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id="toc-British_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_house_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_house_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Country house estate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_house_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_great_estates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_great_estates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The great estates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_great_estates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sporting_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sporting_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sporting estate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sporting_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In the United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Поместие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поместие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods_(st%C3%B8rre_g%C3%A5rd)" title="Gods (større gård) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gods (større gård)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutshof" title="Gutshof – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gutshof" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominio_(territorio)" title="Dominio (territorio) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dominio (territorio)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="املاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="املاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domaine_(territoire)" title="Domaine (territoire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Domaine (territoire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2ngoed" title="Lângoed – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lângoed" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D6%84" title="Կալվածք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալվածք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hew%C5%9F" title="Hewş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hewş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaras" title="Dvaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dvaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uradalom" title="Uradalom – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Uradalom" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estet" title="Estet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Estet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landgoed" title="Landgoed – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landgoed" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laandgood" title="Laandgood – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Laandgood" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomestie" title="Pomestie – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pomestie" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C8%99ie" title="Moșie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moșie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Поместье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поместье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Имање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Имање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imanje" title="Imanje – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gods_(fastighet)" title="Gods (fastighet) – 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(house)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Estate (house)">Estate (house)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Comprises the buildings and supporting farmland and woods of a very large property</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Estate_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Estate (disambiguation)">Estate (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Domaine" redirects here. For the board game, see <a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6wenherz" title="Löwenherz">Löwenherz</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Domain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Domain (disambiguation)">domain (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/estate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:estate">estate</a></b></i>, <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domaine" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:domaine">domaine</a></b></i>, or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/domain" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:domain">domain</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Estate_(land)" title="Special:EditPage/Estate (land)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Estate%22+land">"Estate" land</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Estate%22+land+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Estate%22+land&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Estate%22+land+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Estate%22+land">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Estate%22+land&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>estate</b> is a large parcel of land under single ownership, which generates income for its owner. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_context">British context</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: British context"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, historically an <b>estate</b> comprises the houses, outbuildings, supporting farmland, tenanted buildings, and natural resources (such as woodland) that surround the gardens and grounds of a very large property, such as a <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country house</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansion" title="Mansion">mansion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palace" title="Palace">palace</a> or <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the modern term for a <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manor</a>, but lacks a manor's now-abolished jurisdiction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_house_estate">Country house estate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Country house estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wentworth_Woodhouse_from_A_Complete_History_of_the_County_of_York_by_Thomas_Allen_(1828-30).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wentworth_Woodhouse_from_A_Complete_History_of_the_County_of_York_by_Thomas_Allen_%281828-30%29.JPG/220px-Wentworth_Woodhouse_from_A_Complete_History_of_the_County_of_York_by_Thomas_Allen_%281828-30%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wentworth_Woodhouse_from_A_Complete_History_of_the_County_of_York_by_Thomas_Allen_%281828-30%29.JPG/330px-Wentworth_Woodhouse_from_A_Complete_History_of_the_County_of_York_by_Thomas_Allen_%281828-30%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wentworth_Woodhouse_from_A_Complete_History_of_the_County_of_York_by_Thomas_Allen_%281828-30%29.JPG/440px-Wentworth_Woodhouse_from_A_Complete_History_of_the_County_of_York_by_Thomas_Allen_%281828-30%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="289" /></a><figcaption>Wentworth Woodhouse is a large rural estate, extending to 15,000 acres including the country house.