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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Feudal tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes_of_ownership_and_tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes_of_ownership_and_tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modes of ownership and tenure</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modes_of_ownership_and_tenure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modes of ownership and tenure subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modes_of_ownership_and_tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Traditional_land_tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_land_tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Traditional land tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_land_tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ownership_of_land_by_swearing_to_make_productive_use_of_it" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ownership_of_land_by_swearing_to_make_productive_use_of_it"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ownership of land by swearing to make productive use of it</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ownership_of_land_by_swearing_to_make_productive_use_of_it-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allodial_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allodial_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Allodial title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allodial_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feudal_land_tenure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feudal_land_tenure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Feudal land tenure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feudal_land_tenure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fee_simple" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fee_simple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Fee simple</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fee_simple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Native title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Life estate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fee_tail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fee_tail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Fee tail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fee_tail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leasehold" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leasehold"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Leasehold</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leasehold-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Common land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharecropping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharecropping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Sharecropping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharecropping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Easement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Easement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Other</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>By country</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_country-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By country subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Angola" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Angola"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Angola</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Angola-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cambodia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cambodia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Cambodia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cambodia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Burma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laos" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laos"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Laos</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laos-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mongolia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mongolia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Mongolia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mongolia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maldives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maldives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Maldives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maldives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kazakhstan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kazakhstan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Kazakhstan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kazakhstan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20.1</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20.2</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_of_tenure_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_of_tenure_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Importance of tenure today</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance_of_tenure_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Land tenure</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Γαιοκτησία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γαιοκτησία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenencia_de_la_tierra" title="Tenencia de la tierra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tenencia de la tierra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="مالکیت زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالکیت زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9gime_foncier" title="Régime foncier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Régime foncier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%B8%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A5%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հողասեփականություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հողասեփականություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="भूधृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूधृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguasaan_tanah_(umum)" title="Penguasaan tanah (umum) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penguasaan tanah (umum)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Землевладение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Землевладение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Land_tenure" title="Special:EditPage/Land tenure">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Land+tenure%22">"Land tenure"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Land+tenure%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Land+tenure%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Land+tenure%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Land+tenure%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Land+tenure%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parallel_registration_of_Flexible_Land_Tenure_Rights.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Parallel_registration_of_Flexible_Land_Tenure_Rights.jpg/290px-Parallel_registration_of_Flexible_Land_Tenure_Rights.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Parallel_registration_of_Flexible_Land_Tenure_Rights.jpg/435px-Parallel_registration_of_Flexible_Land_Tenure_Rights.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Parallel_registration_of_Flexible_Land_Tenure_Rights.jpg/580px-Parallel_registration_of_Flexible_Land_Tenure_Rights.