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_heritage_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fine_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fine_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Fine arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fine_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_attractions_and_annual_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_attractions_and_annual_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Other attractions and annual events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_attractions_and_annual_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_league" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_league"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Major league </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_league-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Government </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-State_government_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_government_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 State government facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_government_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_government_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_government_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Federal government facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_government_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Post-secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rail_and_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rail_and_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.2 Rail and bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rail_and_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roads_and_freeways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roads_and_freeways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.3 Roads and freeways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roads_and_freeways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.4 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Health care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Phoenix, Arizona</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 153 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-153" aria-hidden="true" > 153 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8A%E1%8A%92%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%A5_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%9E%E1%8A%93" title="ፊኒክስ፥ አሪዞና – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፊኒክስ፥ አሪዞና" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%93onix_(%C4%80rrisona)" title="Fēonix (Ārrisona) – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fēonix (Ārrisona)" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_(%D8%A3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="فينيكس (أريزونا) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فينيكس (أريزونا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiks_(Arizona)" title="Finiks (Arizona) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Finiks (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فونیکس، آریزونا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فونیکس، آریزونا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8,_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="ফিনিক্স, অ্যারিজোনা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফিনিক্স, অ্যারিজোনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Фінікс – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фінікс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%90%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Фінікс (Арызона) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Фінікс (Арызона)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(kapital_sa_estado)" title="Phoenix (kapital sa estado) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Phoenix (kapital sa estado)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoozdo" title="Hoozdo – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Hoozdo" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BE_(%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1)" title="Φοίνιξ (Αριζόνα) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φοίνιξ (Αριζόνα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenikso_(Arizono)" title="Fenikso (Arizono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fenikso (Arizono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="فینیکس (آریزونا) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فینیکس (آریزونا)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E5%9F%8E_(%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E)" title="鳳凰城 (亞利桑那州) – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鳳凰城 (亞利桑那州)" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%A2%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="فينيکس (آريزؤنا) – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="فينيکس (آريزؤنا)" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%86%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍃 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍆𐌴𐌹𐌽𐌹𐌺𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%8B%89%EC%8A%A4_(%EC%95%A0%EB%A6%AC%EC%A1%B0%EB%82%98%EC%A3%BC)" title="피닉스 (애리조나주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피닉스 (애리조나주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%93niki" title="Pēniki – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pēniki" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%84%D5%BD" title="Ֆինիքս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆինիքս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="फ़ीनिक्स, एरिजोना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ़ीनिक्स, एरिजोना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="פיניקס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פיניקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D,%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8" title="ಫೀನಿಕ್ಸ್,ಅರಿಜೋನ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫೀನಿಕ್ಸ್,ಅರಿಜೋನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფინიქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფინიქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Ar%C3%AEzona" title="Phoenix, Arîzona – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Phoenix, Arîzona" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C4%ABniksa" title="Fīniksa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Fīniksa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiksas" title="Finiksas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Finiksas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(sjtad)" title="Phoenix (sjtad) – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Phoenix (sjtad)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_(%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3)" title="ഫീനിക്സ് (അരിസോണ) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫീനിക്സ് (അരിസോണ)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arerona" title="Phoenix, Arerona – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Phoenix, Arerona" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_(%E0%A5%B2%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE)" title="फीनिक्स (ॲरिझोना) – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फीनिक्स (ॲरिझोना)" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ფინიქსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფინიქსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B3_(%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="فينيكس (اريزونا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فينيكس (اريزونا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%A2%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="فینیکس (آریزونا) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فینیکس (آریزونا)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81_(%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0)" title="Финикс (Аризона) – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Финикс (Аризона)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8,_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="फिनिक्स, एरिजोना – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="फिनिक्स, एरिजोना" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9_(%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BE%E3%83%8A%E5%B7%9E)" title="フェニックス (アリゾナ州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェニックス (アリゾナ州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Ariz%C3%B2na)" title="Phoenix (Arizòna) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Phoenix (Arizòna)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B8" title="ਫ਼ੀਨਿਕਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫ਼ੀਨਿਕਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="फिनिक्स – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="फिनिक्स" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="فینکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فینکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arison-a)" title="Phoenix (Arison-a) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Phoenix (Arison-a)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D,_%E0%A4%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="फिनिक्स्, ऍरिझोना – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="फिनिक्स्, ऍरिझोना" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فينڪس، ايريزونا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="فينڪس، ايريزونا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%B3_(%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%86%D9%86%D8%A7)" title="فینیکس (ئەریزۆنا) – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فینیکس (ئەریزۆنا)" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE" title="பீனிக்ஸ், அரிசோனா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பீனிக்ஸ், அரிசோனா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Финикс – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Финикс" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AB%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఫీనిక్స్ నగరం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఫీనిక్స్ నగరం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2)" title="ฟีนิกซ์ (รัฐแอริโซนา) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟีนิกซ์ (รัฐแอริโซนา)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Фінікс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фінікс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="فینکس، ایریزونا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فینکس، ایریزونا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9niks" title="Féniks – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Féniks" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiks" title="Finiks – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Finiks" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix_(Arizona)" title="Phoenix (Arizona) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Phoenix (Arizona)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E5%9F%8E" title="鳳凰城 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鳳凰城" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Phoenix, Arizona" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%EF%BC%88%E4%BA%9A%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E%EF%BC%89" title="菲尼克斯（亚利桑那州） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="菲尼克斯（亚利桑那州）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A1" title="פיניקס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פיניקס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E5%9F%8E_(%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E)" title="鳳凰城 (阿利桑那州) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鳳凰城 (阿利桑那州)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiksos" title="Finiksos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Finiksos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%B3%E5%87%B0%E5%9F%8E" title="鳳凰城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鳳凰城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenix" title="Phoenix – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Phoenix" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finiks" title="Finiks – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Finiks" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Phoenix,_Arizona" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Phoenix,_Arizona" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&oldid=1275685361" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Phoenix%2C_Arizona&id=1275685361&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhoenix%2C_Arizona">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhoenix%2C_Arizona">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Phoenix%2C_Arizona&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phoenix,_Arizona" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Phoenix,_Arizona" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Phoenix" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16556" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phoenix,_Arizona&params=33_26_54_N_112_04_26_W_type:city(161,000)_region:US-AZ">33°26′54″N 112°04′26″W / 33.44833°N 112.07389°W / 33.44833; -112.07389</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and most populous city of Arizona, United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Phoenix, United States" and "Phoenix (city)" redirect here. For other cities, see <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(disambiguation)#Places" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Phoenix (disambiguation)">Phoenix (disambiguation) § Places</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">State capital city in Arizona, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Phoenix</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">State capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:270px;max-width:270px"><div style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg/268px-Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="268" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg/402px-Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg/536px-Phoenix_AZ_Downtown_from_airplane_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="1744" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix" title="Downtown Phoenix">Downtown Phoenix</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_State_Capitol_(16399533605).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg/132px-Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg/198px-Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg/264px-Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol" title="Arizona State Capitol">Arizona State Capitol</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:88px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2013,_Hole_in_the_Rock,_Papago_Park_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2013%2C_Hole_in_the_Rock%2C_Papago_Park_-_panoramio.jpg/132px-2013%2C_Hole_in_the_Rock%2C_Papago_Park_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2013%2C_Hole_in_the_Rock%2C_Papago_Park_-_panoramio.jpg/198px-2013%2C_Hole_in_the_Rock%2C_Papago_Park_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/2013%2C_Hole_in_the_Rock%2C_Papago_Park_-_panoramio.jpg/264px-2013%2C_Hole_in_the_Rock%2C_Papago_Park_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Papago_Park" title="Papago Park">Papago Park</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosso_House-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rosso_House-1.jpg/132px-Rosso_House-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rosso_House-1.jpg/198px-Rosso_House-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rosso_House-1.jpg/264px-Rosso_House-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5236" data-file-height="3490" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Rosson_House" title="Rosson House">Rosson House</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Mary%27s_Basilica-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St._Mary%27s_Basilica-9.jpg/132px-St._Mary%27s_Basilica-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St._Mary%27s_Basilica-9.jpg/198px-St._Mary%27s_Basilica-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/St._Mary%27s_Basilica-9.jpg/264px-St._Mary%27s_Basilica-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica_(Phoenix)" title="St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix)">St. Mary's Basilica</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Mystery_Castle_(14242518270).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mystery_Castle_%2814242518270%29.jpg/152px-Mystery_Castle_%2814242518270%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mystery_Castle_%2814242518270%29.jpg/228px-Mystery_Castle_%2814242518270%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Mystery_Castle_%2814242518270%29.jpg/304px-Mystery_Castle_%2814242518270%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4806" data-file-height="2345" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Castle" title="Mystery Castle">Mystery Castle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Reserve_A-10_Warthogs_Flyover_2023_World_Series_(8099146).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Reserve_A-10_Warthogs_Flyover_2023_World_Series_%288099146%29.jpg/112px-Reserve_A-10_Warthogs_Flyover_2023_World_Series_%288099146%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Reserve_A-10_Warthogs_Flyover_2023_World_Series_%288099146%29.jpg/168px-Reserve_A-10_Warthogs_Flyover_2023_World_Series_%288099146%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Reserve_A-10_Warthogs_Flyover_2023_World_Series_%288099146%29.jpg/224px-Reserve_A-10_Warthogs_Flyover_2023_World_Series_%288099146%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3785" data-file-height="2521" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field">Chase Field</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Phoenix,_Arizona.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Phoenix"><img alt="Flag of Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_Phoenix%2C_Arizona.svg/100px-Flag_of_Phoenix%2C_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_Phoenix%2C_Arizona.svg/150px-Flag_of_Phoenix%2C_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Flag_of_Phoenix%2C_Arizona.svg/200px-Flag_of_Phoenix%2C_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="245" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Phoenix, Arizona">Flag</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Phoenix"><img alt="Official logo of Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Phoenix-logo.svg/100px-Phoenix-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Phoenix-logo.svg/150px-Phoenix-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b1/Phoenix-logo.svg/200px-Phoenix-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="297" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Logo</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Valley of the Sun</li><li>The Valley</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 270px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="270" data-zoom="9" data-lat="33.5853" data-lon="-112.0739" data-overlays="["_7c430838cff3481a2859f516de5ddd0508125d67"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/33.5853/-112.0739/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,33.5853,-112.0739,270x270.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Phoenix%2C_Arizona&revid=1275685361&groups=_7c430838cff3481a2859f516de5ddd0508125d67" width="270" height="270" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,33.5853,-112.0739,270x270@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Phoenix%2C_Arizona&revid=1275685361&groups=_7c430838cff3481a2859f516de5ddd0508125d67 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Phoenix</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Arizona_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenix is located in Arizona"><img alt="Phoenix is located in Arizona" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USA_Arizona_relief_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Arizona_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USA_Arizona_relief_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Arizona_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/USA_Arizona_relief_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Arizona_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1099" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:62.124%;left:46.446%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Phoenix</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in Arizona</div>Show map of Arizona</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Phoenix is located in the United States"><img alt="Phoenix is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/250px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/375px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png/500px-Usa_edcp_relief_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.72%;left:21.157%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Phoenix</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in the United States</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Phoenix,_Arizona&params=33_26_54_N_112_04_26_W_type:city(161,000)_region:US-AZ">33°26′54″N 112°04′26″W / 33.44833°N 112.07389°W / 33.44833; -112.07389</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Arizona" title="List of counties in Arizona">County</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1867; 158 years ago (1867)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data">February 25, 1881</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Namesake" title="Namesake">Named for</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix, mythical creature</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Council%E2%80%93manager" class="mw-redirect" title="Council–manager">Council–manager</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_City_Council" title="Phoenix City Council">Phoenix City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Phoenix" title="List of mayors of Phoenix">Mayor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Gallego" title="Kate Gallego">Kate Gallego</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">D</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • State capital</div></th><td class="infobox-data">519.28 sq mi (1,344.94 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Land</th><td class="infobox-data">518.27 sq mi (1,342.30 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Water</th><td class="infobox-data">1.02 sq mi (2.63 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,086 ft (331 m)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a>)<a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2021-3">[3]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • State capital</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,608,139</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Estimate <div class="ib-settlement-fn">(2021)<a href="#cite_note-USCensusEst2021-3">[3]</a></div></div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,624,569</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_cities_by_population" title="List of North American cities by population">11th</a> in North America <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">5th</a> in the United States <a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Arizona" title="List of municipalities in Arizona">1st</a> in Arizona</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,102.92/sq mi (1,198.04/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-urban_area-4">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,976,313 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_urban_areas" title="List of United States urban areas">11th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">3,580.7/sq mi (1,382.5/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020Pop-5">[5]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">4,845,832 (US: <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of metropolitan statistical areas">10th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Phoenician<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data">$398.129 billion (2023)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9207:00" title="UTC−07:00">UTC−07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mountain_Time_Zone" title="Mountain Time Zone">MST</a> (no DST))</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">ZIP Codes</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">85001–85024, 85026-85046, 85048, 85050-85051, 85053-85054, 85060-85076, 85078-85080, 85082-85083, 85085-85087</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area codes</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>East: <a href="/wiki/Area_code_480" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 480">480</a></li> <li>Central: <a href="/wiki/Area_code_602" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 602">602</a></li> <li>West: <a href="/wiki/Area_code_623" class="mw-redirect" title="Area code 623">623</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">FIPS code</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/cedsci/profile?g=1600000US0455000">04-55000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">GNIS</a> feature ID</th><td class="infobox-data">44784</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/">phoenix.gov</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Phoenix (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈfiːnɪks/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/3a\/En-us-Phoenix.ogg\/En-us-Phoenix.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Phoenix.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/En-us-Phoenix.ogg/En-us-Phoenix.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Phoenix.ogg" title="File:En-us-Phoenix.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">FEE-niks</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>) is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Arizona#List_of_cities_and_towns" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Arizona">most populous city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, with 1,662,607 residents as of 2024. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population" title="List of United States cities by population">fifth-most populous city in the United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">most populous state capital</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Phoenix is the most populous city of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix metropolitan area</a>, also known as the Valley of the Sun, which in turn is part of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Valley" title="Salt River Valley">Salt River Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Sun_Corridor" title="Arizona Sun Corridor">Arizona Sun Corridor</a>. The metro area is the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">10th-largest by population</a> in the United States with approximately 4.95 million people as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit">[update]</a>, making it the most populous in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brunn_Zeigler_Hays-Mitchell_Graybill_2020_p._29-12">[12]</a> Phoenix, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County</a>, is the largest city by population and area in Arizona, with an area of 517.9 square miles (1,341 km2), and is also the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_area" title="List of United States cities by area">11th-largest city by area</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Phoenix was settled in 1867 as an agricultural community near the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_(Arizona)" title="Salt River (Arizona)">Salt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gila_River" title="Gila River">Gila Rivers</a> and was incorporated as a city in 1881. It became the capital of <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a> in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Canal" title="Arizona Canal">canal system</a> led to a thriving farming community with the original settlers' crops, such as <a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hay" title="Hay">hay</a>, remaining important parts of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Phoenix" title="Economy of Phoenix">local economy</a> for decades.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Cotton, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, citrus, <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> were known locally as the "Five C's" anchoring Phoenix's economy. These remained the driving forces of the city until after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, when <a href="/wiki/High_tech" title="High tech">high-tech</a> companies began to move into the valley and <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> made Phoenix's hot summers more bearable.<a href="#cite_note-azsos-17">[17]</a> Phoenix is the cultural center of Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> It is in the northeastern reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> and is known for its <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">hot desert climate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ViennaKoppen-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-HESKoppen-20">[20]</a> The region's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> reached over $362 billion by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-FREDGDP-21">[21]</a> The city averaged a four percent annual <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s,<a href="#cite_note-igg-22">[22]</a> and was among the nation's ten most populous cities by 1980. Phoenix is also one of <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._cities_with_large_Hispanic_populations" title="List of U.S. cities with large Hispanic populations">the largest plurality Hispanic cities</a> in the United States, with 42% of its population being <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-azbigmedia.com-23">[23]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="History of Phoenix, Arizona">History of Phoenix, Arizona</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona">Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OasisAmerica-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map portraying ancestral Hohokam lands circa 1350" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/OasisAmerica-es.svg/170px-OasisAmerica-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/OasisAmerica-es.svg/255px-OasisAmerica-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/OasisAmerica-es.svg/340px-OasisAmerica-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1122" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> lands <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1350</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hohokam" title="Hohokam">Hohokam</a> people occupied the Phoenix area for 2,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> They created roughly 135 miles (217 kilometers) of irrigation canals, making the desert land arable, and paths of these canals were used for the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Canal" title="Arizona Canal">Arizona Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project" title="Central Arizona Project">Central Arizona Project</a> Canal, and the <a href="/wiki/Hayden-Rhodes_Aqueduct" class="mw-redirect" title="Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct">Hayden-Rhodes Aqueduct</a>. They also carried out extensive trade with the nearby <a href="/wiki/Anasazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anasazi">Ancient Puebloans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogollon_culture" title="Mogollon culture">Mogollon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinagua" title="Sinagua">Sinagua</a>, as well as with the more distant <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican">Mesoamerican</a> civilizations.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> It is believed periods of drought and severe floods between 1300 and 1450 led to the Hohokam civilization's abandonment of the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1988105-27">[27]</a> After the departure of the Hohokam, groups of <a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a> (commonly known as Pima), <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_people" title="Maricopa people">Maricopa</a> tribes began to use the area, as well as segments of the <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yavapai people">Yavapai</a> and Apache.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero200810–11-28">[28]</a> The O'odham were offshoots of the <a href="/wiki/Sobaipuri" title="Sobaipuri">Sobaipuri</a> tribe, who in turn were thought to be the descendants of the Hohokam.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The Akimel O'odham were the major group in the area. They lived in small villages with well-defined irrigation systems that spread over the Gila River Valley, from Florence in the east to the Estrellas in the west. Their crops included corn, beans, and squash for food as well as cotton and tobacco. They banded with the Maricopa for protection against incursions by the Yuma and Apache tribes.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Maricopa are part of the larger Yuma people; however, they migrated east from the lower Colorado and Gila Rivers in the early 1800s, when they began to be enemies with other Yuma tribes, settling among the existing communities of the Akimel O'odham.<a href="#cite_note-srpmic-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero200810–11-28">[28]</a> The Tohono O'odham also lived in the region, but largely to the south and all the way to the Mexican border.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The O'odham lived in small settlements as seasonal farmers who took advantage of the rains, rather than the large-scale irrigation of the Akimel. They grew crops such as sweet corn, tapery beans, squash, lentils, sugar cane, and melons, as well as taking advantage of native plants such as saguaro fruits, cholla buds, mesquite tree beans, and mesquite candy (sap from the mesquite tree). They also hunted local game such as deer, rabbit, and <a href="/wiki/Javelina" class="mw-redirect" title="Javelina">javelina</a> for meat.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> ended in 1848, Mexico ceded its northern zone to the United States, and the region's residents became U.S. citizens. The Phoenix area became part of the <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_Territory" title="New Mexico Territory">New Mexico Territory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> In 1863, the mining town of <a href="/wiki/Wickenburg,_Arizona" title="Wickenburg, Arizona">Wickenburg</a> was the first to be established in Maricopa County, to the northwest of Phoenix. Maricopa County had not been incorporated; the land was within <a href="/wiki/Yavapai_County,_Arizona" title="Yavapai County, Arizona">Yavapai County</a>, which included the major town of Prescott to the north of Wickenburg. The Army created <a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell,_Arizona" title="Fort McDowell, Arizona">Fort McDowell</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Verde_River" title="Verde River">Verde River</a> in 1865 to forestall Indian uprisings.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The fort established a camp on the south side of the Salt River by 1866, which was the first settlement in the valley after the decline of the Hohokam. Other nearby settlements later merged to become the city of <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_and_incorporation">Founding and incorporation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding and incorporation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery_Adobe-1895-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery_Adobe-1895-2.JPG/220px-Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery_Adobe-1895-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery_Adobe-1895-2.JPG/330px-Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery_Adobe-1895-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery_Adobe-1895-2.JPG/440px-Phoenix-Duppa-Montgomery_Adobe-1895-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>The Phillip Darrell Duppa adobe house was built in 1870 and is the oldest house in Phoenix. The homestead is named after "Lord" Darrell Duppa, an Englishman who is credited with naming Phoenix and Tempe as well as founding the town of New River.</figcaption></figure> The history of Phoenix begins with <a href="/wiki/Jack_Swilling" title="Jack Swilling">Jack Swilling</a>, a Confederate veteran of the Civil War who prospected in the nearby mining town of <a href="/wiki/Wickenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Wickenburg">Wickenburg</a> in the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a>. As he traveled through the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Valley" title="Salt River Valley">Salt River Valley</a> in 1867, he saw a potential for farming to supply Wickenburg with food. He also noted the eroded mounds of dirt that indicated previous canals dug by native peoples who had long since left the area. He formed the Swilling Irrigation and Canal Company that year, dug a large canal that drew in river water, and erected several crop fields in a location that is now within the eastern portion of central Phoenix near its airport. Other settlers soon began to arrive, appreciating the area's fertile soil and lack of frost, and the farmhouse Swilling constructed became a frequently-visited location in the valley.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Darrell_Duppa" title="Phillip Darrell Duppa">Lord Darrell Duppa</a> was one of the original settlers in Swilling's party, and he suggested the name "Phoenix", as it described a city born from the ruins of a former civilization.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> The Board of Supervisors in Yavapai County officially recognized the new town on May 4, 1868, and the first post office was established the following month with Swilling as the postmaster.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> In October 1870, valley residents met to select a new townsite for the valley's growing population. A new location three miles to the west of the original settlement, containing several allotments of farmland, was chosen, and lots began to officially be sold under the name of Phoenix in December of that year. This established the downtown core in a grid layout pattern that has been the hallmark of Phoenix's urban development ever since. On February 12, 1871, the territorial legislature created Maricopa County by dividing Yavapai County; it was the sixth one formed in the Arizona Territory. The first election for county office was held in 1871 when Tom Barnum was elected the first sheriff. He ran unopposed when the other two candidates (John A. Chenowth and Jim Favorite) fought a duel; Chenowth killed Favorite and was forced to withdraw from the race.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> The town grew during the 1870s, and President <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> issued a land patent for the site of Phoenix on April 10, 1874. By 1875, the town had a telegraph office, 16 saloons, and four dance halls, but the townsite-commissioner form of government needed an overhaul. An election was held in 1875, and three village trustees and other officials were elected.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> By 1880, the town's population stood at 2,453.<a href="#cite_note-Moffat-43">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix1885-AerialMap_HiRes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Phoenix1885-AerialMap_HiRes.jpg/220px-Phoenix1885-AerialMap_HiRes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Phoenix1885-AerialMap_HiRes.jpg/330px-Phoenix1885-AerialMap_HiRes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Phoenix1885-AerialMap_HiRes.jpg/440px-Phoenix1885-AerialMap_HiRes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9904" data-file-height="6608" /></a><figcaption>Aerial lithograph of Phoenix from 1885</figcaption></figure> By 1881, Phoenix's continued growth made the board of trustees obsolete. The Territorial Legislature passed the Phoenix Charter Bill, incorporating Phoenix and providing a mayor-council government; Governor <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fremont" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Fremont">John C. Fremont</a> signed the bill on February 25, 1881, officially incorporating Phoenix as a city with a population of around 2,500.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> The railroad's arrival in the valley in the 1880s was the first of several events that made Phoenix a trade center whose products reached eastern and western markets. In response, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Phoenix_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce">Phoenix Chamber of Commerce</a> was organized on November 4, 1888.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The city offices moved into the new City Hall at Washington and Central in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> The territorial capital moved from Prescott to Phoenix in 1889, and the territorial offices were also in City Hall.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_Prescott_and_Phoenix_Railway" title="Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway">Santa Fe, Prescott and Phoenix Railway</a> in 1895 connected Phoenix to Prescott, Flagstaff, and other communities in the northern part of the territory. The increased access to commerce expedited the city's economic rise. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Union_High_School" title="Phoenix Union High School">Phoenix Union High School</a> was established in 1895 with an enrollment of 90.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1901_to_World_War_II">1901 to World War II</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1901 to World War II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Refer to caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Phoenix1908.jpg/290px-Phoenix1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Phoenix1908.jpg/435px-Phoenix1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/42/Phoenix1908.jpg/580px-Phoenix1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Central Avenue, Phoenix, 1908</figcaption></figure> On February 25, 1901, Governor <a href="/wiki/Oakes_Murphy" title="Oakes Murphy">Oakes Murphy</a> dedicated the permanent <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol" title="Arizona State Capitol">Capitol building</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Carnegie_Library_and_Library_Park" title="Phoenix Carnegie Library and Library Park">Carnegie Free Library</a> opened seven years later, on February 18, 1908, dedicated by Benjamin Fowler.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Newlands_Reclamation_Act" title="Newlands Reclamation Act">National Reclamation Act</a> was signed by President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> in 1902, which allowed dams to be built on waterways in the west for reclamation purposes.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The first dam constructed under the act, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Dam" title="Theodore Roosevelt Dam">Salt River Dam#1</a>, began in 1903. It supplied both water and electricity, becoming the first multi-purpose dam, and Roosevelt attended the official dedication on May 18, 1911. At the time, it was the largest masonry dam in the world, forming <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Lake" title="Theodore Roosevelt Lake">a lake</a> in the mountains east of Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The dam would be renamed after Teddy Roosevelt in 1917,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> and the lake would follow suit in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> On February 14, 1912, Phoenix became a state capital, as Arizona was admitted to the Union as the 48th state under President <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> This occurred just six months after Taft had vetoed a joint congressional resolution granting statehood to Arizona, due to his disapproval of the state constitution's position on the recall of judges.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In 1913, Phoenix's move from a mayor-council system to <a href="/wiki/Council-Manager_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Council-Manager government">council-manager</a> made it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government. After statehood, Phoenix's growth started to accelerate; eight years later, its population reached 29,053. In 1920, Phoenix would see its first skyscraper, the <a href="/wiki/Heard_Building" title="Heard Building">Heard Building</a>; it was the tallest building in the state until the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Luhrs_Building" title="Luhrs Building">Luhrs Building</a> in 1924.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> In 1929, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Sky Harbor</a> was officially opened, at the time owned by <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Airlines" title="Grand Canyon Airlines">Scenic Airways</a>. The city purchased it in 1935 and continues to operate it today.<a href="#cite_note-Skyharbor-53">[53]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_downtown03.ca1940s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the skyline of downtown Phoenix circa 1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Phoenix_downtown03.ca1940s.jpg/220px-Phoenix_downtown03.ca1940s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Phoenix_downtown03.ca1940s.jpg/330px-Phoenix_downtown03.ca1940s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Phoenix_downtown03.ca1940s.jpg/440px-Phoenix_downtown03.ca1940s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>Phoenix skyline, c. 1940</figcaption></figure> On March 4, 1930, former U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> dedicated a dam on the Gila River named in his honor. However, the state had just been through a long drought, and the reservoir which was supposed to be behind the dam was virtually dry. The humorist <a href="/wiki/Will_Rogers" title="Will Rogers">Will Rogers</a>, who was on hand as a guest speaker joked, "If that was my lake, I'd mow it."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Phoenix's population had nearly doubled during the 1920s and by 1930 stood at 48,118.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> It was also during the 1930s that Phoenix and its surrounding area began to be called "The Valley of the Sun", which was an advertising slogan invented to boost tourism.<a href="#cite_note-Valley101-55">[55]</a> During World War II, Phoenix's economy shifted to that of a distribution center, transforming into an "embryonic industrial city" with the mass production of military supplies.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> There were three air force fields in the area: <a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke Field</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williams_Air_Force_Base" title="Williams Air Force Base">Williams Field</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Field_(Arizona)" title="Falcon Field (Arizona)">Falcon Field</a>, as well as two large pilot training camps, <a href="/wiki/Thunderbird_Field_No._1" title="Thunderbird Field No. 1">Thunderbird Field No. 1</a> in Glendale and <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale_Airport" title="Scottsdale Airport">Thunderbird Field No. 2</a> in Scottsdale.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-World_War_II_explosive_growth">Post-World War II explosive growth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Post-World War II explosive growth">edit</a>]</div> A town that had just over 65,000 residents in 1940 became America's fifth largest city by 2020, with a population of nearly 1.6 million, and millions more in nearby suburbs. After the war, many of the men who had undergone their training in Arizona returned with their new families. Learning of this large untapped labor pool enticed many large industries to move their operations to the area.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> In 1948, high-tech industry, which would become a staple of the state's economy, arrived in Phoenix when <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> chose Phoenix as the site of its new research and development center for military electronics. Seeing the same advantages as Motorola, other high-tech companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> and <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas" title="McDonnell Douglas">McDonnell Douglas</a>, moved into the valley and opened manufacturing operations.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> By 1950, over 105,000 people resided in the city and thousands more in surrounding communities.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> The 1950s growth was spurred on by advances in air conditioning, which allowed homes and businesses to offset the extreme heat experienced in Phoenix and the surrounding areas during its long summers. There was more new construction in Phoenix in 1959 alone than from 1914 to 1946.<a href="#cite_note-AZed-60">[60]</a> Like many emerging American cities at the time, Phoenix's spectacular growth did not occur evenly. It largely took place on the city's north side, a region that was nearly all Caucasian. In 1962, one local activist testified at a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">US Commission on Civil Rights</a> of hearing that of 31,000 homes that had recently sprung up in this neighborhood, not a single one had been sold to an African-American.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Phoenix's African-American and Mexican-American communities remained largely sequestered on the south side of town. The color lines were so rigid that no one north of <a href="/wiki/Van_Buren_Street_(Arizona)" title="Van Buren Street (Arizona)">Van Buren Street</a> would rent to the African-American baseball star <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mays" title="Willie Mays">Willie Mays</a>, in town for spring training in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In 1964, a reporter from <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">The New Republic</a> wrote of segregation in these terms: "Apartheid is complete. The two cities look at each other across a golf course."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s_to_present">1960s to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1960s to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_,_6_1972.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_%2C_6_1972.jpg/170px-The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_%2C_6_1972.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_%2C_6_1972.jpg/255px-The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_%2C_6_1972.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_%2C_6_1972.jpg/340px-The_View_of_Phoenix%27s_Urban_Sprawl_from_4000_Ft._South_Mountain_in_Background_%2C_6_1972.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Phoenix in May 1972, with <a href="/wiki/South_Mountains_(Arizona)" title="South Mountains (Arizona)">South Mountain</a> in the background</figcaption></figure> The continued rapid population growth led more businesses to the valley to take advantage of the labor pool,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and manufacturing, particularly in the electronics sector, continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The convention and tourism industries saw rapid expansion during the 1960s, with tourism becoming the third largest industry by the end of the decade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201042-66">[66]</a> In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Corporate_Center" title="Phoenix Corporate Center">Phoenix Corporate Center</a> opened; at the time it was the tallest building in Arizona, topping off at 341 feet.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The 1960s saw many other buildings constructed as the city expanded rapidly, including the Rosenzweig Center (1964), today called <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_City_Square" title="Phoenix City Square">Phoenix City Square</a>,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> the landmark <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Financial_Center" title="Phoenix Financial Center">Phoenix Financial Center</a> (1964),<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> as well as many of Phoenix's residential high-rises. In 1965 the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Veterans_Memorial_Coliseum" title="Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum">Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum</a> opened at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Fairgrounds" title="Arizona State Fairgrounds">Arizona State Fairgrounds</a>, west of downtown. When Phoenix was awarded an <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> franchise in 1968, which would be called the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a>,<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> they played their home games at the Coliseum until 1992, after which they moved to <a href="/wiki/Talking_Stick_Resort_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Talking Stick Resort Arena">America West Arena</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> In 1968, President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> approved the <a href="/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project" title="Central Arizona Project">Central Arizona Project</a>, assuring future water supplies for Phoenix, Tucson, and the agricultural corridor between them.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Phoenix" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix">Diocese of Phoenix</a> on December 2, by splitting the Archdiocese of Tucson, with <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._McCarthy" title="Edward A. McCarthy">Edward A. McCarthy</a> as the first Bishop.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> In the 1970s the downtown area experienced a resurgence, with a level of construction activity not seen again until the urban real estate boom of the 2000s. By the end of the decade, Phoenix adopted the Phoenix Concept 2000 plan which split the city into urban villages, each with its own village core where greater height and density was permitted, further shaping the free-market development culture. The nine original villages<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995235–237-76">[76]</a> have expanded to 15 over the years (see <a href="#Cityscape">Cityscape</a> below). This officially turned Phoenix into a city of many nodes, which would later be connected by freeways. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Symphony_Hall" title="Phoenix Symphony Hall">Phoenix Symphony Hall</a> opened in 1972;<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> other major structures which saw construction downtown during this decade were the <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Plaza_(Phoenix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells Fargo Plaza (Phoenix)">First National Bank Plaza</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chase_Tower_(Phoenix)" title="Chase Tower (Phoenix)">Valley Center</a> (the tallest building in Arizona),<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Bank_Center_(Phoenix)" title="U.S. Bank Center (Phoenix)">Arizona Bank building</a>. On September 25, 1981, Phoenix resident <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> broke the gender barrier on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>, when she was sworn in as the first female justice.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station">Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station</a>, the nation's largest nuclear power plant, began electrical production.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> both visited the Valley in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> There was an influx of refugees due to low-cost housing in the <a href="/wiki/Sunnyslope,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnyslope, Arizona">Sunnyslope</a> area in the 1990s, resulting in 43 different languages being spoken in local schools by 2000.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The new 20-story <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_City_Hall" title="Phoenix City Hall">City Hall</a> opened in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Phoenix has maintained a growth streak in recent years, growing by 24.2% before 2007. This made it the second-fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States, surpassed only by <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas%E2%80%93Paradise,_NV_MSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Las Vegas–Paradise, NV MSA">Las Vegas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In 2008, Squaw Peak, the city's second tallest mountain, was renamed <a href="/wiki/Piestewa_Peak" title="Piestewa Peak">Piestewa Peak</a> after Army Specialist <a href="/wiki/Lori_Ann_Piestewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Lori Ann Piestewa">Lori Ann Piestewa</a>, an Arizonan and the first <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> woman to die in combat while serving in the U.S. military, as well as being the first American female casualty of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">2003 Iraq War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> 2008 also saw Phoenix as one of the cities hardest hit by the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">subprime mortgage crisis</a>, and by early 2009 the median home price was $150,000, down from its $262,000 peak in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Crime rates in Phoenix have fallen in recent years, and once troubled, decaying neighborhoods such as <a href="/wiki/South_Phoenix" title="South Phoenix">South Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alhambra,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhambra, Phoenix, Arizona">Alhambra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="West Phoenix">Maryvale</a> have recovered and stabilized. On June 1, 2023, the State of Arizona announced the decision to halt new housing development in the Phoenix metropolitan area that relies solely on <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> due to a predicted water shortfall.<a href="#cite_note-PhoenixRunningOutOfWater-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_by_Sentinel-2,_2020-09-09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A photo taken from space of the Phoenix Area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phoenix_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-09.jpg/220px-Phoenix_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phoenix_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-09.jpg/330px-Phoenix_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Phoenix_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-09.jpg/440px-Phoenix_by_Sentinel-2%2C_2020-09-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9225" data-file-height="9225" /></a><figcaption>Sentinel-2 satellite image of the Phoenix metro area in 2020</figcaption></figure> Phoenix is in the south-central portion of Arizona; about halfway between <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a> to the southeast and <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a> to the north, in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwestern United States</a>. By car, the city is approximately 150 miles (240 kilometers) north of the US–Mexico border at <a href="/wiki/Sonoyta" title="Sonoyta">Sonoyta</a> and 180 mi (290 km) north of the border at <a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales</a>. The metropolitan area is known as the "Valley of the Sun" due to its location in the Salt River Valley.<a href="#cite_note-Valley101-55">[55]</a> It lies at a mean elevation of 1,086 feet (331 m), in the northern reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Other than the mountains in and around the city, Phoenix's topography is generally flat, which allows the city's main streets to run on a precise grid with wide, open-spaced roadways. Scattered, low mountain ranges surround the valley: <a href="/wiki/McDowell_Mountains" title="McDowell Mountains">McDowell Mountains</a> to the northeast, the <a href="/wiki/White_Tank_Mountains" title="White Tank Mountains">White Tank Mountains</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Superstition_Mountains" title="Superstition Mountains">Superstition Mountains</a> far to the east, and both <a href="/wiki/South_Mountains_(Arizona)" title="South Mountains (Arizona)">South Mountain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Estrella" title="Sierra Estrella">Sierra Estrella</a> to the south/southwest. <a href="/wiki/Camelback_Mountain" title="Camelback Mountain">Camelback Mountain</a>, North Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Sunnyslope_Mountain" title="Sunnyslope Mountain">Sunnyslope Mountain</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piestewa_Peak" title="Piestewa Peak">Piestewa Peak</a> are within the heart of the valley. The city's outskirts have large fields of irrigated cropland and Native American reservation lands.