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Parallel registration of Flexible Land Tenure Rights</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">English feudalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_feudalism" title="Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_feudalism" title="Template talk:English feudalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_feudalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Common_law#History" title="Common law">common law</a> systems, <b>land tenure</b>, from the French verb "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">tenir</i></span>" means "to hold", is the legal <a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">regime</a> in which land "owned" by an individual is possessed by someone else who is said to "hold" the land, based on an agreement between both individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It determines who can use land, for how long and under what conditions. Tenure may be based both on official laws and policies, and on informal local customs (insofar higher law does allow that). In other words, land tenure implies a system according to which land is held by an individual or the actual <a href="/wiki/Farmer" title="Farmer">tiller</a> of the land but this person does not have legal <a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">ownership</a>. It determines the holder's rights and responsibilities in connection with their holding. The sovereign monarch, known in England as <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>, held land in its own right. All land holders are either its tenants or sub-tenants. <i>Tenure</i> signifies a legal relationship between tenant and lord, arranging the duties and rights of tenant and lord in relationship to the land. Over history, many different forms of <b>land tenure</b>, i.e., ways of holding land, have been established. </p><p>A <b>landowner</b> is the holder of the <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">estate in land</a> with the most extensive and exclusive rights of ownership over the territory, simply put, the owner of land. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feudal_tenure">Feudal tenure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Feudal tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></div> <p>The legal concept of land tenure in the Middle Ages has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> system that has been widely used throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. The lords who received land directly from the Crown, or another landowner, in exchange for certain rights and obligations were called <a href="/wiki/Tenants-in-chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenants-in-chief">tenants-in-chief</a>. </p><p>They doled out portions of their land to lesser tenants who in turn divided it among even lesser tenants. This process—that of granting subordinate tenancies—is known as <a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">subinfeudation</a>. In this way, all individuals except the monarch did hold the land "of" someone else because legal ownership was with the (superior) monarch, also known as <a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">overlord</a> or <a href="/wiki/Suzerain" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzerain">suzerain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, it was usual for there to be reciprocal duties and rights between lord and tenant. There were different kinds of tenure to fit various kinds of need. For instance, a military tenure might be by <a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">knight-service</a>, requiring the tenant to supply the lord with a number of armed horsemen and ground troops. </p><p>The fees were often lands, land revenue or <a href="/wiki/Revenue" title="Revenue">revenue-producing</a> real property, typically known as <b>fiefs</b> or <b>fiefdoms</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the ages and depending on the region a broad variety of customs did develop based on the same legal principle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The famous <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> for instance was a legal contract based on the medieval system of land tenure. </p><p>The concept of tenure has since evolved into other forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">leases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estate_(house)" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate (house)">estates</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes_of_ownership_and_tenure">Modes of ownership and tenure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modes of ownership and tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is a great variety of modes of <b>land ownership and tenure</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_land_tenure">Traditional land tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Traditional land tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the indigenous nations or tribes of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> had differing notions of land ownership. Whereas European land ownership centered around control, Indigenous notions were based on stewardship. When <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europeans</a> first came to North America, they sometimes disregarded traditional land tenure and simply seized land, or they accommodated traditional land tenure by recognizing it as <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal title</a>. This theory formed the basis for <a href="/wiki/Treaty#Treaties_and_indigenous_peoples" title="Treaty">treaties with indigenous peoples</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ownership_of_land_by_swearing_to_make_productive_use_of_it">Ownership of land by swearing to make productive use of it</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ownership of land by swearing to make productive use of it"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In several developing countries, such as Egypt and Senegal, this method is still presently in use. In Senegal, it is mentioned as "mise en valeur des zones du terroir"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Egypt, it is called Wadaa al-yad.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allodial_title">Allodial title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Allodial title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a> is a system in which <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> is owned absolutely free and clear of any superior landlord or sovereign. True allodial title is rare, with most property ownership in the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> world (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>) being in <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee simple</a>. Allodial title is inalienable, in that it may be conveyed, devised, gifted, or mortgaged by the owner, but it may not be distressed and restrained for collection of taxes or private debts, or condemned (<a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a>) by the government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feudal_land_tenure">Feudal land tenure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Feudal land tenure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">Feudal land tenure</a> is a system of mutual obligations under which a <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">royal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">noble</a> personage granted a <a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">fiefdom</a> — some degree of interest in the use or revenues of a given parcel of land — in exchange for a claim on services such as military service or simply maintenance of the land in which the <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a> continued to have an interest. This pattern obtained from the level of high nobility as vassals of a <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarch</a> down to lesser nobility whose only vassals were their <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serfs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fee_simple">Fee simple</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fee simple"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a> is the most complete ownership interest one can have in <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a>, other than the rare <a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a>. The holder can typically freely sell or otherwise transfer that interest or use it to <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">secure a mortgage loan</a>. This picture of "complete ownership" is, of course, complicated by the obligation in most places to pay a <a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property tax</a> and by the fact that if the land is mortgaged, there will be a claim on it in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">lien</a>. In modern societies, this is the most common form of land ownership. Land can also be owned by more than one party and there are various <a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">concurrent estate</a> rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_title">Native title</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Native title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Australia, <a href="/wiki/Native_title" class="mw-redirect" title="Native title">native title</a> is a common law concept that recognizes that some indigenous people have certain land rights that derive from their traditional laws and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Native title can co-exist with non-indigenous proprietary rights and in some cases different indigenous groups can exercise their native title over the same land. There are approximately 160 registered determinations of native title, spanning some 16% of Australia's land mass. The case of <a href="/wiki/Mabo_v_Queensland_(No_2)" title="Mabo v Queensland (No 2)">Mabo</a> overturned the decision in <a href="/wiki/Milirrpum_v_Nabalco_Pty_Ltd" title="Milirrpum v Nabalco Pty Ltd">Milirrpum</a> and repudiated the notion of <a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">terra nullius</a>. Subsequent Parliamentary Acts passed recognised the existence of this common law doctrine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Life_estate">Life estate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Life estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a> is an interest in real property that ends at death. The holder has the use of the land for life, but typically no ability to transfer that interest or to use it to <a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">secure a mortgage loan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fee_tail">Fee tail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Fee tail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under common law, <a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">fee tail</a> is hereditary, non-transferable ownership of real property. A similar concept, the <i><a href="/wiki/Legitime" title="Legitime">legitime</a></i>, exists in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a>; the <i>legitime</i> limits the extent to which one may disinherit an heir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leasehold">Leasehold</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Leasehold"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under both common law and civil law, land may be <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">leased</a> or <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rented</a> by its owner to another party. A wide range of arrangements are possible, ranging from very short terms to the 99-year leases common in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> for <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">flats</a>, and allowing various degrees of freedom in the use of the property. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_land">Common land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Common land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rights to use a <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">common</a> may include such rights as the use of a road or the right to graze one's animals on commonly owned land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharecropping">Sharecropping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sharecropping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Sharecropping" title="Sharecropping">sharecropping</a>, one has use of agricultural land owned by another person in exchange for a share of the resulting crop or livestock. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Easement">Easement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Easement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easements</a> allow one to make certain specific uses of land owned by someone else. The most classic easement is <a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">right-of-way</a> (right to cross), but it could also include (for example) the right – known as a <a href="/wiki/Wayleave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayleave">wayleave</a> –  to run an electrical power line across someone else's land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition, there are various forms of collective ownership, which typically take either the form of membership in a <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a>, or shares in a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a>, which owns the land (typically by fee simple, but possibly under other arrangements). There are also various hybrids; in many <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>, government ownership of most agricultural land has combined in various ways with tenure for farming collectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_archaeology">In archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In archaeology, traditions of land tenure can be studied according to <a href="/wiki/Territoriality_(nonverbal_communication)" title="Territoriality (nonverbal communication)">territoriality</a> and through the ways in which people create and utilize landscape boundaries, both natural and constructed. Less tangible aspects of tenure are harder to qualify, and study of these relies heavily on either the anthropological record (in the case of pre-literate societies) or textual evidence (in the case of literate societies). </p><p>In archaeology, land tenure traditions can be studied across the <a href="/wiki/Longue_dur%C3%A9e" title="Longue durée">longue durée</a>, for example land tenure based on <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> and collective property management. This makes it possible to study the long-term consequences of change and development in land tenure systems and agricultural productivity. </p><p>Moreover, an archaeological approach to land tenure arrangements studies the temporal aspects of land governance, including their sometimes temporary, impermanent and <a href="/wiki/Negotiation" title="Negotiation">negotiable</a> aspects as well as uses of past forms of tenure. For example, people can lay claim to, or profess to own resources, through reference to ancestral memory within society. In these cases, the nature of and relationships with aspects of the past, both tangible (e.g. monuments) and intangible (e.g. concepts of history through story telling) are used to legitimize the present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Countries_where_foreign_land_ownership_is_bannedsmall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of United States Official Language Status By State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Countries_where_foreign_land_ownership_is_bannedsmall.png/220px-Countries_where_foreign_land_ownership_is_bannedsmall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Countries_where_foreign_land_ownership_is_bannedsmall.png/330px-Countries_where_foreign_land_ownership_is_bannedsmall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Countries_where_foreign_land_ownership_is_bannedsmall.png/440px-Countries_where_foreign_land_ownership_is_bannedsmall.png 2x" data-file-width="3508" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Map of countries where foreign land ownership is banned as of 2023</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Angola">Angola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Angola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure_in_Angola" title="Land tenure in Angola">Land tenure in Angola</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>41 of the Constitution of Afghanistan, foreigners are not allowed to own land. Foreign individuals shall not have the right to own immovable property in Afghanistan<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Land_ownership_in_Canada" title="Land ownership in Canada">Land ownership in Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Land in China is state-owned or collectively owned. Enterprises, farmers, and householders lease land from the state using long-term leases of 20 to 70 years.