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The Salt River runs westward through Phoenix, but the riverbed is often dry or contains little water due to large irrigation diversions. South Mountain separates the community of <a href="/wiki/Ahwatukee" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahwatukee">Ahwatukee</a> from the rest of the city. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:231209-2_Ahwatukee_and_South_Mountain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/231209-2_Ahwatukee_and_South_Mountain.jpg/220px-231209-2_Ahwatukee_and_South_Mountain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/231209-2_Ahwatukee_and_South_Mountain.jpg/330px-231209-2_Ahwatukee_and_South_Mountain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/231209-2_Ahwatukee_and_South_Mountain.jpg/440px-231209-2_Ahwatukee_and_South_Mountain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8064" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of <a href="/wiki/Ahwatukee,_Phoenix" title="Ahwatukee, Phoenix">Ahwatukee</a> neighborhoods and the <a href="/wiki/South_Mountains_(Arizona)" title="South Mountains (Arizona)">South Mountains</a></figcaption></figure> According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 517.9 sq mi (1,341 km2), of which 516.7 sq mi (1,338 km2) is land and 1.2 sq mi (3.1 km2), or 0.2%, is water. <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona#Demographics" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County</a> grew by 711% from 186,000 in 1940 to 1,509,000 by 1980, due in part to air conditioning, cheap housing, and an influx of retirees. The once "modest urban sprawl" now "grew by 'epic' proportions—not only a myriad of residential tract developments on both farmland and desert." Retail outlets and office complexes spread out and did not concentrate in the small downtown area. There was low population density and a lack of widespread and significant high-rise development.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> As a consequence Phoenix became a textbook case of <a href="/wiki/Urban_sprawl" title="Urban sprawl">urban sprawl</a> for geographers.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Even though it is the fifth most populated city in the United States, the large area gives it a low density rate of approximately 2,797 people per square mile.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> In comparison, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, the sixth most populous city with nearly the same population as Phoenix, has a density of over 11,000 people per square mile.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Like most of Arizona, Phoenix does not observe <a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">daylight saving time</a>. In 1973, Governor <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williams_(American_politician)" title="Jack Williams (American politician)">Jack Williams</a> argued to the U.S. Congress that energy use would increase in the evening should Arizona observe DST. He went on to say energy use would also rise early in the day "because there would be more lights on in the early morning." Additionally, he said daylight saving time would cause children to go to school in the dark.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Phoenix" title="List of tallest buildings in Phoenix">List of tallest buildings in Phoenix</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A panoramic view of Phoenix from the South Mountain range, winter 2008, with Sky Harbor International Airport on the far right"><img alt="aerial view of the Phoenix skyline, showing the tall buildings of downtown Phoenix to the left of the photo, mountains in the background, the flatness of the rest of the city, with Sky Harbor airport" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg/1000px-Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg/1500px-Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg/2000px-Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="27744" data-file-height="2215" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_PHX_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Downtown PHX Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>A panoramic view of Phoenix from the South Mountain range, winter 2008, with Sky Harbor International Airport on the far right</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="a graphic representation showing how Phoenix is broken up into 15 urban villages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg/220px-Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg/330px-Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg/440px-Phoenix_Urban_Villages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption>Map of the urban villages of Phoenix</figcaption></figure> Since 1979, the city of Phoenix has been divided into <a href="/wiki/Urban_village" title="Urban village">urban villages</a>, many of which are based upon historically significant neighborhoods and communities that have since been annexed into Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Each village has a planning committee appointed directly by the city council. According to the city-issued village planning handbook, the purpose of the village planning committees is to "work with the city's planning commission to ensure a balance of housing and employment in each village, concentrate development at identified village cores, and to promote the unique character and identity of the villages."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> There are 15 urban villages: <a href="/wiki/Ahwatukee,_Phoenix" title="Ahwatukee, Phoenix">Ahwatukee Foothills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alhambra,_Phoenix" title="Alhambra, Phoenix">Alhambra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelback_East,_Phoenix" title="Camelback East, Phoenix">Camelback East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_City,_Phoenix" title="Central City, Phoenix">Central City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer_Valley,_Phoenix" title="Deer Valley, Phoenix">Deer Valley</a>, Desert View, <a href="/wiki/Encanto,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Encanto, Phoenix">Encanto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estrella,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella, Phoenix">Estrella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laveen,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Laveen, Arizona">Laveen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryvale,_Phoenix" title="Maryvale, Phoenix">Maryvale</a>, North Gateway, North Mountain, Paradise Valley, <a href="/wiki/Rio_Vista,_Phoenix" title="Rio Vista, Phoenix">Rio Vista</a>, and South Mountain. The urban village of Paradise Valley is distinct from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona" title="Paradise Valley, Arizona">Town of Paradise Valley</a>. Although the urban village is part of Phoenix, the town is independent. In addition to the above urban villages, Phoenix has a variety of commonly referred-to regions and districts, such as <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix" title="Downtown Phoenix">Downtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midtown,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Midtown, Phoenix, Arizona">Midtown</a>, Uptown,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> West Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/North/Northwest_Phoenix" title="North/Northwest Phoenix">North Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Phoenix" title="South Phoenix">South Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Area" title="Biltmore Area">Biltmore Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcadia,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia, Phoenix, Arizona">Arcadia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunnyslope,_Phoenix" title="Sunnyslope, Phoenix">Sunnyslope</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna">edit</a>]</div> While some of the native flora and fauna of the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> can be found within Phoenix city limits, most are found in the suburbs and the undeveloped desert areas that surround the city. Native mammal species include <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyote</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collared_Peccary" class="mw-redirect" title="Collared Peccary">javelina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobcat" title="Bobcat">bobcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">mountain lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylvilagus_audubonii" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvilagus audubonii">desert cottontail rabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jackrabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jackrabbit">jackrabbit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antelope_ground_squirrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Antelope ground squirrel">antelope ground squirrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mule_deer" title="Mule deer">mule deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring-tailed_cat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring-tailed cat">ringtail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coati" title="Coati">coati</a>, and multiple species of bats, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_free-tailed_bat" title="Mexican free-tailed bat">Mexican free-tailed bat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_pipistrelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Western pipistrelle">western pipistrelle</a>, that roost in and around the city. There are many species of native birds, including <a href="/wiki/Costa%27s_hummingbird" title="Costa's hummingbird">Costa's hummingbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna%27s_hummingbird" title="Anna's hummingbird">Anna's hummingbird</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambel%27s_quail" title="Gambel's quail">Gambel's quail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gila_woodpecker" title="Gila woodpecker">Gila woodpecker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mourning_dove" title="Mourning dove">mourning dove</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-winged_dove" title="White-winged dove">white-winged dove</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_roadrunner" title="Greater roadrunner">greater roadrunner</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cactus_wren" title="Cactus wren">cactus wren</a>, and many species of raptors, including <a href="/wiki/Falcons" class="mw-redirect" title="Falcons">falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawks">hawks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owls" class="mw-redirect" title="Owls">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Vultures">vultures</a> (such as the <a href="/wiki/Turkey_vulture" title="Turkey vulture">turkey vulture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_vulture" title="Black vulture">black vulture</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bald_eagle" title="Bald eagle">bald eagle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The greater Phoenix region is home to the only thriving feral population of <a href="/wiki/Rosy-faced_lovebird" title="Rosy-faced lovebird">rosy-faced lovebirds</a> in the U.S. This bird is a popular <a href="/wiki/Birdcage" title="Birdcage">birdcage</a> pet, native to southwestern Africa. Feral birds were first observed living outdoors in 1987, probably escaped or released pets, and by 2010 the Greater Phoenix population had grown to about 950 birds. These <a href="/wiki/Lovebird" title="Lovebird">lovebirds</a> prefer older neighborhoods where they nest under untrimmed, dead <a href="/wiki/Palm_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Palm tree">palm tree</a> fronds.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-PF-Lovebird-106">[106]</a> The area is also home to a plethora of native reptile species including the <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_atrox" class="mw-redirect" title="Crotalus atrox">Western diamondback rattlesnake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crotalus_cerastes_cercobombus" title="Crotalus cerastes cercobombus">Sonoran sidewinder</a>, several other types of rattlesnakes, <a href="/wiki/Micruroides" title="Micruroides">Sonoran coral snake</a>, dozens of species of non-venomous snakes (including the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_gopher_snake" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoran gopher snake">Sonoran gopher snake</a> and the <a href="/wiki/California_kingsnake" title="California kingsnake">California kingsnake</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Gila_monster" title="Gila monster">gila monster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sceloporus_magister" title="Sceloporus magister">desert spiny lizard</a>, several types of <a href="/wiki/Teiidae" title="Teiidae">whiptail lizards</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chuckwalla" title="Chuckwalla">chuckwalla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desert_horned_lizard" title="Desert horned lizard">desert horned lizard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_banded_gecko" title="Western banded gecko">western banded gecko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonora_mud_turtle" title="Sonora mud turtle">Sonora mud turtle</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Desert_tortoise" title="Desert tortoise">desert tortoise</a>. Native amphibian species include the <a href="/wiki/Scaphiopus_couchii" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaphiopus couchii">Couch's spadefoot toad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiricahua_leopard_frog" title="Chiricahua leopard frog">Chiricahua leopard frog</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Incilius_alvarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Incilius alvarius">Sonoran desert toad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Phoenix and the surrounding areas are also home to a wide variety of native invertebrates including the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_bark_scorpion" title="Arizona bark scorpion">Arizona bark scorpion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giant_desert_hairy_scorpion" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant desert hairy scorpion">giant desert hairy scorpion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_blond_tarantula" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona blond tarantula">Arizona blond tarantula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert_centipede" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonoran Desert centipede">Sonoran Desert centipede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarantula_hawk_wasp" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarantula hawk wasp">tarantula hawk wasp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solifugae" title="Solifugae">camel spider</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amblypygi" title="Amblypygi">tailless whip scorpion</a>. Of great concern is the presence of <a href="/wiki/Africanized_bee" title="Africanized bee">Africanized bees</a> which can be extremely dangerous—even lethal—when provoked. The Arizona Upland subdivision of the Sonoran Desert (of which Phoenix is a part) has "the most structurally diverse flora in the United States." One of the most well-known types of succulents, the <a href="/wiki/Saguaro" title="Saguaro">giant saguaro cactus</a>, is found throughout the city and its neighboring environs. Other native species are the <a href="/wiki/Stenocereus_thurberi" title="Stenocereus thurberi">organpipe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrel_cactus" title="Barrel cactus">barrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishhook_cactus" title="Fishhook cactus">fishhook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pachycereus_schottii" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachycereus schottii">senita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">prickly pear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cylindropuntia" title="Cylindropuntia">cholla</a> cacti; <a href="/wiki/Fouquieria" title="Fouquieria">ocotillo</a>; <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonia_aculeata" title="Parkinsonia aculeata">Palo Verde trees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonia_microphylla" title="Parkinsonia microphylla">foothill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parkinsonia_florida" title="Parkinsonia florida">blue paloverde</a>; <a href="/wiki/Washingtonia_filifera" title="Washingtonia filifera">California fan palm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Agave" title="Agave">agaves</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yucca_elata" title="Yucca elata">soaptree yucca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hesperoyucca_whipplei" title="Hesperoyucca whipplei">Spanish bayonet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dasylirion_wheeleri" title="Dasylirion wheeleri">desert spoon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hesperaloe_parviflora" title="Hesperaloe parviflora">red yucca</a>; <a href="/wiki/Olneya" title="Olneya">ironwood</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mesquite" title="Mesquite">mesquite</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Larrea_tridentata" title="Larrea tridentata">creosote bush</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Many non-native plants also thrive in Phoenix including, but not limited to, the <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washingtonia_robusta" title="Washingtonia robusta">Mexican fan palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_canariensis" title="Phoenix canariensis">pineapple palm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_brutia" title="Pinus brutia">Afghan pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinus_canariensis" title="Pinus canariensis">Canary Island pine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pachycereus_marginatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pachycereus marginatus">Mexican fencepost cactus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pachycereus_pringlei" title="Pachycereus pringlei">cardon cactus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acacia" title="Acacia">acacia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus" title="Eucalyptus">eucalyptus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aloe" title="Aloe">aloe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bougainvillea" title="Bougainvillea">bougainvillea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerium" title="Nerium">oleander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lantana" title="Lantana">lantana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melaleuca_citrina" title="Melaleuca citrina">bottlebrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caesalpinia_pulcherrima" title="Caesalpinia pulcherrima">red bird of paradise</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Phoenix" title="Climate of Phoenix">Climate of Phoenix</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummingbird_Springs_Wilderness_(9412743529).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hummingbird_Springs_Wilderness_%289412743529%29.jpg/220px-Hummingbird_Springs_Wilderness_%289412743529%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hummingbird_Springs_Wilderness_%289412743529%29.jpg/330px-Hummingbird_Springs_Wilderness_%289412743529%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hummingbird_Springs_Wilderness_%289412743529%29.jpg/440px-Hummingbird_Springs_Wilderness_%289412743529%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> surrounding Phoenix</figcaption></figure> Phoenix has a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate#Hot_desert_climates" title="Desert climate">hot desert climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen:</a> BWh),<a href="#cite_note-ViennaKoppen-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-HESKoppen-20">[20]</a> typical of the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a>, and is the largest city in <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a> in this climatic zone.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Phoenix has long, extremely hot summers and short, mild winters. The city is within one of the world's sunniest regions, with its <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine duration</a> comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> region. With 3,872 hours of bright sunshine annually, Phoenix receives the most sunshine of any major city on Earth.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> Average high temperatures in summer are the hottest of any major city in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Farmers-112">[112]</a> On average, there are 111 days annually with a high of at least 100 °F (38 °C), including most days from the end of May through late September. Highs top 110 °F (43 °C) an average of 21 days during the year.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-113">[113]</a> On June 26, 1990, the temperature reached an all-time recorded high of 122 °F (50 °C).<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The annual minimum temperature in Phoenix is in the mid-to-low 30s.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-113">[113]</a> It rarely drops to 32 °F (0 °C) or below. Snow is rare.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In July 2023, it became the first major city in the US to have an average monthly temperature of over 100 °F (38 °C) with an average daily mean temperature for the month at 102.7 °F (39 °C), which is also the hottest month ever recorded in the city.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> That same month the city had an unprecedented streak of 31 days with 110 °F (43 °C)+ highs that lasted from June 30 to July 30.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> That year the city also had a record 55 days of daily highs topping 110 °F (43 °C)+, which also made summer of 2023 the hottest on record there,<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> until it was beaten by the summer of 2024 with the hottest ever June at 97.0 °F (36 °C),<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> the third hottest august August<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> at 98.7 °F (37 °C) and the 2nd hottest July record at 101.1 °F (38 °C) by average daily temperature respectively.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> That same year in 2024, it also recorded an unprecedented 113 day streak of daily highs topping 100 °F (38 °C)+ that lasted from May 27 to September 16 and ultimately recorded a record 70 110 °F (43 °C) days in a single year, ending by October 7.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Because extreme heat is so common, nearly all homes in Phoenix have <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a>, though poorer residents may not be able to afford to repair or operate them when needed.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Maricopa County, which includes Phoenix, was ranked seventh for most <a href="/wiki/Tropospheric_ozone" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropospheric ozone">ozone pollution</a> in the United States according to the <a href="/wiki/American_Lung_Association" title="American Lung Association">American Lung Association</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Vehicle emissions are cited as precursors to ozone formation. Phoenix also has high levels of <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">particulate</a> pollution; although, cities in California lead the nation in this hazard.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> PM2.5 particulate matter, which is a component of diesel engine exhaust, and larger PM10 particles, which can come from dust, can both reach concerning levels in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In fact, people, pets, and other animals exposed to high concentrations of PM10 dust particles―primarily from dust storms or from disturbed agricultural or construction sites―are at risk of contracting <a href="/wiki/Valley_Fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Fever">Valley Fever</a>, a fungal lung infection.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> Unlike most desert locations which have drastic fluctuations between day and nighttime temperatures, the <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect limits Phoenix's <a href="/wiki/Diurnal_temperature_variation" title="Diurnal temperature variation">diurnal temperature variation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> As the city has expanded, average summer low temperatures have been steadily rising. Pavement, sidewalks, and buildings store the Sun's heat and radiate it at night.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The daily normal low remains at or above 80 °F (27 °C) for an average of 74 days per summer.<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-113">[113]</a> On July 19, 2023, at the height of an unprecedent heatwave that caused daily highs to top 110 °F (43 °C) or higher that lasted for 31 days straight, Phoenix set its record for the warmest daily low temperature, at 97 °F (36 °C).<a href="#cite_note-NOAA-113">[113]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of a dust storm, called a haboob, sweeping in over the city of Phoenix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg/330px-PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg/495px-PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg/660px-PhoenixDustStorm2.2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9838" data-file-height="3185" /></a><figcaption>A 2011 <a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">haboob</a></figcaption></figure> The city averages approximately 300 days of sunshine, or over 85% of daylight hours, per year,<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> and receives scant rainfall―the average annual total at Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport is 7.22 in (183 mm). The region's trademark dry and sunny weather is interrupted by sporadic Pacific storms in the winter and the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/North_American_monsoon" title="North American monsoon">North American monsoon</a> in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-BATTG19-132">[132]</a> Historically, the monsoon officially started when the average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> was 55 °F (13 °C) for three days in a row—typically occurring in early July. To increase monsoon awareness and promote safety, however, the National Weather Service decreed that starting in 2008, June 15 would be the official "first day" of the monsoon, and it would end on September 30.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> When active, the monsoon raises humidity levels and can cause heavy localized precipitation, flash floods, hail, destructive winds, and <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm#Dust_storm_visibility_of_¼_mile_or_less,_or_meters_or_less" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>—which can rise to the level of a <a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">haboob</a> in some years.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix Int'l</a>, Arizona (1991–2020 normals,<a href="#cite_note-136">[a]</a> extremes 1895–present)<a href="#cite_note-137">[b]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 (31) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92 (33) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100 (38) </td> <td style="background: #FF0300; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105 (41) </td> <td style="background: #C00000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">114 (46) </td> <td style="background: #890000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">122 (50) </td> <td style="background: #970000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">121 (49) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">118 (48) </td> <td style="background: #A50000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">118 (48) </td> <td style="background: #CE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">113 (45) </td> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99 (37) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 (31) </td> <td style="background: #890000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">122 (50) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.2 (25.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.1 (27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90.4 (32.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF1D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">99.0 (37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF0400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105.7 (40.9) </td> <td style="background: #D10000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">112.7 (44.8) </td> <td style="background: #C20000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">114.6 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #CD0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">113.2 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #EE0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">108.9 (42.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF1600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100.7 (38.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.9 (31.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 (25.4) </td> <td style="background: #BA0000; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">115.7 (46.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FF952C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">67.6 (19.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF8913; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1 (25.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.5 (29.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF0900; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">104.2 (40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF0000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">106.5 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF0600; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">105.1 (40.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">100.4 (38.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.2 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">76.5 (24.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.2 (19.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">87.1 (30.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.8 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB367; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.9 (15.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66.3 (19.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8001; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.2 (22.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82.0 (27.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">91.4 (33.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.5 (35.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94.4 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89.2 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.4 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF9F3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.1 (18.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55.8 (13.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">75.6 (24.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46.0 (7.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49.0 (9.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC790; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.5 (12.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.8 (16.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.5 (20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.6 (25.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.5 (29.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.6 (28.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.1 (25.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">65.6 (18.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.7 (12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">45.3 (7.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA347; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">64.1 (17.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean minimum °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (2.2) </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40.0 (4.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">44.4 (6.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">50.1 (10.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB872; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.4 (14.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF8E1E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.4 (20.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.4 (23.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">74.2 (23.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">68.3 (20.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFCA96; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53.8 (12.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42.0 (5.6) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.4 (1.9) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.8 (1.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 (−9) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25 (−4) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35 (2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39 (4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49 (9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA852; color:#000000;" class="notheme">63 (17) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58 (14) </td> <td style="background: #FFE6CE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47 (8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34 (1) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27 (−3) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 (−6) </td> <td style="background: #B6B6FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16 (−9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> inches (mm) </th> <td style="background: #DEFFDE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.87 (22) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.87 (22) </td> <td style="background: #DFFFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.83 (21) </td> <td style="background: #F6FFF6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.22 (5.6) </td> <td style="background: #FAFFFA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.13 (3.3) </td> <td style="background: #FEFFFE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.02 (0.51) </td> <td style="background: #DCFFDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.91 (23) </td> <td style="background: #DBFFDB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.93 (24) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.57 (14) </td> <td style="background: #EAFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.56 (14) </td> <td style="background: #E9FFE9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.57 (14) </td> <td style="background: #E2FFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.74 (19) </td> <td style="background: #E7FFE7; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.22 (183) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.9 </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.6 </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #DCDCFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">33.4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">50.9 </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">44.4 </td> <td style="background: #6868FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.3 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 </td> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 </td> <td style="background: #7474FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 </td> <td style="background: #7676FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 </td> <td style="background: #5757FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">43.8 </td> <td style="background: #3838FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51.8 </td> <td style="background: #7373FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> °F (°C) </th> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (0.2) </td> <td style="background: #E7E7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.2 (0.1) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (0.5) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (−0.2) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (1.3) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">39.0 (3.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">56.1 (13.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB973; color:#000000;" class="notheme">58.3 (14.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52.3 (11.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF3E8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43.0 (6.1) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (2.1) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.1 (0.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40.1 (4.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256.0 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA01; color:#000000;" class="notheme">257.2 </td> <td style="background: #F2F215; color:#000000;" class="notheme">318.4 </td> <td style="background: #FDFD2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">353.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF42; color:#000000;" class="notheme">401.0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF4E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">407.8 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF36; color:#000000;" class="notheme">378.5 </td> <td style="background: #FCFC2C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">360.8 </td> <td style="background: #F7F721; color:#000000;" class="notheme">328.6 </td> <td style="background: #F0F010; color:#000000;" class="notheme">308.9 </td> <td style="background: #E6E600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">256.0 </td> <td style="background: #E1E100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">244.8 </td> <td style="background: #F5F51B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3,871.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFFFB1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFD6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">90 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFE2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFEA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFD2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFB5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFC9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">87 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.4 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.6 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.5 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">9.7 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.9 </td> <td style="background: #A45693; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">11.0 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">10.1 </td> <td style="background: #E53210; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">8.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 </td> <td style="background: #FFF300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 </td> <td style="background: #3EA72D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">2.7 </td> <td style="background: #F18B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: NOAA (dew points, relative humidity, and sun 1961–1990)<a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Weatherbox_NOAA-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Weatherbox_noaasun-140">[138]</a>, Weather.com<a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Weather.com-141">[139]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: UV Index Today (1995 to 2022)<a href="#cite_note-UVIT-142">[140]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Median_Household_Income_Maricopa_County.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Median_Household_Income_Maricopa_County.png/220px-Median_Household_Income_Maricopa_County.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Median_Household_Income_Maricopa_County.png/330px-Median_Household_Income_Maricopa_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/Median_Household_Income_Maricopa_County.png/440px-Median_Household_Income_Maricopa_County.png 2x" data-file-width="829" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Median household income across metro Phoenix; the darker the green, the higher the income.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poverty_in_Maricopa_County.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Poverty_in_Maricopa_County.png/220px-Poverty_in_Maricopa_County.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Poverty_in_Maricopa_County.png/330px-Poverty_in_Maricopa_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Poverty_in_Maricopa_County.png/440px-Poverty_in_Maricopa_County.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Percent of people living in poverty across metro Phoenix; the darker the red, the higher the concentration of poverty.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224496135">.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop{border-spacing:1px;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:0.3em;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop caption{background-color:lavender;color:black;padding-right:0.2em;padding-left:0.2em;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-bottom:none}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop th[scope=col]{border-bottom:1px solid black}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(2){text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td.us-census-pop-estimate{padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(3){padding-left:0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop td:nth-child(4){padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-footnote{border-top:1px solid black;font-size:85%;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-right{float:right;clear:right;margin:0 0 1em 1em}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .us-census-pop-none{float:none;margin:0 1em 1em 0}}</style> <table class="us-census-pop us-census-pop-right"> <caption>Historical population</caption> <tbody><tr><th scope="col">Census</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Population">Pop.</abbr></th><th scope="col"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1152813436">.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap}</style>Note</th><th scope="col"><abbr title="Percent change">%±</abbr></th></tr> <tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1870_United_States_census" title="1870 United States census">1870</a></th><td>240</td><td></td><td>—</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_census" title="1880 United States census">1880</a></th><td>1,708</td><td></td><td>611.7%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1890_United_States_census" title="1890 United States census">1890</a></th><td>3,152</td><td></td><td>84.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1900_United_States_census" title="1900 United States census">1900</a></th><td>5,544</td><td></td><td>75.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1910_United_States_census" title="1910 United States census">1910</a></th><td>11,314</td><td></td><td>104.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_census" title="1920 United States census">1920</a></th><td>29,053</td><td></td><td>156.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1930_United_States_census" title="1930 United States census">1930</a></th><td>48,118</td><td></td><td>65.6%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1940_United_States_census" title="1940 United States census">1940</a></th><td>65,414</td><td></td><td>35.9%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_census" title="1950 United States census">1950</a></th><td>106,818</td><td></td><td>63.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_census" title="1960 United States census">1960</a></th><td>439,170</td><td></td><td>311.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_census" title="1970 United States census">1970</a></th><td>581,572</td><td></td><td>32.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_census" title="1980 United States census">1980</a></th><td>789,704</td><td></td><td>35.8%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990</a></th><td>983,403</td><td></td><td>24.5%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000</a></th><td>1,321,045</td><td></td><td>34.3%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a></th><td>1,445,632</td><td></td><td>9.4%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020</a></th><td>1,608,139</td><td></td><td>11.2%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row">2023 (est.)</th><td class="us-census-pop-estimate">1,650,070</td><td><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a></td><td>2.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" class="us-census-pop-footnote">U.S. Decennial Census<a href="#cite_note-DecennialCensus-146">[144]</a> 2010–2020<a href="#cite_note-QuickFacts-147">[145]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> As of 2020, Phoenix was the fifth most <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population#50_states_and_District_of_Columbia" title="List of United States cities by population">populous city in the United States</a>, with the census bureau placing its population at 1,608,139, edging out <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> with a population of 1,567,872.<a href="#cite_note-FN170525-148">[146]</a> In the aftermath of the Great Recession, Phoenix had a population of 1,445,632 according to the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States census</a>, the sixth largest city and still the most populous state capital in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-azcentral3-149">[147]</a> Prior to the Great Recession, in 2006, Phoenix's population was 1,512,986, the fifth largest just ahead of Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-azcentral3-149">[147]</a> After leading the U.S. in population growth for over a decade, the sub-prime mortgage crisis, followed by the recession, led to a slowing in the growth of Phoenix. There were approximately 77,000 people added to the population of the Phoenix metropolitan area in 2009, which was down significantly from its peak in 2006 of 162,000.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a> Despite this slowing, Phoenix's population grew by 9.4% since the 2000 census (a total of 124,000 people), while the entire Phoenix metropolitan area grew by 28.9% during the same period. This compares with an overall growth rate nationally during the same time frame of 9.7%.<a href="#cite_note-phoenix.about.com-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSA-153">[151]</a> Not since 1940–50, when the city had a population of 107,000, had the city gained less than 124,000 in a decade. Phoenix's recent growth rate of 9.4% from the 2010 census is the first time it has recorded a growth rate under 24% in a census decade.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-154">[152]</a> However, in 2016, Phoenix once again became the fastest growing city in the United States, adding approximately 88 people per day during the preceding year.<a href="#cite_note-FN170525-148">[146]</a> The Phoenix <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_statistical_area" title="Metropolitan statistical area">Metropolitan Statistical Area</a> (MSA) (officially known as the Phoenix-Mesa-Chandler MSA<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a>), is one of 10 MSAs in Arizona, and was the 11th largest in the United States, with a 2018 U.S. census population estimate of 4,857,962, up from the 2010 census population of 4,192,887. Consisting of both Pinal and Maricopa counties, the MSA accounts for 65.5% of Arizona's population.<a href="#cite_note-phoenix.about.com-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-MSA-153">[151]</a> Phoenix only contributed 13% to the total growth rate of the MSA, down significantly from its 33% share during the prior decade.<a href="#cite_note-Cox-154">[152]</a> Phoenix is also part of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Sun_Corridor" title="Arizona Sun Corridor">Arizona Sun Corridor</a> <a href="/wiki/Megaregions_of_the_United_States" title="Megaregions of the United States">megaregion</a> (MR), which is the tenth most populous of the 11 MRs, and the eighth largest by area. It had the second largest growth by percentage of the MRs (behind only the Gulf Coast MR) between 2000 and 2010.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The population is almost equally split between men and women, with men making up 50.2% of city's citizens. The population density is 2,797.8 people per square mile, and the city's median age is 32.2 years, with only 10.9 of the population being over 62. 98.5% of Phoenix's population lives in households with an average household size of 2.77 people. There were 514,806 total households, with 64.2% of those households consisting of families: 42.3% married couples, 7% with an unmarried male as head of household, and 14.9% with an unmarried female as head of household. 33.6% of those households have children below the age of 18. Of the 35.8% of non-family households, 27.1% have a householder living alone, almost evenly split between men and women, with women having 13.7% and men occupying 13.5%. As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit">[update]</a>, Phoenix has 590,149 dwelling units, with an occupancy rate of 87.2%. The largest segment of vacancies is in the rental market, where the vacancy rate is 14.9%, and 51% of all vacancies are in rentals. Vacant houses for sale only make up 17.7% of the vacancies, with the rest being split among vacation properties and other various reasons.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> The city's median household income was $47,866, and the median family income was $54,804. Males had a median income of $32,820 versus $27,466 for females. The city's per capita income was $24,110. 21.8% of the population and 17.1% of families were below the poverty line. Of the total population, 31.4% of those under the age of 18 and 10.5% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnicity">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ethnic_Origins_in_Phoenix.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ethnic_Origins_in_Phoenix.png/220px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Phoenix.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ethnic_Origins_in_Phoenix.png/330px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Phoenix.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ethnic_Origins_in_Phoenix.png/440px-Ethnic_Origins_in_Phoenix.png 2x" data-file-width="6149" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic origins in Phoenix</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Phoenix_(5560484318).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Phoenix_%285560484318%29.png/220px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Phoenix_%285560484318%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Phoenix_%285560484318%29.png/330px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Phoenix_%285560484318%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Phoenix_%285560484318%29.png/440px-Race_and_ethnicity_2010-_Phoenix_%285560484318%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3009" data-file-height="3009" /></a><figcaption>Map of racial distribution in Phoenix, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>⬤ White <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Black <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Asian <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Hispanic <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">⬤ Other</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Racial composition</th> <th>1940<a href="#cite_note-census-159">[157]</a></th> <th>1970<a href="#cite_note-census-159">[157]</a></th> <th>1990<a href="#cite_note-census-159">[157]</a></th> <th>2010<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> </th> <th>2020<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">White (Non-Hispanic)</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>81.3%</td> <td>71.8%</td> <td>46.5%</td> <td>42.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>12.7%</td> <td>20.0%</td> <td>40.8%</td> <td>42.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a></td> <td>6.5%</td> <td>4.8%</td> <td>5.2%</td> <td>6.0%</td> <td>7.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a></td> <td>0.8%</td> <td>0.5%</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>3.0%</td> <td>3.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Mixed</a></td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>n/a</td> <td>1.7%</td> <td>3.4% </td></tr> </tbody></table> According to the 2020 census, the racial breakdown of Phoenix was as follows:<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>: 49.7% (42.2% non-Hispanic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a>: 7.8%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a>: 2.6%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a>: 4.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander</a>: 0.2%</li> <li>Other race: 20.1%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a>: 15.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a>: 41.1%</li></ul> According to the 2010 census, the racial breakdown of Phoenix was as follows:<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">White</a>: 65.9% (46.5% non-Hispanic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">Black or African American</a>: 6.5% (6.0% non-Hispanic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a>: 2.2%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian American">Asian</a>: 3.2% (0.8% Indian, 0.5% Filipino, 0.5% Korean, 0.4% Chinese, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.2% Japanese, 0.2% Thai, 0.1% Burmese)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islander American">Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander</a>: 0.2%</li> <li>Other race: 18.5%</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiracial American">Two or more races</a>: 3.6%</li></ul> Phoenix's population has historically been predominantly white.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From 1890 to 1970, over 90% of the citizens were white.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In recent years, this percentage has dropped, reaching 65% in 2010. However, a large part of this decrease can be attributed to new guidelines put out by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Census Bureau">U.S. Census Bureau</a> in 1980, when a question regarding Hispanic origin was added to the census questionnaire. This has led to an increasing tendency for some groups to no longer self-identify as white, and instead categorize themselves as "other races".<a href="#cite_note-census-159">[157]</a> 20.6% of the population of the city was foreign born in 2010. Of the 1,342,803 residents over five years of age, 63.5% spoke only English, 30.6% spoke Spanish at home, 2.5% spoke another Indo-European language, 2.1% spoke Asian or Islander languages, with the remaining 1.4% speaking other languages. About 15.7% of non-English speakers reported speaking English less than "very well". The largest national ancestries reported were Mexican (35.9%), German (15.3%), Irish (10.3%), English (9.4%), Black (6.5%), Italian (4.5%), French (2.7%), Polish (2.5%), American Indian (2.2%), and Scottish (2.0%).<a href="#cite_note-SSC-164">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanics or Latinos</a> of any race make up 40.8% of the population. Of these the largest groups are at 35.9% Mexican, 0.6% Puerto Rican, 0.5% Guatemalan, 0.3% Salvadoran, 0.3% Cuban. Phoenix has the largest urban Native American population in Arizona. Phoenix has around 200 Dakota Sioux, approximately 100 Minnesota Chippewas, 100 Kiowas, about 175 Creeks, 100 Choctaws, several hundred Cherokees, several hundred Pueblos, and smaller numbers of Shawnees, Blackfeet, Pawnees, Cheyennes, Iroquois, Tlingit, Yakimas and other Native Americans from far away states.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Hispanics are now the majority in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-azbigmedia.com-23">[23]</a> African Americans, Hispanics, and Native Americans live primarily in the southern portion of Phoenix, below the downtown district.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Immigration_Forum" title="National Immigration Forum">National Immigration Forum</a>, the majority of Phoenix's immigrants are from Latin America: Mexico (196,941), Guatemala (5.093), El Salvador (2,980); Asia: India (10,128), Philippines (5.756), Vietnam (4,698); Africa: Ethiopia (1,157), Liberia (1,089), Sudan (1,067) and Europe: Bosnia and Herzegovina (2.944), Germany (2,847) and Romania (1,658).<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> According to a 2014 study by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>, 66% of the population of the city identified themselves as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> while 26% claimed <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">no religious affiliation</a>. The same study says other religions (including <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>) collectively make up about 7% of the population. In 2010, according to the Association of Religion Data Archives, which conducts religious census each ten years, 39% of those polled in Maricopa county considered themselves a member of a religious group. Of those who expressed a religious affiliation, the area's religious composition was reported as 35% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, 22% to <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestant</a> denominations, 16% <a href="/wiki/Latter-Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Latter-Day Saints">Latter-Day Saints</a> (LDS), 14% to <a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">nondenominational</a> congregations, 7% to <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">Mainline Protestant</a> denominations, and 2% <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>. The remaining 4% belong to other religions, such as Buddhism and Judaism. While the number of religious adherents increased by 103,000 during the decade, the growth did not keep pace with the county's overall population increase of almost three-quarters of million individuals during the same period. The largest aggregate increases were in the LDS (a 58% increase) and Evangelical Protestant churches (14% increase), while all other categories saw their numbers drop slightly or remain static. The Catholic Church had an 8% drop, while mainline Protestant groups saw a 28% decline.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> According to the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Point-In-Time_Count" title="Point-In-Time Count">Point-In-Time</a> Homeless Count, there were 3,096 <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homeless</a> people in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Phoenix" title="Economy of Phoenix">Economy of Phoenix</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg/220px-Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg/330px-Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg/440px-Downtown_Phoenix_Aerial_Looking_Northeast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2550" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix" title="Downtown Phoenix">Downtown Phoenix</a></figcaption></figure> Phoenix's early economy focused on agriculture and natural resources, especially the "5Cs" of copper, cattle, climate, cotton, and citrus.<a href="#cite_note-azsos-17">[17]</a> With the opening of the Union Station in 1923, the establishment of the Southern Pacific rail line in 1926, and the creation of Sky Harbor airport in 1928, the city became more easily accessible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201044-172">[170]</a> The Great Depression affected Phoenix, but Phoenix had a diverse economy and by 1934 the recovery was underway.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201079-173">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995102-174">[172]</a> At the conclusion of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the valley's economy surged, as many men who had completed their military training at bases in and around Phoenix returned with their families. The construction industry, spurred on by the city's growth, further expanded with the development of <a href="/wiki/Sun_City,_Arizona" title="Sun City, Arizona">Sun City</a>. It became the template for suburban development in post-WWII America,<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> and Sun City became the template for retirement communities when it opened in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> The city averaged a four percent annual growth rate over a 40-year period from the mid-1960s to the mid-2000s.