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT53116_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT53116-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Foreign investors are not allowed to buy or own land in China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thailand">Thailand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Thailand foreigners are normally prohibited to own or possess land in Thailand. These restrictions are covered in the land code, articles 96 and following. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cambodia">Cambodia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cambodia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Article 44 of the Cambodian Constitution, "only natural persons or legal entities of Khmer nationality shall have the right to land ownership." foreigners are prohibited to own or possess land in Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreigners are prohibited owning land in the Philippines under the 1987 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreigners cannot buy and own land, like in many other Southeast Asian countries. Instead, the land is collectively owned by all Vietnamese people, but governed by the state. As written in the national Land Law, foreigners and foreign organizations are allowed to lease land. The leasehold period is up to 50 years.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burma">Burma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Burma"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though purchase of land is not permitted to foreigners, a real estate investor may apply for a 70 year leasehold with a Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC) permit.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Belarus">Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the legislation of Belarus, a foreign citizen cannot own land and only has the right to rent it.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laos">Laos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Laos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As foreigners are prohibited from permanent ownership of land. Foreigners can only lease land for a period of up to 30 year.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongolia">Mongolia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mongolia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Only Mongolian citizens can own the land within the territory of Mongolia. foreign citizens can only lease the land.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maldives">Maldives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Maldives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreigners are not allowed to own freehold land in Maldives. the land can only be leased to foreigners for 99 years.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sri_Lanka">Sri Lanka</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2014, the Sri Lankan parliament passed a law banning land purchases by foreigners. The new act will allow foreigners to acquire land only on a lease basis of up to 99 years with an annual 15 percent tax on the total rental paid upfront.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgia">Georgia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 2017, A ban on foreigners owning farmland was introduced in the Georgia's new constitution. The new constitution states that, with a small number of exceptions, agricultural land can only be owned by the state, a Georgian citizen or a Georgian-owned entity.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Kazakhstan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2021, President <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Kassym-Jomart Tokayev</a> signed into law a bill that bans the selling and leasing of agricultural land to foreigners.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Approximately 7% of the allocated land in Israel is privately owned. The rest, i.e. 93%, is owned by the State and is known as "Israeli Land". Israel's Basic Law on real estate states that Israel's Land is jointly owned by the State (69%), the Development Authority (12%), and the Jewish National Fund (12%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Land and Conveyancing Law Reform Bill, 2006<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure_in_England" title="Land tenure in England">Land tenure in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_land_law" title="English land law">English land law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_land_law" title="History of English land law">History of English land law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scotland">Scotland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crofting" title="Crofting">Crofting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aoghairean" title="Aoghairean">Aoghairean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-foot" title="Half-foot">Half-foot</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Property_law_in_the_United_States" title="Property law in the United States">Property law in the United States</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_of_tenure_today">Importance of tenure today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Importance of tenure today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Land_Hold_Title_Rights_Blockerf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Land_Hold_Title_Rights_Blockerf.jpg/290px-Land_Hold_Title_Rights_Blockerf.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Land_Hold_Title_Rights_Blockerf.jpg/435px-Land_Hold_Title_Rights_Blockerf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Land_Hold_Title_Rights_Blockerf.jpg/580px-Land_Hold_Title_Rights_Blockerf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="921" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Land Hold Title Rights Blockerf</figcaption></figure> <p>With homelessness and wealth inequality on the rise, land tenure in the developed world has become a point of issue.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Market-based economies which treat housing as a <a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">commodity</a> and not a <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">right</a> allow for laws such as <a href="/wiki/California_Proposition_13_(1978)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Proposition 13 (1978)">California Proposition 13 (1978)</a> that incentivize treating housing as an investment.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to <a href="/wiki/Inelastic_demand" class="mw-redirect" title="Inelastic demand">inelastic demand</a> of the human need for shelter, housing prices can therefore be raised above universally-affordable rates.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This complicates tenure by limiting supply and exacerbating <a href="/wiki/Homelessness" title="Homelessness">homelessness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Informal_housing" title="Informal housing">informal housing</a> arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in the United States, minimal regulation on house <a href="/wiki/Flipping" title="Flipping">flipping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a> behavior allows for <a href="/wiki/Gentrification" title="Gentrification">gentrification</a>, pricing out half a million Americans and leaving them homeless.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in light of 17 million homes left vacant as investment vehicles of the wealthy.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, severe weather events caused by <a href="/wiki/Climate-change" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate-change">climate-change</a> have become more frequent, affecting property values.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the developing world, catastrophes are impacting greater numbers of people due to <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crowding" title="Crowding">crowding</a>, and weak tenure and legal systems. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonial</a> land-tenure systems have led to issues in post-colonial societies.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concepts of "<a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlord</a>" and "tenant" have been recycled to refer to the modern relationship of the parties to land which is held under a <a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">lease</a>. Professor <a href="/wiki/F.H._Lawson" class="mw-redirect" title="F.H. Lawson">F.H. Lawson</a> in <i>Introduction to the Laws of Property</i> (1958) has pointed out, however, that the landlord-tenant relationship never really fitted in the feudal system and was rather an "alien commercial element". </p><p>The doctrine of tenure did not apply to personalty (<a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">personal property</a>). However, the relationship of <a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">bailment</a> in the case of <a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">chattels</a> closely resembles the landlord-tenant relationship that can be created in land. </p><p>Secure land-tenure also recognizes one's legal residential status in urban areas and it is a key characteristic in <a href="/wiki/Slum" title="Slum">slums</a>. Slum-dwellers do not have legal title to the land and thus local governments usually marginalize and ignored them.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_on_World_Food_Security" title="Committee on World Food Security">Committee on World Food Security</a> based at the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO) of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, endorsed the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/cfs/home/activities/vggt/en/">global norm</a>, as the problem of poor and politically marginalized especially likely to suffer from insecure tenure, however, this is merely work in progress. The United Nations <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5" title="Sustainable Development Goal 5">Sustainable Development Goal 5</a> also advocates for reforms to give women access to ownership and control over land in recognition of the importance of tenure to resource distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienated_land" title="Alienated land">Alienated land</a> – land acquired from customary landowners by government<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allodial_title" title="Allodial title">Allodial title</a> – Ownership of real property that is independent of any superior landlord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apertura_feudi" title="Apertura feudi">Apertura feudi</a> – Loss of a feudal land tenure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_land_ownership" title="Concentration of land ownership">Concentration of land ownership</a> – Ownership of land in a particular area by a small number of people or organizations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_easement" title="Development easement">Development easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a> – Legal power of a government to take private property for public use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a> – Legal and military structure in medieval Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiefdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiefdom">Fiefdom</a> – Right granted by overlord to vassal, central element of feudalism<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_Land_Tenure_System_(Namibia)" title="Flexible Land Tenure System (Namibia)">Flexible Land Tenure System (Namibia)</a> – concept to provide affordable security of tenure to inhabitants in informal settlements in Namibia<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_English_land_law" title="History of English land law">History of English land law</a> – Law of real property in England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">Homestead principle</a> – Legal principle regarding unclaimed natural resources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">Land (economics)</a> – Use of land as capital for production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_administration" title="Land administration">Land administration</a> – way in which the rules of Land tenure are applied and made operational<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">Land grabbing</a> – Large-scale acquisition of land (over 1,000 ha) whether by purchase, leases or other means.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a> – British social class of wealthy land owners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_nobility" title="Landed nobility">Landed nobility</a> – Nobility privileged with landownership</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landed_property" title="Landed property">Landed property</a> – Income-generating land owned by gentry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a> – Changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_titling" title="Land titling">Land titling</a> – Assignment of land ownership to its occupants</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_trust" title="Land trust">Land trust</a> – Conservation organization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a> – Feudal overlord: a lord with no obligations to a higher lord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a> – Economic, political, and judicial institution during the Middle Ages in Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesne_lord" title="Mesne lord">Mesne lord</a> – Type of lord in the feudal system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_field_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Open field system">Open field system</a> – Prevalent ownership and land use structure in medieval agriculture<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession (law)</a> – Control a person intentionally exercises towards a thing</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Precaria">Precaria</a> – Form of land tenure<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores">Quia Emptores</a> – English statute of 1290</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Resources_Initiative" title="Rights and Resources Initiative">Rights and Resources Initiative</a> – International non-governmental organization focused on land and forest rights</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">Squatting</a> – Unauthorized occupation of property</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenement_(law)" title="Tenement (law)">Tenement (law)</a> – The holder of a legal interest in real estate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">Title (property)</a> – Bundle of rights to a property</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usucaption" title="Usucaption">Usucaption</a> – Acquisition of property</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription 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.cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.land-links.org/what-is-land-tenure/">"What is Land Tenure?"</a>. <i>LandLinks</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HUD.gov+%2F+U.S.