<a href="#cite_note-igg-22">[22]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/Subprime_mortgage_crisis" title="Subprime mortgage crisis">national financial crisis of 2007–10</a> began, construction in Phoenix collapsed and housing prices plunged.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Arizona jobs declined by 11.8% from peak to trough; in 2007 Phoenix had 1,918,100 employed individuals, by 2010 that number had shrunk by 226,500 to 1,691,600.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> By the end of 2015, the employment number in Phoenix had risen to 1.97 million, finally regaining its pre-<a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">recession</a> levels,<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> with job growth occurring across the board.<a href="#cite_note-BLSJan2016-181">[179]</a> As of 2017<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit">[update]</a>, the Phoenix MSA had a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of just under $243 billion. The top five industries were: <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a> ($41.96), <a href="/wiki/Finance_and_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Finance and insurance">finance and insurance</a> ($19.71), <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> ($19.91), <a href="/wiki/Retail_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Retail trade">retail trade</a> ($18.64), and <a href="/wiki/Health_care_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care industry">health care</a> ($19.78). Government (including federal, state and local), if it had been a private industry, would have been ranked second on the list, generating $23.37 billion.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> In Phoenix, real estate developers face few constraints when planning and developing new projects.<a href="#cite_note-Hudgins-183">[181]</a> As of January 2016, 10.5% of the workforce were government employees, a high number because the city is both the county seat and state capital. The civilian labor force was 2,200,900, and the unemployment rate stood at 4.6%.<a href="#cite_note-BLSJan2016-181">[179]</a> Phoenix is home to four Fortune 500 companies: electronics corporation <a href="/wiki/Avnet" title="Avnet">Avnet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> mining company <a href="/wiki/Freeport-McMoRan" title="Freeport-McMoRan">Freeport-McMoRan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> retailer <a href="/wiki/PetSmart" title="PetSmart">PetSmart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> and waste hauler <a href="/wiki/Republic_Services" title="Republic Services">Republic Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honeywell" title="Honeywell">Honeywell's Aerospace division</a> is headquartered in Phoenix, and the valley hosts many of their avionics and mechanical facilities.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Intel has one of their largest sites in the area, employing about 12,000 employees, the second largest Intel location in the country.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> The city is also home to the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/U-Haul" title="U-Haul">U-HAUL International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Best_Western" title="Best Western">Best Western</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollo Group">Apollo Group</a>, parent of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Phoenix" title="University of Phoenix">University of Phoenix</a>. Southwest is the largest carrier at Phoenix's Sky Harbor International Airport. <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Air_Group" title="Mesa Air Group">Mesa Air Group</a>, a regional airline group, is headquartered in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> The U.S. military has a large presence in Phoenix, with <a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke Air Force Base</a> in the western suburbs. The city was severely affected by the effects of the sub-prime mortgage crash. However, Phoenix has recovered 83% of the jobs lost due to the recession.<a href="#cite_note-Hudgins-183">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts_and_culture">Arts and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arts and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Performing arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orpheum_AZ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of the front entrance of the Orpheum theater, with the red marquee clearly displaying the Orpheum name, contrasted with the pale brown of the stone building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orpheum_AZ.jpg/220px-Orpheum_AZ.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orpheum_AZ.jpg/330px-Orpheum_AZ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orpheum_AZ.jpg/440px-Orpheum_AZ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3900" data-file-height="2668" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Phoenix,_Arizona)" title="Orpheum Theatre (Phoenix, Arizona)">Orpheum Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> The city has many performing arts venues, most of which are in and around downtown Phoenix or Scottsdale. The Phoenix Symphony Hall is home to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Symphony" title="Phoenix Symphony">Phoenix Symphony Orchestra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Opera" title="Arizona Opera">Arizona Opera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballet_Arizona" title="Ballet Arizona">Ballet Arizona</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> The Arizona Opera company also has intimate performances at its new Arizona Opera Center, which opened in March 2013.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a> Another venue is the <a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Phoenix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orpheum Theatre (Phoenix)">Orpheum Theatre</a>, home to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Opera" title="Phoenix Opera">Phoenix Opera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> Ballet Arizona, in addition to the Symphony Hall, also has performances at the Orpheum Theatre and the Dorrance Theater. Concerts also regularly make stops in the area. The largest downtown performing art venue is the <a href="/wiki/Herberger_Theater_Center" title="Herberger Theater Center">Herberger Theater Center</a>, which houses three performance spaces and is home to two resident companies, the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Theatre_Company" title="Arizona Theatre Company">Arizona Theatre Company</a> and the Centre Dance Ensemble. Three other groups also use the facility: <a href="/wiki/Valley_Youth_Theatre" title="Valley Youth Theatre">Valley Youth Theatre</a>, iTheatre Collaborative<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> and Actors Theater.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> Concerts take place at <a href="/wiki/Footprint_Center" title="Footprint Center">Footprint Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comerica_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Comerica Theatre">Comerica Theatre</a> in downtown Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/Ak-Chin_Pavilion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ak-Chin Pavilion">Ak-Chin Pavilion</a> in Maryvale, <a href="/wiki/Gila_River_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Gila River Arena">Gila River Arena</a> in Glendale, and <a href="/wiki/Gammage_Memorial_Auditorium" title="Gammage Memorial Auditorium">Gammage Auditorium</a> in Tempe (the last public building designed by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>).<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> Several smaller theaters including <a href="/wiki/Trunk_Space" title="Trunk Space">Trunk Space</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mesa_Arts_Center" title="Mesa Arts Center">Mesa Arts Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Van_Buren" title="The Van Buren">The Van Buren</a>, the Crescent Ballroom, <a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Theatre" title="Celebrity Theatre">Celebrity Theatre</a>, and Modified Arts support regular independent musical and theater performances. Music can also be seen in some of the venues usually reserved for sports, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Arena_(Tempe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells Fargo Arena (Tempe)">Wells Fargo Arena</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Stadium" title="State Farm Stadium">State Farm Stadium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> Several television series have been set in Phoenix, including <a href="/wiki/Alice_(American_TV_series)" title="Alice (American TV series)">Alice</a> (1976–85), the 2000s paranormal drama <a href="/wiki/Medium_(TV_series)" title="Medium (TV series)">Medium</a>, the 1960–61 <a href="/wiki/Television_syndication" class="mw-redirect" title="Television syndication">syndicated</a> crime drama <a href="/wiki/The_Brothers_Brannagan" title="The Brothers Brannagan">The Brothers Brannagan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_New_Dick_Van_Dyke_Show" title="The New Dick Van Dyke Show">The New Dick Van Dyke Show</a> from 1971 to 1974. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Museums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Musical_Instrument_Museum_2,_Phoenix_AZ.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Musical_Instrument_Museum_2%2C_Phoenix_AZ.JPG/220px-Musical_Instrument_Museum_2%2C_Phoenix_AZ.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Musical_Instrument_Museum_2%2C_Phoenix_AZ.JPG/330px-Musical_Instrument_Museum_2%2C_Phoenix_AZ.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Musical_Instrument_Museum_2%2C_Phoenix_AZ.JPG/440px-Musical_Instrument_Museum_2%2C_Phoenix_AZ.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Museum_(Phoenix)" title="Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)">Musical Instrument Museum</a> features a collection of over 15,000 musical instruments</figcaption></figure> The valley has dozens of museums. They include the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Art_Museum" title="Phoenix Art Museum">Phoenix Art Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol#Arizona_Capitol_Museum" title="Arizona State Capitol">Arizona Capitol Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art">Scottsdale Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, Arizona Military Museum, <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Flame_Fire_Museum" title="Hall of Flame Fire Museum">Hall of Flame Fire Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Police_Museum" title="Phoenix Police Museum">Phoenix Police Museum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Grande_Ruin_and_Irrigation_Sites" title="Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites">Pueblo Grande Museum Archaeological Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monroe_School_(Phoenix,_Arizona)#Children's_Museum_of_Phoenix" title="Monroe School (Phoenix, Arizona)">Children's Museum of Phoenix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Science_Center" title="Arizona Science Center">Arizona Science Center</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Heard_Museum" title="Heard Museum">Heard Museum</a>. In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Museum_(Phoenix)" title="Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)">Musical Instrument Museum</a> opened their doors, featuring the biggest musical instrument collection in the world.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_School_(Phoenix,_Arizona)" title="Monroe School (Phoenix, Arizona)">Children's Museum of Phoenix</a> was recognized as one of the top three <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_museum" title="Children's museum">children's museums</a> in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Designed by <a href="/wiki/Alden_B._Dow" title="Alden B. Dow">Alden B. Dow</a>, a student of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a>, the Phoenix Art Museum was constructed in a single year, opening in November 1959.<a href="#cite_note-Phxart-200">[198]</a> The Phoenix Art Museum has the southwest's largest collection of visual art, containing more than 17,000 works of contemporary and modern art from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> Interactive exhibits can be found in nearby <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona" title="Peoria, Arizona">Peoria</a>'s Challenger Space Center, where individuals learn about space, renewable energies, and meet astronauts.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> The Heard Museum has over 130,000 sq ft (12,000 m2) of gallery, classroom and performance space. Some of the museum's signature exhibits include a full <a href="/wiki/Navajo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Navajo people">Navajo</a> <a href="/wiki/Hogan" title="Hogan">hogan</a>, the Mareen Allen Nichols Collection of 260 pieces of contemporary jewelry, the <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> Collection of 437 historic <a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a> <a href="/wiki/Kachina" title="Kachina">kachina</a> dolls, and an exhibit on the 19th-century boarding school experiences of Native Americans. The Heard Museum attracts about 250,000 visitors a year.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_heritage_resources">Cultural heritage resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural heritage resources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Historic_Property_Register" title="Phoenix Historic Property Register">Phoenix Historic Property Register</a></div> Arizona has museums, journals, societies, and libraries that serve as sources of important <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">cultural heritage</a> knowledge. They include the Arizona State Archives Historic Photographs Memory Project,<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> which includes over 90,000 images that focus on the unique history of Arizona as a state and territory, the Arizona Historical Society,<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> the Journal of Arizona History,<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> and numerous museum databases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fine_arts">Fine arts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fine arts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png/170px-HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png/255px-HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png/340px-HerSecretIsPatiencePhoenix.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Her_Secret_Is_Patience" title="Her Secret Is Patience">Her Secret is Patience</a> by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Echelman" title="Janet Echelman">Janet Echelman</a></figcaption></figure> The Artlink organization and the galleries downtown launched a <a href="/wiki/First_Friday_(public_event)" title="First Friday (public event)">First Friday</a> cross-Phoenix gallery opening.<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> In April 2009, artist <a href="/wiki/Janet_Echelman" title="Janet Echelman">Janet Echelman</a> installed <a href="/wiki/Her_Secret_Is_Patience" title="Her Secret Is Patience">Her Secret Is Patience</a>, a netted sculpture suspended above <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Civic_Space_Park" title="Phoenix Civic Space Park">Phoenix Civic Space Park</a> that makes patterns of desert wind visible. During the day, the 100-foot (30 m)-tall sculpture hovers above the park, and at night, the illumination changes color gradually through the seasons.<a href="#cite_note-Prebles-210">[208]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliesin_West_Complex_DSCN2137.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taliesin_West_Complex_DSCN2137.jpg/220px-Taliesin_West_Complex_DSCN2137.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taliesin_West_Complex_DSCN2137.jpg/330px-Taliesin_West_Complex_DSCN2137.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Taliesin_West_Complex_DSCN2137.jpg/440px-Taliesin_West_Complex_DSCN2137.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taliesin_West" title="Taliesin West">Taliesin West</a> was a home and studio of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a></figcaption></figure> Phoenix is the home of a unique architectural tradition and community. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright" title="Frank Lloyd Wright">Frank Lloyd Wright</a> moved to Phoenix in 1937 and built his winter home, <a href="/wiki/Taliesin_West" title="Taliesin West">Taliesin West</a>, and the main campus for The Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture.<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> Over the years, Phoenix has attracted notable architects who have made it their home and grown successful practices. These architectural studios embrace the desert climate, and are unconventional in their approach to the practice of design. They include the <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Soleri" title="Paolo Soleri">Paolo Soleri</a> (who created <a href="/wiki/Arcosanti" title="Arcosanti">Arcosanti</a>),<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Beadle" title="Al Beadle">Al Beadle</a>,<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> <a href="/wiki/Will_Bruder" title="Will Bruder">Will Bruder</a>,<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> Wendell Burnette,<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blank_Studio_Architecture" title="Blank Studio Architecture">Blank Studio</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> architectural design studios. Another major force in architectural landscape of the city was <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Haver" title="Ralph Haver">Ralph Haver</a> whose firm, Haver & Nunn, designed commercial, industrial and residential structures throughout the valley. Of particular note was his trademark, "Haver Home", which were affordable contemporary-style tract houses.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tourism">edit</a>]</div> The tourist industry is the longest running of the top industries in Phoenix. Starting with promotions back in the 1920s, the industry has grown into one of the top 10 in the city.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a> With nearly 28,000 hotel rooms in over 175 hotels and resorts Phoenix sees over 19 million visitors each year, most of whom are leisure travelers. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Sky Harbor Airport</a>, which serves the Greater Phoenix area, serves about 45 million passengers a year, ranking it among the nation's 10 busiest airports.<a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> One of the biggest attractions of the Phoenix area is golf, with over 200 golf courses.<a href="#cite_note-About-220">[218]</a> In addition to the sites of interest in the city, there are many attractions near Phoenix, such as <a href="/wiki/Agua_Fria_National_Monument" title="Agua Fria National Monument">Agua Fria National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcosanti" title="Arcosanti">Arcosanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande_Ruins_National_Monument" title="Casa Grande Ruins National Monument">Casa Grande Ruins National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lost_Dutchman_State_Park" title="Lost Dutchman State Park">Lost Dutchman State Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_Castle_National_Monument" title="Montezuma Castle National Monument">Montezuma's Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montezuma_Well" title="Montezuma Well">Montezuma's Well</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organ_Pipe_Cactus_National_Monument" title="Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument">Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument</a>. Phoenix also serves as a central point to many of the sights around the state of Arizona, such as the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu" title="Lake Havasu">Lake Havasu</a> (where the London Bridge is located), <a href="/wiki/Meteor_Crater" title="Meteor Crater">Meteor Crater</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Painted_Desert_(Arizona)" title="Painted Desert (Arizona)">Painted Desert</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Petrified_Forest_National_Park" title="Petrified Forest National Park">Petrified Forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tombstone,_Arizona" title="Tombstone, Arizona">Tombstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kartchner_Caverns_State_Park" title="Kartchner Caverns State Park">Kartchner Caverns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sedona,_Arizona" title="Sedona, Arizona">Sedona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Observatory" title="Lowell Observatory">Lowell Observatory</a> in Flagstaff. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_attractions_and_annual_events">Other attractions and annual events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other attractions and annual events">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papagopark1025.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Papagopark1025.JPG/220px-Papagopark1025.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Papagopark1025.JPG/330px-Papagopark1025.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Papagopark1025.JPG/440px-Papagopark1025.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Papago_Park" title="Papago Park">Papago Park</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Botanical_Garden" title="Desert Botanical Garden">Desert Botanical Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hole-in-the-Rock_(Papago_Park)" title="Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park)">Hole-in-the-Rock butte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Zoo" title="Phoenix Zoo">Phoenix Zoo</a></figcaption></figure> Due to its natural environment and climate, Phoenix has a number of outdoor attractions and recreational activities. The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Zoo" title="Phoenix Zoo">Phoenix Zoo</a> is the largest privately owned nonprofit zoo in the United States. Since opening in 1962, it has developed an international reputation for its efforts on animal conservation, including breeding and reintroducing endangered species into the wild.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> The adjacent <a href="/wiki/Desert_Botanical_Garden" title="Desert Botanical Garden">Phoenix Botanical Gardens</a>, opened in 1939, are acclaimed worldwide for their art and flora exhibits and educational programs, featuring the largest collection of arid plants in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[222]</a> <a href="/wiki/South_Mountain_Park" title="South Mountain Park">South Mountain Park</a>, the largest municipal park in the U.S., is also the highest desert mountain preserve in the world.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Other popular sites in the city are <a href="/wiki/Ro_Ho_En" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro Ho En">Japanese Friendship Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heritage_and_Science_Park" title="Heritage and Science Park">Historic Heritage Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mountain_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Mountain Preserve">Phoenix Mountains Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Grande_Ruin_and_Irrigation_Sites" title="Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites">Pueblo Grande Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tovrea_Castle" title="Tovrea Castle">Tovrea Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelback_Mountain" title="Camelback Mountain">Camelback Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hole-in-the-Rock_(Papago_Park)" title="Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park)">Hole in the Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mystery_Castle" title="Mystery Castle">Mystery Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica_(Phoenix)" title="St. Mary's Basilica (Phoenix)">St. Mary's Basilica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taliesin_West" title="Taliesin West">Taliesin West</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Mansion" title="Wrigley Mansion">Wrigley Mansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Many annual events in and near Phoenix celebrate the city's heritage and its diversity. They include the <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale_Arabian_Horse_Show" title="Scottsdale Arabian Horse Show">Scottsdale Arabian Horse Show</a>, the world's largest horse show; <a href="/wiki/Japanese_festivals#Outside_Japan" title="Japanese festivals">Matsuri</a>, a celebration of Japanese culture; Pueblo Grande Indian Market, an event highlighting Native American arts and crafts; Grand Menorah Lighting, a December event celebrating Hanukah; ZooLights, a December evening event at the Phoenix Zoo that features millions of lights; the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Fair" title="Arizona State Fair">Arizona State Fair</a>, begun in 1884; Scottish Gathering & Highland Games, an event celebrating Scottish heritage; <a href="/wiki/Estrella_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella War">Estrella War</a>, a celebration of medieval life; and the <a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham Nation">Tohono O'odham Nation</a> Rodeo & Fair, Oldest Indian rodeo in Arizona<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> Phoenix is also renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican food</a>, thanks to its large <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a> population and its proximity to Mexico. Some of Phoenix's restaurants have a long history. The Stockyards steakhouse dates to 1947, while Monti's La Casa Vieja (Spanish for "The Old House") was in operation as a restaurant since the 1890s, but closed its doors November 17, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Macayo's (a Mexican restaurant chain) was established in Phoenix in 1946, and other major Mexican restaurants include Garcia's (1956) and Manuel's (1964).<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> The population boom has brought people from all over the nation, and to a lesser extent from other countries, and has since influenced the local cuisine. Phoenix boasts cuisines from all over the world, such as <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a>/<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Creole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian (South Asian)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">southwestern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tex-Mex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/McDonald%27s" title="McDonald's">McDonald's</a> franchise was sold by the McDonald brothers to a Phoenix entrepreneur in 1952. Neil Fox paid $1,000 for the rights to open an establishment based on the McDonald brothers' restaurant.<a href="#cite_note-around-235">[233]</a> The hamburger stand opened in 1953 on the southwest corner of <a href="/wiki/Central_Avenue_Corridor" title="Central Avenue Corridor">Central Avenue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_School_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian School Road">Indian School Road</a>, on the growing north side of Phoenix, and was the first location to sport the now internationally known golden arches, which were initially twice the height of the building. Three other franchise locations opened that year, two years before <a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a> purchased McDonald's.<a href="#cite_note-around-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Phoenix" title="Sports in Phoenix">Sports in Phoenix</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_league">Major league</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Major league">edit</a>]</div> Phoenix is home to several professional sports franchises, and until recently, was one of only 13 U.S. metropolitan areas to have representatives of all four <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major professional sports leagues</a>, although only one of these teams actually carry the city name and two of them play within the city limits.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Footprint_Center_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo showing the semi-circular entrance to the Footprint Center in downtown Phoenix, blue sky in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Footprint_Center_2022.jpg/220px-Footprint_Center_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Footprint_Center_2022.jpg/330px-Footprint_Center_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Footprint_Center_2022.jpg/440px-Footprint_Center_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3706" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Footprint_Center" title="Footprint Center">Footprint Center</a> in downtown Phoenix, home to the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a> were the first major sports team in Phoenix, being granted a National Basketball Association (NBA) franchise in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> They lost the <a href="/wiki/1976_NBA_Finals" title="1976 NBA Finals">1976 NBA Championship</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Celtics" title="Boston Celtics">Boston Celtics</a> in 6 games. They had originally played at the Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum before moving to America West Arena (now <a href="/wiki/Footprint_Center" title="Footprint Center">Footprint Center</a>) in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The year following their move to the new arena, the Suns made it to the <a href="/wiki/1993_NBA_Finals" title="1993 NBA Finals">NBA Finals</a> for the second time in franchise history, losing to <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jordan" title="Michael Jordan">Michael Jordan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bulls" title="Chicago Bulls">Chicago Bulls</a>, four games to two.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> The U.S. Airways Center hosted both the <a href="/wiki/1995_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="1995 NBA All-Star Game">1995</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2009_NBA_All-Star_Game" title="2009 NBA All-Star Game">2009 NBA All-Star Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> They also lost the <a href="/wiki/2021_NBA_Finals" title="2021 NBA Finals">2021 NBA Finals</a> in six games to the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Bucks" title="Milwaukee Bucks">Milwaukee Bucks</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a> began play as an expansion team in 1998. The team has played all of its home games in the same downtown park, now known as <a href="/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field">Chase Field</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> It is the second highest stadium in the U.S. (after <a href="/wiki/Coors_Field" title="Coors Field">Coors Field</a> in Denver), and is known for its swimming pool beyond the outfield fence.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> In 2001, the Diamondbacks defeated the New York Yankees four games to three in the World Series,<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> becoming the city's first professional sports franchise to win a national championship while in Arizona. The win was also the fastest an expansion team had ever won the World Series, surpassing the old mark of the <a href="/wiki/Miami_Marlins" title="Miami Marlins">Florida Marlins</a> of five years, set in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Farm_Stadium_Super_Bowl_LVII_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of State Farm Stadium taken from the parking lot, showing the domed stadium against an overcast sky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/State_Farm_Stadium_Super_Bowl_LVII_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/260px-State_Farm_Stadium_Super_Bowl_LVII_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/State_Farm_Stadium_Super_Bowl_LVII_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/390px-State_Farm_Stadium_Super_Bowl_LVII_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/State_Farm_Stadium_Super_Bowl_LVII_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg/520px-State_Farm_Stadium_Super_Bowl_LVII_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="2133" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Stadium" title="State Farm Stadium">State Farm Stadium</a> has hosted <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII" title="Super Bowl XLII">Super Bowl XLII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX" title="Super Bowl XLIX">XLIX</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII" title="Super Bowl LVII">LVII</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals" title="Arizona Cardinals">Arizona Cardinals</a> are the oldest continuously run professional football franchise in the nation. Founded in 1898 in Chicago, they moved to Phoenix from <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri</a> in 1988 and play in the <a href="/wiki/NFC_West" title="NFC West">Western Division</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Football_Conference" title="National Football Conference">National Football Conference</a>. Upon their move to Phoenix, the Cardinals played their home games at <a href="/wiki/Sun_Devil_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Devil Stadium">Sun Devil Stadium</a> on the campus of <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> in nearby Tempe. In 2006, they moved to the new <a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Stadium" title="State Farm Stadium">State Farm Stadium</a> in suburban Glendale.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Since moving to Phoenix, the Cardinals have made one championship appearance, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIII" title="Super Bowl XLIII">Super Bowl XLIII</a> in 2009, where they lost 27–23 to the Pittsburgh Steelers.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> Sun Devil Stadium held <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XXX" title="Super Bowl XXX">Super Bowl XXX</a> in 1996. State Farm Stadium hosted <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLII" title="Super Bowl XLII">Super Bowl XLII</a> in 2008, <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_XLIX" title="Super Bowl XLIX">Super Bowl XLIX</a> in 2015, and <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl_LVII" title="Super Bowl LVII">Super Bowl LVII</a> in 2023 .<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Coyotes" title="Arizona Coyotes">Arizona Coyotes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>, formerly the original <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Jets_(1972%E2%80%9396)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipeg Jets (1972–96)">Winnipeg Jets</a>, moved to the area in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> They originally played their home games at America West Arena in downtown Phoenix before moving in December 2003 to the Glendale Arena (now named the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Diamond_Arena" title="Desert Diamond Arena">Desert Diamond Arena</a>) in Glendale.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> In 2022, the Coyotes lost their lease in Glendale and moved to the then newly opened <a href="/wiki/Mullett_Arena" title="Mullett Arena">Mullett Arena</a> on the campus of Arizona State University.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> They were working with the city of Tempe to create a new entertainment district. However, after residents of Tempe rejected a bond initiative to pay for a new stadium, the Coyotes were deactivated, and the team's assets were moved to <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a>, Utah.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> The Coyotes have a five-year window to get a new arena in the area where they will be reactivated as an expansion franchise, otherwise the league will cease all operations for the franchise.<a href="#cite_note-SLCMove-255">[253]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_FC" title="Phoenix Rising FC">Phoenix Rising FC</a> is a professional soccer team that competes in the <a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USL Championship</a>, the second tier of US professional soccer. Phoenix Rising FC started as Arizona United SC in 2014 and played at the <a href="/wiki/Peoria_Sports_Complex" title="Peoria Sports Complex">Peoria Sports Complex</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale_Stadium" title="Scottsdale Stadium">Scottsdale Stadium</a> from 2014 to 2016. Rebranded in 2017 as Phoenix Rising FC, the team started play from 2017 to 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Casino_Arizona_Field" title="Casino Arizona Field">Casino Arizona Field</a>. In 2021, the club moved to a new home, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_Soccer_Complex_at_Wild_Horse_Pass" title="Phoenix Rising Soccer Complex at Wild Horse Pass">Phoenix Rising Soccer Complex at Wild Horse Pass</a>, which was located inside the <a href="/wiki/Gila_River_Indian_Community" title="Gila River Indian Community">Gila River Indian Community</a> near <a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a> and played there throughout the 2022 season. The club began play in 2023 at the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_Soccer_Stadium" title="Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium">Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium</a>, which is modular in design and located in an area north of <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport</a>.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> In 2018, the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a> announced the league's Phoenix franchise, the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Hotshots" title="Arizona Hotshots">Arizona Hotshots</a>, would begin playing in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-azcentral-257">[255]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Professional teams in the Phoenix area </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Club </th> <th>Sport </th> <th>Year started operations </th> <th>League </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Titles </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals" title="Arizona Cardinals">Arizona Cardinals</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a> </td> <td>1988* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/State_Farm_Stadium" title="State Farm Stadium">State Farm Stadium</a> </td> <td align="center">2* </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">Baseball</a> </td> <td>1998 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">MLB</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chase_Field" title="Chase Field">Chase Field</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td>1968 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Footprint_Center" title="Footprint Center">Footprint Center</a> </td> <td align="center">0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury" title="Phoenix Mercury">Phoenix Mercury</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> </td> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">WNBA</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Footprint_Center" title="Footprint Center">Footprint Center</a> </td> <td align="center">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Rattlers" title="Arizona Rattlers">Arizona Rattlers</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor football</a> </td> <td>1992 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">IFL</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desert_Diamond_Arena" title="Desert Diamond Arena">Desert Diamond Arena</a> </td> <td align="center">7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_FC" title="Phoenix Rising FC">Phoenix Rising FC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">Soccer</a> </td> <td>2014 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/USL_Championship" title="USL Championship">USLC</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_Soccer_Stadium" title="Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium">Phoenix Rising Soccer Stadium</a> </td> <td align="center">1 </td></tr></tbody></table> *Note: The Cardinals won their two pre-modern era championships while in Chicago. *Note: The Cardinals moved to Phoenix from St. Louis in 1988. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sports">Other sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Other sports">edit</a>]</div> The Phoenix area hosts two annual college football bowl games: the <a href="/wiki/Fiesta_Bowl" title="Fiesta Bowl">Fiesta Bowl</a>, played at State Farm Stadium,<a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rate_Bowl" title="Rate Bowl">Rate Bowl</a> (which has undergone several name changes), held at Chase Field.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> Phoenix has an <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">indoor football</a> team, the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Rattlers" title="Arizona Rattlers">Arizona Rattlers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a>. Their games are played at the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Diamond_Arena" title="Desert Diamond Arena">Desert Diamond Arena</a>. They played in the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a> from 1992 to 2016 and had won five AFL championships before leaving the league.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury" title="Phoenix Mercury">Phoenix Mercury</a> were one of the original eight teams to launch the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Basketball_Association" title="Women's National Basketball Association">Women's National Basketball Association</a> (WNBA).<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> They also play at Footprint Center. They have won the WNBA championship three times: first in 2007 when they defeated the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Shock" title="Detroit Shock">Detroit Shock</a>,<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> again in 2009 when they defeated the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Fever" title="Indiana Fever">Indiana Fever</a>,<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> and in 2014 when they swept the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sky" title="Chicago Sky">Chicago Sky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> The Greater Phoenix area is home to the <a href="/wiki/Cactus_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Cactus League">Cactus League</a>, one of two spring training leagues for Major League Baseball. With the move by the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Rockies" title="Colorado Rockies">Colorado Rockies</a> and the Diamondbacks to their new facility in the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Pima%E2%80%93Maricopa_Indian_Community" title="Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community">Salt River Indian Community</a>, the league is entirely based in the Greater Phoenix area. With the <a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds" title="Cincinnati Reds">Cincinnati Reds</a>' move to <a href="/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona" title="Goodyear, Arizona">Goodyear</a>, half of MLB's 30 teams are now included in the Cactus League.<a href="#cite_note-265">[263]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_International_Raceway" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix International Raceway">Phoenix International Raceway</a> was built in 1964 with a one-mile (1.6 km) oval, with a one-of-a-kind design, as well as a 2.5-mile (4.0 km) road course.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> It hosts several <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> events per season, and the annual Fall NASCAR weekend, which includes events from four different NASCAR classes, is a huge event.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wild_Horse_Pass_Motorsports_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild Horse Pass Motorsports Park">Wild Horse Pass Motorsports Park</a> (formerly Firebird International Raceway) hosts <a href="/wiki/National_Hot_Rod_Association" title="National Hot Rod Association">NHRA</a> events in the Phoenix metropolitan area. The city also hosts several major professional golf events, including the <a href="/wiki/LPGA" title="LPGA">LPGA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/RR_Donnelley_LPGA_Founders_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="RR Donnelley LPGA Founders Cup">Founder's Cup</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> and, since 1932, The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Open" title="Phoenix Open">Phoenix Open</a> of the <a href="/wiki/PGA_Tour" title="PGA Tour">PGA Tour</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> The Phoenix Marathon is a new addition to the city's sports scene, and is a qualifier for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Marathon" title="Boston Marathon">Boston Marathon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rock_%27n%27_Roll_Arizona_Marathon" title="Rock 'n' Roll Arizona Marathon">Rock 'n' Roll Marathon</a> series has held an event in Phoenix every January since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Phoenix is also home to a <a href="/wiki/Soccer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soccer">soccer</a> club, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_FC" title="Phoenix Rising FC">Phoenix Rising FC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Camelback_Mountain_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Camelback_Mountain_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Camelback_Mountain_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Camelback_Mountain_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Camelback_Mountain_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Camelback_Mountain_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Camelback_Mountain_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camelback_Mountain" title="Camelback Mountain">Camelback Mountain</a> is part of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mountains" title="Phoenix Mountains">Phoenix Mountains</a> range</figcaption></figure> Phoenix is home to a large number of parks and recreation areas. The city of Phoenix includes national parks, <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County</a> parks and city parks. <a href="/wiki/Tonto_National_Forest" title="Tonto National Forest">Tonto National Forest</a> forms part of the city's northeast boundary, while the county has the largest park system in the country.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> The city park system established to preserve the desert landscape in areas that would otherwise have succumbed to development includes <a href="/wiki/South_Mountain_Park" title="South Mountain Park">South Mountain Park</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Municipal_park" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal park">municipal park</a> with 16,500 acres (67 km2).<a href="#cite_note-275">[273]</a> The system's 182 parks contain over 41,900 acres (16,956 ha), making it the largest municipal park system in the country.<a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> The park system has facilities for hiking, camping, swimming, horseback riding, cycling, and climbing.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> Some of the system's other notable parks include <a href="/wiki/Camelback_Mountain" title="Camelback Mountain">Camelback Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encanto_Park" title="Encanto Park">Encanto Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mountains_Preserve" title="Phoenix Mountains Preserve">Phoenix Mountains Preserve</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunnyslope_Mountain" title="Sunnyslope Mountain">Sunnyslope Mountain</a>, also known as "S" Mountain.<a href="#cite_note-278">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Papago_Park" title="Papago Park">Papago Park</a> in east Phoenix is home to both the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Botanical_Garden" title="Desert Botanical Garden">Desert Botanical Garden</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Zoo" title="Phoenix Zoo">Phoenix Zoo</a>, in addition to several golf courses and the <a href="/wiki/Hole-in-the-Rock_(Papago_Park)" title="Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park)">Hole-in-the-Rock</a> geological formation. The Desert Botanical Garden, which opened in 1939, is one of the few public gardens in the country dedicated to desert plants and displays desert plant life from all over the world. The Phoenix Zoo is the largest privately owned non-profit zoo in the United States and is internationally known for its programs devoted to saving endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-279">[277]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Phoenix, Arizona">List of mayors of Phoenix, Arizona</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azcap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="frontal view of the Arizona State Capitol, in winter, framed by the bare limbs of trees, showing the Arizona granite of the building topped by a copper dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Azcap.jpg/220px-Azcap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Azcap.jpg/330px-Azcap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Azcap.jpg/440px-Azcap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Capitol" title="Arizona State Capitol">Arizona State Capitol</a>, which used to house the state legislature, is now a museum.</figcaption></figure> In 1913, Phoenix adopted a new form of government, switching from the mayor-council system to the council-manager system, making it one of the first cities in the United States with this form of city government, where a <a href="/wiki/City_manager" title="City manager">city manager</a> supervises all city departments and executes the policies adopted by the council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201073-280">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[279]</a> Today, Phoenix represents the largest municipal government of this type in the country.<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/City_council" class="mw-redirect" title="City council">city council</a> consists of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Phoenix, Arizona">mayor</a> and eight city council members. While the mayor is elected in a citywide election, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_City_Council" title="Phoenix City Council">Phoenix City Council</a> members are elected by votes only in the districts they represent, with both the Mayor and the Council members serving four-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-phoenix.gov-283">[281]</a> The mayor of Phoenix is <a href="/wiki/Kate_Gallego" title="Kate Gallego">Kate Gallego</a>. The mayor and city council members each have equal voting power in regards to setting city policy and passing rules and regulations.<a href="#cite_note-phoenix.gov-283">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Review" title="Sunshine Review">Sunshine Review</a> gave the city's website a Sunny Award for its <a href="/wiki/Government_transparency" class="mw-redirect" title="Government transparency">transparency</a> efforts.<a href="#cite_note-284">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_government_facilities">State government facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: State government facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_city_hall-1600x1200.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photos showing the short obelisk signage showing City Hall, and topped with the seal of the city, a stylized maroon phoenix. The semi-circular front of the building in the background, adorned with a stylized sunburst." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Phoenix_city_hall-1600x1200.jpg/220px-Phoenix_city_hall-1600x1200.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Phoenix_city_hall-1600x1200.jpg/330px-Phoenix_city_hall-1600x1200.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Phoenix_city_hall-1600x1200.jpg/440px-Phoenix_city_hall-1600x1200.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption>Phoenix City Hall, showing the city's logo, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">the phoenix bird</a></figcaption></figure> As the capital of Arizona, Phoenix houses the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Legislature">state legislature</a>,<a href="#cite_note-285">[283]</a> along with numerous state government agencies, many of which are in the State Capitol district immediately west of downtown. The <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Juvenile_Corrections" title="Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections">Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Mountain_School" title="Adobe Mountain School">Adobe Mountain</a> and Black Canyon Schools in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-286">[284]</a> Another major state government facility is the Arizona State Hospital, operated by the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Health_Services" title="Arizona Department of Health Services">Arizona Department of Health Services</a>. This is a mental health center and is the only medical facility run by the state government.<a href="#cite_note-287">[285]</a> The headquarters of numerous Arizona state government agencies are in Phoenix, with many in the State Capitol district. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_government_facilities">Federal government facilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Federal government facilities">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Federal Bureau of Prisons">Federal Bureau of Prisons</a> operates the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Phoenix" title="Federal Correctional Institution, Phoenix">Federal Correctional Institution (FCI) Phoenix</a>, which is within the city limits, near its northern boundary.<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_United_States_Courthouse" title="Sandra Day O'Connor United States Courthouse">Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse</a>, the U.S. District Court of Arizona, is on Washington Street downtown. It is named in honor of retired U.S. Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>, who was raised in Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> The Federal Building is at the intersection of Van Buren Street and First Avenue downtown. It contains various federal field offices and the local division of the U.S. Bankruptcy Court.<a href="#cite_note-290">[288]</a> This building formerly housed the U.S. District Court offices and courtrooms, but these were moved in 2001 to the new Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse. Before the construction of this building in 1961, federal government offices were housed in the historic <a href="/wiki/U.S._Post_Office_(Phoenix,_Arizona)" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Post Office (Phoenix, Arizona)">U.S. Post Office</a> on Central Avenue, completed in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Crime">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arizona_State_Capitol_Executive_Tower_DSC_2708_ad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arizona_State_Capitol_Executive_Tower_DSC_2708_ad.JPG/220px-Arizona_State_Capitol_Executive_Tower_DSC_2708_ad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arizona_State_Capitol_Executive_Tower_DSC_2708_ad.JPG/330px-Arizona_State_Capitol_Executive_Tower_DSC_2708_ad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Arizona_State_Capitol_Executive_Tower_DSC_2708_ad.JPG/440px-Arizona_State_Capitol_Executive_Tower_DSC_2708_ad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Arizona State Capitol Executive Tower at 1700 W. Washington St.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Phoenix" title="Crime in Phoenix">Crime in Phoenix</a></div> By the 1960s, crime was a major problem in Phoenix, and by the 1970s, crime continued to increase in the city at a faster rate than almost anywhere else in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010252-292">[290]</a> It was during this time frame when an incident occurred in Phoenix which would have national implications. On March 16, 1963, <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Miranda" title="Ernesto Miranda">Ernesto Miranda</a> was arrested and charged with rape. The subsequent Supreme Court ruling on June 13, 1966, <a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a>, has led to practice in the United States of issuing a <a href="/wiki/Miranda_warning" title="Miranda warning">Miranda Warning</a> to all suspected criminals.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> With Phoenix's rapid growth, one of the prime areas of criminal activity was land fraud. The practice became so widespread that newspapers would refer to Phoenix as the Tainted Desert.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010252–253-294">[292]</a> These land frauds led to one of the more infamous murders in the history of the valley, when Arizona Republic writer <a href="/wiki/Don_Bolles" title="Don Bolles">Don Bolles</a> was murdered by a car bomb in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010253-295">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995211–212-296">[294]</a> It was believed his investigative reporting on organized crime and land fraud in Phoenix made him a target.<a href="#cite_note-AZCentral1-297">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-bolles-299">[297]</a> Bolles was the only reporter from a major U.S. newspaper to be murdered on U.S. soil due to his coverage of a story.<a href="#cite_note-AZCentral1-297">[295]</a> Max Dunlap was convicted of first-degree murder in the case.<a href="#cite_note-bolles-299">[297]</a> Street gangs and the drug trade had turned into public safety issues by the 1980s, and the crime rate in Phoenix continued to grow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010323-300">[298]</a> After seeing a peak in the early and mid-1990s, the city has seen a general decrease in crime rates. The Maricopa County Jail system is the fourth-largest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-301">[299]</a> The violent crime rate peaked in 1993 at 1146 crimes per 100,000 people, while the property crime rate peaked a few years earlier, in 1989, at 9,966 crimes per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-fbi-302">[300]</a> In 2001 and 2002, Phoenix ranked first in the nation in vehicle thefts, with over 22,000 and 25,000 cars stolen each year respectively.<a href="#cite_note-303">[301]</a> It has declined every year since then, eventually falling to 7,200 in 2014, a drop of almost 70% during that timeframe.<a href="#cite_note-fbi2014-304">[302]</a> The Phoenix MSA has dropped to 70th in the nation in terms of car thefts in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-305">[303]</a> On August 2, 2022, <a href="/wiki/2022_Phoenix_shooting" title="2022 Phoenix shooting">a mass shooting</a> took place in the <a href="/wiki/Deer_Valley,_Phoenix" title="Deer Valley, Phoenix">Deer Valley</a> area of Phoenix. The shooter killed two bystanders and injured five others before committing <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Long a swing city, Phoenix has increasingly trended toward the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> in recent years, leading a shift seen across Arizona. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hance" title="Margaret Hance">Margaret Hance</a> was elected the city's first female mayor in 1975. <table class="wikitable" style="float:center; margin:1em; font-size:95%;"> <caption>Phoenix presidential election results<a href="#cite_note-307">[305]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Third party (United States)">Third parties</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="2024 United States presidential election in Arizona">2024</a> </td> <td align="center" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">56.4% 350,095 </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6B6">42.3% 262,560 </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">1.2% 7,594 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="2020 United States presidential election in Arizona">2020</a> </td> <td align="center" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">59.6% 388,435 </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6B6">38.9% 253,250 </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">1.6% 10,238 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF"><a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election_in_Arizona" title="2016 United States presidential election in Arizona">2016</a> </td> <td align="center" style="color:black;background-color:#B0CEFF">53.9% 271,946 </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#FFB6B6">38.7% 195,513 </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:#DCDCDC">7.4% 37,389 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_school_districts_in_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of school districts in Phoenix, Arizona">List of school districts in Phoenix, Arizona</a></div> 33 school districts provide public education in the Phoenix area. This is a legacy of numerous annexations over the years; many of the school districts existed before their territories became part of Phoenix. There are 21 elementary school districts, which have over 215 elementary schools, paired with four high school districts with 31 high schools serving Phoenix. Three of the high school districts (<a href="/wiki/Glendale_Union_High_School_District" title="Glendale Union High School District">Glendale Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tempe_Union_High_School_District" title="Tempe Union High School District">Tempe Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tolleson_Union_High_School_District" title="Tolleson Union High School District">Tolleson Union</a>) only partially serve Phoenix. With over 27,000 students, and spread over 220 square miles (570 km2), <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Union_High_School_District" title="Phoenix Union High School District">Phoenix Union High School District</a> is one of the largest high school districts in the country, containing 16 schools and nearly 3,000 employees.