+Department+of+Housing+and+Urban+Development+%28HUD%29&rft.atitle=Tenant+Rights&rft.date=2017-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hud.gov%2Ftopics%2Frental_assistance%2Ftenantrights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+tenure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.self.inc/info/empty-homes/">"Homelessness & Empty Homes: Trends Since 2010 | Self"</a>. <i>www.self.inc</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Aspen+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Devastating+Effects+of+Climate+Change+on+US+Housing+Security&rft.date=2021-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aspeninstitute.org%2Fblog-posts%2Fthe-devastating-effects-of-climate-change-on-us-housing-security%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+tenure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonardLongbottom2000" class="citation book cs1">Leonard, Rebeca; Longbottom, Judy, eds. (2000). "Colonial land tenure system - <i>Droit foncier colonial</i>". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7_JZHu6Ee98C"><i>Land Tenure Lexicon: A Glossary of Terms from English and French Speaking West Africa</i></a>. London: International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED). p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781899825462" title="Special:BookSources/9781899825462"><bdi>9781899825462</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>[...] throughout West Africa, because of the great difficulties in enforcing land law, decisions about land claims have more often reflected the power and influence of the different stakeholders, rather than enforcing the letter of the law [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonial+land+tenure+system+-+Droit+foncier+colonial&rft.btitle=Land+Tenure+Lexicon%3A+A+Glossary+of+Terms+from+English+and+French+Speaking+West+Africa&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=International+Institute+for+Environment+and+Development+%28IIED%29&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781899825462&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7_JZHu6Ee98C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+tenure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField2005" class="citation journal cs1">Field, E. (2005). "Property rights and investment in urban slums". <i>Journal of the European Economic Association</i>. <b>3</b> (2–3): 279–290. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.576.1330">10.1.1.576.1330</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjeea.2005.3.2-3.279">10.1162/jeea.2005.3.2-3.279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+European+Economic+Association&rft.atitle=Property+rights+and+investment+in+urban+slums&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933&rft.pages=279-290&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.576.1330%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjeea.2005.3.2-3.279&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+tenure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/women-and-the-sdgs/sdg-5-gender-equality">"Sustainable Development Goal 5: Gender equality"</a>. <i>UN Women</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UN+Women&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Development+Goal+5%3A+Gender+equality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unwomen.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fin-focus%2Fwomen-and-the-sdgs%2Fsdg-5-gender-equality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALand+tenure" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Baker_(legal_historian)" title="John Baker (legal historian)">John Baker</a>, <i>An Introduction to English Legal History</i> (3rd edition) 1990 Butterworths. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-406-53101-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-406-53101-3">0-406-53101-3</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Land_tenure&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/landowner" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:landowner">landowner</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Land_tenure" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Land tenure">Land tenure</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Property_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Property navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Property" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By owner</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_land" title="Communal land">Communal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-ownership" title="Self-ownership">Self</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croft_(land)" title="Croft (land)">Croft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estate (landed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_property" title="Intangible property">Intangible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">indigenous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangible_property" title="Tangible property">Tangible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_commons_(economics)" title="Digital commons (economics)">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_commons" title="Information commons">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_commons" title="Knowledge commons">Knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_of_rights" title="Bundle of rights">Bundle of rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_commodities" title="Fictitious commodities">fictitious commodities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_(economics)" title="Common good (economics)">Common good (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excludability" title="Excludability">Excludability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_possession_theory_of_property" title="First possession theory of property">First possession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_appropriation" title="Original appropriation">appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_principle" title="Homestead principle">homestead principle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-rider_problem" title="Free-rider problem">Free-rider problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">Game theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_rent" title="Law of rent">Law of rent</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">rent-seeking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_property_rights" title="Women's property rights">women's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Right to property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rivalry_(economics)" title="Rivalry (economics)">Rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_anticommons" title="Tragedy of the anticommons">anticommons</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acequia" title="Acequia"><i>Acequia</i> (watercourse)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejido" title="Ejido"><i>Ejido</i> (agrarian land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estate_(law)" title="Estate (law)">legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_estate" title="Literary estate">literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Forest types</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">Huerta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance" title="Inheritance">Inheritance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executor" title="Executor">executor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Land tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_(property)" title="Title (property)">title</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scheduled_Tribes_and_Other_Traditional_Forest_Dwellers_(Recognition_of_Forest_Rights)_Act,_2006" title="The Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006">Forest-dwelling (India)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_to_roam" title="Freedom to roam">Freedom to