<a href="#cite_note-308">[306]</a> In addition, there are four unified districts, which cover grades K–12, which add an additional 58 elementary schools and four high schools to Phoenix's educational system. Of those four, only the <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley_Unified_School_District" title="Paradise Valley Unified School District">Paradise Valley district</a> completely serves Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-309">[307]</a> Phoenix is also served by a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">charter schools</a>, with well over 100 operating in the city.<a href="#cite_note-310">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-secondary_education">Post-secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Post-secondary education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ASU_Downtown_-_SoJ_SWC_-_2008-12-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ASU_Downtown_-_SoJ_SWC_-_2008-12-29.jpg/220px-ASU_Downtown_-_SoJ_SWC_-_2008-12-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ASU_Downtown_-_SoJ_SWC_-_2008-12-29.jpg/330px-ASU_Downtown_-_SoJ_SWC_-_2008-12-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/ASU_Downtown_-_SoJ_SWC_-_2008-12-29.jpg/440px-ASU_Downtown_-_SoJ_SWC_-_2008-12-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4232" data-file-height="3396" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite_School_of_Journalism_and_Mass_Communication" title="Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication">Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Downtown_Phoenix_campus" title="Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus">Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> (ASU) is the region's largest institution of higher education. Primarily based in <a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a>, it has a significant presence at the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Downtown_Phoenix_campus" title="Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus">Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus</a>. The campus features programs from ten of ASU's colleges, including the primary locations for the <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite_School_of_Journalism_and_Mass_Communication" title="Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication">Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watts_College_of_Public_Service_%26_Community_Solutions" title="Watts College of Public Service & Community Solutions">Watts College of Public Service & Community Solutions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_College_of_Law" title="Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law">Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[309]</a> Over 10,000 students are enrolled at ASU's Downtown Phoenix campus.<a href="#cite_note-312">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona_College_of_Medicine_%E2%80%93_Phoenix" title="University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix">University of Arizona College of Medicine – Phoenix</a> is also located in downtown Phoenix,<a href="#cite_note-313">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[312]</a> as well as a satellite Phoenix Biomedical Campus of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona_University" title="Northern Arizona University">Northern Arizona University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-315">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[314]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County_Community_College_District" title="Maricopa County Community College District">Maricopa County Community College District</a> includes ten <a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">community colleges</a> and two skills centers throughout Maricopa County, providing adult education and job training. <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_College" title="Phoenix College">Phoenix College</a>, part of the district, was founded in 1920 and is the oldest community college in Arizona and one of the oldest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-317">[315]</a> The city is also home to many other institutions of higher learning such as the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Seminary" title="Phoenix Seminary">Phoenix Seminary</a>, a Protestant seminary that imparts degree in biblical studies, Christian theology, church history and counseling. Notable institutions include: <a href="/wiki/Barrow_Neurological_Institute" title="Barrow Neurological Institute">Barrow Neurological Institute</a>, the world's largest neurological disease treatment and research institution;<a href="#cite_note-318">[316]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_University" title="Grand Canyon University">Grand Canyon University</a>, a private Christian university initially founded in 1949 as a non-profit school,<a href="#cite_note-319">[317]</a> it now operates as a <a href="/wiki/For-profit_higher_education_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit higher education in the United States">for-profit institution</a>;<a href="#cite_note-320">[318]</a> the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Phoenix" title="University of Phoenix">University of Phoenix</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/For-profit_colleges_in_the_United_States" title="For-profit colleges in the United States">for-profit college</a>, is based out of the city. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Arizona" title="List of radio stations in Arizona">List of radio stations in Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_shot_in_Arizona" title="List of films shot in Arizona">List of films shot in Arizona</a></div> Phoenix's first newspaper was the weekly Salt River Valley Herald, established in 1878, which would change its name the following year to the Phoenix Herald. The paper would go through several additional name changes in its early years before finally settling on the Phoenix Herald, which still exists today in an online form.<a href="#cite_note-321">[319]</a> Today, the city is served by one major daily newspaper: <a href="/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic" title="The Arizona Republic">The Arizona Republic</a>, which along with its online entity, azcentral.com, serves the greater metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-322">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[321]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_News_of_Greater_Phoenix" title="Jewish News of Greater Phoenix">Jewish News of Greater Phoenix</a> is an independent weekly newspaper established in 1948. In addition, the city is also served by numerous free neighborhood papers and alternative weeklies such as the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_New_Times" title="Phoenix New Times">Phoenix New Times</a>' the <a href="/wiki/East_Valley_Tribune" title="East Valley Tribune">East Valley Tribune</a>, which primarily serves the cities of the East Valley; and Arizona State University's <a href="/wiki/State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State Press">The State Press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[322]</a> The Phoenix metro area is served by many local television stations and is the largest <a href="/wiki/Designated_market_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Designated market area">designated market area</a> (DMA) in the <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_United_States" title="Southwestern United States">Southwest</a>, and the 12th largest in the U.S., with over 1.8 million homes (1.6% of the total U.S.).<a href="#cite_note-nielsen-325">[323]</a> The major network television affiliates are <a href="/wiki/KPHO-TV" title="KPHO-TV">KPHO</a> 5 (<a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>), <a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a>-licensed <a href="/wiki/KAZT-TV" title="KAZT-TV">KAZT-TV</a> 7 (<a href="/wiki/The_CW" title="The CW">The CW</a>), <a href="/wiki/KAET" title="KAET">KAET</a> 8 (<a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>, operated by Arizona State University), <a href="/wiki/KSAZ-TV" title="KSAZ-TV">KSAZ</a> 10 (<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a>), <a href="/wiki/KPNX" title="KPNX">KPNX</a> 12 (<a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a>), <a href="/wiki/KNXV-TV" title="KNXV-TV">KNXV</a> 15 (<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>), and <a href="/wiki/KUTP" title="KUTP">KUTP</a> 45 (<a href="/wiki/MyNetworkTV" title="MyNetworkTV">MyNetworkTV</a>). Other network television affiliates operating in the area include <a href="/wiki/KPAZ-TV" title="KPAZ-TV">KPAZ</a> 21 (<a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">TBN</a>), <a href="/wiki/KTVW-DT" title="KTVW-DT">KTVW-DT</a> 33 (<a href="/wiki/Univision" title="Univision">Univision</a>), <a href="/wiki/KFPH-DT" title="KFPH-DT">KFPH-DT</a> (<a href="/wiki/UniM%C3%A1s" title="UniMás">UniMás</a>), <a href="/wiki/KTAZ" title="KTAZ">KTAZ</a> 39 (<a href="/wiki/Telemundo" title="Telemundo">Telemundo</a>), and <a href="/wiki/KPPX-TV" title="KPPX-TV">KPPX-TV</a> 51 (<a href="/wiki/ION_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="ION Television">ION</a>). <a href="/wiki/KTVK" title="KTVK">KTVK</a> 3 (3TV) and <a href="/wiki/KASW" title="KASW">KASW</a> 61 are independent television stations operating in the metro area. <a href="/wiki/KSAZ-TV" title="KSAZ-TV">KSAZ-TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/KUTP" title="KUTP">KUTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/KPAZ-TV" title="KPAZ-TV">KPAZ-TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/KTVW-DT" title="KTVW-DT">KTVW-DT</a>, <a href="/wiki/KFPH-DT" title="KFPH-DT">KFPH-DT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/KTAZ" title="KTAZ">KTAZ</a> are network <a href="/wiki/Owned-and-operated_station" title="Owned-and-operated station">owned-and-operated stations</a>. Many major feature films and television programs have been filmed in the city. From the opening sequences in <a href="/wiki/Psycho_(1960_film)" title="Psycho (1960 film)">Psycho</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pnt140519-326">[324]</a> to the night attack by the aliens in 1953's <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1953_film)" title="The War of the Worlds (1953 film)">The War of the Worlds</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pnt110713-327">[325]</a> to freeway scenes in <a href="/wiki/Little_Miss_Sunshine" title="Little Miss Sunshine">Little Miss Sunshine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pnt140519-326">[324]</a> Phoenix has been the location for numerous major feature films. Other notable pictures filmed at least partially in Phoenix include <a href="/wiki/Raising_Arizona" title="Raising Arizona">Raising Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Home_at_the_End_of_the_World_(film)" title="A Home at the End of the World (film)">A Home at the End of the World</a>,<a href="#cite_note-pnt110713-327">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_%26_Ted%27s_Excellent_Adventure" title="Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure">Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Thunder" title="Days of Thunder">Days of Thunder</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Gauntlet_(film)" title="The Gauntlet (film)">The Gauntlet</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Grifters_(film)" title="The Grifters (film)">The Grifters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waiting_to_Exhale" title="Waiting to Exhale">Waiting to Exhale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bus_Stop_(1956_film)" title="Bus Stop (1956 film)">Bus Stop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[326]</a> The radio airwaves in Phoenix cater to a wide variety of musical and talk radio interests. Stations include classic rock formats of <a href="/wiki/KOOL-FM" title="KOOL-FM">KOOL-FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/KSLX-FM" title="KSLX-FM">KSLX-FM</a>, to pop stations like <a href="/wiki/KYOT" title="KYOT">KYOT</a> and alternative stations like <a href="/wiki/KDKB-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KDKB-FM">KDKB-FM</a>, to the talk radio of <a href="/wiki/KFYI-AM" class="mw-redirect" title="KFYI-AM">KFYI-AM</a> and <a href="/wiki/KKNT" title="KKNT">KKNT-AM</a>, the pop and top 40 programming of <a href="/wiki/KZZP-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KZZP-FM">KZZP-FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/KALV-FM" title="KALV-FM">KALV-FM</a>, and the country sounds of <a href="/wiki/KMLE-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KMLE-FM">KMLE-FM</a>. With its large Hispanic population there are numerous Spanish stations, such as <a href="/wiki/KHOT-FM" title="KHOT-FM">KHOT-FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/KOMR-FM" class="mw-redirect" title="KOMR-FM">KOMR-FM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-329">[327]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Transportation in Phoenix, Arizona">Transportation in Phoenix, Arizona</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air">Air</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Air">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="aerial view of Sky Harbor airport, showing the spoke structure of the terminals and gates, with the spike of the control tower toward the lower left of the picture." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg/220px-Phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg/330px-Phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg/440px-Phoenix-sky-harbor-control-tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>An aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Control_tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Control tower">control tower</a> at Phoenix Sky Harbor that began operations on January 17, 2007</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: PHX, <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: KPHX), one of the ten busiest airports in the United States, serves over 110,000 people on over 1,000 flights per day.<a href="#cite_note-330">[328]</a> Centrally located in the metro area near several major freeway interchanges east of downtown Phoenix, the airport serves more than 100 cities with non-stop flights.<a href="#cite_note-331">[329]</a> <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Condor_Flugdienst" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor Flugdienst">Condor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volaris" title="Volaris">Volaris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a> are among several international carriers as well as American carrier <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> (which maintains a hub at the airport) that provide flights to destinations such as Canada, <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a>, Mexico, and <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[331]</a> In addition to American, other domestic carriers include <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines" title="Alaska Airlines">Alaska Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines" title="Frontier Airlines">Frontier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Airlines" title="Hawaiian Airlines">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/JetBlue_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="JetBlue Airways">JetBlue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spirit_Airlines" title="Spirit Airlines">Spirit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines" title="Sun Country Airlines">Sun Country</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[332]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix-Mesa_Gateway_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport">Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport</a> (<a href="/wiki/IATA_airport_code" title="IATA airport code">IATA</a>: AZA, <a href="/wiki/ICAO_airport_code" title="ICAO airport code">ICAO</a>: KIWA) in neighboring Mesa also serves the area's commercial air traffic. It was converted from Williams Air Force Base, which closed in 1993. The airport has recently received substantial commercial service with <a href="/wiki/Allegiant_Air" title="Allegiant Air">Allegiant Air</a> opening a hub operation at the airport with non-stop service to over a dozen destinations.<a href="#cite_note-335">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[334]</a> Smaller airports that primarily handle private and corporate jets include <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Deer_Valley_Airport" title="Phoenix Deer Valley Airport">Phoenix Deer Valley Airport</a>, in the Deer Valley district of north Phoenix, and <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale_Airport" title="Scottsdale Airport">Scottsdale Airport</a>, just east of the Phoenix/Scottsdale border. There are also other municipal airports including <a href="/wiki/Glendale_Municipal_Airport" title="Glendale Municipal Airport">Glendale Municipal Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falcon_Field_(Arizona)" title="Falcon Field (Arizona)">Falcon Field Airport</a> in Mesa, and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Goodyear_Airport" title="Phoenix Goodyear Airport">Phoenix Goodyear Airport</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rail_and_bus">Rail and bus</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Rail and bus">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Union_Station_Phoenix_-_North_-_2009-12-08.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="front view of the southwestern architecture of the closed Union railroad station in Phoenix, surrounded by a chain link fence" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Union_Station_Phoenix_-_North_-_2009-12-08.JPG/220px-Union_Station_Phoenix_-_North_-_2009-12-08.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Union_Station_Phoenix_-_North_-_2009-12-08.JPG/330px-Union_Station_Phoenix_-_North_-_2009-12-08.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Union_Station_Phoenix_-_North_-_2009-12-08.JPG/440px-Union_Station_Phoenix_-_North_-_2009-12-08.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Union Station Phoenix – 2009</figcaption></figure> Amtrak served <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Phoenix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (Phoenix)">Phoenix Union Station</a> until 1996 when the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a> (UP) proposed abandoning the route between <a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma, Arizona</a>, and Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-337">[335]</a> Amtrak rerouted trains to <a href="/wiki/Maricopa,_Arizona" title="Maricopa, Arizona">Maricopa</a>, 30 miles (48 km) south of downtown Phoenix, where passengers can board the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Eagle" title="Texas Eagle">Texas Eagle</a> (Los Angeles-San Antonio-Chicago) and <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Limited" title="Sunset Limited">Sunset Limited</a> (Los Angeles-New Orleans).<a href="#cite_note-338">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[337]</a> UP retained the trackage and the station remains. In 2021, Amtrak developed a plan to bring rail service back to Phoenix with connections to Tucson and Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-340">[338]</a> This service is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Bipartisan_infrastructure_bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisan infrastructure bill">Bipartisan infrastructure bill</a> and could take several years for service to be implemented. Amtrak Thruway buses connect Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport to <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a> for connection with the Los Angeles-Chicago <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Chief" title="Southwest Chief">Southwest Chief</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[339]</a> Phoenix is also served by <a href="/wiki/Greyhound_Lines" title="Greyhound Lines">Greyhound</a> bus service, which stops at 24th Street near the airport.<a href="#cite_note-342">[340]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phoenix_Exterior_0550.2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of streamlined light rail car pulling into a station" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phoenix_Exterior_0550.2009.jpg/220px-Phoenix_Exterior_0550.2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phoenix_Exterior_0550.2009.jpg/330px-Phoenix_Exterior_0550.2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Phoenix_Exterior_0550.2009.jpg/440px-Phoenix_Exterior_0550.2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Valley Metro Rail station – 2009</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Valley_Metro" title="Valley Metro">Valley Metro</a> provides public transportation throughout the metropolitan area, with its trains, buses, and a <a href="/wiki/Carpool" title="Carpool">ride-share</a> program. 3.38% of workers commute by public transit. Valley Metro's 20-mile (32 km) <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail</a> project, called <a href="/wiki/Valley_Metro_Rail" title="Valley Metro Rail">Valley Metro Rail</a>, through north-central Phoenix, downtown, and eastward through Tempe and Mesa, opened December 27, 2008. Future rail segments of more than 30 miles (48 km) are planned to open by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-343">[341]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Roads_and_freeways">Roads and freeways</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Roads and freeways">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roads_and_freeways_in_metropolitan_Phoenix" title="Roads and freeways in metropolitan Phoenix">Roads and freeways in metropolitan Phoenix</a></div> Phoenix auto traffic depends on both freeways and surface streets. Freeways fall under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Department_of_Transportation" title="Arizona Department of Transportation">Arizona Department of Transportation</a> (ADOT). Phoenix ranks first in the nation in the quality of its urban freeways, and the state as a whole ranks first in the nation in the quality of bridges.<a href="#cite_note-344">[342]</a> While being the fifth most populous city in the nation, Phoenix's freeways do not suffer from the same type of congestion seen in other large cities. In fact, in a recent study, there is not a single stretch of freeway in Phoenix ranked in the 100 worst freeways for either congestion or unreliability.<a href="#cite_note-345">[343]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interstate_10_and_Interstate_17_Interchange_at_Night.2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo showing the multiple levels of roadways at the interchange between Interstates ten and seventeen, called "the stack" in downtown Phoenix at night." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Interstate_10_and_Interstate_17_Interchange_at_Night.2012.jpg/220px-Interstate_10_and_Interstate_17_Interchange_at_Night.2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Interstate_10_and_Interstate_17_Interchange_at_Night.2012.jpg/330px-Interstate_10_and_Interstate_17_Interchange_at_Night.2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Interstate_10_and_Interstate_17_Interchange_at_Night.2012.jpg/440px-Interstate_10_and_Interstate_17_Interchange_at_Night.2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3089" data-file-height="2059" /></a><figcaption>The Stack (Interstates 10 and 17) interchange at night in 2012</figcaption></figure>Part of the reason for this is the extensive freeway system in the city, due to most of that system being funded by local, rather than federal funds, through a half-cent general sales tax measure approved by voters in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-346">[344]</a> Another offshoot of this local funding is that Phoenix is the largest city in the United States to have at least two Interstate Highways, but no three-digit interstates.<a href="#cite_note-347">[345]</a> As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit">[update]</a>, the metropolitan area of Phoenix contains one of the nation's largest and fastest growing freeway systems, consisting of over 1,405 lane miles (2,261 lane km).<a href="#cite_note-aadt-348">[346]</a> The freeway system is a mix of Interstate, U.S., and state highways which include <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona" title="Interstate 10 in Arizona">Interstate 10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interstate_17" title="Interstate 17">Interstate 17</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_60_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="US 60 in Arizona">US 60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101" title="Arizona State Route 101">Loop 101</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202" title="Arizona State Route 202">Loop 202</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_51" title="Arizona State Route 51">SR 51</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_143" title="Arizona State Route 143">SR 143</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_303" title="Arizona State Route 303">Loop 303</a>. There are still major additions to routes 101, 202 and 303 underway, as well as several other smaller projects around the valley.<a href="#cite_note-349">[347]</a> State Routes <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_87" title="Arizona State Route 87">87</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_85" title="Arizona State Route 85">85</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_74" title="Arizona State Route 74">74</a> connect Phoenix with other areas of the Valley and Arizona.<a href="#cite_note-Discover-350">[348]</a> The street system in Phoenix (and some of its suburbs) is laid out in a grid system, with most roads oriented either north–south or east–west, and the zero point of the grid being the intersection of Central Avenue and Washington Street.<a href="#cite_note-Discover-350">[348]</a> The one notable exception to this is the diagonal <a href="/wiki/Grand_Avenue_(Phoenix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Avenue (Phoenix)">Grand Avenue</a>, which runs northwest–southeast. The original plan was for the east–west streets to be named after U.S. Presidents, with the north–south streets named after Native Americans; but the north–south streets were quickly changed to numbers, with numbered Avenues running to the west of Central, and numbered Streets to its east.<a href="#cite_note-Phxgov-24">[24]</a> Major arterial streets are spaced one mile (1.6 km) apart, divided into smaller blocks approximately every <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄8 mile (200 m). For example, Scottsdale Road, being the 7200 block east, lies nine miles (14 km) to the east of Central Avenue (72 / 8).<a href="#cite_note-Discover-350">[348]</a> Freeways and state highways in Phoenix:<a href="#cite_note-Discover-350">[348]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 11em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/24px-I-10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/36px-I-10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/I-10.svg/48px-I-10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_10_in_Arizona" title="Interstate 10 in Arizona">I-10</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I-17.svg/24px-I-17.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I-17.svg/36px-I-17.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/I-17.svg/48px-I-17.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /> <a href="/wiki/Interstate_17" title="Interstate 17">I-17</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arizona_51.svg/24px-Arizona_51.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arizona_51.svg/36px-Arizona_51.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Arizona_51.svg/48px-Arizona_51.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_51" title="Arizona State Route 51">SR 51</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_60.svg/24px-US_60.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_60.svg/36px-US_60.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/US_60.svg/48px-US_60.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_60_in_Arizona" title="U.S. Route 60 in Arizona">US 60</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arizona_85.svg/24px-Arizona_85.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arizona_85.svg/36px-Arizona_85.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Arizona_85.svg/48px-Arizona_85.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_85" title="Arizona State Route 85">SR 85</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arizona_101.svg/30px-Arizona_101.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arizona_101.svg/45px-Arizona_101.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Arizona_101.svg/60px-Arizona_101.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_101" title="Arizona State Route 101">Loop 101</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Arizona_143.svg/30px-Arizona_143.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Arizona_143.svg/45px-Arizona_143.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Arizona_143.svg/60px-Arizona_143.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_143" title="Arizona State Route 143">SR 143</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arizona_202.svg/30px-Arizona_202.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arizona_202.svg/45px-Arizona_202.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Arizona_202.svg/60px-Arizona_202.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_202" title="Arizona State Route 202">Loop 202</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Arizona_303.svg/30px-Arizona_303.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Arizona_303.svg/45px-Arizona_303.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Arizona_303.svg/60px-Arizona_303.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Route_303" title="Arizona State Route 303">Loop 303</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cycling">Cycling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_Association_of_Governments" title="Maricopa Association of Governments">Maricopa Association of Governments</a> has a bicycle advisory committee working to improve conditions for bicycling on city streets and off-road paths.<a href="#cite_note-351">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CAPCanal.2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="picture of a straight blue ribbon of water, the canal, running through the desert, from a vantage point of one of the mountains surrounding the city." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CAPCanal.2013.jpg/220px-CAPCanal.2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CAPCanal.2013.jpg/330px-CAPCanal.2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/CAPCanal.2013.jpg/440px-CAPCanal.2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Central Arizona Project (CAP) canal</figcaption></figure> Being in the desert, Phoenix relies on a water supply delivered to the city via a system of canals which divert water from the region's rivers and lakes, with the largest portion of the city's water coming from the <a href="/wiki/Colorado_River" title="Colorado River">Colorado River</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Central_Arizona_Project" title="Central Arizona Project">Central Arizona Project</a>'s canal.<a href="#cite_note-352">[350]</a> The city's electrical needs are served primarily by Arizona Public Service, although some customers receive their electricity from the <a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Project" title="Salt River Project">Salt River Project</a> (SRP). The main sources of electrical generation are nuclear and coal power plants. Arizona is home to the <a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station">Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station</a>, the largest nuclear-generating facility in the United States. SRP is also the largest water provider in Phoenix.<a href="#cite_note-353">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_care">Health care</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Health care">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="List of hospitals in Phoenix">List of hospitals in Phoenix</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_hospitals_in_Arizona" title="List of hospitals in Arizona">List of hospitals in Arizona</a></div> In 2011 (the last year for which information is available), Phoenix had a slightly younger population than the country as a whole. While the United States had 13.3% of its population over the age of 65, Phoenix's percentage stood significantly lower, at 8.1%. Phoenix's percentage of 18.8% in the next age group, 45–64 was also a great deal lower than the national average of 26.6%. This results in 73% of Phoenix's population being 44 or younger, as compared to the national percentage of 60.<a href="#cite_note-mphs-354">[352]</a> In 2010 (the last year for nationally reported figures), Phoenix was at or below national levels for most reportable diseases, with the exception of both hepatitis A and B, where they were slightly over the national average (0.8 and 1.8 to 0.5 and 1.1%, respectively).<a href="#cite_note-355">[353]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg/220px-MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg/330px-MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg/440px-MaricopaMedicalCenter.140417.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="285" /></a><figcaption>Maricopa Medical Center</figcaption></figure> In most major categories, Phoenix had a lower incidence of death than the rest of the nation. Only deaths due to Alzheimer's (29.7 to 27.2 deaths per 100,000) and pre-natal conditions (5.3 to 3.8 deaths per 100,000) were slightly above the national average. Deaths due to HIV and liver disease were exactly at the national average of 2.5 and 10.8 respectively. However, in several major categories, Phoenix had significantly lower indices of death: deaths by cancer stood at only 57% (106) of the national average of 184.6 deaths per 100,000; deaths due to heart disease, 56.1% of the national rate of 249.8 per 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-356">[354]</a> Cancer and heart disease were the two top causes of death in the country.<a href="#cite_note-357">[355]</a> Low-weight births (7.5%) were below the national average of 8.1%, yet infant mortality (7.2<a href="/wiki/Per_mille" title="Per mille">‰</a> [per thousand]) was higher than the rest of the U.S. (6.1‰). Births to teen mothers were significantly higher than the rest of the country, sitting at 12.2% as compared to 8.4% nationally.<a href="#cite_note-mphs-354">[352]</a> The Phoenix metropolitan area is serviced by 56 hospitals and medical centers.<a href="#cite_note-358">[356]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>, a not-for-profit medical practice and medical research group based in Rochester, Minnesota. Phoenix is one of two other locations with Mayo Clinic campuses (the other being <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>).<a href="#cite_note-mayoinfo-359">[357]</a> It is the first and largest integrated not-for-profit medical group practice in the world; Mayo Clinic has been near or at the top of the U.S. News & World Report List of "Best Hospitals" for more than 20 years.<a href="#cite_note-360">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Hospital_and_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center">St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center</a> is part of <a href="/wiki/Dignity_Health" title="Dignity Health">Dignity Health</a> (formerly Catholic Healthcare West), one of the largest healthcare systems in the western United States. St. Joseph's is a not-for-profit hospital with special advocacy for the poor and underserved. John C. Lincoln North Mountain Hospital is a general medical and surgical hospital, which performed nearly at the level of nationally ranked U.S. News Best Hospitals in four adult specialties.<a href="#cite_note-361">[359]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Children%27s_Hospital" title="Phoenix Children's Hospital">Phoenix Children's Hospital</a> is nationally ranked in five pediatric specialties according to U.S. News & World Report. It is a 425-bed children's teaching hospital.<a href="#cite_note-362">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Heart_Institute" title="Arizona Heart Institute">Arizona Heart Institute</a>, opened in 1971, is known internationally as one of the first freestanding outpatient clinics dedicated exclusively to cardiovascular health.<a href="#cite_note-363">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Banner_Health" title="Banner Health">Banner Health</a> is a non-profit health system in the United States, based in Phoenix. It operates 23 hospitals as well as specialized facilities. The health system is the largest employer in Arizona, employing more than 43,440.<a href="#cite_note-364">[362]</a> Banner Health was created in 1999 through a merger of Lutheran Health Systems, based in North Dakota, and Samaritan Health System, based in Phoenix. Of the top ten rated hospitals in the city (top 12 in the state), four are Banner hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-365">[363]</a> Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) at <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Hospital_and_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center">St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center</a> is the world's largest dedicated neurosurgical center and a leader in neurosurgical training, research, and patient care.<a href="#cite_note-lochhead-366">[364]</a> More operative neurosurgical procedures take place at BNI than at any other institution in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-lochhead-366">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Phoenix" title="List of people from Phoenix">List of people from Phoenix</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_State_University_alumni" title="List of Arizona State University alumni">List of Arizona State University alumni</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sister_cities">Sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sister cities">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PhoenixSisterCities_gobeirne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photo of signpost with ten signs pointing in the direction of Phoenix's sister cities, stating their names and distances from Phoenix." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PhoenixSisterCities_gobeirne.jpg/150px-PhoenixSisterCities_gobeirne.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PhoenixSisterCities_gobeirne.jpg/225px-PhoenixSisterCities_gobeirne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/PhoenixSisterCities_gobeirne.jpg/300px-PhoenixSisterCities_gobeirne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Signpost showing Phoenix's sister cities</figcaption></figure> With the creation of the Phoenix Sister Cities (PSC) organization in 1972, Phoenix became a member of the international Sister City movement. They filed for Articles of Incorporation in 1975, and entered into their first Sister City agreement in 1976 with <a href="/wiki/Hermosillo,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermosillo, Mexico">Hermosillo, Mexico</a>.<a href="#cite_note-phsis-367">[365]</a> The organization's mission statement states their purpose is to "foster relationships between the people of Phoenix and our Sister Cities around the world to promote friendship, peace and prosperity."<a href="#cite_note-368">[366]</a> Phoenix has twelve <a href="/wiki/Sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Sister cities">sister cities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KJZZ_2023-06-15-369">[367]</a> Phoenix and Prague have shared a Capital Cities relationship since May 1991, which was expanded to Sister City Status in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-370">[368]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calgary, Alberta">Calgary, Alberta</a>, Canada (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Catania,_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Catania, Sicily">Catania, Sicily</a>, Italy (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu,_Sichuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chengdu, Sichuan">Chengdu, Sichuan</a>, China (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ennis" title="Ennis">Ennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a>, Ireland (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Grenoble" title="Grenoble">Grenoble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auvergne-Rh%C3%B4ne-Alpes" title="Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes">Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes</a>, France (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hermosillo,_Sonora" class="mw-redirect" title="Hermosillo, Sonora">Hermosillo, Sonora</a>, Mexico (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Himeji,_Hy%C5%8Dgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Himeji, Hyōgo">Himeji, Hyōgo</a>, Japan (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a>, Israel (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan (1979)<a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_sisters-371">[369]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a>, South Korea (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia"><img alt="Colombia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Medellin" class="mw-redirect" title="Medellin">Medellin</a>, Colombia (2023)<a href="#cite_note-KJZZ_2023-06-15-369">[367]</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona" title="Portal:Arizona">Arizona portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/6th_Avenue_Hotel-Windsor_Hotel" title="6th Avenue Hotel-Windsor Hotel">6th Avenue Hotel-Windsor Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Cid_Castle" title="El Cid Castle">El Cid Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest cities in the Americas">Largest cities in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_properties_in_Phoenix" title="List of historic properties in Phoenix">List of historic properties in Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Phoenix" title="List of tallest buildings in Phoenix">List of tallest buildings in Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pioneer_and_Military_Memorial_Park" title="Pioneer and Military Memorial Park">Pioneer and Military Memorial Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Arizona_salvaged_artifacts" title="USS Arizona salvaged artifacts">USS Arizona salvaged artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Phoenix" title="USS Phoenix">USS Phoenix</a>, at least 3 ships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Category:People from Phoenix, Arizona">Category:People from Phoenix, Arizona</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Official records for Phoenix kept at downtown August 1895 to September 1953, and at Sky Harbor Int'l since October 1953. For more information see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://threadex.rcc-acis.org">ThreadEx</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CenPopGazetteer2020-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CenPopGazetteer2020_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2020_Gazetteer/2020_gaz_place_04.txt">"2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+U.S.+Gazetteer+Files&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fgeo%2Fdocs%2Fmaps-data%2Fdata%2Fgazetteer%2F2020_Gazetteer%2F2020_gaz_place_04.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/44784">"Geographic Names Information System"</a>. edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved May 5, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=edits.nationalmap.gov&rft.atitle=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedits.nationalmap.gov%2Fapps%2Fgaz-domestic%2Fpublic%2Fgaz-record%2F44784&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USCensusEst2021-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2021_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-USCensusEst2021_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html">"City and Town Population Totals: 2020-2021"</a>. United States Census Bureau. May 29, 2022. Retrieved May 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+and+Town+Population+Totals%3A+2020-2021&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2022-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2Ftime-series%2Fdemo%2Fpopest%2F2020s-total-cities-and-towns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-urban_area-4"><a href="#cite_ref-urban_area_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/geography/guidance/geo-areas/urban-rural.html">"List of 2020 Census Urban Areas"</a>. census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=List+of+2020+Census+Urban+Areas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fgeography%2Fguidance%2Fgeo-areas%2Furban-rural.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020Pop-5"><a href="#cite_ref-2020Pop_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/library/visualizations/interactive/2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html">"2020 Population and Housing State Data"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Population+and+Housing+State+Data&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fvisualizations%2Finteractive%2F2020-population-and-housing-state-data.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillock2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Billock, Jennifer (July 12, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/diy/resident-nickname-most-populous-us-cities/">"From Chicagoan to Phoenician, here's what to call the residents of the biggest US cities"</a>. Popular Science. Retrieved March 4, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=From+Chicagoan+to+Phoenician%2C+here%27s+what+to+call+the+residents+of+the+biggest+US+cities&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.aulast=Billock&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fdiy%2Fresident-nickname-most-populous-us-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NGMP38060">"Total Gross Domestic Product for Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ (MSA)"</a>. fred.stlouisfed.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Total+Gross+Domestic+Product+for+Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale%2C+AZ+%28MSA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Fseries%2FNGMP38060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Navajo_language" title="Navajo language">Navajo</a>: Hoozdo, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">[xòːztò]</a><a href="/wiki/O%CA%BCodham_language" title="Oʼodham language">O'odham</a>: S-ki:kigk<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thediggings.com/places/az0132411414">"Phoenix, Arizona Mining Claims And Mining Mines | The Diggings™"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix%2C+Arizona+Mining+Claims+And+Mining+Mines+%26%23124%3B+The+Diggings%E2%84%A2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthediggings.com%2Fplaces%2Faz0132411414&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walapai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Walapai language">Walapai</a>: Banyà:nyuwá Watahomigie, Lucille, Jorigine Bender, Akira Yamamoto, University of Los Angeles. Hualapai reference grammar. 1982. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-most-populated-state-capitals.html">"The 10 Most Populated State Capitals"</a>. September 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+10+Most+Populated+State+Capitals&rft.date=2020-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldatlas.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-10-most-populated-state-capitals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/815239/phoenix-metro-area-population/">"Phoenix metro area population 2021"</a>. Statista. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Phoenix+metro+area+population+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F815239%2Fphoenix-metro-area-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brunn_Zeigler_Hays-Mitchell_Graybill_2020_p._29-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Brunn_Zeigler_Hays-Mitchell_Graybill_2020_p._29_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunnZeiglerHays-MitchellGraybill2020" class="citation book cs1">Brunn, S.D.; Zeigler, D.J.; Hays-Mitchell, M.; Graybill, J.K. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_5_LDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29">Cities of the World: Regional Patterns and Urban Environments</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2635-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-2635-6"><bdi>978-1-5381-2635-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 23, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cities+of+the+World%3A+Regional+Patterns+and+Urban+Environments&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-2635-6&rft.aulast=Brunn&rft.aufirst=S.D.&rft.au=Zeigler%2C+D.J.&rft.au=Hays-Mitchell%2C+M.&rft.au=Graybill%2C+J.K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_5_LDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160116083442/http://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/07ccdb/ccdb-07.pdf">"County and City Data Book: 2007"</a> (PDF) (14 ed.). U.S. Census Bureau. 2007. p. 712. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2008pubs/07ccdb/ccdb-07.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 16, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=County+and+City+Data+Book%3A+2007&rft.pages=712&rft.edition=14&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2008pubs%2F07ccdb%2Fccdb-07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillarreal2018" class="citation news cs1">Villarreal, Phil (February 14, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abc15.com/news/local-news/arizona-turns-106-wednesday">"Arizona turns 106 Wednesday"</a>. KNXV. Retrieved February 14, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Arizona+turns+106+Wednesday&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft.aulast=Villarreal&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc15.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Farizona-turns-106-wednesday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228015804/http://arizonaexperience.org/land/farming-and-ranching">"Farming and Ranching"</a>. arizonaexperience.org. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Farming+and+Ranching&rft.pub=arizonaexperience.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farizonaexperience.org%2Fland%2Ffarming-and-ranching&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarin,_Ph.D." class="citation web cs1">Marin, Ph.D., Christine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030023/http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html">"A Short History of South Phoenix from 1865 to the early 1930s"</a>. barriozona. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barriozona.com/short_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+South+Phoenix+from+1865+to+the+early+1930s&rft.pub=barriozona&rft.aulast=Marin%2C+Ph.D.&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barriozona.com%2Fshort_history_south_phoenix_1865_1930s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azsos-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azsos_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azsos_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429150023/http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/Kids/five_Cs.htm">"The Five C's – An Arizona History Lesson"</a>. azsos.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azsos.gov/public_services/kids/five_Cs.htm">the original</a> on April 29, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Five+C%27s+%E2%80%93+An+Arizona+History+Lesson&rft.pub=azsos.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azsos.gov%2Fpublic_services%2Fkids%2Ffive_Cs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernardRice2014" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, Richard M. & Rice, Bradley R. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u5CNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA315">Sunbelt Cities: Politics and Growth since World War II</a>. University of Texas Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780292769823" title="Special:BookSources/9780292769823"><bdi>9780292769823</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunbelt+Cities%3A+Politics+and+Growth+since+World+War+II&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780292769823&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft.au=Rice%2C+Bradley+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du5CNBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ViennaKoppen-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ViennaKoppen_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ViennaKoppen_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKottekGrieserBeckRudolf2006" class="citation web cs1">Kottek, M.; Grieser, J.; Beck, C.; Rudolf, B.; Rubel, F. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf">"World Map of Köppen–Geiger Climate Classification"</a> (PDF). Climate Change & Infectious Diseases Group, Institute for Veterinary Public Health. University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205035800/http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 5, 2009. Retrieved January 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Climate+Change+%26+Infectious+Diseases+Group%2C+Institute+for+Veterinary+Public+Health&rft.atitle=World+Map+of+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+Climate+Classification&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kottek&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Grieser%2C+J.&rft.au=Beck%2C+C.&rft.au=Rudolf%2C+B.&rft.au=Rubel%2C+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkoeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at%2Fpdf%2Fkottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HESKoppen-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HESKoppen_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HESKoppen_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (October 11, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rcin.org.pl/Content/58779">"Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification"</a>. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 11 (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrology+and+Earth+System+Sciences&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1633-%3C%2Fspan%3E1644&rft.date=2007-10-11&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.aulast=Peel&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson%2C+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frcin.org.pl%2FContent%2F58779&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FREDGDP-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FREDGDP_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fred.stlouisfed.org/release?rid=397&t=msa&ob=t&od=asc">"Gross Domestic Product by County and Metropolitan Area | FRED | St. Louis Fed"</a>. fred.stlouisfed.org. Retrieved February 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fred.stlouisfed.org&rft.atitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+by+County+and+Metropolitan+Area+%7C+FRED+%7C+St.+Louis+Fed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffred.stlouisfed.org%2Frelease%3Frid%3D397%26t%3Dmsa%26ob%3Dt%26od%3Dasc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-igg-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-igg_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-igg_22-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azigg.com/phoenix.html">"Why Phoenix?"</a>. AZ International Growth Group. 2016. Retrieved March 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+Phoenix%3F&rft.pub=AZ+International+Growth+Group&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azigg.com%2Fphoenix.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azbigmedia.com-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azbigmedia.com_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azbigmedia.com_23-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacker2021" class="citation web cs1">Backer, Kyle (August 31, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbigmedia.com/business/hispanic-population-is-now-the-majority-in-phoenix-census-shows/">"Hispanic population is now the majority in Phoenix, Census shows"</a>. AZ Big Media.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AZ+Big+Media&rft.atitle=Hispanic+population+is+now+the+majority+in+Phoenix%2C+Census+shows&rft.date=2021-08-31&rft.aulast=Backer&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazbigmedia.com%2Fbusiness%2Fhispanic-population-is-now-the-majority-in-phoenix-census-shows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phxgov-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phxgov_24-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140415163536/http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html">"History of Phoenix"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.gov/pio/publications/history/index.html">the original</a> on April 15, 2014. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Phoenix&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.gov%2Fpio%2Fpublications%2Fhistory%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrimble1988" class="citation book cs1">Trimble, Marshall (1988). Arizoniana. American Traveler Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-885590-89-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-885590-89-3"><bdi>978-1-885590-89-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arizoniana&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=American+Traveler+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-885590-89-3&rft.aulast=Trimble&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317004347/http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_hoh.html">"Prehistoric Desert Peoples: The Hohokam"</a>. Desert USA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertusa.com/ind1/du_peo_hoh.html">the original</a> on March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prehistoric+Desert+Peoples%3A+The+Hohokam&rft.pub=Desert+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertusa.com%2Find1%2Fdu_peo_hoh.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrimble1988105-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrimble1988105_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrimble1988">Trimble 1988</a>, p. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontero200810–11-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero200810–11_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontero200810–11_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontero2008">Montero 2008</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour" class="citation journal cs1">Seymour, Deni J. "Delicate Diplomacy on a Restless Frontier: Seventeenth-Century Sobaipuri Social And Economic Relations in Northwestern New Spain, Part I". New Mexico Historical Review (2007b): 82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Mexico+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Delicate+Diplomacy+on+a+Restless+Frontier%3A+Seventeenth-Century+Sobaipuri+Social+And+Economic+Relations+in+Northwestern+New+Spain%2C+Part+I&rft.issue=2007b&rft.pages=82&rft.aulast=Seymour&rft.aufirst=Deni+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805082906/http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp">"Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People"</a>. Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp">the original</a> on August 5, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xalychidom+Piipaash+%28Maricopa%29+People&rft.pub=Salt+River+Pima-Maricopa+Indian+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srpmic-nsn.gov%2Fhistory_culture%2Fmaricopa.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge,_Frederick_Webb1906" class="citation web cs1">Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140218050828/http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm">"The Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico"</a>. Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm">the original</a> on February 18, 2014. Retrieved March 24, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico&rft.pub=Bureau+of+American+Ethnology%2C+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessgenealogy.com%2Fnative%2Fmaricopa-tribe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141009142008/http://www.gilariver.org/index.php/about-tribe/profile/history">"Gila River Indian Community History"</a>. Gila River Indian Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gilariver.org/index.php/about-tribe/profile/history">the original</a> on October 9, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gila+River+Indian+Community+History&rft.pub=Gila+River+Indian+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gilariver.org%2Findex.php%2Fabout-tribe%2Fprofile%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-srpmic-33"><a href="#cite_ref-srpmic_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180805082906/http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp">"Xalychidom Piipaash (Maricopa) People"</a>. Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srpmic-nsn.gov/history_culture/maricopa.asp">the original</a> on August 5, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Xalychidom+Piipaash+%28Maricopa%29+People&rft.pub=Salt+River+Pima-Maricopa+Indian+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srpmic-nsn.gov%2Fhistory_culture%2Fmaricopa.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessgenealogy.com/native/maricopa-tribe.htm">"Maricopa Tribe"</a>. July 9, 2011. Retrieved February 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maricopa+Tribe&rft.date=2011-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accessgenealogy.com%2Fnative%2Fmaricopa-tribe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2008" class="citation book cs1">McIntyre, Allan (2008). The Tohono O'odham and Pimeria Alta. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738556338" title="Special:BookSources/9780738556338"><bdi>9780738556338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tohono+O%27odham+and+Pimeria+Alta&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780738556338&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228104732/http://www.sanxaviermission.org/Tohono.html">"San Xavier del Bac Mission-Tohono O'odham"</a>. San Xavier Mission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanxaviermission.org/Tohono.html">the original</a> on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Xavier+del+Bac+Mission-Tohono+O%27odham&rft.pub=San+Xavier+Mission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanxaviermission.org%2FTohono.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tonation-nsn.gov/ton_history.aspx">"Tohono O'odham History"</a>. Retrieved February 24, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tohono+O%27odham+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tonation-nsn.gov%2Fton_history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2012" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I9ceNvefrToC&pg=PA255">The Encyclopedia of the Mexican–American War: A Political, Social, and Military History</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 255. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-854-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-854-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-854-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Mexican%E2%80%93American+War%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pages=255&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-854-5&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI9ceNvefrToC%26pg%3DPA255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFudala2001" class="citation book cs1">Fudala, Joan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oSiRm6fUk4IC&pg=PA28">Historic Scottsdale: A Life from the Land</a>. HPN Books. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893619-12-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893619-12-8"><bdi>978-1-893619-12-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Scottsdale%3A+A+Life+from+the+Land&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=HPN+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-893619-12-8&rft.aulast=Fudala&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoSiRm6fUk4IC%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110105115517/http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/basics/timeline.htm">"Tempe History Timeline"</a>. Tempe.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tempe.gov/museum/Tempe_history/basics/timeline.htm#FIRS">the original</a> on January 5, 2011. Retrieved January 31, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tempe+History+Timeline&rft.pub=Tempe.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tempe.gov%2Fmuseum%2FTempe_history%2Fbasics%2Ftimeline.htm%23FIRS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glorecords.blm.gov/details/survey/default.aspx?dm_id=107721&sid=xzdik1aw.jli#surveyDetailsTabIndex=1">"Survey Details – BLM GLO Records"</a>. glorecords.blm.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=glorecords.blm.gov&rft.atitle=Survey+Details+%E2%80%93+BLM+GLO+Records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglorecords.blm.gov%2Fdetails%2Fsurvey%2Fdefault.aspx%3Fdm_id%3D107721%26sid%3Dxzdik1aw.jli%23surveyDetailsTabIndex%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714175458/https://wateruseitwisely.com/arizona-water-pioneers-jack-swilling/">"Arizona Water Pioneers – Part 1 | Jack Swilling"</a>. April 30, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wateruseitwisely.com/arizona-water-pioneers-jack-swilling/">the original</a> on July 14, 2020. Retrieved July 14, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Water+Pioneers+%E2%80%93+Part+1+%26%23124%3B+Jack+Swilling&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwateruseitwisely.com%2Farizona-water-pioneers-jack-swilling%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moffat-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Moffat_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoffatt1996" class="citation book cs1">Moffatt, Riley (1996). Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Population+History+of+Western+U.S.+Cities+%26+Towns%2C+1850%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Moffatt&rft.aufirst=Riley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixchamber.com/about/history">"History"</a>. Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved October 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Greater+Phoenix+Chamber+of+Commerce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixchamber.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcia2008" class="citation book cs1">Garcia, Kathleen, ed. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F25aMroD_IUC&pg=PA18">Early Phoenix</a>. Arcadia Publishing. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738548395" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738548395"><bdi>978-0738548395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Phoenix&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0738548395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF25aMroD_IUC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407100007/http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=96837a7b-19b5-4010-808e-7d9ae7bfbd04">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory – Nomination Form: Phoenix Carnegie Library and Library Park"</a>. National Park Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=96837a7b-19b5-4010-808e-7d9ae7bfbd04">the original</a> on April 7, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory+%E2%80%93+Nomination+Form%3A+Phoenix+Carnegie+Library+and+Library+Park&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocus.nps.gov%2FGetAsset%3FassetID%3D96837a7b-19b5-4010-808e-7d9ae7bfbd04&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171114/http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/newlands.htm">"Reclamation Act/Newlands Act of 1902"</a>. Center for Columbia River History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccrh.org/comm/umatilla/primary/newlands.htm">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclamation+Act%2FNewlands+Act+of+1902&rft.pub=Center+for+Columbia+River+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccrh.org%2Fcomm%2Fumatilla%2Fprimary%2Fnewlands.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200331/http://www.srpnet.com/water/dams/roosevelt.aspx">"Theodore Roosevelt Dam"</a>. Salt River Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srpnet.com/water/dams/roosevelt.aspx">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theodore+Roosevelt+Dam&rft.pub=Salt+River+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.srpnet.com%2Fwater%2Fdams%2Froosevelt.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:42945">"GNIS Detail: Theodore Roosevelt Dam"</a>. USGS. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS&rft.atitle=GNIS+Detail%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+Dam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A42945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:42942">"GNIS Detail: Theodore Roosevelt Lake"</a>. USGS. United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USGS&rft.atitle=GNIS+Detail%3A+Theodore+Roosevelt+Lake&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A3%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP3_FID%3A42942&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona">"Arizona"</a>. History.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona&rft.pub=History.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Fus-states%2Farizona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403094105/http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/taft-veto.html">"President William Howard Taft's veto of H.J. Res. 14 to admit the territories of New Mexico and Arizona as States into the Union, August 15, 1911"</a>. National Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/nm-az-statehood/taft-veto.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=President+William+Howard+Taft%27s+veto+of+H.J.+Res.+14+to+admit+the+territories+of+New+Mexico+and+Arizona+as+States+into+the+Union%2C+August+15%2C+1911&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Flegislative%2Ffeatures%2Fnm-az-statehood%2Ftaft-veto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skyharbor-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Skyharbor_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyharbor.com/about/earlyYears.html">"1935 and The Farm – Sky Harbor's Early Years and Memories"</a>. skyharbor.com. August 30, 1930. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1935+and+The+Farm+%E2%80%93+Sky+Harbor%27s+Early+Years+and+Memories&rft.pub=skyharbor.com&rft.date=1930-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyharbor.com%2Fabout%2FearlyYears.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922220009/https://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/road-trips/2014/12/12/arizona-scenic-drive-globe-safford/20091963/">"Arizona scenic drive: Globe to Safford"</a>. Arizona Republic. October 2, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/story/travel/road-trips/2014/12/12/arizona-scenic-drive-globe-safford/20091963/">the original</a> on September 22, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Arizona+scenic+drive%3A+Globe+to+Safford&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Ftravel%2Froad-trips%2F2014%2F12%2F12%2Farizona-scenic-drive-globe-safford%2F20091963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valley101-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valley101_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valley101_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1999" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Clay (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claythompsonsval0000thom/page/1">Valley 101: A Slightly Skewed Guide to Living in Arizona</a>. Primer Publishers. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/claythompsonsval0000thom/page/1">1–2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935810-71-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935810-71-4"><bdi>978-0-935810-71-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valley+101%3A+A+Slightly+Skewed+Guide+to+Living+in+Arizona&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Primer+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-935810-71-4&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Clay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclaythompsonsval0000thom%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scottsdaleaz.gov/airport/history.asp">"Scottsdale Airport History"</a>. scottsdaleaz.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scottsdale+Airport+History&rft.pub=scottsdaleaz.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottsdaleaz.gov%2Fairport%2Fhistory.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning2005" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Thomas A. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofaireduc00gop">History of Air Education and Training Command, 1942–2002</a>. Randolph AFB, Texas: Office of History and Research, Headquarters, AETC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-178-48983-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-178-48983-5"><bdi>978-1-178-48983-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Air+Education+and+Training+Command%2C+1942%E2%80%932002&rft.place=Randolph+AFB%2C+Texas&rft.pub=Office+of+History+and+Research%2C+Headquarters%2C+AETC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-178-48983-5&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofaireduc00gop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225075921/https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/history/2015/05/14/125-republic-anniversary-arizona-internment-camps-high-tech-firms/27188081/">"1940s in Arizona: Internment camps and high-tech firms"</a>. Arizona Republic. May 14, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/history/2015/05/14/125-republic-anniversary-arizona-internment-camps-high-tech-firms/27188081/">the original</a> on February 25, 2021. Retrieved March 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=1940s+in+Arizona%3A+Internment+camps+and+high-tech+firms&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fhistory%2F2015%2F05%2F14%2F125-republic-anniversary-arizona-internment-camps-high-tech-firms%2F27188081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooneFragkias2012" class="citation book cs1">Boone, Christopher G.; Fragkias, Michail, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGa-DCN5ODoC&pg=PA164">Urbanization and Sustainability</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789400756663" title="Special:BookSources/9789400756663"><bdi>9789400756663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urbanization+and+Sustainability&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789400756663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGa-DCN5ODoC%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AZed-60"><a href="#cite_ref-AZed_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055917/http://www.arizonaedventures.com/reference-guide/arizona-history-timeline/20th-century/">"20th Century"</a>. Arizona Edventures. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arizonaedventures.com/reference-guide/arizona-history-timeline/20th-century/">the original</a> on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20th+Century&rft.pub=Arizona+Edventures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arizonaedventures.com%2Freference-guide%2Farizona-history-timeline%2F20th-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2014" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Andrew (2014). Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Lines%3A+Phoenix+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Southwest&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2014" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Andrew (2014). Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Lines%3A+Phoenix+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Southwest&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham2014" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Andrew (2014). Power Lines: Phoenix and the Making of the Modern Southwest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 87.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+Lines%3A+Phoenix+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+Southwest&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona">"1960s trends in Arizona"</a>. Arizona Republic. September 1, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.azcentral.com/business/articles/2011/09/01/20110901biz-centennial0902trends1960s.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=1960s+trends+in+Arizona&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.azcentral.com%2Fbusiness%2Farticles%2F2011%2F09%2F01%2F20110901biz-centennial0902trends1960s.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRex" class="citation web cs1">Rex, Tom R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324102211/https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/75299/content/DevelopmentOfPhx.pdf">"Development of Metropolitan Phoenix: Historical, Current and Future Trends"</a> (PDF). History.com. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/75299/content/DevelopmentOfPhx.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 24, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+Metropolitan+Phoenix%3A+Historical%2C+Current+and+Future+Trends&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=History.com&rft.aulast=Rex&rft.aufirst=Tom+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.asu.edu%2Fattachments%2F75299%2Fcontent%2FDevelopmentOfPhx.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201042-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201042_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, p. 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010641/http://www.emporis.com/building/phoenixcorporatecenter-phoenix-az-usa">"Phoenix Corporate Center"</a>. Emporis. Archived from the original on October 19, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Corporate+Center&rft.pub=Emporis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fbuilding%2Fphoenixcorporatecenter-phoenix-az-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221184444/http://www.emporis.com/complex/phoenix-city-square-phoenix-az-usa">"Phoenix City Square"</a>. Emporis. Archived from the original on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+City+Square&rft.pub=Emporis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fcomplex%2Fphoenix-city-square-phoenix-az-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222135937/http://modernphoenix.net/phoenixfinancial.htm">"The Phoenix Financial Center a.k.a. Western Savings and Loan"</a>. ModernPhoenix.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://modernphoenix.net/phoenixfinancial.htm">the original</a> on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Phoenix+Financial+Center+a.k.a.+Western+Savings+and+Loan&rft.pub=ModernPhoenix.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmodernphoenix.net%2Fphoenixfinancial.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140205184137/http://origin.nba.com/suns/history/00827382.html">"Suns Timeline"</a>. National Basketball Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://origin.nba.com/suns/history/00827382.html">the original</a> on February 5, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Suns+Timeline&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forigin.nba.com%2Fsuns%2Fhistory%2F00827382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208210906/http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf">"Season Review 68–69"</a> (PDF). National Basketball Association. p. 122. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Season+Review+68%E2%80%9369&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fsuns%2Fmedia%2FSunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208210906/http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf">"Season Review 92–93"</a> (PDF). National Basketball Association. p. 170. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/suns/media/SunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 8, 2012. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Season+Review+92%E2%80%9393&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fsuns%2Fmedia%2FSunsMediaGuide2011-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303061616/http://www.cap-az.com/about-us/history">"History"</a>. Central Arizona Project. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cap-az.com/about-us/history">the original</a> on March 3, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Central+Arizona+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cap-az.com%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305065806/http://content.library.arizona.edu/collections/mo_cap/index.php">"Morris Udall Papers – Central Arizona Project"</a>. University of Arizona. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.library.arizona.edu/collections/mo_cap/index.php">the original</a> on March 5, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morris+Udall+Papers+%E2%80%93+Central+Arizona+Project&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.library.arizona.edu%2Fcollections%2Fmo_cap%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140227211250/http://www.diocesephoenix.org/about-history.php">"History of the Diocese of Phoenix"</a>. The Roman Catholic Diocese of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diocesephoenix.org/about-history.php">the original</a> on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Diocese+of+Phoenix&rft.pub=The+Roman+Catholic+Diocese+of+Phoenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diocesephoenix.org%2Fabout-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995235–237-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995235–237_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckingham1995">Luckingham 1995</a>, pp. 235–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515180922/http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/arts/phxsymphonyhall.html">"Valley Arts Guide"</a>. Arizona Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/thingstodo/arts/phxsymphonyhall.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2016. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Valley+Arts+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fthingstodo%2Farts%2Fphxsymphonyhall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106135205/http://www.emporis.com/building/chasetower-phoenix-az-usa">"Chase Tower"</a>. Emporis. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chase+Tower&rft.pub=Emporis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fbuilding%2Fchasetower-phoenix-az-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycentral.com/Today/SandraDayO'Connor.html">"First Woman to Supreme Court"</a>. History Central. Retrieved February 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Woman+to+Supreme+Court&rft.pub=History+Central&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycentral.com%2FToday%2FSandraDayO%27Connor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/centennial/news/articles/2011/03/11/20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html?page=5">"Arizona Centennial"</a>. The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com. Retrieved February 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Centennial&rft.pub=The+Arizona+Republic%2FAZCentral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fcentennial%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F11%2F20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html%3Fpage%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/centennial/news/articles/2011/03/11/20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html?page=7">"Arizona Centennial"</a>. The Arizona Republic/AZCentral.com. Retrieved February 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Centennial&rft.pub=The+Arizona+Republic%2FAZCentral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fcentennial%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F11%2F20110311arizona-centennial-1980s.html%3Fpage%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228064753/http://www.jcl.com/about/timeline/1990s">"John C. Lincoln Timeline – 1990s"</a>. John C. Lincoln Health Network. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcl.com/about/timeline/1990s">the original</a> on February 28, 2014. Retrieved February 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+C.+Lincoln+Timeline+%E2%80%93+1990s&rft.pub=John+C.+Lincoln+Health+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcl.com%2Fabout%2Ftimeline%2F1990s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=4219">"Phoenix City Hall"</a>. SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved February 27, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+City+Hall&rft.pub=SkyscraperPage.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyscraperpage.com%2Fcities%2F%3FbuildingID%3D4219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolsey2007" class="citation news cs1">Woolsey, Matt (October 31, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2007/10/31/property-cities-growth-forbeslife-cx_mw_1031realestate_slide_3.html?thisSpeed=15000">"In Pictures: America's Fastest-Growing Cities from"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved June 30, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=In+Pictures%3A+America%27s+Fastest-Growing+Cities+from&rft.date=2007-10-31&rft.aulast=Woolsey&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2F2007%2F10%2F31%2Fproperty-cities-growth-forbeslife-cx_mw_1031realestate_slide_3.html%3FthisSpeed%3D15000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2008" class="citation news cs1">Myers, Amanda Lee (April 10, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-04-10-2715750201_x.htm">"Feds OK naming Phoenix peak for soldier"</a>. USA Today. Retrieved February 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Feds+OK+naming+Phoenix+peak+for+soldier&rft.date=2008-04-10&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Amanda+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2008-04-10-2715750201_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowAcosta2009" class="citation news cs1">Snow, Mary; Acosta, Jim (February 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/02/17/obama.foreclosures/">"Obama expected to announce foreclosure plan"</a>. CNN. Retrieved May 22, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Obama+expected+to+announce+foreclosure+plan&rft.date=2009-02-17&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Acosta%2C+Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FPOLITICS%2F02%2F17%2Fobama.foreclosures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhoenixRunningOutOfWater-87"><a href="#cite_ref-PhoenixRunningOutOfWater_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoomis2023" class="citation web cs1">Loomis, Brandon (June 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2023/06/01/new-arizona-groundwater-model-shows-shortfall-state-will-halt-growth/70279189007/">"Arizona will halt new home approvals in parts of metro Phoenix as water supplies tighten"</a>. azcentral.com. USA TODAY Network. Retrieved June 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azcentral.com&rft.atitle=Arizona+will+halt+new+home+approvals+in+parts+of+metro+Phoenix+as+water+supplies+tighten&rft.date=2023-06-01&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Brandon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farizona-environment%2F2023%2F06%2F01%2Fnew-arizona-groundwater-model-shows-shortfall-state-will-halt-growth%2F70279189007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109063347/http://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:44784,Phoenix">"Feature Detail Report for: Phoenix"</a>. U.S. Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=136:3:0::NO:3:P3_FID,P3_TITLE:44784,Phoenix">the original</a> on January 9, 2017. Retrieved March 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feature+Detail+Report+for%3A+Phoenix&rft.pub=U.S.+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fapex%2Ff%3Fp%3D136%3A3%3A0%3A%3ANO%3A3%3AP3_FID%2CP3_TITLE%3A44784%2CPhoenix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summitpost.org/phoenix-mountains-and-neighboring-ranges/285171">"Phoenix Mountain Overview"</a>. summitpost.org. Retrieved March 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Mountain+Overview&rft.pub=summitpost.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.summitpost.org%2Fphoenix-mountains-and-neighboring-ranges%2F285171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> James W. Elmore (1985). A Guide to the architecture of Metro Phoenix. p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Paul M. Torrens, "Simulating sprawl." Annals of the Association of American Geographers 96.2 (2006): 248–275. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Carol E. Heim, "Leapfrogging, urban sprawl, and growth management: Phoenix, 1950–2000." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 60.1 (2001): 245–283. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/united-states/1999/07/15/a-hydra-in-the-desert">"A hydra in the desert"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. July 15, 1999. Retrieved February 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+hydra+in+the+desert&rft.date=1999-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Funited-states%2F1999%2F07%2F15%2Fa-hydra-in-the-desert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters2018" class="citation news cs1">Walters, Joanna (March 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2018/mar/20/phoenix-least-sustainable-city-survive-water">"Plight of Phoenix: how long can the world's 'least sustainable' city survive?"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved February 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Plight+of+Phoenix%3A+how+long+can+the+world%27s+%27least+sustainable%27+city+survive%3F&rft.date=2018-03-20&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Joanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcities%2F2018%2Fmar%2F20%2Fphoenix-least-sustainable-city-survive-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2016" class="citation news cs1">White, Kaila (October 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2016/10/06/onion-article-mocks-phoenix-suburban-sprawl/91677190/">"'Onion' article mocks Phoenix's suburban sprawl"</a>. Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=%27Onion%27+article+mocks+Phoenix%27s+suburban+sprawl&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Kaila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fphoenix%2F2016%2F10%2F06%2Fonion-article-mocks-phoenix-suburban-sprawl%2F91677190%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgan1996" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Egan" title="Timothy Egan">Egan, Timothy</a> (December 29, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/12/29/us/urban-sprawl-strains-western-states.html">"Urban Sprawl Strains Western States"</a>. The Seattle Times. Retrieved February 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Urban+Sprawl+Strains+Western+States&rft.date=1996-12-29&rft.aulast=Egan&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F12%2F29%2Fus%2Furban-sprawl-strains-western-states.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521120746/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html">"Phoenix (city) QuickFacts"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html">the original</a> on May 21, 2012. Retrieved March 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+%28city%29+QuickFacts&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fstates%2F04%2F0455000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110624025704/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42101.html">"Philadelphia (city) Quickfacts"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/42/42101.html">the original</a> on June 24, 2011. Retrieved March 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philadelphia+%28city%29+Quickfacts&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fstates%2F42%2F42101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929111247/http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/75798">"Arizona does not need daylight saving time"</a>. Arizona Daily Star. May 19, 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azstarnet.com/sn/printDS/75798">the original</a> on September 29, 2007. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Arizona+does+not+need+daylight+saving+time&rft.date=2005-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azstarnet.com%2Fsn%2FprintDS%2F75798&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325080714/https://www.phoenix.gov/pdd/pz/village-planning-committees">"Village Planning Committees"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/pdd/pz/village-planning-committees">the original</a> on March 25, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Village+Planning+Committees&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fpdd%2Fpz%2Fvillage-planning-committees&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160327021820/https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/pdd_pz_pdf_00020.pdf">"The Village Planning Handbook"</a> (PDF). City of Phoenix. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/pdd_pz_pdf_00020.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 27, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Village+Planning+Handbook&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fpddsite%2FDocuments%2Fpdd_pz_pdf_00020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102180553/https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/ReinventPHX%20Uptown%20District%20Profile.pdf">"ReinventPHX District Profile: Uptown"</a> (PDF). City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/pddsite/Documents/ReinventPHX%20Uptown%20District%20Profile.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 2, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ReinventPHX+District+Profile%3A+Uptown&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fpddsite%2FDocuments%2FReinventPHX%2520Uptown%2520District%2520Profile.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919085511/https://www.phoenix.gov/parks/trails/things-to-do/wildlife">"The Wildlife of the Phoenix Mountain Preserves"</a>. phoenix.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/parks/trails/things-to-do/wildlife">the original</a> on September 19, 2015. Retrieved September 5, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Wildlife+of+the+Phoenix+Mountain+Preserves&rft.pub=phoenix.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fparks%2Ftrails%2Fthings-to-do%2Fwildlife&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222011519/http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/urban_az_wildlife.shtml">"Living With Wildlife – Arizona Wildlife"</a>. Arizona Game and Fish Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azgfd.gov/w_c/urban_az_wildlife.shtml">the original</a> on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+With+Wildlife+%E2%80%93+Arizona+Wildlife&rft.pub=Arizona+Game+and+Fish+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azgfd.gov%2Fw_c%2Furban_az_wildlife.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadamakerCorman2011" class="citation web cs1">Radamaker, Kurt A.; Corman, Troy E. (September 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azfo.org/journal/Rosy-facedLovebird2011.html">"Status of the Rosy-faced Lovebird in Phoenix, Arizona"</a>. Arizona Field Ornithologists. Retrieved September 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Field+Ornithologists&rft.atitle=Status+of+the+Rosy-faced+Lovebird+in+Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.date=2011-09-15&rft.aulast=Radamaker&rft.aufirst=Kurt+A.&rft.au=Corman%2C+Troy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazfo.org%2Fjournal%2FRosy-facedLovebird2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PF-Lovebird-106"><a href="#cite_ref-PF-Lovebird_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mirror-pole.com/collpage/pf_loveb/pfl_1.htm">"Peach-faced Lovebird Range Expansion Data in Greater Phoenix, Arizona Area"</a>. Retrieved February 27, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Peach-faced+Lovebird+Range+Expansion+Data+in+Greater+Phoenix%2C+Arizona+Area&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmirror-pole.com%2Fcollpage%2Fpf_loveb%2Fpfl_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixsnakeremoval.com/snakes-of-phoenix.php">"Common Snakes of the Phoenix Area"</a>. Phoenix Snake Removal. Retrieved February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Common+Snakes+of+the+Phoenix+Area&rft.pub=Phoenix+Snake+Removal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixsnakeremoval.com%2Fsnakes-of-phoenix.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222050828/http://www.desertmuseum.org/center/swbiodiversity.php">"Sonoran Desert Region Flora – Maricopa County"</a>. Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.desertmuseum.org/center/swbiodiversity.php">the original</a> on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sonoran+Desert+Region+Flora+%E2%80%93+Maricopa+County&rft.pub=Arizona-Sonora+Desert+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desertmuseum.org%2Fcenter%2Fswbiodiversity.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224024058/http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/body.1_div.4.html">"Natural Vegetation of Arizona"</a>. University of Arizona Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/azso/body.1_div.4.html">the original</a> on February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Vegetation+of+Arizona&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsouthwest.library.arizona.edu%2Fazso%2Fbody.1_div.4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/ex/sustainablecitiescollective/phoenix-america-s-desert-metropolis/28262/">"Phoenix: America's Desert Metropolis | Smart Cities Dive"</a>. www.smartcitiesdive.com. Retrieved March 8, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.smartcitiesdive.com&rft.atitle=Phoenix%3A+America%27s+Desert+Metropolis+%7C+Smart+Cities+Dive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smartcitiesdive.com%2Fex%2Fsustainablecitiescollective%2Fphoenix-america-s-desert-metropolis%2F28262%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2016" class="citation web cs1">Stanley, Courtney (April 25, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theculturetrip.com/north-america/usa/articles/the-10-sunniest-cities-in-the-world/">"The 10 Sunniest Cities In The World"</a>. Retrieved September 7, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+10+Sunniest+Cities+In+The+World&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Courtney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheculturetrip.com%2Fnorth-america%2Fusa%2Farticles%2Fthe-10-sunniest-cities-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Farmers-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Farmers_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherbee2012" class="citation web cs1">Weatherbee, Caleb (July 9, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150917062714/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/">"America's Hottest Cities"</a>. The Farmer's Almanac. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/07/09/americas-hottest-cities/">the original</a> on September 17, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Hottest+Cities&rft.pub=The+Farmer%27s+Almanac&rft.date=2012-07-09&rft.aulast=Weatherbee&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffarmersalmanac.com%2Fweather%2F2012%2F07%2F09%2Famericas-hottest-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_113-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_113-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_113-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://w2.weather.gov/climate/xmacis.php?wfo=psr">"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Retrieved July 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NowData+%E2%80%93+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fw2.weather.gov%2Fclimate%2Fxmacis.php%3Fwfo%3Dpsr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorish" class="citation web cs1">Dorish, Joe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phoenix-az.knoji.com/10-alltime-hottest-weather-temperature-days-in-phoenix/">"10 All-Time Hottest Weather Temperature Days in Phoenix"</a>. Knoji. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+All-Time+Hottest+Weather+Temperature+Days+in+Phoenix&rft.pub=Knoji&rft.aulast=Dorish&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix-az.knoji.com%2F10-alltime-hottest-weather-temperature-days-in-phoenix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodykoontz" class="citation web cs1">Goodykoontz, Annie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-weather/2024/07/02/july-is-the-hottest-month-arizona-heres-why/74273152007/">"What's the hottest month in Arizona? What to know about record-setting summer temperatures"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+hottest+month+in+Arizona%3F+What+to+know+about+record-setting+summer+temperatures&rft.aulast=Goodykoontz&rft.aufirst=Annie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fphoenix-weather%2F2024%2F07%2F02%2Fjuly-is-the-hottest-month-arizona-heres-why%2F74273152007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce" class="citation web cs1">US Department of Commerce, NOAA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/psr/ExtremeTemps">"Historical Extreme Temperatures in Phoenix and Yuma"</a>. www.weather.gov. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weather.gov&rft.atitle=Historical+Extreme+Temperatures+in+Phoenix+and+Yuma&rft.aulast=US+Department+of+Commerce&rft.aufirst=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fpsr%2FExtremeTemps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEagerton" class="citation web cs1">Eagerton, Audrey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix-weather/2023/09/10/phoenix-hits-new-record-55-days-of-110-plus-temperatures/70818380007/">"After a record-breaking weekend, cooler temperatures and rain chances are expected"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=After+a+record-breaking+weekend%2C+cooler+temperatures+and+rain+chances+are+expected&rft.aulast=Eagerton&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fphoenix-weather%2F2023%2F09%2F10%2Fphoenix-hits-new-record-55-days-of-110-plus-temperatures%2F70818380007%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/psr/Climate/June2024Climate.pdf">"June 2024 Climate Summary"</a> (PDF). National Weather Service, Phoenix, Arizona. June 2024. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service%2C+Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.atitle=June+2024+Climate+Summary&rft.date=2024-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Fpsr%2FClimate%2FJune2024Climate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/psr/Climate/August2024Climate.pdf">"August 2024 Climate Summary"</a> (PDF). National Weather Service, Phoenix, Arizona. August 2024. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service%2C+Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.atitle=August+2024+Climate+Summary&rft.date=2024-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Fpsr%2FClimate%2FAugust2024Climate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/media/psr/Climate/July2024Climate.pdf">"July 2024 Climate Summary"</a> (PDF). National Weather Service, Phoenix, Arizona. July 2024. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Weather+Service%2C+Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.atitle=July+2024+Climate+Summary&rft.date=2024-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fmedia%2Fpsr%2FClimate%2FJuly2024Climate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeck2024" class="citation web cs1">Speck, Emilee (September 18, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/phoenix-100-degree-temperature-streak-ends">"Phoenix finally snaps record streak of triple-digit temperatures after 113 days"</a>. FOX Weather. Retrieved September 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FOX+Weather&rft.atitle=Phoenix+finally+snaps+record+streak+of+triple-digit+temperatures+after+113+days&rft.date=2024-09-18&rft.aulast=Speck&rft.aufirst=Emilee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxweather.com%2Fweather-news%2Fphoenix-100-degree-temperature-streak-ends&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Weather_Service" class="citation web cs1">National Weather Service, NOAA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/psr/ExtremeTemps">"Historical Extreme Temperatures in Phoenix, Yuma, and El Centro"</a>. www.weather.gov. Retrieved January 13, 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.weather.gov&rft.atitle=Historical+Extreme+Temperatures+in+Phoenix%2C+Yuma%2C+and+El+Centro&rft.aulast=National+Weather+Service&rft.aufirst=NOAA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fpsr%2FExtremeTemps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonesNockSamarasQiu2023" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Andrew; Nock, Destenie; Samaras, Constantine; Qiu, Yueming (Lucy); Xing, Bo (December 1, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2023.113811">"Climate change impacts on future residential electricity consumption and energy burden: A case study in Phoenix, Arizona"</a>. Energy Policy. 183: 113811. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023EnPol.18313811J">2023EnPol.18313811J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2023.113811">10.1016/j.enpol.2023.113811</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0301-4215">0301-4215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+Policy&rft.atitle=Climate+change+impacts+on+future+residential+electricity+consumption+and+energy+burden%3A+A+case+study+in+Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.volume=183&rft.pages=113811&rft.date=2023-12-01&rft.issn=0301-4215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2023.113811&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023EnPol.18313811J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Nock%2C+Destenie&rft.au=Samaras%2C+Constantine&rft.au=Qiu%2C+Yueming+%28Lucy%29&rft.au=Xing%2C+Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.enpol.2023.113811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotiyapungprasert2019" class="citation news cs1">Totiyapungprasert, Priscilla (April 24, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/arizona-environment/2019/04/24/phoenix-ranked-7th-most-ozone-pollution-nation/3553111002/">"Phoenix ranked seventh for most ozone pollution in the nation, receives 'F' on new report"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Arizona Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Phoenix+ranked+seventh+for+most+ozone+pollution+in+the+nation%2C+receives+%27F%27+on+new+report&rft.date=2019-04-24&rft.aulast=Totiyapungprasert&rft.aufirst=Priscilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Farizona-environment%2F2019%2F04%2F24%2Fphoenix-ranked-7th-most-ozone-pollution-nation%2F3553111002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lung.org/research/sota/city-rankings/states/california">"California Air Quality Report Card"</a>. www.lung.org. Retrieved December 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lung.org&rft.atitle=California+Air+Quality+Report+Card&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lung.org%2Fresearch%2Fsota%2Fcity-rankings%2Fstates%2Fcalifornia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lung.org/local-content/_content-items/about-us/media/press-releases/new-report-phoenix-air.html">"New Report: Phoenix Air Quality Worsened for Pollution"</a>. American Lung Association. Retrieved September 10, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Lung+Association&rft.atitle=New+Report%3A+Phoenix+Air+Quality+Worsened+for+Pollution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lung.org%2Flocal-content%2F_content-items%2Fabout-us%2Fmedia%2Fpress-releases%2Fnew-report-phoenix-air.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/valley-fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20378761">"Valley Fever"</a>. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved September 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Valley+Fever&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fvalley-fever%2Fsymptoms-causes%2Fsyc-20378761&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthew2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Matthew, Rozsa (February 1, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.salon.com/2021/01/31/why-phoenix-may-be-uninhabitable-by-the-end-of-this-century/">"Why Phoenix may be uninhabitable by the end of this century"</a>. Salon. Retrieved February 1, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Salon&rft.atitle=Why+Phoenix+may+be+uninhabitable+by+the+end+of+this+century&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.aulast=Matthew&rft.aufirst=Rozsa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.salon.com%2F2021%2F01%2F31%2Fwhy-phoenix-may-be-uninhabitable-by-the-end-of-this-century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirois2012" class="citation book cs1">Sirois, Kevin, ed. (2012). Insider's Guide: Phoenix & Scottsdale (7th ed.). Morris Book Publishing. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-7321-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7627-7321-3"><bdi>978-0-7627-7321-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insider%27s+Guide%3A+Phoenix+%26+Scottsdale&rft.pages=186&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Morris+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7627-7321-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBulk" class="citation web cs1">Bulk, Harold. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119101009/http://www.public.asu.edu/~aunjs/ClimateofPhoenix/wxpart1.htm">"Abstract on the Climate of Phoenix"</a>. Arizona State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.asu.edu/~aunjs/ClimateofPhoenix/wxpart1.htm">the original</a> on January 19, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abstract+on+the+Climate+of+Phoenix&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft.aulast=Bulk&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.asu.edu%2F~aunjs%2FClimateofPhoenix%2Fwxpart1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516044129/http://archive.azcentral.com/relocation/valley101/weather.html">"Weather in the desert covers the spectrum"</a>. Arizona Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.azcentral.com/relocation/valley101/weather.html">the original</a> on May 16, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Weather+in+the+desert+covers+the+spectrum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.azcentral.com%2Frelocation%2Fvalley101%2Fweather.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BATTG19-132"><a href="#cite_ref-BATTG19_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattaglia2019" class="citation journal cs1">Battaglia, Steven M. (November 1, 2019). "No Fairy Tale Ending: The Future of Water and the American Southwest". <a href="/wiki/Weatherwise" title="Weatherwise">Weatherwise</a>. 72 (6): 36–43. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Weawi..72f..36B">2019Weawi..72f..36B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00431672.2019.1659034">10.1080/00431672.2019.1659034</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1672">0043-1672</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214466152">214466152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weatherwise&rft.atitle=No+Fairy+Tale+Ending%3A+The+Future+of+Water+and+the+American+Southwest&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E43&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00431672.2019.1659034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214466152%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0043-1672&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Weawi..72f..36B&rft.aulast=Battaglia&rft.aufirst=Steven+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221201736/http://phoenix.about.com/od/weather/a/monsoontrivia.htm">"Phoenix Monsoon Facts"</a>. phoenix.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.about.com/od/weather/a/monsoontrivia.htm">the original</a> on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Monsoon+Facts&rft.pub=phoenix.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.about.com%2Fod%2Fweather%2Fa%2Fmonsoontrivia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.researchhistory.org/2011/07/08/worst-dust-storm-in-arizona-history/">"Sweeping Dust Storm in Arizona History"</a>. Research History. July 8, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sweeping+Dust+Storm+in+Arizona+History&rft.pub=Research+History&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchhistory.org%2F2011%2F07%2F08%2Fworst-dust-storm-in-arizona-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosbergen2015" class="citation news cs1">Mosbergen, Dominique (June 29, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331161828/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/29/haboob-arizona-phoenix-dust-storm_n_7684654.html">"Haboob Alert! Giant Dust Storms Engulf Phoenix Area, Leaving Thousands Without Power"</a>. HuffPost. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/29/haboob-arizona-phoenix-dust-storm_n_7684654.html">the original</a> on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Haboob+Alert%21+Giant+Dust+Storms+Engulf+Phoenix+Area%2C+Leaving+Thousands+Without+Power&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.aulast=Mosbergen&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2015%2F06%2F29%2Fhaboob-arizona-phoenix-dust-storm_n_7684654.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenix_Weatherbox_NOAA-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Weatherbox_NOAA_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather.gov/wrh/climate?wfo=psr">"NowData – NOAA Online Weather Data"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Retrieved October 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NowData+%E2%80%93+NOAA+Online+Weather+Data&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.gov%2Fwrh%2Fclimate%3Fwfo%3Dpsr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701001831/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023183&format=pdf">"Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/services/data/v1?dataset=normals-monthly-1991-2020&startDate=0001-01-01&endDate=9996-12-31&stations=USW00023183&format=pdf">the original</a> on July 1, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+Monthly+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Faccess%2Fservices%2Fdata%2Fv1%3Fdataset%3Dnormals-monthly-1991-2020%26startDate%3D0001-01-01%26endDate%3D9996-12-31%26stations%3DUSW00023183%26format%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenix_Weatherbox_noaasun-140"><a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Weatherbox_noaasun_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230701000339/ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72278.TXT">"WMO Climate Normals for PHOENIX/SKY HARBOR INTL, AZ 1961–1990"</a>. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_IV/US/GROUP3/72278.TXT">the original</a> on July 1, 2023. Retrieved October 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+Climate+Normals+for+PHOENIX%2FSKY+HARBOR+INTL%2C+AZ+1961%26ndash%3B1990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.atdd.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2FGCOS%2FWMO-Normals%2FTABLES%2FREG_IV%2FUS%2FGROUP3%2F72278.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenix_Weather.com-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Weather.com_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USAZ0166?from=36hr_bottomnav_undeclare">"Monthly Averages for Phoenix, AZ – Temperature and Precipitation"</a>. The Weather Channel. Retrieved May 7, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Averages+for+Phoenix%2C+AZ+%E2%80%93+Temperature+and+Precipitation&rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Foutlook%2Ftravel%2Fbusinesstraveler%2Fwxclimatology%2Fmonthly%2Fgraph%2FUSAZ0166%3Ffrom%3D36hr_bottomnav_undeclare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UVIT-142"><a href="#cite_ref-UVIT_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uvindextoday.com/usa/arizona/maricopa-county/phoenix-uv-index/historical-data">"Historical UV Index Data - Phoenix, AZ"</a>. UV Index Today. Retrieved April 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+UV+Index+Data+-+Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pub=UV+Index+Today&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvindextoday.com%2Fusa%2Farizona%2Fmaricopa-county%2Fphoenix-uv-index%2Fhistorical-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214060708/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1901&prodType=table">"Income in the Past 12 Months (in 2016 Inflation-adjusted Dollars)"</a>. American Fact Finder. US Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1901&prodType=table">the original</a> on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Fact+Finder&rft.atitle=Income+in+the+Past+12+Months+%28in+2016+Inflation-adjusted+Dollars%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_16_5YR_S1901%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200214060605/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1701&prodType=table">"Poverty Status in the Past 12 Months"</a>. American Fact Finder. US Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_5YR_S1701&prodType=table">the original</a> on February 14, 2020. Retrieved March 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Fact+Finder&rft.atitle=Poverty+Status+in+the+Past+12+Months&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_16_5YR_S1701%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024/subcounty-population-estimates.html">"Population Rebounds for Many Cities in Northeast and Midwest"</a>. May 16, 2024. Retrieved May 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+Rebounds+for+Many+Cities+in+Northeast+and+Midwest&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2024%2Fsubcounty-population-estimates.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DecennialCensus-146"><a href="#cite_ref-DecennialCensus_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html">"Census of Population and Housing"</a>. Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+of+Population+and+Housing&rft.pub=Census.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprograms-surveys%2Fdecennial-census.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QuickFacts-147"><a href="#cite_ref-QuickFacts_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/POP010220">"QuickFacts: Phoenix city, Arizona"</a>. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QuickFacts%3A+Phoenix+city%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fphoenixcityarizona%2FPOP010220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FN170525-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FN170525_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FN170525_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/phoenix-now-the-5th-largest-city-in-the-us-census-says">"Phoenix now the 5th-largest city in the US, census says"</a>. Fox News Channel. May 25, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525225247/http://www.foxnews.com/us/2017/05/25/phoenix-now-5th-largest-city-in-us-census-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved May 27, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+now+the+5th-largest+city+in+the+US%2C+census+says&rft.pub=Fox+News+Channel&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Fphoenix-now-the-5th-largest-city-in-the-us-census-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azcentral3-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-azcentral3_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-azcentral3_149-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBui2011" class="citation web cs1">Bui, Lynh (March 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/community/phoenix/articles/2011/03/13/20110313phoenix-6th-largest-city-philadelphia.html">"Arizona Republic: "Phoenix drops to sixth largest city.""</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved June 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Arizona+Republic%3A+%22Phoenix+drops+to+sixth+largest+city.%22&rft.date=2011-03-13&rft.aulast=Bui&rft.aufirst=Lynh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fcommunity%2Fphoenix%2Farticles%2F2011%2F03%2F13%2F20110313phoenix-6th-largest-city-philadelphia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Velzer" class="citation web cs1">Van Velzer, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tucsonsentinel.com/local/report/032410_census/census-estimates-show-sharp-drop-arizonas-population-growth/">"Census estimates show sharp drop in Arizona's population growth"</a>. Tucson Sentinel. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+estimates+show+sharp+drop+in+Arizona%27s+population+growth&rft.pub=Tucson+Sentinel&rft.aulast=Van+Velzer&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tucsonsentinel.com%2Flocal%2Freport%2F032410_census%2Fcensus-estimates-show-sharp-drop-arizonas-population-growth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Nasser" class="citation web cs1">El Nasser, Haya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-04-07-1Acities07_ST_N.htm">"Most major U.S. cities show population declines"</a>. US Today. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Most+major+U.S.+cities+show+population+declines&rft.pub=US+Today&rft.aulast=El+Nasser&rft.aufirst=Haya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fcensus%2F2011-04-07-1Acities07_ST_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phoenix.about.com-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phoenix.about.com_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phoenix.about.com_152-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412222559/http://phoenix.about.com/cs/living/a/census01_2.htm">"Arizona Statistics: Taking a Look at Census 2010"</a>. phoenix.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.about.com/cs/living/a/census01_2.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Statistics%3A+Taking+a+Look+at+Census+2010&rft.pub=phoenix.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.about.com%2Fcs%2Fliving%2Fa%2Fcensus01_2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MSA-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MSA_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510135436/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0020.pdf">"Large Metropolitan Statistical Areas – Population: 1990 to 2010"</a> (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2012/tables/12s0020.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 10, 2012. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Large+Metropolitan+Statistical+Areas+%E2%80%93+Population%3A+1990+to+2010&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcompendia%2Fstatab%2F2012%2Ftables%2F12s0020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_154-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox" class="citation web cs1">Cox, Wendell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newgeography.com/content/002115-phoenix-population-counts-lower-expected">"Phoenix Population Counts Lower than Expected"</a>. newgeography.com. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Population+Counts+Lower+than+Expected&rft.pub=newgeography.com&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Wendell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newgeography.com%2Fcontent%2F002115-phoenix-population-counts-lower-expected&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> OMB Bulletin 18-04, September 14, 2018 </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170516142109/http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html">"Megaregions"</a>. america2050. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.america2050.org/megaregions.html">the original</a> on May 16, 2017. Retrieved February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Megaregions&rft.pub=america2050&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.america2050.org%2Fmegaregions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212055711/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1">"Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics: 2010 Demographic Profile Data"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1">the original</a> on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+of+General+Population+and+Housing+Characteristics%3A+2010+Demographic+Profile+Data&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_DP_DPDP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212213801/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03">"Selected Economic Characteristics: 2008–2012 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_5YR_DP03">the original</a> on February 12, 2020. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Economic+Characteristics%3A+2008%E2%80%932012+American+Community+Survey+5-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_12_5YR_DP03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_159-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_159-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-census_159-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html">"Arizona – Race and Hispanic Origin for Selected Cities and Other Places: Earliest Census to 1990"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html">the original</a> on August 12, 2012. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+%E2%80%93+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin+for+Selected+Cities+and+Other+Places%3A+Earliest+Census+to+1990&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fpopulation%2Fwww%2Fdocumentation%2Ftwps0076%2Ftwps0076.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120521120746/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html">"State & County QuickFacts – Phoenix (city), Arizona"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/04/0455000.html">the original</a> on May 21, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+%26+County+QuickFacts+%E2%80%93+Phoenix+%28city%29%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fstates%2F04%2F0455000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/phoenixcityarizona/PST045219">"2020 Census"</a>. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fquickfacts%2Ffact%2Ftable%2Fphoenixcityarizona%2FPST045219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.statesmanjournal.com/census/total-population/total-population-change/phoenix-city-arizona/160-0455000/">"Phoenix city, Arizona Demographics and Housing 2020 Decennial Census"</a>. Statesman Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statesman+Journal&rft.atitle=Phoenix+city%2C+Arizona+Demographics+and+Housing+2020+Decennial+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.statesmanjournal.com%2Fcensus%2Ftotal-population%2Ftotal-population-change%2Fphoenix-city-arizona%2F160-0455000%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212210601/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3">"Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin: 2010"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP3">the original</a> on February 12, 2020. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Race+and+Hispanic+or+Latino+Origin%3A+2010&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_SF1_QTP3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SSC-164"><a href="#cite_ref-SSC_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150316025439/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP02&prodType=table">"Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2012 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_12_1YR_DP02&prodType=table">the original</a> on March 16, 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Social+Characteristics+in+the+United+States%3A+2012+American+Community+Survey+1-Year+Estimates&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DACS_12_1YR_DP02%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.uapress.arizona.edu/read/urban-indians-of-arizona/section/cc607495-3790-45f9-99fb-b7341a5b2dfb">""2. Phoenix" in "Urban Indians of Arizona: Phoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff" on University of Arizona Press"</a>. open.uapress.arizona.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=open.uapress.arizona.edu&rft.atitle=%222.+Phoenix%22+in+%22Urban+Indians+of+Arizona%3A+Phoenix%2C+Tucson%2C+and+Flagstaff%22+on+University+of+Arizona+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.uapress.arizona.edu%2Fread%2Furban-indians-of-arizona%2Fsection%2Fcc607495-3790-45f9-99fb-b7341a5b2dfb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Phoenix-Arizona/People">"Phoenix - Indigenous, Settlers, Pioneers"</a>. Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Phoenix+-+Indigenous%2C+Settlers%2C+Pioneers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPhoenix-Arizona%2FPeople&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://immigrationforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Immigration-2020-Phoenix.pdf">"PHOENIX: AN IMMIGRATION SNAPSHOT"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PHOENIX%3A+AN+IMMIGRATION+SNAPSHOT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimmigrationforum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F03%2FImmigration-2020-Phoenix.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/">Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles</a>, Pew Research Center </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/">"America's Changing Religious Landscape"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>: Religion & Public Life. May 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+Changing+Religious+Landscape&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center%3A+Religion+%26+Public+Life&rft.date=2015-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2015%2F05%2F12%2Famericas-changing-religious-landscape%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140429154429/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/c/04/rcms2010_04013_county_tradition_2010.asp">"2010 U.S. Religion Census: Religious Congregations & Membership Study"</a>. The Association of Religious Data Archives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/c/04/rcms2010_04013_county_tradition_2010.asp">the original</a> on April 29, 2014. Retrieved March 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+U.S.+Religion+Census%3A+Religious+Congregations+%26+Membership+Study.&rft.pub=The+Association+of+Religious+Data+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thearda.com%2Frcms2010%2Fr%2Fc%2F04%2Frcms2010_04013_county_tradition_2010.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/humanservices/homelesshelp">"Human Services Homeless Information"</a>. www.phoenix.gov. Retrieved March 11, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phoenix.gov&rft.atitle=Human+Services+Homeless+Information&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fhumanservices%2Fhomelesshelp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201044-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201044_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201079-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201079_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995102-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995102_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckingham1995">Luckingham 1995</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Levittown: the Archetype for Suburban Development". American History Magazine. October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+History+Magazine&rft.atitle=Levittown%3A+the+Archetype+for+Suburban+Development&rft.date=2007-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160406163003/http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/lizearly/id/32">"Opening day of first model homes in Sun City"</a>. Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/ref/collection/lizearly/id/32">the original</a> on April 6, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opening+day+of+first+model+homes+in+Sun+City&rft.pub=Arizona+State+Library%2C+Archives+and+Public+Records&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazmemory.azlibrary.gov%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Flizearly%2Fid%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223044503/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896472,00.html">"The Family: A Place in the Sun"</a>. Time. August 3, 1962. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,896472,00.html">the original</a> on February 23, 2016. Retrieved March 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Family%3A+A+Place+in+the+Sun&rft.date=1962-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C896472%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVest2009" class="citation journal cs1">Vest, Marshall J. (January 2009). "Economic Outlook for 2009–2010: Riding Out the Storm". Arizona's Economy (Winter). Eller College of Management: 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona%27s+Economy&rft.atitle=Economic+Outlook+for+2009%E2%80%932010%3A+Riding+Out+the+Storm&rft.issue=Winter&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Vest&rft.aufirst=Marshall+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055223/http://www.history.com/topics/us-states/arizona">"Historical Data"</a>. W.P. Carey School of Business. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.wpcarey.asu.edu/economic-outlook/greater-phoenix-blue-chip/archive/">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+Data&rft.pub=W.P.+Carey+School+of+Business&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.wpcarey.asu.edu%2Feconomic-outlook%2Fgreater-phoenix-blue-chip%2Farchive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToll2016" class="citation news cs1">Toll, Eric Jay (January 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/01/22/arizona-ends-2015-on-strong-job-growth.html">"Arizona ends 2015 on strong job growth"</a>. Phoenix Business Journal. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Arizona+ends+2015+on+strong+job+growth&rft.date=2016-01-22&rft.aulast=Toll&rft.aufirst=Eric+Jay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fphoenix%2Fnews%2F2016%2F01%2F22%2Farizona-ends-2015-on-strong-job-growth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BLSJan2016-181">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BLSJan2016_181-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BLSJan2016_181-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160301233712/http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.az_phoenix_msa.htm">"Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale, AZ"</a>. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bls.gov/eag/eag.az_phoenix_msa.htm">the original</a> on March 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix-Mesa-Glendale%2C+AZ&rft.pub=U.S.+Bureau+of+Labor+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Feag%2Feag.az_phoenix_msa.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?acrdn=2&isuri=1&reqid=70&step=1#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=naics&7005=-1&7006=38060&7036=-1&7001=2200&7002=2&7090=70&7007=2014&7093=levels">"Regional Date GDP and Personal Income for Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ Metropolitan Statisitical Area"</a>. Bureau of Economic Analysis. 2017. Retrieved October 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bureau+of+Economic+Analysis&rft.atitle=Regional+Date+GDP+and+Personal+Income+for+Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale%2C+AZ+Metropolitan+Statisitical+Area&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.bea.gov%2FiTable%2FiTable.cfm%3Facrdn%3D2%26isuri%3D1%26reqid%3D70%26step%3D1%23reqid%3D70%26step%3D10%26isuri%3D1%267003%3D200%267035%3D-1%267004%3Dnaics%267005%3D-1%267006%3D38060%267036%3D-1%267001%3D2200%267002%3D2%267090%3D70%267007%3D2014%267093%3Dlevels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudgins-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hudgins_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hudgins_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudgins" class="citation news cs1">Hudgins, Matt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/some-investors-bid-high-on-phoenix-office-market-1438703866">"Some Investors Bid High on Phoenix Office Market"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0099-9660">0099-9660</a>. Retrieved November 10, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Some+Investors+Bid+High+on+Phoenix+Office+Market&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Hudgins&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fsome-investors-bid-high-on-phoenix-office-market-1438703866&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329114137/http://metrophoenixinvestmentproperties.listinglab.com/AvnetGlobalHeadquarters/">"Avnet Global Headquarters"</a>. Colliers International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metrophoenixinvestmentproperties.listinglab.com/AvnetGlobalHeadquarters/">the original</a> on March 29, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Avnet+Global+Headquarters&rft.pub=Colliers+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetrophoenixinvestmentproperties.listinglab.com%2FAvnetGlobalHeadquarters%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328105510/http://www.fcx.com/company/index.htm">"Freeport-McMoRan – Who We Are"</a>. fcx.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcx.com/company/index.htm">the original</a> on March 28, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Freeport-McMoRan+%E2%80%93+Who+We+Are&rft.pub=fcx.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcx.com%2Fcompany%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=93506&p=irol-homeprofile">"PetSmart Company Information"</a>. PetSmart. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PetSmart+Company+Information&rft.pub=PetSmart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphx.corporate-ir.net%2Fphoenix.zhtml%3Fc%3D93506%26p%3Dirol-homeprofile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2012/states/AZ.html">"Fortune 500 2012: States: Arizona"</a>. CNN. May 21, 2012. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortune+500+2012%3A+States%3A+Arizona&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Ffortune%2Ffortune500%2F2012%2Fstates%2FAZ.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160402145941/https://aerospace.honeywell.com/about-us">"A History Of... Tim Mahoney"</a>. Honeywell Aerospace. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aerospace.honeywell.com/about-us">the original</a> on April 2, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+Of...+Tim+Mahoney&rft.pub=Honeywell+Aerospace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faerospace.honeywell.com%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/corporate-responsibility/intel-in-arizona.html">"Intel in Arizona"</a>. Intel.com. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+in+Arizona&rft.pub=Intel.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intel.com%2Fcontent%2Fwww%2Fus%2Fen%2Fcorporate-responsibility%2Fintel-in-arizona.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307212543/http://www.mesa-air.com/content.aspx?pageID=16425">"Facts"</a>. Mesa Airlines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesa-air.com/content.aspx?pageID=16425">the original</a> on March 7, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts&rft.pub=Mesa+Airlines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesa-air.com%2Fcontent.aspx%3FpageID%3D16425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221205424/http://phoenix.about.com/library/blmapsymphonyhall.htm">"Symphony Hall"</a>. phoenix.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.about.com/library/blmapsymphonyhall.htm">the original</a> on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Symphony+Hall&rft.pub=phoenix.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.about.com%2Flibrary%2Fblmapsymphonyhall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222061839/http://frontdoorsnews.com/2013/03/5-2m-arizona-opera-center/">"$5.2M Arizona Opera Center"</a>. frontdoor news. March 22, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frontdoorsnews.com/2013/03/5-2m-arizona-opera-center/">the original</a> on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%245.2M+Arizona+Opera+Center&rft.pub=frontdoor+news&rft.date=2013-03-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffrontdoorsnews.com%2F2013%2F03%2F5-2m-arizona-opera-center%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixopera.org/orpheum/">"Phoenix Opera"</a>. phoenixopera.org. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Opera&rft.pub=phoenixopera.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixopera.org%2Forpheum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224015851/http://www.itheatreaz.org/">"2013–14 Season"</a>. iTheatre Collaborative. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itheatreaz.org/">the original</a> on February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2013%E2%80%9314+Season&rft.pub=iTheatre+Collaborative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itheatreaz.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.herbergertheater.org/about">"About Herberger Theater Center"</a>. herbergertheater.org. Retrieved February 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Herberger+Theater+Center&rft.pub=herbergertheater.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.herbergertheater.org%2Fabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asugammage.com/about/history">"ASU Gammage from the beginning"</a>. Arizona State University. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASU+Gammage+from+the+beginning&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asugammage.com%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenix-theater.com/">"Phoenix Theatre"</a>. phoenix-theater.com. Retrieved February 16, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Theatre&rft.pub=phoenix-theater.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix-theater.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsen2010" class="citation news cs1">Nilsen, Richard (April 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515182512/http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/18/20100418musical%2Dinstrument%2Dmuseum%2Dphoenix%2DCP.html">"Music Instrument Museum opens in Phoenix"</a>. Arizona Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/news/articles/2010/04/18/20100418musical-instrument-museum-phoenix-CP.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Music+Instrument+Museum+opens+in+Phoenix&rft.date=2010-04-18&rft.aulast=Nilsen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2010%2F04%2F18%2F20100418musical-instrument-museum-phoenix-CP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.earlychildhoodeducationzone.com/best-childrens-museums/">"The 25 Best American Children's Museums"</a>. Early Childhood Education Zoon. October 9, 2015. Retrieved February 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+25+Best+American+Children%27s+Museums&rft.pub=Early+Childhood+Education+Zoon&rft.date=2015-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychildhoodeducationzone.com%2Fbest-childrens-museums%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phxart-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Phxart_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093835/http://www.phxart.org/visit/aboutus/historyandmission">"History & Mission"</a>. phxart.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phxart.org/visit/aboutus/historyandmission">the original</a> on September 5, 2015. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+%26+Mission&rft.pub=phxart.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phxart.org%2Fvisit%2Faboutus%2Fhistoryandmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitphoenix.com/things-to-do/1016/phoenix-art-museum/details.aspx">"Phoenix Art Museum"</a>. VisitPhoenix. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Art+Museum&rft.pub=VisitPhoenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitphoenix.com%2Fthings-to-do%2F1016%2Fphoenix-art-museum%2Fdetails.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140412222854/http://phoenix.about.com/od/entermus/ss/phxartmuseum.htm">"Phoenix Art Museum – Permanent Collection"</a>. phoenix.about.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.about.com/od/entermus/ss/phxartmuseum.htm">the original</a> on April 12, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Art+Museum+%E2%80%93+Permanent+Collection&rft.pub=phoenix.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.about.com%2Fod%2Fentermus%2Fss%2Fphxartmuseum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixasap.com/arts-museums.html">"Major Metro Phoenix Area Museums"</a>. phoenixasap.com. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Major+Metro+Phoenix+Area+Museums&rft.pub=phoenixasap.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixasap.com%2Farts-museums.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azchallenger.org/">"AZ Challenger Space Center"</a>. Azchallenger.org. Retrieved June 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AZ+Challenger+Space+Center&rft.pub=Azchallenger.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azchallenger.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heard.org/">"Heard Museum: Welcome"</a>. Heard Museum. Retrieved March 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heard+Museum%3A+Welcome&rft.pub=Heard+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheard.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/digital/collection/histphotos">"CONTENTdm"</a>. azmemory.azlibrary.gov. Retrieved October 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azmemory.azlibrary.gov&rft.atitle=CONTENTdm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazmemory.azlibrary.gov%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2Fhistphotos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arizonahistoricalsociety.org/">"Arizona Historical Society"</a>. Arizona Historical Society. Retrieved October 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Arizona+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farizonahistoricalsociety.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/journal/jarizhist">"The Journal of Arizona History on JSTOR"</a>. jstor.org. Retrieved October 16, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jstor.org&rft.atitle=The+Journal+of+Arizona+History+on+JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fjournal%2Fjarizhist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/arts/2018/03/11/art-detour-30-5-pioneers-who-built-downtown-phoenix-studio-scene/408866002/">"Art Detour at 30: 5 pioneers who built the downtown Phoenix studio scene"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved February 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Art+Detour+at+30%3A+5+pioneers+who+built+the+downtown+Phoenix+studio+scene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Farts%2F2018%2F03%2F11%2Fart-detour-30-5-pioneers-who-built-downtown-phoenix-studio-scene%2F408866002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prebles-210"><a href="#cite_ref-Prebles_210-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2011" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Patrick (2011). Prebles' Artformes. <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-205-79753-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-205-79753-0"><bdi>978-0-205-79753-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prebles%27+Artformes&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-205-79753-0&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerberholz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Herberholz, B (1997). "Taliesin West and Frank Lloyd Wright". Arts and Activities. 122 (3): 30–32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arts+and+Activities&rft.atitle=Taliesin+West+and+Frank+Lloyd+Wright&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E30-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Herberholz&rft.aufirst=B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914014915/http://architect.architecture.sk/paolo-soleri-architect/paolo-soleri-architect.php">"Paolo Soleri : architect biography"</a>. Architecture.sk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://architect.architecture.sk/paolo-soleri-architect/paolo-soleri-architect.php">the original</a> on September 14, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paolo+Soleri+%3A+architect+biography&rft.pub=Architecture.sk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchitect.architecture.sk%2Fpaolo-soleri-architect%2Fpaolo-soleri-architect.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211082211/http://www.historicphoenix.com/architecture/al-beadle/">"Modern Architecture: Al Beadle"</a>. Historic Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicphoenix.com/architecture/al-beadle/">the original</a> on December 11, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Architecture%3A+Al+Beadle&rft.pub=Historic+Phoenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicphoenix.com%2Farchitecture%2Fal-beadle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnider2011" class="citation web cs1">Snider, Bruce D. (October 18, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130923070044/http://www.residentialarchitect.com/award-winners/will-bruders-extensive-career-attests-to-the-tran.aspx">"Hall of Fame: Will Bruder, AIA"</a>. Residential Architect. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.residentialarchitect.com/award-winners/will-bruders-extensive-career-attests-to-the-tran.aspx">the original</a> on September 23, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hall+of+Fame%3A+Will+Bruder%2C+AIA&rft.pub=Residential+Architect&rft.date=2011-10-18&rft.aulast=Snider&rft.aufirst=Bruce+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.residentialarchitect.com%2Faward-winners%2Fwill-bruders-extensive-career-attests-to-the-tran.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160519054337/http://herbergerinstitute.asu.edu/directory/pics/burnette_wendell/Burnette_CV2011.pdf">"Wendell Burnette Architects"</a> (PDF). ASU-Herberger Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://herbergerinstitute.asu.edu/directory/pics/burnette_wendell/Burnette_CV2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on May 19, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wendell+Burnette+Architects&rft.pub=ASU-Herberger+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fherbergerinstitute.asu.edu%2Fdirectory%2Fpics%2Fburnette_wendell%2FBurnette_CV2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrueding2008" class="citation web cs1">Drueding, Meghan (May 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.residentialarchitect.com/live-work/project-of-the-year.aspx">"xeros residence, phoenix: project of the year"</a>. Residential Architect. Retrieved December 22, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=xeros+residence%2C+phoenix%3A+project+of+the+year&rft.pub=Residential+Architect&rft.date=2008-05-08&rft.aulast=Drueding&rft.aufirst=Meghan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.residentialarchitect.com%2Flive-work%2Fproject-of-the-year.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2011" class="citation web cs1">King, Alison (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401134026/http://modernphoenix.net/haver/haverbiography.htm">"Ralph Haver: Everyman's Modernist"</a>. The Modern Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernphoenix.net/haver/haverbiography.htm">the original</a> on April 1, 2014. Retrieved December 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ralph+Haver%3A+Everyman%27s+Modernist&rft.pub=The+Modern+Phoenix&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernphoenix.net%2Fhaver%2Fhaverbiography.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTowne2010" class="citation journal cs1">Towne, Douglas (December 2010). "Phoenix in the 1920s". Phoenix Magazine: 88.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Magazine&rft.atitle=Phoenix+in+the+1920s&rft.pages=88&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Towne&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visitphoenix.com/about-us/phoenix-facts/">"Phoenix Facts"</a>. Visit Phoenix. visitphoenix.com. 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230506184948/https://www.visitphoenix.com/about-us/phoenix-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Phoenix&rft.atitle=Phoenix+Facts&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitphoenix.com%2Fabout-us%2Fphoenix-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-About-220"><a href="#cite_ref-About_220-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224113312/http://www.visitphoenix.com/about-phoenix/facts/index.aspx">"About Phoenix- Fun Facts"</a>. visitphoenix.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitphoenix.com/about-phoenix/facts/index.aspx">the original</a> on February 24, 2014. Retrieved February 11, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Phoenix-+Fun+Facts&rft.pub=visitphoenix.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitphoenix.com%2Fabout-phoenix%2Ffacts%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenixzoo.org/about/">"History of the Zoo"</a>. The Phoenix Zoo. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Zoo&rft.pub=The+Phoenix+Zoo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenixzoo.org%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbg.org/about-the-garden">"About the Garden"</a>. Desert Botanical Garden. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Garden&rft.pub=Desert+Botanical+Garden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dbg.org%2Fabout-the-garden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322002005/http://phoenix.about.com/od/gardensandzoos/a/dbg.htm">"Desert Botanical Garden"</a>. About.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenix.about.com/od/gardensandzoos/a/dbg.htm">the original</a> on March 22, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Desert+Botanical+Garden&rft.pub=About.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenix.about.com%2Fod%2Fgardensandzoos%2Fa%2Fdbg.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mnn.com/your-home/organic-farming-gardening/stories/13-must-see-botanical-gardens">"13 must-see botanical gardens"</a>. Mother Nature Network. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=13+must-see+botanical+gardens&rft.pub=Mother+Nature+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mnn.com%2Fyour-home%2Forganic-farming-gardening%2Fstories%2F13-must-see-botanical-gardens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911090133/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/south-mountain-park.html">"South Mountain Park and Preserve"</a>. Discover Phoenix Arizona. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/south-mountain-park.html">the original</a> on September 11, 2013. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Mountain+Park+and+Preserve&rft.pub=Discover+Phoenix+Arizona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverphoenixarizona.com%2Fsouth-mountain-park.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914220635/https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/points-of-pride">"Phoenix Points of Pride"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/points-of-pride">the original</a> on September 14, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Points+of+Pride&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fpio%2Fpoints-of-pride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327023430/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-events.html">"Annual Phoenix Events"</a>. Discover Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-events.html">the original</a> on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Phoenix+Events&rft.pub=Discover+Phoenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverphoenixarizona.com%2Fphoenix-events.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413135624/http://www.arizonaguide.com/events-calendar/heritage-cultural">"Heritage & Cultural"</a>. Arizona Guide. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arizonaguide.com/events-calendar/heritage-cultural">the original</a> on April 13, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heritage+%26+Cultural&rft.pub=Arizona+Guide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arizonaguide.com%2Fevents-calendar%2Fheritage-cultural&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arizonascots.com/#">"50th Scottish Gathering & Highland Games"</a>. The Caledonian Society of Arizona. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50th+Scottish+Gathering+%26+Highland+Games&rft.pub=The+Caledonian+Society+of+Arizona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arizonascots.com%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210101936/http://estrellawar.org/newcomers-portal/">"Estrella War XXX: Newcomer's Guide"</a>. EstrellaWar.org. August 8, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://estrellawar.org/newcomers-portal/">the original</a> on February 10, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estrella+War+XXX%3A+Newcomer%27s+Guide&rft.pub=EstrellaWar.org&rft.date=2013-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Festrellawar.org%2Fnewcomers-portal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008050458/http://www.stockyardssteakhouse.com/history.html">"Stockyards Steakhouse"</a>. stockyardssteakhouse.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stockyardssteakhouse.com/history.html">the original</a> on October 8, 2013. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stockyards+Steakhouse&rft.pub=stockyardssteakhouse.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockyardssteakhouse.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdelen2014" class="citation news cs1">Edelen, Amy (November 4, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/tempe/2014/11/03/tempes-iconic-montis-la-casa-vieja-closing-nov/18436845/">"Tempe's iconic Monti's La Casa Vieja closing Nov. 17"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved January 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Tempe%27s+iconic+Monti%27s+La+Casa+Vieja+closing+Nov.+17&rft.date=2014-11-04&rft.aulast=Edelen&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Ftempe%2F2014%2F11%2F03%2Ftempes-iconic-montis-la-casa-vieja-closing-nov%2F18436845%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327221451/http://macayo.com/about-us/history.php">"History"</a>. Macayo's. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.macayo.com/about-us/history.php">the original</a> on March 27, 2014. Retrieved March 20, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=Macayo%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.macayo.com%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixrestaurants.com/cuisine_all.cfm">"Phoenix Restaurants by Cuisine Type"</a>. phoenixrestaurants.com. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Restaurants+by+Cuisine+Type&rft.pub=phoenixrestaurants.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixrestaurants.com%2Fcuisine_all.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-around-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-around_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-around_235-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doney.net/aroundaz/celebrity/mcdonald_bros.htm">"McDonald Brothers"</a>. Around Arizona. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=McDonald+Brothers&rft.pub=Around+Arizona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoney.net%2Faroundaz%2Fcelebrity%2Fmcdonald_bros.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillan2015" class="citation news cs1">McMillan, Keith (April 14, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/sports/wp/2015/04/14/where-the-games-always-on/">"Where the game's always on"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved November 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Where+the+game%27s+always+on&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft.aulast=McMillan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsf%2Fsports%2Fwp%2F2015%2F04%2F14%2Fwhere-the-games-always-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaines2013" class="citation web cs1">Gaines, Cork (November 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessinsider.com/chart-some-us-cities-may-have-too-many-pro-sports-teams-2013-11">"Chart: Some US Cities May Have Too Many Pro Sports Teams"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Business_Insider" title="Business Insider">Business Insider</a>. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=Chart%3A+Some+US+Cities+May+Have+Too+Many+Pro+Sports+Teams&rft.date=2013-11-08&rft.aulast=Gaines&rft.aufirst=Cork&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fchart-some-us-cities-may-have-too-many-pro-sports-teams-2013-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/suns/history/68_69recap.html">"The Suns Rise in Phoenix"</a>. National Basketball Association. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Suns+Rise+in+Phoenix&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fsuns%2Fhistory%2F68_69recap.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/suns/history/00692486.html">"A Storybook Season"</a>. National Basketball Association. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Storybook+Season&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fsuns%2Fhistory%2F00692486.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/suns/history/1993_retrospective.html">"1993 Retrospective"</a>. National Basketball Association. Retrieved March 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1993+Retrospective&rft.pub=National+Basketball+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fsuns%2Fhistory%2F1993_retrospective.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nba.com/history/all-star/index.html">"NBA All-Star Game History"</a>. Nba.com. National Basketball Association. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nba.com&rft.atitle=NBA+All-Star+Game+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nba.com%2Fhistory%2Fall-star%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912035705/http://www.arizonaexperience.org/people/professional-sports-teams#quicktabs-professional_sports=2">"Arizona Diamondbacks – Major League Baseball"</a>. The Arizona Experience. Archived from the original on September 12, 2015. Retrieved August 29, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Diamondbacks+%E2%80%93+Major+League+Baseball&rft.pub=The+Arizona+Experience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farizonaexperience.org%2Fpeople%2Fprofessional-sports-teams%23quicktabs-professional_sports%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdbaseball.com/pictures/arizona-diamondbacks/bank-one-ballpark.htm">"Bank One Ballpark"</a>. JDBaseball. Retrieved March 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bank+One+Ballpark&rft.pub=JDBaseball&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjdbaseball.com%2Fpictures%2Farizona-diamondbacks%2Fbank-one-ballpark.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.baseball-almanac.com/stadium/bank_one_ballpark.shtml">"Bank One Ballpark / Chase Field"</a>. Baseball Almanac. Retrieved March 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bank+One+Ballpark+%2F+Chase+Field&rft.pub=Baseball+Almanac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseball-almanac.com%2Fstadium%2Fbank_one_ballpark.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baseball-reference.com/postseason/2001_WS.shtml">"2001 World Series"</a>. baseball-reference.com. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2001+World+Series&rft.pub=baseball-reference.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baseball-reference.com%2Fpostseason%2F2001_WS.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/sports/baseball/diamondbacks-win-world-series-1.280327">"Diamondbacks win World Series"</a>. cbcsports. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diamondbacks+win+World+Series&rft.pub=cbcsports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fsports%2Fbaseball%2Fdiamondbacks-win-world-series-1.280327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105212420/http://www.azcardinals.com/history/franchise.html">"Franchise History"</a>. Arizona Cardinals. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcardinals.com/history/franchise.html">the original</a> on November 5, 2012. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franchise+History&rft.pub=Arizona+Cardinals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcardinals.com%2Fhistory%2Ffranchise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/43">"Alone On Top"</a>. The National Football League. Retrieved March 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alone+On+Top&rft.pub=The+National+Football+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fsuperbowl%2F43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160229074531/http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history">"History"</a>. National Football League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfl.com/superbowl/history">the original</a> on February 29, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History&rft.pub=National+Football+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fsuperbowl%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiari" class="citation web cs1">Chiari, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2777500-nfl-officially-awards-super-bowl-57-58-to-arizona-and-new-orleans">"NFL Officially Awards Super Bowl 57, 58 to Arizona and New Orleans"</a>. Bleacher Report. Retrieved December 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bleacher+Report&rft.atitle=NFL+Officially+Awards+Super+Bowl+57%2C+58+to+Arizona+and+New+Orleans&rft.aulast=Chiari&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F2777500-nfl-officially-awards-super-bowl-57-58-to-arizona-and-new-orleans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsecyclopedia.com/nhl/phxaz/coyotes.html">"Phoenix Coyotes Historical Moments"</a>. sportsecyclopedia.com. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Coyotes+Historical+Moments&rft.pub=sportsecyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsecyclopedia.com%2Fnhl%2Fphxaz%2Fcoyotes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002205/http://coyotes.nhl.com/v2/ext/PHX_MG%202013-14_CLR_FINAL.pdf#page=248">"Team History"</a> (PDF). National Hockey League. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coyotes.nhl.com/v2/ext/PHX_MG%202013-14_CLR_FINAL.pdf#page=248">the original</a> (PDF) on October 30, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Team+History&rft.pub=National+Hockey+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcoyotes.nhl.com%2Fv2%2Fext%2FPHX_MG%25202013-14_CLR_FINAL.pdf%23page%3D248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbssports.com/nhl/news/coyotes-arizona-state-reach-multi-year-agreement-to-play-home-games-at-sun-devils-new-arena/">"Coyotes, Arizona State reach multi-year agreement to play home games at Sun Devils' new arena"</a>. CBSSports.com. February 10, 2022. Retrieved January 25, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBSSports.com&rft.atitle=Coyotes%2C+Arizona+State+reach+multi-year+agreement+to+play+home+games+at+Sun+Devils%27+new+arena&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbssports.com%2Fnhl%2Fnews%2Fcoyotes-arizona-state-reach-multi-year-agreement-to-play-home-games-at-sun-devils-new-arena%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theathletic.com/5424825/2024/04/18/coyotes-move-to-utah-salt-lake-city/">"Arizona Coyotes relocating to Utah: NHL board of governors approves sale to Jazz owner"</a>. The Athletic. April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Athletic&rft.atitle=Arizona+Coyotes+relocating+to+Utah%3A+NHL+board+of+governors+approves+sale+to+Jazz+owner&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheathletic.com%2F5424825%2F2024%2F04%2F18%2Fcoyotes-move-to-utah-salt-lake-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SLCMove-255"><a href="#cite_ref-SLCMove_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.nhl.com/public/news/17935">"Board Approves Establishment of New Franchise in Utah, Future Reactivation of Arizona Franchise Should Conditions Be Met"</a>. April 18, 2024. Retrieved April 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Board+Approves+Establishment+of+New+Franchise+in+Utah%2C+Future+Reactivation+of+Arizona+Franchise+Should+Conditions+Be+Met&rft.date=2024-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.nhl.com%2Fpublic%2Fnews%2F17935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azfamily.com/2023/03/31/phoenix-rising-fc-unveils-new-stadium-ahead-season-home-opener/">"Phoenix Rising FC unveils new stadium ahead of home opener"</a>. azfamily.com. March 31, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azfamily.com&rft.atitle=Phoenix+Rising+FC+unveils+new+stadium+ahead+of+home+opener&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azfamily.com%2F2023%2F03%2F31%2Fphoenix-rising-fc-unveils-new-stadium-ahead-season-home-opener%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-azcentral-257"><a href="#cite_ref-azcentral_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azcentral.com/story/sports/2018/09/25/alliance-american-football-arizona-hotshots-remaining-names-revealed/1418113002/">"New Arizona football team is called the Hotshots: Disrespectful or paying homage?"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved October 16, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=New+Arizona+football+team+is+called+the+Hotshots%3A+Disrespectful+or+paying+homage%3F&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2F2018%2F09%2F25%2Falliance-american-football-arizona-hotshots-remaining-names-revealed%2F1418113002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310212231/https://fiestabowl.org/fiesta-bowl/">"45th Annual Battle Frog Fiesta Bowl"</a>. Fiesta Bowl. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fiestabowl.org/fiesta-bowl/">the original</a> on March 10, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=45th+Annual+Battle+Frog+Fiesta+Bowl&rft.pub=Fiesta+Bowl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiestabowl.org%2Ffiesta-bowl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azbigmedia.com/business/downtown-phoenix-bowl-game-renamed-rate-bowl-as-part-of-rebrand/">"Downtown Phoenix bowl game renamed Rate Bowl as part of rebrand"</a>. azbigmedia.com. October 17, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azbigmedia.com&rft.atitle=Downtown+Phoenix+bowl+game+renamed+Rate+Bowl+as+part+of+rebrand&rft.date=2024-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazbigmedia.com%2Fbusiness%2Fdowntown-phoenix-bowl-game-renamed-rate-bowl-as-part-of-rebrand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2014" class="citation web cs1">Reed, Bethany (August 27, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cronkitenewsonline.com/2014/08/parade-celebrates-arizona-rattlers-third-straight-afl-championship/">"Parade celebrates Arizona Rattlers' third straight AFL championship"</a>. Cronkite News. Retrieved October 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parade+celebrates+Arizona+Rattlers%27+third+straight+AFL+championship&rft.pub=Cronkite+News&rft.date=2014-08-27&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcronkitenewsonline.com%2F2014%2F08%2Fparade-celebrates-arizona-rattlers-third-straight-afl-championship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330173044/http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/archives/seasons.html">"Phoenix Mercury 1997 Season"</a>. WNBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/archives/seasons.html">the original</a> on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Mercury+1997+Season&rft.pub=WNBA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnba.com%2Farchive%2Fwnba%2Fmercury%2Farchives%2Fseasons.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160330164829/http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/news/celebration_070918.html">"Mercury Bask in Victory Celebration"</a>. WNBA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wnba.com/archive/wnba/mercury/news/celebration_070918.html">the original</a> on March 30, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercury+Bask+in+Victory+Celebration&rft.pub=WNBA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wnba.com%2Farchive%2Fwnba%2Fmercury%2Fnews%2Fcelebration_070918.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmen2010" class="citation web cs1">Emen, Jake (August 18, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401035115/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/top-5-wnba-playoffs-games-ever.html">"Top 5 WNBA Playoffs Games Ever"</a>. WNBA.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/news/top-5-wnba-playoffs-games-ever.html">the original</a> on April 1, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Top+5+WNBA+Playoffs+Games+Ever&rft.pub=WNBA.com&rft.date=2010-08-18&rft.aulast=Emen&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-5-wnba-playoffs-games-ever.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160209230007/http://www.slamonline.com/other-ballers/womens/phoenix-mercury-win-2014-wnba-championship/">"Phoenix Mercury Win 2014 WNBA Championship"</a>. Slam. September 13, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slamonline.com/other-ballers/womens/phoenix-mercury-win-2014-wnba-championship/#ZbIfq1kvsSlE7yJT.97">the original</a> on February 9, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Mercury+Win+2014+WNBA+Championship&rft.pub=Slam&rft.date=2014-09-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slamonline.com%2Fother-ballers%2Fwomens%2Fphoenix-mercury-win-2014-wnba-championship%2F%23ZbIfq1kvsSlE7yJT.97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mlb.mlb.com/springtraining/index.jsp">"Sun, scenery, history mark Spring Training baseball in Arizona, Florida"</a>. Major League Baseball. Retrieved February 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sun%2C+scenery%2C+history+mark+Spring+Training+baseball+in+Arizona%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Major+League+Baseball&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmlb.mlb.com%2Fspringtraining%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140116194647/http://www.phoenixraceway.com/About-Us/Timeline.aspx">"Timeline"</a>. phoenixraceway.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixraceway.com/About-Us/Timeline.aspx">the original</a> on January 16, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Timeline&rft.pub=phoenixraceway.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixraceway.com%2FAbout-Us%2FTimeline.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150326050648/http://www.nascar.com/en_us/sprint-cup-series/schedule/tracks/phoenix-international-raceway.html">"Phoenix International Raceway Schedule"</a>. NASCAR.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nascar.com/en_us/sprint-cup-series/schedule/tracks/phoenix-international-raceway.html">the original</a> on March 26, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+International+Raceway+Schedule&rft.pub=NASCAR.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nascar.com%2Fen_us%2Fsprint-cup-series%2Fschedule%2Ftracks%2Fphoenix-international-raceway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nascar.com/en_us/news-media/articles/2014/2/7/toyota-mexico-series-race-phoenix-international-raceway.html">"Mexico Series returning to Phoenix in 2014"</a>. NASCAR.com. February 7, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Mexico+Series+returning+to+Phoenix+in+2014&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nascar.com%2Fen_us%2Fnews-media%2Farticles%2F2014%2F2%2F7%2Ftoyota-mexico-series-race-phoenix-international-raceway.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpgafounderscup.com/">"LPGA Vision for Founders Cup Now Long-Term Reality"</a>. LPGA. November 4, 2013. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LPGA+Vision+for+Founders+Cup+Now+Long-Term+Reality&rft.pub=LPGA&rft.date=2013-11-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpgafounderscup.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209051522/http://wmphoenixopen.com/category/history/">"Waste Management Phoenix Open"</a>. wmphoenixopen.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wmphoenixopen.com/category/history/">the original</a> on February 9, 2014. Retrieved February 14, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Waste+Management+Phoenix+Open&rft.pub=wmphoenixopen.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmphoenixopen.com%2Fcategory%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketwatch.com/story/bmo-harris-bank-announces-multi-year-sponsorship-of-the-phoenix-marathon-2013-09-17-121731557">"BMO Harris Bank Announces Multi-Year Sponsorship of The Phoenix Marathon"</a>. marketwatch. Retrieved February 12, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=marketwatch&rft.atitle=BMO+Harris+Bank+Announces+Multi-Year+Sponsorship+of+The+Phoenix+Marathon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fbmo-harris-bank-announces-multi-year-sponsorship-of-the-phoenix-marathon-2013-09-17-121731557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2015" class="citation web cs1">Benson, Phil (January 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs5az.com/story/27879994/rock-n-roll-marathon-takes-over-phoenix-streets">"Rock 'n' Roll Marathon takes to Phoenix streets"</a>. CBS 5 (KPHO Broadcasting Corporation). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160331210223/http://www.cbs5az.com/story/27879994/rock-n-roll-marathon-takes-over-phoenix-streets">Archived</a> from the original on March 31, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rock+%27n%27+Roll+Marathon+takes+to+Phoenix+streets&rft.pub=CBS+5+%28KPHO+Broadcasting+Corporation%29&rft.date=2015-01-18&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs5az.com%2Fstory%2F27879994%2Frock-n-roll-marathon-takes-over-phoenix-streets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/scottsdale/2016/11/28/arizona-united-sc-reveals-new-name-and-logo-plus-stadium-plans-2017-season/94569050/">"Arizona United SC reveals new name and logo, plus stadium plans for 2017 season"</a>. Alejandro Barahona. Arizona Republic. November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alejandro+Barahona&rft.atitle=Arizona+United+SC+reveals+new+name+and+logo%2C+plus+stadium+plans+for+2017+season&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fscottsdale%2F2016%2F11%2F28%2Farizona-united-sc-reveals-new-name-and-logo-plus-stadium-plans-2017-season%2F94569050%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Sirois 2012, page 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> Sirois 2012, page 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102180556/http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe_CityParkFacts_2010.pdf">"2010 City Park Facts"</a> (PDF). The Trust for Public Land. pp. 4–9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cloud.tpl.org/pubs/ccpe_CityParkFacts_2010.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on January 2, 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+City+Park+Facts&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=The+Trust+for+Public+Land&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcloud.tpl.org%2Fpubs%2Fccpe_CityParkFacts_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160317064657/https://www.phoenix.gov/parks">"Parks and Recreation Department"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/parks">the original</a> on March 17, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parks+and+Recreation+Department&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fparks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Sirois 2012, page 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> Sirois 2012, page 147 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201073-280"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer201073_280-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114832/https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/city-publications/city-history">"City of Phoenix History: Establishing a Council-Manager Government"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/pio/city-publications/city-history">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+of+Phoenix+History%3A+Establishing+a+Council-Manager+Government&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fpio%2Fcity-publications%2Fcity-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911132043/https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/executive-team/ed-zuercher">"City Manager Ed Zuercher"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/executive-team/ed-zuercher">the original</a> on September 11, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=City+Manager+Ed+Zuercher&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fcitymanager%2Fexecutive-team%2Fed-zuercher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phoenix.gov-283">^ <a href="#cite_ref-phoenix.gov_283-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-phoenix.gov_283-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907070327/https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/how-city-organized">"How the City Works"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenix.gov/citymanager/how-city-organized">the original</a> on September 7, 2015. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+City+Works&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenix.gov%2Fcitymanager%2Fhow-city-organized&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150204024404/http://ballotpedia.org/2010_Sunny_Awards">"2010 Sunny Awards"</a>. ballotpedia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ballotpedia.org/2010_Sunny_Awards">the original</a> on February 4, 2015. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+Sunny+Awards&rft.pub=ballotpedia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fballotpedia.org%2F2010_Sunny_Awards&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180026/http://www.azleg.gov/MemberRoster.asp?Body=H&SortBy=1">"Member Roster"</a>. Arizona State Legislature. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://azleg.gov/MemberRoster.asp?Body=H&SortBy=1">the original</a> on March 26, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+Roster&rft.pub=Arizona+State+Legislature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fazleg.gov%2FMemberRoster.asp%3FBody%3DH%26SortBy%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225054351/http://www.juvenile.state.az.us/Contacts/Facilities.htm">Safe Schools/Secure Facilities</a>." Arizona Department of Juvenile Corrections. Retrieved August 13, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/az/arizona-state-hospital-6860230/details">"Arizona State Hospital Stats & Services"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Arizona+State+Hospital+Stats+%26+Services&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Faz%2Farizona-state-hospital-6860230%2Fdetails&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bop.gov/locations/institutions/phx/">"FCI Phoenix"</a>. Federal Bureau of Prisons. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FCI+Phoenix&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Prisons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bop.gov%2Flocations%2Finstitutions%2Fphx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azd.uscourts.gov/locations/phoenix">"Sandra Day O'Connor U.S. Courthouse"</a>. United States District Court, District of Arizona. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sandra+Day+O%27Connor+U.S.+Courthouse&rft.pub=United+States+District+Court%2C+District+of+Arizona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azd.uscourts.gov%2Flocations%2Fphoenix&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626050959/http://www.emporis.com/building/unitedstatesfederalbuildingandcourthouse-phoenix-az-usa">"United States Federal Building and Courthouse"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a>. Archived from the original on June 26, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Federal+Building+and+Courthouse&rft.pub=Emporis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporis.com%2Fbuilding%2Funitedstatesfederalbuildingandcourthouse-phoenix-az-usa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gsa.gov/portal/ext/html/site/hb/category/25431/actionParameter/exploreByBuilding/buildingId/043">"Federal Building–U.S. Post Office, Phoenix, AZ"</a>. U.S. General Services Administration. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Building%E2%80%93U.S.+Post+Office%2C+Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pub=U.S.+General+Services+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gsa.gov%2Fportal%2Fext%2Fhtml%2Fsite%2Fhb%2Fcategory%2F25431%2FactionParameter%2FexploreByBuilding%2FbuildingId%2F043%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010252-292"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010252_292-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirandawarning.org/historyofmirandawarning.html">"History of Miranda Warning"</a>. mirandawarning.org. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Miranda+Warning&rft.pub=mirandawarning.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirandawarning.org%2Fhistoryofmirandawarning.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010252–253-294"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010252–253_294-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, pp. 252–253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010253-295"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010253_295-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995211–212-296"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELuckingham1995211–212_296-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLuckingham1995">Luckingham 1995</a>, pp. 211–212. </li> <li id="cite_note-AZCentral1-297">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AZCentral1_297-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AZCentral1_297-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140404185249/http://archive.azcentral.com/specials/special01/articles/0528bolles-overview.html">"Journalism students revisit the death of Don Bolles"</a>. Arizona Republic/azcentral.com. March 28, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.azcentral.com/specials/special01/articles/0528bolles-overview.html">the original</a> on April 4, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journalism+students+revisit+the+death+of+Don+Bolles&rft.pub=Arizona+Republic%2Fazcentral.com&rft.date=2006-03-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.azcentral.com%2Fspecials%2Fspecial01%2Farticles%2F0528bolles-overview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1993" class="citation web cs1">Fitzpatrick, Tom (February 10, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140627180127/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1993-02-10/news/the-bolles-trial-goes-into-reruns/full">"The Bolles Trial Goes Into Reruns"</a>. Phoenix New Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/1993-02-10/news/the-bolles-trial-goes-into-reruns/full">the original</a> on June 27, 2014. Retrieved April 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+New+Times&rft.atitle=The+Bolles+Trial+Goes+Into+Reruns&rft.date=1993-02-10&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixnewtimes.com%2F1993-02-10%2Fnews%2Fthe-bolles-trial-goes-into-reruns%2Ffull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bolles-299">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bolles_299-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bolles_299-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/specials/special01/0528bolles-keyplayers.html">"Key players in the Bolles' case"</a>. Arizona Republic/azcentral.com. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+players+in+the+Bolles%27+case&rft.pub=Arizona+Republic%2Fazcentral.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fspecials%2Fspecial01%2F0528bolles-keyplayers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010323-300"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderMeer2010323_300-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanderMeer2010">VanderMeer 2010</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227040915/https://www.mcso.org/documents/AnnualReport.pdf">"Annual Report"</a> (PDF). Maricopa County Sheriff's Office. December 31, 2017. p. 42. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mcso.org/documents/AnnualReport.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 27, 2018. Retrieved December 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Annual+Report&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Maricopa+County+Sheriff%27s+Office&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcso.org%2Fdocuments%2FAnnualReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbi-302"><a href="#cite_ref-fbi_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516072620/http://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeJurisbyJurisLarge.cfm">"Uniform Crime Reports"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucrdatatool.gov/Search/Crime/Local/RunCrimeJurisbyJurisLarge.cfm">the original</a> on May 16, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Uniform+Crime+Reports&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucrdatatool.gov%2FSearch%2FCrime%2FLocal%2FRunCrimeJurisbyJurisLarge.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.888notheft.com/888main/pages/III%20-%20Auto%20Theft%20is%20up!.htm">"Auto Theft, Key Facts"</a>. Insurance Information Institute. June 2002. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auto+Theft%2C+Key+Facts&rft.pub=Insurance+Information+Institute&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.888notheft.com%2F888main%2Fpages%2FIII%2520-%2520Auto%2520Theft%2520is%2520up%21.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fbi2014-304"><a href="#cite_ref-fbi2014_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160328050652/https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-8/table-8-by-state/Table_8_Offenses_Known_to_Law_Enforcement_by_Arizona_by_City_2014.xls">"2014 Crime in the United States: Arizona"</a>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-8/table-8-by-state/Table_8_Offenses_Known_to_Law_Enforcement_by_Arizona_by_City_2014.xls">the original</a> on March 28, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+Crime+in+the+United+States%3A+Arizona&rft.pub=Federal+Bureau+of+Investigation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Fabout-us%2Fcjis%2Fucr%2Fcrime-in-the-u.s%2F2014%2Fcrime-in-the-u.s.-2014%2Ftables%2Ftable-8%2Ftable-8-by-state%2FTable_8_Offenses_Known_to_Law_Enforcement_by_Arizona_by_City_2014.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nicb.org/theft_and_fraud_awareness/top-places-for-vehicle-thefts">"Hot Spots 2012"</a>. NICB. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hot+Spots+2012&rft.pub=NICB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nicb.org%2Ftheft_and_fraud_awareness%2Ftop-places-for-vehicle-thefts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/29/us/phoenix-shooting-gunman-tactical-gear-rifle/index.html">"A gunman clad in tactical gear and armed with a semi-automatic rifle killed 2 and injured 5 others in Phoenix shooting, police say"</a>. CNN. August 29, 2022. Retrieved October 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=A+gunman+clad+in+tactical+gear+and+armed+with+a+semi-automatic+rifle+killed+2+and+injured+5+others+in+Phoenix+shooting%2C+police+say&rft.date=2022-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2022%2F08%2F29%2Fus%2Fphoenix-shooting-gunman-tactical-gear-rifle%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://davesredistricting.org/maps#viewmap::4ee8ecf2-14b7-4a8d-99bc-82fa633a9305/">"Dra 2020"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dra+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdavesredistricting.org%2Fmaps%23viewmap%3A%3A4ee8ecf2-14b7-4a8d-99bc-82fa633a9305%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043552/http://www.phxhs.k12.az.us/domain/55">"Welcome to the Phoenix Union High School District"</a>. Phoenix High School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phxhs.k12.az.us/domain/55">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+Phoenix+Union+High+School+District&rft.pub=Phoenix+High+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phxhs.k12.az.us%2Fdomain%2F55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160223222737/http://jphxprd.phoenix.gov/PhoenixSchools/search-all-districts.do">"School Districts A – Z"</a>. City of Phoenix. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jphxprd.phoenix.gov/PhoenixSchools/search-all-districts.do">the original</a> on February 23, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=School+Districts+A+%E2%80%93+Z&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjphxprd.phoenix.gov%2FPhoenixSchools%2Fsearch-all-districts.do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419024223/http://www.ade.az.gov/wizard/labels/04906275.htm">"List of Charter Schools in Maricopa County"</a>. Arizona Department of Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ade.az.gov/wizard/labels/04906275.htm">the original</a> on April 19, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Charter+Schools+in+Maricopa+County&rft.pub=Arizona+Department+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ade.az.gov%2Fwizard%2Flabels%2F04906275.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asu.edu/">"Arizona State University: Home"</a>. Arizona State University. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+State+University%3A+Home&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asu.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asu.edu/about/facts-and-figures">"Facts and figures"</a>. Arizona State University. Retrieved February 18, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+and+figures&rft.pub=Arizona+State+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asu.edu%2Fabout%2Ffacts-and-figures&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phoenixmed.arizona.edu/">"College of Medicine, Phoenix"</a>. University of Arizona. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=College+of+Medicine%2C+Phoenix&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphoenixmed.arizona.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medicine.arizona.edu/about-college/campuses">"Campuses | College of Medicine – Tucson"</a>. medicine.arizona.edu. Retrieved October 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=medicine.arizona.edu&rft.atitle=Campuses+%7C+College+of+Medicine+%E2%80%93+Tucson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedicine.arizona.edu%2Fabout-college%2Fcampuses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.nau.edu/AZCampuses/Phoenix/">"NAU Phoenix Campus"</a>. Northern Arizona University. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NAU+Phoenix+Campus&rft.pub=Northern+Arizona+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fec.nau.edu%2FAZCampuses%2FPhoenix%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nau.edu/chhs/phoenix-biomedical-campus/">"Welcome – Phoenix Biomedical Campus – Northern Arizona University"</a>. nau.edu. Retrieved October 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nau.edu&rft.atitle=Welcome+%E2%80%93+Phoenix+Biomedical+Campus+%E2%80%93+Northern+Arizona+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnau.edu%2Fchhs%2Fphoenix-biomedical-campus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140223161155/http://www.phoenixcollege.edu/about/discover-pc">"Discover PC"</a>. Phoenix College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixcollege.edu/about/discover-pc">the original</a> on February 23, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discover+PC&rft.pub=Phoenix+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixcollege.edu%2Fabout%2Fdiscover-pc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochheadAblaMithaFusco2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lochhead, RA; Abla, AA; Mitha, AP; Fusco, D; Almefty, K; Sanai, N; Oppenlander, ME; Albuquerque, FC (July 2010). "A history of the Barrow Neurological Institute". World Neurosurgery. 74 (1): 71–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wneu.2010.07.011">10.1016/j.wneu.2010.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21299987">21299987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Neurosurgery&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+Barrow+Neurological+Institute&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wneu.2010.07.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21299987&rft.aulast=Lochhead&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Abla%2C+AA&rft.au=Mitha%2C+AP&rft.au=Fusco%2C+D&rft.au=Almefty%2C+K&rft.au=Sanai%2C+N&rft.au=Oppenlander%2C+ME&rft.au=Albuquerque%2C+FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gcu.edu/About-Us.php">"About Grand Canyon University"</a>. Grand Canyon University. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Grand+Canyon+University&rft.pub=Grand+Canyon+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gcu.edu%2FAbout-Us.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLedbetter2004" class="citation web cs1">Ledbetter, Tammi Reed (February 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225201525/http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?id=17607">"Grand Canyon Univ. sold; trustees in advisory role"</a>. Baptist Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpnews.net/bpnews.asp?id=17607">the original</a> on February 25, 2014. Retrieved February 19, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Canyon+Univ.+sold%3B+trustees+in+advisory+role&rft.pub=Baptist+Press&rft.date=2004-02-10&rft.aulast=Ledbetter&rft.aufirst=Tammi+Reed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpnews.net%2Fbpnews.asp%3Fid%3D17607&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn87062081/">"About Salt River herald"</a>. Library of Congress. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Salt+River+herald&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn87062081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/topic/e85b7e4c-ae59-4084-9af1-020df1406d1d/the-arizona-republic-online/">"The Arizona Republic Online"</a>. The Arizona Republic. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=The+Arizona+Republic+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Ftopic%2Fe85b7e4c-ae59-4084-9af1-020df1406d1d%2Fthe-arizona-republic-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/">"East Valley Tribune"</a>. The East Valley Tribune. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+East+Valley+Tribune&rft.atitle=East+Valley+Tribune&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastvalleytribune.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usnpl.com/aznews.php">"Arizona Newspapers"</a>. USNPL. Retrieved April 15, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Newspapers&rft.pub=USNPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnpl.com%2Faznews.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nielsen-325"><a href="#cite_ref-nielsen_325-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marketingcharts.com/television/us-television-households-increase-13-for-2007-2008-season-1385/nielsen-us-tv-2007-2008-top-50-dmajpg/">Nielsen Reports 1.3% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2007–08 Season</a>." <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a>. (September 22, 2007) Retrieved on March 3, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-pnt140519-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pnt140519_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pnt140519_326-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoch2014" class="citation web cs1">Hoch, Heather (May 19, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314220025/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/10-movies-you-didnt-know-were-filmed-in-arizona-6559636">"10 Movies You Didn't Know Were Filmed in Arizona"</a>. Phoenix New Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/10-movies-you-didnt-know-were-filmed-in-arizona-6559636">the original</a> on March 14, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+New+Times&rft.atitle=10+Movies+You+Didn%27t+Know+Were+Filmed+in+Arizona&rft.date=2014-05-19&rft.aulast=Hoch&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixnewtimes.com%2Farts%2F10-movies-you-didnt-know-were-filmed-in-arizona-6559636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pnt110713-327">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pnt110713_327-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pnt110713_327-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDugan2011" class="citation web cs1">Dugan, Bryan Scott (July 13, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624072619/http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/top-10-movies-shot-in-and-around-phoenix-6570061">"Top 10 Movies Shot in (and around) Phoenix"</a>. Phoenix New Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/top-10-movies-shot-in-and-around-phoenix-6570061">the original</a> on June 24, 2015. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+New+Times&rft.atitle=Top+10+Movies+Shot+in+%28and+around%29+Phoenix&rft.date=2011-07-13&rft.aulast=Dugan&rft.aufirst=Bryan+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixnewtimes.com%2Farts%2Ftop-10-movies-shot-in-and-around-phoenix-6570061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCordovaGoodykoontzLengelVandenburgh2014" class="citation news cs1">Cordova, Randy; Goodykoontz, Bill; Lengel, Kerry; Vandenburgh, Barbara (September 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140929233409/http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/2014/09/28/movies-made-arizona/16393461/">"30 movies made in Arizona"</a>. Arizona Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/movies/2014/09/28/movies-made-arizona/16393461/">the original</a> on September 29, 2014. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=30+movies+made+in+Arizona&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.aulast=Cordova&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft.au=Goodykoontz%2C+Bill&rft.au=Lengel%2C+Kerry&rft.au=Vandenburgh%2C+Barbara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2F2014%2F09%2F28%2Fmovies-made-arizona%2F16393461%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023710/http://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb057">"#14 Phoenix"</a>. Radio Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ratings.radio-online.com/cgi-bin/rol.exe/arb057">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved March 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%2314+Phoenix&rft.pub=Radio+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fratings.radio-online.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Frol.exe%2Farb057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyharbor.com/about/airportFacts.html">"Airport Facts"</a>. skyharbor.com. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airport+Facts&rft.pub=skyharbor.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyharbor.com%2Fabout%2FairportFacts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skyharbor.com/airlinesflights/whereWeFly.html">"Where We Fly"</a>. skyharbor.com. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+We+Fly&rft.pub=skyharbor.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyharbor.com%2Fairlinesflights%2FwhereWeFly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.skyharbor.com/about-phx/news-media/press-releases/air-france-to-begin-phoenix-paris-flight/">"Air France to Begin Phoenix-Paris Flight"</a>. Air France. January 22, 2024. Retrieved October 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Air+France+to+Begin+Phoenix-Paris+Flight&rft.pub=Air+France&rft.date=2024-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyharbor.com%2Fabout-phx%2Fnews-media%2Fpress-releases%2Fair-france-to-begin-phoenix-paris-flight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170227232324/https://skyharbor.com/Flights/WhereWeFly/InternationalDestinations">"International Destinations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyharbor.com/Flights/WhereWeFly/InternationalDestinations">the original</a> on February 27, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Destinations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyharbor.com%2FFlights%2FWhereWeFly%2FInternationalDestinations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801114507/https://www.skyharbor.com/Flights/Airlines">"Airlines"</a>. Sky Harbor Airport. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skyharbor.com/Flights/Airlines">the original</a> on August 1, 2017. Retrieved December 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airlines&rft.pub=Sky+Harbor+Airport&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskyharbor.com%2FFlights%2FAirlines&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTotten2016" class="citation news cs1">Totten, Steven (December 7, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224030239/http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/12/07/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html">"Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport continues to break passenger records"</a>. Phoenix Business Journal. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/12/07/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Phoenix-Mesa+Gateway+Airport+continues+to+break+passenger+records&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fphoenix%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F07%2Fphoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223152439/http://queencreekindependent.com/business/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-celebrates-eight-million-allegiant-passengers-since-2007/">"Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport celebrates eight million Allegiant passengers since 2007"</a>. Queen Creek Independent. December 16, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/news/2016/12/07/phoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html">the original</a> on December 23, 2016. Retrieved December 23, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix-Mesa+Gateway+Airport+celebrates+eight+million+Allegiant+passengers+since+2007&rft.pub=Queen+Creek+Independent&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fphoenix%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F07%2Fphoenix-mesa-gateway-airport-continues-to-break.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131002100536/http://www.azta.org/transit_resources/archived_hot_topic/arizona-passenger-railmore-than-just-light-rail-streetcar-and-trolley/">"Arizona Transit Association"</a>. Azta.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azta.org/transit_resources/archived_hot_topic/arizona-passenger-railmore-than-just-light-rail-streetcar-and-trolley/">the original</a> on October 2, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Transit+Association&rft.pub=Azta.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azta.org%2Ftransit_resources%2Farchived_hot_topic%2Farizona-passenger-railmore-than-just-light-rail-streetcar-and-trolley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130908221859/http://www.texaseagle.com/stations/MRC.htm">"Amtrak's Texas Eagle | Maricopa, AZ"</a>. Texaseagle.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.texaseagle.com/stations/MRC.htm">the original</a> on September 8, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtrak%27s+Texas+Eagle+%26%23124%3B+Maricopa%2C+AZ&rft.pub=Texaseagle.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.texaseagle.com%2Fstations%2FMRC.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainweb.org/usarail/phoenix.htm">"Phoenix, AZ"</a>. TrainWeb.org. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pub=TrainWeb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trainweb.org%2Fusarail%2Fphoenix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amtrakconnectsus.com/maps/phoenix-tucson/">"Phoenix–Tucson"</a>. Amtrak Connects US.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amtrak+Connects+US&rft.atitle=Phoenix%E2%80%93Tucson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amtrakconnectsus.com%2Fmaps%2Fphoenix-tucson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trainweb.org/amtrak/w_chief.html">"Amtrak's Southwest Chief"</a>. TrainWeb.org. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amtrak%27s+Southwest+Chief&rft.pub=TrainWeb.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trainweb.org%2Famtrak%2Fw_chief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221004925/http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/us/arizona/phoenix/bus-station-860431">"Phoenix Greyhound Station"</a>. Greyhound. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://locations.greyhound.com/bus-stations/search?city=Phoenix&state=AZ&zip=&q=Phoenix%2C+AZ">the original</a> on February 21, 2016. Retrieved March 20, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Greyhound+Station&rft.pub=Greyhound&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocations.greyhound.com%2Fbus-stations%2Fsearch%3Fcity%3DPhoenix%26state%3DAZ%26zip%3D%26q%3DPhoenix%252C%2BAZ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140325065046/http://www.valleymetro.org/projects_and_planning/current_projects">"Current Valley Metro Projects"</a>. Valley Metro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valleymetro.org/projects_and_planning/current_projects">the original</a> on March 25, 2014. Retrieved February 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Current+Valley+Metro+Projects&rft.pub=Valley+Metro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valleymetro.org%2Fprojects_and_planning%2Fcurrent_projects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartgenFieldsSan_José2013" class="citation book cs1">Hartgen, David T.; Fields, M. Gregory; San José, Elizabeth (July 2013). 20th Annual Report on the Performance of State Highway Systems. Reason Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=20th+Annual+Report+on+the+Performance+of+State+Highway+Systems&rft.pub=Reason+Foundation&rft.date=2013-07&rft.aulast=Hartgen&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rft.au=Fields%2C+M.+Gregory&rft.au=San+Jos%C3%A9%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEiseleSchrankLomax2011" class="citation book cs1">Eisele, Bill; Schrank, David; Lomax, Tim (November 2011). TTI's 2011 Congested Corridors Report. Texas A&M-Texas Transportation Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TTI%27s+2011+Congested+Corridors+Report&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M-Texas+Transportation+Institute&rft.date=2011-11&rft.aulast=Eisele&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Schrank%2C+David&rft.au=Lomax%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151009123333/http://www.transportation-finance.org/pdf/featured_documents/nchrp_20_24_62_maricopa.pdf">"Maricopa County Sales Tax Referendum Case Study"</a> (PDF). Build America Transportation Investment Center. September 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://transportation-finance.org/pdf/featured_documents/nchrp_20_24_62_maricopa.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 9, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maricopa+County+Sales+Tax+Referendum+Case+Study&rft.pub=Build+America+Transportation+Investment+Center&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftransportation-finance.org%2Fpdf%2Ffeatured_documents%2Fnchrp_20_24_62_maricopa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/planning/national_highway_system/interstate_highway_system/routefinder/?redirect">"Auxiliary Routes of the Dwight D. Eisenhower National System Of Interstate and Defense Highways as of October 31, 2002"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Administration" title="Federal Highway Administration">Federal Highway Administration</a>. Retrieved February 26, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Auxiliary+Routes+of+the+Dwight+D.+Eisenhower+National+System+Of+Interstate+and+Defense+Highways+as+of+October+31%2C+2002&rft.pub=Federal+Highway+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhwa.dot.gov%2Fplanning%2Fnational_highway_system%2Finterstate_highway_system%2Froutefinder%2F%3Fredirect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aadt-348"><a href="#cite_ref-aadt_348-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtibiseGammageWelch2008" class="citation news cs1">Artibise, Yuri; Gammage, Grady Jr.; Welch, Nancy (September 7, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/viewpoints/articles/2008/09/07/20080907vip-lavsphx0907.html">"Transformation into Big City has Benefits, Burdens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Republic">Arizona Republic</a>. Retrieved October 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republic&rft.atitle=Transformation+into+Big+City+has+Benefits%2C+Burdens&rft.date=2008-09-07&rft.aulast=Artibise&rft.aufirst=Yuri&rft.au=Gammage%2C+Grady+Jr.&rft.au=Welch%2C+Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azcentral.com%2Farizonarepublic%2Fviewpoints%2Farticles%2F2008%2F09%2F07%2F20080907vip-lavsphx0907.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azdot.gov/projects/phoenix-metro-area">"Phoenix Metro Area Projects"</a>. ADOT. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Metro+Area+Projects&rft.pub=ADOT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azdot.gov%2Fprojects%2Fphoenix-metro-area&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discover-350">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Discover_350-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discover_350-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discover_350-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Discover_350-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140115072541/http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-streets-and-freeways.html">"Phoenix Streets and Freeways"</a>. discoverphoenix.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverphoenixarizona.com/phoenix-streets-and-freeways.html">the original</a> on January 15, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Streets+and+Freeways&rft.pub=discoverphoenix.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverphoenixarizona.com%2Fphoenix-streets-and-freeways.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226205403/http://www.azmag.gov/Committees/Committee.asp?CMSID=1044">"Bicycle and Pedestrian Committee"</a>. Maricopa Association of Governments. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azmag.gov/Committees/Committee.asp?CMSID=1044">the original</a> on February 26, 2014. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bicycle+and+Pedestrian+Committee&rft.pub=Maricopa+Association+of+Governments&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azmag.gov%2FCommittees%2FCommittee.asp%3FCMSID%3D1044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001606/http://water.ezinemark.com/geography-information-phoenix-az-17ffe0fea6c.html">"Geography Information: Phoenix, AZ"</a>. ezinemark.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://water.ezinemark.com/geography-information-phoenix-az-17ffe0fea6c.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016. Retrieved February 3, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geography+Information%3A+Phoenix%2C+AZ&rft.pub=ezinemark.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwater.ezinemark.com%2Fgeography-information-phoenix-az-17ffe0fea6c.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055115/http://www.azenergy.gov/doclib/AZ_Energy_Infrastructure.pdf">"Arizona's Energy Infrastructure"</a> (PDF). azenergy.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azenergy.gov/doclib/AZ_Energy_Infrastructure.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 22, 2014. Retrieved February 10, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona%27s+Energy+Infrastructure&rft.pub=azenergy.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azenergy.gov%2Fdoclib%2FAZ_Energy_Infrastructure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mphs-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mphs_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mphs_354-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043624/http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf">Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 2009–2011</a> (PDF). Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology. May 2013. p. 86. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Status+Report+for+Cities+and+Towns+in+Maricopa+County+2009%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Maricopa+County+Department+of+Public+Health%2C+Office+of+Epidemiology&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maricopa.gov%2Fpublichealth%2FServices%2FEPI%2Fpdf%2Fhsr%2F2011-City-HSR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043624/http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf">Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 2009–2011</a> (PDF). Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology. May 2013. p. 87. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Status+Report+for+Cities+and+Towns+in+Maricopa+County+2009%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Maricopa+County+Department+of+Public+Health%2C+Office+of+Epidemiology&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maricopa.gov%2Fpublichealth%2FServices%2FEPI%2Fpdf%2Fhsr%2F2011-City-HSR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131016043624/http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf">Health Status Report for Cities and Towns in Maricopa County 2009–2011</a> (PDF). Maricopa County Department of Public Health, Office of Epidemiology. May 2013. p. 88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maricopa.gov/publichealth/Services/EPI/pdf/hsr/2011-City-HSR.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 16, 2013. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Health+Status+Report+for+Cities+and+Towns+in+Maricopa+County+2009%E2%80%932011&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Maricopa+County+Department+of+Public+Health%2C+Office+of+Epidemiology&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maricopa.gov%2Fpublichealth%2FServices%2FEPI%2Fpdf%2Fhsr%2F2011-City-HSR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy_B.S.Xu,_M.D.Kochanek,_M.A.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy B.S., Sherry L.; Xu, M.D., Jiaquan; Kochanek, M.A., Kenneth D. (May 8, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf">"Deaths: Final Data for 2010"</a> (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 61 (4). CDC, Division of Vital Statistics: 7. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24979972">24979972</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130612204715/http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on June 12, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Vital+Statistics+Reports&rft.atitle=Deaths%3A+Final+Data+for+2010&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2013-05-08&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24979972&rft.aulast=Murphy+B.S.&rft.aufirst=Sherry+L.&rft.au=Xu%2C+M.D.%2C+Jiaquan&rft.au=Kochanek%2C+M.A.%2C+Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fnchs%2Fdata%2Fnvsr%2Fnvsr61%2Fnvsr61_04.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/phoenix-az">"Best Hospitals in Phoenix, Ariz"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Best+Hospitals+in+Phoenix%2C+Ariz.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Fphoenix-az&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mayoinfo-359"><a href="#cite_ref-mayoinfo_359-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic">"About Mayo Clinic"</a>. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Mayo+Clinic&rft.pub=Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fabout-mayo-clinic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/health/best-hospitals">"Top American Hospitals – US News Best Hospitals"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved September 4, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Top+American+Hospitals+%E2%80%93+US+News+Best+Hospitals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fhealth%2Fbest-hospitals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/az/john-c-lincoln-north-mountain-hospital-6860253">"John C. Lincoln North Mountain Hospital"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=John+C.+Lincoln+North+Mountain+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Faz%2Fjohn-c-lincoln-north-mountain-hospital-6860253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/az/phoenix-childrens-hospital-6860210">"Phoenix Children's Hospital"</a>. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Children%27s+Hospital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Faz%2Fphoenix-childrens-hospital-6860210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221230141/http://www.azheart.com/?id=12&sid=2">"Arizona Heart Institute – To Care. To Teach. To Pioneer"</a>. azheart.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azheart.com/?id=12&sid=2">the original</a> on February 21, 2014. Retrieved February 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arizona+Heart+Institute+%E2%80%93+To+Care.+To+Teach.+To+Pioneer.&rft.pub=azheart.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.azheart.com%2F%3Fid%3D12%26sid%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/subscriber-only/2023/07/14/arizonas-largest-employers.html">"Arizona's Largest Employers"</a>. Phoenix Business Journal. November 12, 2023. Retrieved October 2, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=Arizona%27s+Largest+Employers&rft.date=2023-11-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fphoenix%2Fsubscriber-only%2F2023%2F07%2F14%2Farizonas-largest-employers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/phoenix-az">"Best Hospitals in Phoenix, Ariz"</a>. U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved March 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=Best+Hospitals+in+Phoenix%2C+Ariz.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Fphoenix-az&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lochhead-366">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lochhead_366-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lochhead_366-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLochheadAblaMithaFusco2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lochhead RA, Abla AA, Mitha AP, Fusco D, Almefty K, Sanai N, Oppenlander ME, Albuquerque FC (July 2010). "A history of the Barrow Neurological Institute". World Neurosurg. 74 (1): 71–80. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.wneu.2010.07.011">10.1016/j.wneu.2010.07.011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21299987">21299987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Neurosurg&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+Barrow+Neurological+Institute&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E80&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.wneu.2010.07.011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21299987&rft.aulast=Lochhead&rft.aufirst=RA&rft.au=Abla%2C+AA&rft.au=Mitha%2C+AP&rft.au=Fusco%2C+D&rft.au=Almefty%2C+K&rft.au=Sanai%2C+N&rft.au=Oppenlander%2C+ME&rft.au=Albuquerque%2C+FC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-phsis-367"><a href="#cite_ref-phsis_367-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenixsistercities.org/sister-cities/">"Sister Cities"</a>. Phoenix Sister Cities. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Phoenix+Sister+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixsistercities.org%2Fsister-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phoenixsistercities.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. Phoenix Sister Cities. Retrieved March 30, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Phoenix+Sister+Cities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixsistercities.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KJZZ_2023-06-15-369">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KJZZ_2023-06-15_369-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KJZZ_2023-06-15_369-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2023" class="citation news cs1">Estes, Christina (June 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kjzz.org/content/1849640/medellin-colombia-becomes-phoenixs-12th-sister-city">"Medellin, Colombia, becomes Phoenix's 12th sister city"</a>. KJZZ. Retrieved July 6, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=KJZZ&rft.atitle=Medellin%2C+Colombia%2C+becomes+Phoenix%27s+12th+sister+city&rft.date=2023-06-15&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkjzz.org%2Fcontent%2F1849640%2Fmedellin-colombia-becomes-phoenixs-12th-sister-city&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140423070247/http://phoenixsistercities.org/index.php/sister-city-committees-27/cityinfo">"Prague, Czech Republic"</a>. Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/index.php/sister-city-committees-27/cityinfo">the original</a> on April 23, 2014. Retrieved April 17, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prague%2C+Czech+Republic&rft.pub=Phoenix+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixsistercities.org%2Findex.php%2Fsister-city-committees-27%2Fcityinfo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenix_sisters-371"><a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_sisters_371-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724085207/http://www.phoenixsistercities.org/">"Phoenix Sister Cities"</a>. Phoenix Sister Cities. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixsistercities.org">the original</a> on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Sister+Cities&rft.pub=Phoenix+Sister+Cities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoenixsistercities.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGober2006" class="citation book cs1">Gober, Patricia (2006). Metropolitan Phoenix. University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3899-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-3899-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-3899-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metropolitan+Phoenix&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-3899-0&rft.aulast=Gober&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrady2012" class="citation book cs1">Grady, Patrick (2012). Out Of The Ruins. Arizona Pioneer Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-55511-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-55511-9"><bdi>978-0-615-55511-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+Of+The+Ruins&rft.pub=Arizona+Pioneer+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-615-55511-9&rft.aulast=Grady&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1993" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, G. Wesley Jr. (1993). Phoenix in the Twentieth Century: Essays in Community History. Diane Pub Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-6249-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7881-6249-7"><bdi>978-0-7881-6249-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenix+in+the+Twentieth+Century%3A+Essays+in+Community+History&rft.pub=Diane+Pub+Co&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7881-6249-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=G.+Wesley+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1982" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, G. Wesley Jr. (1982). Phoenix, Valley of the Sun. Continental Heritage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-932986-33-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-932986-33-7"><bdi>978-0-932986-33-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenix%2C+Valley+of+the+Sun&rft.pub=Continental+Heritage+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-932986-33-7&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=G.+Wesley+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarsonGustafsonHirt2009" class="citation journal cs1">Larson, Kelli L.; Gustafson, Annie; Hirt, Paul (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030609090058">"Insatiable Thirst and a Finite Supply: An Assessment of Municipal Water-Conservation Policy in Greater Phoenix, Arizona, 1980–2007"</a>. Journal of Policy History. 21 (2): 107–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030609090058">10.1017/S0898030609090058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Policy+History&rft.atitle=Insatiable+Thirst+and+a+Finite+Supply%3A+An+Assessment+of+Municipal+Water-Conservation+Policy+in+Greater+Phoenix%2C+Arizona%2C+1980%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E137&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030609090058&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Kelli+L.&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+Annie&rft.au=Hirt%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0898030609090058&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavin2001" class="citation book cs1">Lavin, Patrick (2001). Arizona, An Illustrated History. Hippocrene Books, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0852-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7818-0852-1"><bdi>978-0-7818-0852-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arizona%2C+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Hippocrene+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7818-0852-1&rft.aulast=Lavin&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuckingham1995" class="citation book cs1">Luckingham, Bradford (1995) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/phoenixhistoryof00luck">Phoenix: The History of a Southwestern Metropolis</a>. University of Arizona Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1116-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8165-1116-7"><bdi>978-0-8165-1116-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenix%3A+The+History+of+a+Southwestern+Metropolis&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8165-1116-7&rft.aulast=Luckingham&rft.aufirst=Bradford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphoenixhistoryof00luck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontero2008" class="citation book cs1">Montero, Laurene; Stubing, Michael; Turner, Korri (June 2008). General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Archeological Projects Within the Boundaries of the City of Phoenix, Arizona. City of Phoenix, Street Transportation Department.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Historic+Properties+Treatment+Plan+for+Archeological+Projects+Within+the+Boundaries+of+the+City+of+Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=City+of+Phoenix%2C+Street+Transportation+Department&rft.date=2008-06&rft.aulast=Montero&rft.aufirst=Laurene&rft.au=Stubing%2C+Michael&rft.au=Turner%2C+Korri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2013" class="citation book cs1">Shermer, Elizabeth (2013). Sunbelt capitalism Phoenix and the transformation of American politics. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4470-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-4470-0"><bdi>978-0-8122-4470-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sunbelt+capitalism+Phoenix+and+the+transformation+of+American+politics&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-4470-0&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderMeer2010" class="citation book cs1">VanderMeer, Philip (2010). Desert Visions and the Making of Phoenix, 1860–2009. Univ of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4891-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-4891-3"><bdi>978-0-8263-4891-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Desert+Visions+and+the+Making+of+Phoenix%2C+1860%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=Univ+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-4891-3&rft.aulast=VanderMeer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988">; scholarly history <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=33593">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderMeerVanderMeer2002" class="citation book cs1">VanderMeer, Philip; VanderMeer, Mary (2002). Phoenix Rising: The Making of a Desert Metropolis. Heritage Media Corp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886483-69-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886483-69-9"><bdi>978-1-886483-69-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phoenix+Rising%3A+The+Making+of+a+Desert+Metropolis&rft.pub=Heritage+Media+Corp.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-886483-69-9&rft.aulast=VanderMeer&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=VanderMeer%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhoenix%2C+Arizona" class="Z3988">; well-illustrated popular history</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Phoenix, Arizona at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Phoenix" class="extiw" title="wikt:Phoenix">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" class="extiw" title="c:Phoenix, Arizona">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Phoenix,_Arizona" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Phoenix, Arizona">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" class="extiw" title="q:Phoenix, Arizona">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenix.gov">Official website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Greater_Phoenix#Q16556" class="extiw" title="voy:Greater Phoenix">Greater Phoenix</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Phoenix#Q16556" class="extiw" title="voy:Phoenix">Phoenix</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="City_of_Phoenix,_Arizona275" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FED700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Template:Phoenix, Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Template talk:Phoenix, Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix, Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="City_of_Phoenix,_Arizona275" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">City of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix, Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FED700;"><div>Nickname(s): Valley of the Sun</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corporations_in_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="List of corporations in Phoenix">Corporations in Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Category:Education in Phoenix, Arizona">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_the_Phoenix_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people from the Phoenix metropolitan area">Famous Phoenicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="History of Phoenix, Arizona">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona">Timeline</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mayors of Phoenix, Arizona">Mayors of Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Points_of_Pride" title="Phoenix Points of Pride">Points of Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Phoenix" title="List of tallest buildings in Phoenix">Skyscrapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Police_Department" title="Phoenix Police Department">Police Department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix" title="Downtown Phoenix">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="West Phoenix">West Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North/Northwest_Phoenix" title="North/Northwest Phoenix">North/Northwest Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwest Phoenix">Southwest Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Phoenix" title="South Phoenix">South Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwatukee,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahwatukee, Phoenix, Arizona">Ahwatukee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Side,_Phoenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Side, Phoenix (page does not exist)">East Side (East Valley)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Phoenix" title="Sports in Phoenix">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals" title="Arizona Cardinals">Arizona Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks" title="Arizona Diamondbacks">Arizona Diamondbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Rattlers" title="Arizona Rattlers">Arizona Rattlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mercury" title="Phoenix Mercury">Phoenix Mercury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Suns" title="Phoenix Suns">Phoenix Suns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Rising_FC" title="Phoenix Rising FC">Phoenix Rising FC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Metro_Bus" title="Valley Metro Bus">Bus service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Metro_Rail" title="Valley Metro Rail">Light rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Public_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Public Transportation">Public Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_and_freeways_in_metropolitan_Phoenix" title="Roads and freeways in metropolitan Phoenix">Roads & freeways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Urban Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahwatukee,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahwatukee, Phoenix, Arizona">Ahwatukee Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Alhambra, Phoenix, Arizona">Alhambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelback_East,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Camelback East, Phoenix, Arizona">Camelback East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_City,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Central City, Phoenix, Arizona">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Valley,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer Valley, Arizona">Deer Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_View,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert View, Arizona">Desert View</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Encanto,_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Encanto, Arizona (page does not exist)">Encanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrella,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella, Arizona">Estrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laveen,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Laveen, Arizona">Laveen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryvale,_Phoenix,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryvale, Phoenix, Arizona">Maryvale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Gateway,_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Gateway, Arizona (page does not exist)">North Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyslope,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunnyslope, Arizona">North Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona" title="Paradise Valley, Arizona">Paradise Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Mountain,_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Mountain, Arizona (page does not exist)">South Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Village,_Arizona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Village, Arizona (page does not exist)">New Village</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Points_of_Pride" title="Phoenix Points of Pride">Phoenix Points of Pride</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenix_Points_of_Pride" title="Template:Phoenix Points of Pride">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Prison_Complex_%E2%80%93_Phoenix" title="Arizona State Prison Complex – Phoenix">Arizona State Prison Complex – Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Union_High_School_District" title="Phoenix Union High School District">Phoenix UHSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenix_Union_High_School_District" title="Template:Phoenix Union High School District">template</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Fria_Union_High_School_District" title="Agua Fria Union High School District">Agua Fria UHSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale_Union_High_School_District" title="Glendale Union High School District">Glendale UHSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Union_High_School_District" title="Tempe Union High School District">Tempe UHSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolleson_Union_High_School_District" title="Tolleson Union High School District">Tolleson UHSD</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Elementary_School_District" title="Alhambra Elementary School District">Alhambra SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balsz_Elementary_School_District" title="Balsz Elementary School District">Balsz SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartwright_Elementary_School_District" title="Cartwright Elementary School District">Cartwright SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Elementary_School_District" title="Creighton Elementary School District">Creighton SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fowler_Elementary_School_District" title="Fowler Elementary School District">Fowler SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrene_School_District" title="Kyrene School District">Kyrene SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laveen_Elementary_School_District" title="Laveen Elementary School District">Laveen SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littleton_Elementary_School_District" title="Littleton Elementary School District">Littleton SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Elementary_School_District" title="Madison Elementary School District">Madison SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_Elementary_School_District" title="Murphy Elementary School District">Murphy SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborn_Elementary_School_District" title="Osborn Elementary School District">Osborn SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendergast_Elementary_School_District" title="Pendergast Elementary School District">Pendergast SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Elementary_School_District" title="Phoenix Elementary School District">Phoenix SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Elementary_School_District" title="Riverside Elementary School District">Riverside SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Elementary_School_District" title="Roosevelt Elementary School District">Roosevelt SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Elementary_School_District" title="Tempe Elementary School District">Tempe SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolleson_Elementary_School_District" title="Tolleson Elementary School District">Tolleson SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Elementary_School_District" title="Washington Elementary School District">Washington SD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_Elementary_School_District" title="Wilson Elementary School District">Wilson SD</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Creek_Unified_School_District" title="Cave Creek Unified School District">Cave Creek USD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Valley_Unified_School_District" title="Deer Valley Unified School District">Deer Valley USD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley_Unified_School_District" title="Paradise Valley Unified School District">Paradise Valley USD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale_Unified_School_District" title="Scottsdale Unified School District">Scottsdale USD</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Schools_for_the_Deaf_and_Blind" title="Arizona State Schools for the Deaf and Blind">Phoenix Day School for the Deaf</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_School_for_the_Arts" title="Arizona School for the Arts">Arizona School for the Arts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University_Downtown_Phoenix_campus" title="Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix campus">Arizona State University Downtown Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University_West_campus" title="Arizona State University West campus">Arizona State University West campus</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Closed6" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Closed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Indian_School" title="Phoenix Indian School">Phoenix Indian School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: #FED700;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_relating_to_Phoenix_and_Maricopa_County144" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_relating_to_Phoenix_and_Maricopa_County144" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles relating to Phoenix and <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Maricopa_County,_Arizona,_United_States577" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Template:Maricopa County, Arizona"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Template talk:Maricopa County, Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maricopa County, Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Municipalities_and_communities_of_Maricopa_County,_Arizona,_United_States577" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Municipalities and communities of <a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa County, Arizona</a>, United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/City_(Arizona)" class="mw-redirect" title="City (Arizona)">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Junction,_Arizona" title="Apache Junction, Arizona">Apache Junction</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Arizona" title="Avondale, Arizona">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona" title="Buckeye, Arizona">Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mirage,_Arizona" title="El Mirage, Arizona">El Mirage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona" title="Goodyear, Arizona">Goodyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Park,_Arizona" title="Litchfield Park, Arizona">Litchfield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona" title="Peoria, Arizona">Peoria</a>‡</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona" title="Surprise, Arizona">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolleson,_Arizona" title="Tolleson, Arizona">Tolleson</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg/180px-Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg/270px-Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg/360px-Map_of_Arizona_highlighting_Maricopa_County.