roam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grazing_rights" title="Grazing rights">Grazing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannage" title="Pannage">pannage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law#Land_rights" title="Land law">Land</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_title" title="Aboriginal title">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_land_rights" title="Indigenous land rights">indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting" title="Squatting">squatting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_rights" title="Littoral rights">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bergregal" title="Bergregal">Bergregal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (transit)">Right of way (transit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_way_(property_access)" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of way (property access)">Right of way (property access)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior-appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_by_dispossession" title="Accumulation by dispossession">Disposession</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_income_and_wealth" title="Redistribution of income and wealth">redistribution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">Eminent domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">Enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eviction" title="Eviction">Eviction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced migration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">repatriation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Back" title="Land Back">Land Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_plunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal plunder">Legal plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">Poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_taking" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory taking">Regulatory taking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bride_buying" title="Bride buying">bride buying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">human trafficking</a></li> <li>spousal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband-selling" class="mw-redirect" title="Husband-selling">husband-selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">wife selling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">wage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">Tax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inheritance_tax" title="Inheritance tax">inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_tax" title="Poll tax">poll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_tax" title="Progressive tax">progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax" title="Property tax">property</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theft" title="Theft">Theft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars<br /><span class="nobold">(<i>key work</i>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Frédéric Bastiat</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Law_(Bastiat_book)" title="The Law (Bastiat book)">The Law</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_the_Family,_Private_Property_and_the_State" title="The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State">The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_George" title="Henry George">Henry George</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_and_Poverty" title="Progress and Poverty">Progress and Poverty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Mauss" title="Marcel Mauss">Marcel Mauss</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gift_(essay)" title="The Gift (essay)">The Gift</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">John Stuart Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Ostrom" title="Elinor Ostrom">Elinor Ostrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Polanyi" title="Karl Polanyi">Karl Polanyi</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Transformation_(book)" title="The Great Transformation (book)">The Great Transformation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Property_is_theft!" class="mw-redirect" title="Property is theft!">What Is Property?</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">David Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Murray N. Rothbard</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Liberty" title="The Ethics of Liberty">The Ethics of Liberty</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Adam Smith</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wealth_of_Nations" title="The Wealth of Nations">The Wealth of Nations</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> Categories: <a href="/wiki/Category:Property" title="Category:Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law" title="Category:Property law">Property law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Property_law_by_country" title="Category:Property law by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Land_use" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Land_use" title="Template:Land use"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Land_use&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Land use (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Land_use" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Land use"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Land_use" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">Land use</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">Development/Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_planning" title="Land-use planning">Planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land-use_conflict" title="Land-use conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscaping" title="Landscaping">Landscaping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Integrated landscape management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_grabbing" title="Land grabbing">Land grabbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_consumption" title="Land consumption">Land consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_loss" title="Land loss">Land loss</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">Habitat destruction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_construction" title="Illegal construction">Illegal construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Land reclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_rehabilitation" title="Land rehabilitation">Land rehabilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_ecology" title="Landscape ecology">Landscape ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland_management" title="Rangeland management">Rangeland management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_matrix" title="Leopold matrix">Leopold matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertable_control" title="Watertable control">Watertable control</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developed_environments" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed environments">Developed environments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Built-up_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Built-up area">Built-up area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locally_unwanted_land_use" title="Locally unwanted land use">Locally unwanted land use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Property</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">Subdivision (land)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_development_bank" title="Land development bank">Land development bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">Land (economics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_land" title="Customary land">Customary land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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