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="1099" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Town_(Arizona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Town (Arizona)">Towns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carefree,_Arizona" title="Carefree, Arizona">Carefree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Creek,_Arizona" title="Cave Creek, Arizona">Cave Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hills,_Arizona" title="Fountain Hills, Arizona">Fountain Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Bend,_Arizona" title="Gila Bend, Arizona">Gila Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe,_Arizona" title="Guadalupe, Arizona">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona" title="Paradise Valley, Arizona">Paradise Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Creek,_Arizona" title="Queen Creek, Arizona">Queen Creek</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickenburg,_Arizona" title="Wickenburg, Arizona">Wickenburg</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngtown,_Arizona" title="Youngtown, Arizona">Youngtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Census-designated_place" title="Census-designated place">CDPs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguila,_Arizona" title="Aguila, Arizona">Aguila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthem,_Arizona" title="Anthem, Arizona">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlington,_Arizona" title="Arlington, Arizona">Arlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_City,_Arizona" title="Circle City, Arizona">Circle City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_Park,_Arizona" title="Citrus Park, Arizona">Citrus Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Crossing,_Arizona" title="Gila Crossing, Arizona">Gila Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaka,_Arizona" title="Kaka, Arizona">Kaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komatke,_Arizona" title="Komatke, Arizona">Komatke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_Colony,_Arizona" title="Maricopa Colony, Arizona">Maricopa Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown,_Arizona" title="Morristown, Arizona">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River,_Arizona" title="New River, Arizona">New River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Verde,_Arizona" title="Rio Verde, Arizona">Rio Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns,_Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="St. Johns, Maricopa County, Arizona">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City,_Arizona" title="Sun City, Arizona">Sun City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_West,_Arizona" title="Sun City West, Arizona">Sun City West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Lakes,_Arizona" title="Sun Lakes, Arizona">Sun Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theba,_Arizona" title="Theba, Arizona">Theba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonopah,_Arizona" title="Tonopah, Arizona">Tonopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintersburg,_Arizona" title="Wintersburg, Arizona">Wintersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittmann,_Arizona" title="Wittmann, Arizona">Wittmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Populated places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Wells,_Arizona" title="Apache Wells, Arizona">Apache Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead_Ranch,_Arizona" title="Arrowhead Ranch, Arizona">Arrowhead Ranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beardsley,_Arizona" title="Beardsley, Arizona">Beardsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_Creek,_Arizona" title="Camp Creek, Arizona">Camp Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Heights,_Arizona" title="Chandler Heights, Arizona">Chandler Heights</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiulikam,_Arizona" title="Chiulikam, Arizona">Chiulikam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-op_Village,_Arizona" title="Co-op Village, Arizona">Co-op Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Center,_Arizona" title="Cotton Center, Arizona">Cotton Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crag,_Arizona" title="Crag, Arizona">Crag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Hills,_Maricopa_County,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert Hills, Maricopa County, Arizona">Desert Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamland_Villa,_Arizona" title="Dreamland Villa, Arizona">Dreamland Villa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forepaugh,_Arizona" title="Forepaugh, Arizona">Forepaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell,_Arizona" title="Fort McDowell, Arizona">Fort McDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassayampa,_Arizona" title="Hassayampa, Arizona">Hassayampa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higley,_Arizona" title="Higley, Arizona">Higley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laveen,_Phoenix" title="Laveen, Phoenix">Laveen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_World,_Arizona" title="Leisure World, Arizona">Leisure World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty,_Arizona" title="Liberty, Arizona">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_Village,_Arizona" title="Maricopa Village, Arizona">Maricopa Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moivayi,_Arizona" title="Moivayi, Arizona">Moivayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_Verde,_Arizona" title="Palo Verde, Arizona">Palo Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papago,_Arizona" title="Papago, Arizona">Papago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Valley,_Arizona" title="Rainbow Valley, Arizona">Rainbow Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_River,_Arizona" title="Salt River, Arizona">Salt River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Lucy_Village,_Arizona" title="San Lucy Village, Arizona">San Lucy Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel,_Arizona" title="Sentinel, Arizona">Sentinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunflower,_Arizona" title="Sunflower, Arizona">Sunflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyslope,_Phoenix" title="Sunnyslope, Phoenix">Sunnyslope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortilla_Flat,_Arizona" title="Tortilla Flat, Arizona">Tortilla Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totopitk,_Arizona" title="Totopitk, Arizona">Totopitk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddell,_Arizona" title="Waddell, Arizona">Waddell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weedville,_Arizona" title="Weedville, Arizona">Weedville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gila_River_Indian_Community" title="Gila River Indian Community">Gila River Indian Community</a>‡</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Pima%E2%80%93Maricopa_Indian_Community" title="Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community">Salt River Pima–Maricopa Indian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_McDowell_Yavapai_Nation" title="Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation">Fort McDowell Yavapai Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham_Indian_Reservation" title="Tohono Oʼodham Indian Reservation">Tohono Oʼodham Indian Reservation</a>‡</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">Ghost towns</a>/ former populated places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agua_Caliente,_Arizona" title="Agua Caliente, Arizona">Agua Caliente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allenville,_Arizona" title="Allenville, Arizona">Allenville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashion,_Arizona" title="Cashion, Arizona">Cashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harqua,_Arizona" title="Harqua, Arizona">Harqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_Acres,_Arizona" title="Lizard Acres, Arizona">Lizard Acres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinette,_Arizona" title="Marinette, Arizona">Marinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perryville,_Arizona" title="Perryville, Arizona">Perryville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundad,_Arizona" title="Sundad, Arizona">Sundad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulture_City,_Arizona" title="Vulture City, Arizona">Vulture City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FED700;color:inherit;">Footnotes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">‡This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background:#FED700;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Arizona (state)">Arizona portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phoenix_metropolitan_area243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FED700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenix_Metropolitan_Area" title="Template:Phoenix Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenix_Metropolitan_Area" title="Template talk:Phoenix Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix_Metropolitan_Area" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix Metropolitan Area"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phoenix_metropolitan_area243" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix metropolitan area</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Core city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Largest suburbs (over 100,000 inhabitants)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona" title="Peoria, Arizona">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona" title="Surprise, Arizona">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Other suburbs and towns (over 10,000 inhabitants)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem,_Arizona" title="Anthem, Arizona">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Junction,_Arizona" title="Apache Junction, Arizona">Apache Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Arizona" title="Avondale, Arizona">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona" title="Buckeye, Arizona">Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Mirage,_Arizona" title="El Mirage, Arizona">El Mirage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Hills,_Arizona" title="Fountain Hills, Arizona">Fountain Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona" title="Goodyear, Arizona">Goodyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Canyon,_Arizona" title="Gold Canyon, Arizona">Gold Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_Air_Force_Base" title="Luke Air Force Base">Luke Air Force Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_River,_Arizona" title="New River, Arizona">New River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Arizona" title="Paradise Valley, Arizona">Paradise Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Creek,_Arizona" title="Queen Creek, Arizona">Queen Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Tan_Valley,_Arizona" title="San Tan Valley, Arizona">San Tan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City,_Arizona" title="Sun City, Arizona">Sun City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_City_West,_Arizona" title="Sun City West, Arizona">Sun City West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Lakes,_Arizona" title="Sun Lakes, Arizona">Sun Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddell,_Arizona" title="Waddell, Arizona">Waddell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Smaller suburbs and towns (over 5,000 inhabitants)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carefree,_Arizona" title="Carefree, Arizona">Carefree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Creek,_Arizona" title="Cave Creek, Arizona">Cave Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupe,_Arizona" title="Guadalupe, Arizona">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litchfield_Park,_Arizona" title="Litchfield Park, Arizona">Litchfield Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolleson,_Arizona" title="Tolleson, Arizona">Tolleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youngtown,_Arizona" title="Youngtown, Arizona">Youngtown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Exurbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superior,_Arizona" title="Superior, Arizona">Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickenburg,_Arizona" title="Wickenburg, Arizona">Wickenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wittmann,_Arizona" title="Wittmann, Arizona">Wittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown,_Arizona" title="Morristown, Arizona">Morristown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge,_Arizona" title="Coolidge, Arizona">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Arizona" title="Florence, Arizona">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande,_Arizona" title="Casa Grande, Arizona">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Canyon_City,_Arizona" title="Black Canyon City, Arizona">Black Canyon City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_Bend,_Arizona" title="Gila Bend, Arizona">Gila Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloy,_Arizona" title="Eloy, Arizona">Eloy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa,_Arizona" title="Maricopa, Arizona">Maricopa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona" title="Pinal County, Arizona">Pinal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Native American reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_River_Pima-Maricopa_Indian_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community">Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_River_Indian_Community" title="Gila River Indian Community">Gila River Indian Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FED700;;width:1%">Subregions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Valley_(Phoenix_metropolitan_area)" title="East Valley (Phoenix metropolitan area)">East Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=North_Valley_(Phoenix_metropolitan_area)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North Valley (Phoenix metropolitan area) (page does not exist)">North Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Valley_(Phoenix_metropolitan_area)" title="West Valley (Phoenix metropolitan area)">West Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neighborhoods_and_urban_villages_of_Phoenix,_Arizona89" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenix_neighborhoods" title="Template:Phoenix neighborhoods"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenix_neighborhoods" title="Template talk:Phoenix neighborhoods"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix_neighborhoods" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix neighborhoods"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighborhoods_and_urban_villages_of_Phoenix,_Arizona89" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Neighborhoods and urban villages of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix, Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahwatukee,_Phoenix" title="Ahwatukee, Phoenix">Ahwatukee Foothills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra,_Phoenix" title="Alhambra, Phoenix">Alhambra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelback_East,_Phoenix" title="Camelback East, Phoenix">Camelback East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_City,_Phoenix" title="Central City, Phoenix">Central City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Valley,_Phoenix" title="Deer Valley, Phoenix">Deer Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_View,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert View, Phoenix">Desert View</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encanto,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Encanto, Phoenix">Encanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrella,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrella, Phoenix">Estrella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laveen,_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Laveen, Arizona">Laveen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryvale,_Phoenix" title="Maryvale, Phoenix">Maryvale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gateway,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="North Gateway, Phoenix">North Gateway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Mountain,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="North Mountain, Phoenix">North Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_Valley,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradise Valley, Phoenix">Paradise Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Vista,_Phoenix" title="Rio Vista, Phoenix">Rio Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mountain,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="South Mountain, Phoenix">South Mountain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(Phoenix)" title="Arcadia (Phoenix)">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Area" title="Biltmore Area">Biltmore Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Ridge" title="Desert Ridge">Desert Ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix" title="Downtown Phoenix">Downtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Avenue_Corridor" title="Central Avenue Corridor">Midtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North/Northwest_Phoenix" title="North/Northwest Phoenix">North/Northwest Phoenix/Deer Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Valley,_Phoenix" title="Moon Valley, Phoenix">Moon Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnyslope_Mountain" title="Sunnyslope Mountain">Sunnyslope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Phoenix" title="South Phoenix">South Phoenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phoenix_Points_of_Pride27" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phoenix_Points_of_Pride" title="Template:Phoenix Points of Pride"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phoenix_Points_of_Pride" title="Template talk:Phoenix Points of Pride"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix_Points_of_Pride" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phoenix Points of Pride"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phoenix_Points_of_Pride27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Points_of_Pride" title="Phoenix Points of Pride">Phoenix Points of Pride</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Biltmore_Hotel" title="Arizona Biltmore Hotel">Arizona Biltmore Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Center" title="Arizona Center">Arizona Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University_at_the_West_campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona State University at the West campus">Arizona State University at the West campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Avery_Shooting_Facility" title="Ben Avery Shooting Facility">Ben Avery Shooting Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_Barr_Central_Library" title="Burton Barr Central Library">Burton Barr Central Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelback_Mountain" title="Camelback Mountain">Camelback Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Beth_Israel_(Phoenix,_Arizona)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple Beth Israel (Phoenix, Arizona)">Cutler-Plotkin Jewish Heritage Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Valley_Petroglyph_Preserve" title="Deer Valley Petroglyph Preserve">Deer Valley Petroglyph Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Botanical_Garden" title="Desert Botanical Garden">Desert Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encanto_Park" title="Encanto Park">Encanto Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footprint_Center" title="Footprint Center">Footprint Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heard_Museum" title="Heard Museum">Heard Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_Stick_Resort_Amphitheatre" title="Talking Stick Resort Amphitheatre">Talking Stick Resort Amphitheatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Herberger_Theater_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="The Herberger Theater Center">The Herberger Theater Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Phoenix#Historic_Heritage_Square" title="Downtown Phoenix">Historic Heritage Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ro_Ho_En" class="mw-redirect" title="Ro Ho En">Japanese Friendship Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_Castle" title="Mystery Castle">Mystery Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orpheum_Theatre_(Phoenix)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orpheum Theatre (Phoenix)">Orpheum Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papago_Park" title="Papago Park">Papago Park</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hole-in-the-Rock_(Papago_Park)" title="Hole-in-the-Rock (Papago Park)">Hole-In-The-Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Art_Museum" title="Phoenix Art Museum">Phoenix Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Mountains_Park_and_Recreation_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Mountains Park and Recreation Area">Phoenix Mountains Park and Recreation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Zoo" title="Phoenix Zoo">Phoenix Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Grande_Ruin_and_Irrigation_Sites" title="Pueblo Grande Ruin and Irrigation Sites">Pueblo Grande Museum and Archaeological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shemer_Art_Center_and_Museum" title="Shemer Art Center and Museum">Shemer Art Center and Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mountain_Park" title="South Mountain Park">South Mountain Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Basilica,_Phoenix" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Basilica, Phoenix">St. Mary's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Symphony_Hall" title="Phoenix Symphony Hall">Symphony Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_Pioneers_of_America_Park" title="Telephone Pioneers of America Park">Telephone Pioneers of America Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tovrea_Castle" title="Tovrea Castle">Tovrea Castle and Carraro Cactus Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesley_Bolin_Memorial_Plaza" title="Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza">Wesley Bolin Memorial Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrigley_Mansion" title="Wrigley Mansion">Wrigley Mansion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Arizona414" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arizona" title="Template:Arizona"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arizona" title="Template talk:Arizona"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Arizona414" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Arizona" title="Outline of Arizona">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Arizona" title="Agriculture in Arizona">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Arizona" title="Geography of Arizona">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Arizona" title="Government of Arizona">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Arizona" title="Constitution of Arizona">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Arizona" title="List of governors of Arizona">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_Legislature" title="Arizona State Legislature">Legislature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Arizona-related_articles" title="Index of Arizona-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Arizona" title="United States congressional delegations from Arizona">Congressional Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Arizona" title="List of United States senators from Arizona">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Arizona" title="List of United States representatives from Arizona">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Arizona" title="List of museums in Arizona">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Arizona" title="Music of Arizona">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Arizona" title="Indigenous peoples of Arizona">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Arizona" title="List of people from Arizona">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arizona_state_symbols" title="List of Arizona state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Arizona" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Arizona">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Arizona" title="Transportation in Arizona">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Arizona" title="Abortion in Arizona">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Arizona" title="Climate change in Arizona">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Arizona">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Arizona" title="Crime in Arizona">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Arizona" title="Demographics of Arizona">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Arizona" title="Economy of Arizona">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Education in Arizona">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Arizona" title="Elections in Arizona">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_Arizona" title="Gun laws in Arizona">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Arizona">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of Arizona">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Homelessness in Arizona">Homelessness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Arizona" title="List of regions of Arizona">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Strip" title="Arizona Strip">Arizona Strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Sun_Corridor" title="Arizona Sun Corridor">Arizona Sun Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_Plateau" title="Coconino Plateau">Coconino Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Plateau" title="Colorado Plateau">Colorado Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon" title="Grand Canyon">Grand Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaibab_Plateau" title="Kaibab Plateau">Kaibab Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Plateau" title="Mogollon Plateau">Mogollon Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogollon_Rim" title="Mogollon Rim">Mogollon Rim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_Valley" title="Monument Valley">Monument Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Arizona" title="North Central Arizona">North Central Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Arizona">Northeast Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Arizona" title="Northern Arizona">Northern Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oak_Creek_Canyon" title="Oak Creek Canyon">Oak Creek Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix Metropolitan Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safford_micropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Safford micropolitan area">Safford area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_volcanic_field" title="San Francisco volcanic field">San Francisco Volcanic Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Arizona" title="Southern Arizona">Southern Arizona</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Arizona" title="Traditional Arizona">Traditional Arizona</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_transition_zone" title="Arizona transition zone">Transition zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verde_Valley" title="Verde Valley">Verde Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Mountains_(Arizona)" title="White Mountains (Arizona)">White Mountains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Arizona" title="List of counties in Arizona">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_County,_Arizona" title="Apache County, Arizona">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochise_County,_Arizona" title="Cochise County, Arizona">Cochise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconino_County,_Arizona" title="Coconino County, Arizona">Coconino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gila_County,_Arizona" title="Gila County, Arizona">Gila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_County,_Arizona" title="Graham County, Arizona">Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlee_County,_Arizona" title="Greenlee County, Arizona">Greenlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paz_County,_Arizona" title="La Paz County, Arizona">La Paz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Maricopa County, Arizona">Maricopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_County,_Arizona" title="Mohave County, Arizona">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_County,_Arizona" title="Navajo County, Arizona">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_County,_Arizona" title="Pima County, Arizona">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinal_County,_Arizona" title="Pinal County, Arizona">Pinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_County,_Arizona" title="Santa Cruz County, Arizona">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yavapai_County,_Arizona" title="Yavapai County, Arizona">Yavapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma_County,_Arizona" title="Yuma County, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Arizona" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and towns in Arizona">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avondale,_Arizona" title="Avondale, Arizona">Avondale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckeye,_Arizona" title="Buckeye, Arizona">Buckeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullhead_City,_Arizona" title="Bullhead City, Arizona">Bullhead City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Grande,_Arizona" title="Casa Grande, Arizona">Casa Grande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona" title="Chandler, Arizona">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert,_Arizona" title="Gilbert, Arizona">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glendale,_Arizona" title="Glendale, Arizona">Glendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodyear,_Arizona" title="Goodyear, Arizona">Goodyear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Havasu_City,_Arizona" title="Lake Havasu City, Arizona">Lake Havasu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona" title="Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Arizona" title="Peoria, Arizona">Peoria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surprise,_Arizona" title="Surprise, Arizona">Surprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Vista,_Arizona" title="Sierra Vista, Arizona">Sierra Vista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe,_Arizona" title="Tempe, Arizona">Tempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Territory" title="Arizona Territory">Arizona Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Land_%26_Cattle_Company" title="Aztec Land & Cattle Company">Aztec Land & Cattle Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambos_Nogales" title="Battle of Ambos Nogales">Battle of Ambos Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai_War" title="Hualapai War">Hualapai War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_War" title="Mohave War">Mohave War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pah-Ute_County,_Arizona_Territory" title="Pah-Ute County, Arizona Territory">Pah-Ute County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_wars" title="Sheep wars">Sheep wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitgreaves_Expedition" title="Sitgreaves Expedition">Sitgreaves Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Arizona" title="Territorial evolution of Arizona">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Arizona_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Arizona history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Mesa,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Mesa, Arizona">Mesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Tucson,_Arizona" title="Timeline of Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Arizona" title="Women's suffrage in Arizona">Women's suffrage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/32px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/48px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Arizona.svg/64px-Flag_of_Arizona.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Arizona" title="Portal:Arizona">Arizona portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="County_seats_of_Arizona27" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FED700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arizona_county_seats" title="Template:Arizona county seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arizona_county_seats" title="Template talk:Arizona county seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona_county_seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arizona county seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="County_seats_of_Arizona27" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">County seats of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisbee,_Arizona" title="Bisbee, Arizona">Bisbee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton,_Arizona" title="Clifton, Arizona">Clifton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagstaff,_Arizona" title="Flagstaff, Arizona">Flagstaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence,_Arizona" title="Florence, Arizona">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe,_Arizona" title="Globe, Arizona">Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holbrook,_Arizona" title="Holbrook, Arizona">Holbrook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman,_Arizona" title="Kingman, Arizona">Kingman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogales,_Arizona" title="Nogales, Arizona">Nogales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parker,_Arizona" title="Parker, Arizona">Parker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott,_Arizona" title="Prescott, Arizona">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safford,_Arizona" title="Safford, Arizona">Safford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Johns,_Arizona" title="St. Johns, Arizona">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuma,_Arizona" title="Yuma, Arizona">Yuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_the_United_States_by_jurisdiction87" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_state_capitals" title="Template:US state capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_state_capitals" title="Template talk:US state capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_state_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US state capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_the_United_States_by_jurisdiction87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">Capitals of the United States by jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> Nation: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul> States: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">AL</a> <a href="/wiki/Montgomery,_Alabama" title="Montgomery, Alabama">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">AK</a> <a href="/wiki/Juneau,_Alaska" title="Juneau, Alaska">Juneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">AZ</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">AR</a> <a href="/wiki/Little_Rock,_Arkansas" title="Little Rock, Arkansas">Little Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">CO</a> <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">CT</a> <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">DE</a> <a href="/wiki/Dover,_Delaware" title="Dover, Delaware">Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">FL</a> <a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">GA</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">HI</a> <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho" title="Idaho">ID</a> <a href="/wiki/Boise,_Idaho" title="Boise, Idaho">Boise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">IL</a> <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Illinois" title="Springfield, Illinois">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">IN</a> <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis" title="Indianapolis">Indianapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">IA</a> <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">KS</a> <a href="/wiki/Topeka,_Kansas" title="Topeka, Kansas">Topeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">KY</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankfort,_Kentucky" title="Frankfort, Kentucky">Frankfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">LA</a> <a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana" title="Baton Rouge, Louisiana">Baton Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">ME</a> <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Maine" title="Augusta, Maine">Augusta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">MD</a> <a href="/wiki/Annapolis,_Maryland" title="Annapolis, Maryland">Annapolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">MA</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">MI</a> <a href="/wiki/Lansing,_Michigan" title="Lansing, Michigan">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">MN</a> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul,_Minnesota" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">MS</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackson,_Mississippi" title="Jackson, Mississippi">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">MO</a> <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">MT</a> <a href="/wiki/Helena,_Montana" title="Helena, Montana">Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">NE</a> <a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">NV</a> <a href="/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada" title="Carson City, Nevada">Carson City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">NH</a> <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">NJ</a> <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">NM</a> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">NY</a> <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">NC</a> <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">ND</a> <a href="/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">OH</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">OK</a> <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City" title="Oklahoma City">Oklahoma City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">OR</a> <a href="/wiki/Salem,_Oregon" title="Salem, Oregon">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">PA</a> <a href="/wiki/Harrisburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Harrisburg, Pennsylvania">Harrisburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">RI</a> <a href="/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Providence, Rhode Island">Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">SC</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia,_South_Carolina" title="Columbia, South Carolina">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">SD</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre,_South_Dakota" title="Pierre, South Dakota">Pierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">TN</a> <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">TX</a> <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">UT</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">VT</a> <a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">VA</a> <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">WA</a> <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Washington" title="Olympia, Washington">Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">WV</a> <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">WI</a> <a href="/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin" title="Madison, Wisconsin">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">WY</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne,_Wyoming" title="Cheyenne, Wyoming">Cheyenne</a></li></ul> Territories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">AS</a> <a href="/wiki/Pago_Pago" class="mw-redirect" title="Pago Pago">Pago Pago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">GU</a> <a href="/wiki/Hag%C3%A5t%C3%B1a,_Guam" title="Hagåtña, Guam">Hagåtña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">MP</a> <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">PR</a> <a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">VI</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Amalie,_U.S._Virgin_Islands" title="Charlotte Amalie, U.S. Virgin Islands">Charlotte Amalie</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)156" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:All-America City Award Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="All-America_City_Award_Hall_of_Fame_(1949–2023)156" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/All-America_City_Award" title="All-America City Award">All-America City Award</a> Hall of Fame (1949–2023)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Three-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, VA</a> (1963, 1984, 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allentown,_Pennsylvania" title="Allentown, Pennsylvania">Allentown, PA</a> (1962, 1974, 1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, NC</a> (1951, 1969, 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomington,_Indiana" title="Bloomington, Indiana">Bloomington, IN</a> (1958, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston, MA</a> (1949, 1951, 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati" title="Cincinnati">Cincinnati, OH</a> (1949, 1950, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, OH</a> (1951, 1978, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delray_Beach,_Florida" title="Delray Beach, Florida">Delray Beach, FL</a> (1993, 2001, 2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburg,_Texas" title="Edinburg, Texas">Edinburg, TX</a> (1968, 1995, 2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, TX</a> (1964, 1993, 2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastonia,_North_Carolina" title="Gastonia, North Carolina">Gastonia, NC</a> (1963, 2000, 2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, MI</a> (1949, 1960, 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory,_North_Carolina" title="Hickory, North Carolina">Hickory, NC</a> (1967, 1987, 2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence,_Missouri" title="Independence, Missouri">Independence, MO</a> (1961, 1982, 2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurinburg,_North_Carolina" title="Laurinburg, North Carolina">Laurinburg, NC</a> (1956, 1967, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pleasant,_South_Carolina" title="Mount Pleasant, South Carolina">Mount Pleasant, SC</a> (2010, 2018, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, VA</a> (1959, 2013, 2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester, New York</a> (1981, 1998, 2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward,_Alaska" title="Seward, Alaska">Seward, AK</a> (1963, 1965, 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana" title="Shreveport, Louisiana">Shreveport, LA</a> (1953, 1980, 1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville,_Massachusetts" title="Somerville, Massachusetts">Somerville, MA</a> (1972, 2009, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spokane,_Washington" title="Spokane, Washington">Spokane, WA</a> (1975, 2004, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, WA</a> (1956, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Four-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron, OH</a> (1980, 1981, 1995, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, AK</a> (1956, 1965, 1985, 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore, MD</a> (1952, 1977, 1991, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, OH</a> (1958, 1987, 1992, 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville,_North_Carolina" title="Fayetteville, North Carolina">Fayetteville, NC</a> (1985, 2001, 2011, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, IN</a> (1983, 1998, 2009, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Island,_Nebraska" title="Grand Island, Nebraska">Grand Island, NE</a> (1955, 1967, 1981, 1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, VA</a> (1972, 2002, 2014, 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisville,_Kentucky" title="Louisville, Kentucky">Louisville, KY</a> (1963, 1995, 2012, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, IL</a> (1953, 1966, 1989, 2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia, PA</a> (1949, 1951, 1957, 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockville,_Maryland" title="Rockville, Maryland">Rockville, MD</a> (1954, 1961, 1977, 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Ohio" title="Toledo, Ohio">Toledo, OH</a> (1950, 1983, 1984, 1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland" title="Cleveland">Cleveland, OH</a> (1949, 1982, 1984, 1986, 1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, IA</a> (2007, 2012, 2013, 2017, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso, TX</a> (1969, 2010, 2018, 2020, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven, CT</a> (1958, 1998, 2003, 2008, 2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockton,_California" title="Stockton, California">Stockton, CA</a> (1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, 2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupelo,_Mississippi" title="Tupelo, Mississippi">Tupelo, MS</a> (1967, 1989, 1999, 2011, 2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita,_Kansas" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, KS</a> (1961, 1993, 1999, 2009, 2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, MA</a> (1949, 1960, 1965, 1981, 2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Six-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Des_Moines,_Iowa" title="Des Moines, Iowa">Des Moines, IA</a> (1949, 1977, 1982, 2003, 2010, 2017)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Phoenix, AZ</a> (1950, 1958, 1980, 1989, 2009, 2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seven-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, MO</a> (1950, 1951, 1986, 1994, 2006, 2017, 2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, VA</a> (1952, 1979, 1982, 1988, 1996, 2012, 2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nine-time winners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/San_Antonio" title="San Antonio">San Antonio, TX</a> (1949, 1951, 1983, 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2022, 2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1867" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16556#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1867" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16556#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/142522184">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213753/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBXRFYmFmdh4WVPYBQMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4119970-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81066146">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015513k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12015513k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0080405&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5069792">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000567485&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564520805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/7f1c8f3f-69a9-454a-8633-c3d3a628858b">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/085798983">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046075">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&oldid=1275685361">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&oldid=1275685361</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Category:Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1868_establishments_in_Arizona_Territory" title="Category:1868 establishments in Arizona Territory">1868 establishments in Arizona Territory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Arizona" title="Category:Cities in Arizona">Cities in Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Maricopa_County,_Arizona" title="Category:Cities in Maricopa County, Arizona">Cities in Maricopa County, Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:County_seats_in_Arizona" title="Category:County seats in Arizona">County seats in Arizona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Phoenix_metropolitan_area" title="Category:Phoenix metropolitan area">Phoenix metropolitan area</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_1867" title="Category:Populated places established in 1867">Populated places established in 1867</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Category:Populated places in the Sonoran Desert">Populated places in the Sonoran Desert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:State_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="Category:State capitals in the United States">State capitals in the United States</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Navajo-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Navajo-language text">Articles containing Navajo-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Navajo_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Navajo IPA">Pages with Navajo IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Walapai-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Walapai-language text">Articles containing Walapai-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_January_2019" title="Category:Use American English from January 2019">Use American English from January 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_October_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from October 2023">Use mdy dates from October 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2017" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2005" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2005</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Official_website_different_in_Wikidata_and_Wikipedia" title="Category:Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia">Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Kartographer_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Kartographer extension">Pages using the Kartographer extension</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 February 2025, at 13:07 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phoenix,_Arizona&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"> Search </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" >Phoenix, Arizona</div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"> 153 languages </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"> Add topic </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-mr48r","wgBackendResponseTime":165,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_7c430838cff3481a2859f516de5ddd0508125d67":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geoshape","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q16556","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#0096FF","title":"Phoenix, Arizona","fill":"#0096FF"}},{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q16556","properties":{"title":"Phoenix, Arizona","fill-opacity":0,"stroke-opacity":0,"stroke":"#5F5F5F","stroke-width":2,"fill":"#000000"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.270","walltime":"3.760","ppvisitednodes":{"value":30658,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":941832,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":108880,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":45,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1324808,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3124.112 1 -total"," 50.07% 1564.298 2 Template:Reflist"," 31.31% 978.135 272 Template:Cite_web"," 11.05% 345.076 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 9.55% 298.267 1 Template:Infobox"," 5.76% 179.922 14 Template:Sfn"," 4.25% 132.661 31 Template:Cite_news"," 4.17% 130.315 31 Template:Cite_book"," 3.29% 102.680 2 Template:Langx"," 2.63% 82.124 9 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.991","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":32966066,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFArtibiseGammageWelch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBattaglia2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernardRice2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillock2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooneFragkias2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrunnZeiglerHays-MitchellGraybill2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBui2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBulk\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChiari\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordovaGoodykoontzLengelVandenburgh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorish\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDrueding2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDugan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEagerton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdelen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEgan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEiseleSchrankLomax2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEl_Nasser\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstes2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFudala2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaines2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarcia2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGober2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoodykoontz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrady2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartgenFieldsSan_José2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerberholz1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge,_Frederick_Webb1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHudgins\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonesNockSamarasQiu2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKottekGrieserBeckRudolf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarsonGustafsonHirt2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavin2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLedbetter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLochheadAblaMithaFusco2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLoomis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuckingham1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManning2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarin,_Ph.D.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthew2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcMillan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoffatt1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontero2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMosbergen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy_B.S.Xu,_M.D.Kochanek,_M.A.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMyers2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Weather_Service\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedham2014\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFNilsen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeelFinlaysonMcMahon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadamakerCorman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRex\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeymour\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSirois2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnider2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnowAcosta2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpeck2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStanley2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToll2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotiyapungprasert2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTotten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTowne2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrimble1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUS_Department_of_Commerce\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Velzer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderMeer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanderMeerVanderMeer2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVest2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVillarreal2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeatherbee2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoolsey2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Airport codes\"] = 2,\n [\"All-American City Award Hall of Fame\"] = 1,\n [\"Arizona\"] = 1,\n [\"Arizona county seats\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 31,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 267,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div\"] = 1,\n [\"Col div end\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 34,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"FIPS\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 12,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Jct\"] = 9,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 8,\n [\"Main list\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Maricopa County, Arizona\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Party shading/Democratic\"] = 6,\n [\"Party shading/Independent\"] = 3,\n [\"Party shading/Republican\"] = 3,\n [\"Phoenix Metropolitan Area\"] = 1,\n [\"Phoenix neighborhoods\"] = 1,\n [\"Phoenix weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Phoenix, Arizona\"] = 1,\n [\"PhxPoP\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"R\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 14,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 2,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"US Census population\"] = 1,\n [\"United States state capitals\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage inline\"] = 2,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","19.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","13.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","280","12.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","200","9.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","6.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.6"],["type","60","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","2.7"],["[others]","500","22.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-f4fp5","timestamp":"20250214130725","ttl":1248766,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Phoenix, Arizona","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenix,_Arizona","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16556","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q16556","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-04-15T01:58:26Z","dateModified":"2025-02-14T13:07:19Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/26\/Arizona_State_Capitol_%2816399533605%29.jpg","headline":"city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States"}</script> </body> </html>