</figcaption></figure> <p>The "estate" formed an economic system where the profits from its produce and rents (of housing or agricultural land) sustained the main household, formerly known as the <a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">manor house</a>. Thus, "the estate" may refer to all other cottages and villages in the same ownership as the mansion itself, covering more than one former manor. Examples of such great estates are <a href="/wiki/Woburn_Abbey" title="Woburn Abbey">Woburn Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a>, England, and <a href="/wiki/Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>, England, built to replace the former manor house of Woodstock.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 1870s, these estates often encompassed several thousand acres, generally consisting of several <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer#England_and_Wales" title="Tenant farmer">farms let to tenants</a>; the great house was supplied with food from its own <a href="/wiki/Home_farm_(agriculture)" title="Home farm (agriculture)">home farm</a> (for meat and dairy) and a <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">kitchen garden</a> (for fruit and vegetables). A <a href="/wiki/Dower_house" title="Dower house">dower house</a> may have been present on the estate to allow the widow of the former owner her own accommodation and household when moved out the primary house on the estate. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_of_British_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Depression of British Agriculture">agricultural depression from the 1870s onwards</a> and the decline of <a href="/wiki/Domestic_worker" title="Domestic worker">servants</a> meant that the large rural estates declined in social and economic significance, and <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_country_houses_in_20th-century_Britain" title="Destruction of country houses in 20th-century Britain">many of the country houses were destroyed</a>, or land was parcelled off to be sold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_great_estates">The great estates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The great estates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Southampton_or_Bloomsbury_Square%27,_London,_c1725.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%27Southampton_or_Bloomsbury_Square%27%2C_London%2C_c1725.jpg/220px-%27Southampton_or_Bloomsbury_Square%27%2C_London%2C_c1725.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%27Southampton_or_Bloomsbury_Square%27%2C_London%2C_c1725.jpg/330px-%27Southampton_or_Bloomsbury_Square%27%2C_London%2C_c1725.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/%27Southampton_or_Bloomsbury_Square%27%2C_London%2C_c1725.jpg/440px-%27Southampton_or_Bloomsbury_Square%27%2C_London%2C_c1725.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Looking north across <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Square" title="Bloomsbury Square">Bloomsbury Square</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Bedford_Estate" title="Bedford Estate">Bedford Estate</a> with Bedford House behind, c. 1725, London <a href="/wiki/Town_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Town house">town house</a> of the Dukes of Bedford</figcaption></figure> <p>An urban example of the use of the term estate is presented by the "great estates" in Central London such as the <a href="/wiki/Grosvenor_Group" title="Grosvenor Group">Grosvenor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portman_Estate" title="Portman Estate">Portman</a>, which continue to generate significant income through rent.<sup id="cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Financial_Times-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes London streets are named after the rural estates of aristocratic landowners, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Wimpole_Street" title="Wimpole Street">Wimpole Street</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sporting_estate">Sporting estate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sporting estate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the Norman era, hunting had always been a popular pastime with the British royalty and nobility, and dating from the medieval era, land was parcelled off and put aside for the leisurely pursuits of hunting. These originated as <a href="/wiki/Royal_forest" title="Royal forest">royal forests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chase_(land)" title="Chase (land)">chase</a> land, eventually evolving into <a href="/wiki/Deer_park_(England)" title="Deer park (England)">deer parks</a>, or sometimes into the <a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Parks" title="The Royal Parks">Royal Parks</a> if owned by the royal family. The ownership of these estates for hunting was in practice strictly restricted until the 19th century when legal changes to game hunting meant the nobility, gentry and other wealthy families could purchase land for the purposes of hunting. At the administrative centre of these sporting estates is usually a <a href="/wiki/Sporting_lodge" title="Sporting lodge">sporting lodge</a>. These are also often known as shooting or hunting estates.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahatma_Gandhi_Industrial_Estate,_Lambeth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mahatma_Gandhi_Industrial_Estate%2C_Lambeth.jpg/220px-Mahatma_Gandhi_Industrial_Estate%2C_Lambeth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mahatma_Gandhi_Industrial_Estate%2C_Lambeth.jpg/330px-Mahatma_Gandhi_Industrial_Estate%2C_Lambeth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Mahatma_Gandhi_Industrial_Estate%2C_Lambeth.jpg/440px-Mahatma_Gandhi_Industrial_Estate%2C_Lambeth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A modern industrial estate in Lambeth, London</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In modern <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, the term "estate" has been generalised to any large parcel of land under single ownership, such as a <a href="/wiki/Housing_estate" title="Housing estate">housing estate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Industrial_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial estate">industrial estate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Biltmore_Estate,_Asheville,_North_Carolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Biltmore_Estate%2C_Asheville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/220px-Biltmore_Estate%2C_Asheville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Biltmore_Estate%2C_Asheville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/330px-Biltmore_Estate%2C_Asheville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Biltmore_Estate%2C_Asheville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg/440px-Biltmore_Estate%2C_Asheville%2C_North_Carolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Estate" title="Biltmore Estate">Biltmore Estate</a>, Asheville, North Carolina</figcaption></figure> <p>Large country estates were traditionally found in New York's <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Westchester County">Westchester County</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Main_Line" title="Philadelphia Main Line">Philadelphia Main Line</a>, Maine's <a href="/wiki/Bar_Harbor,_Maine" title="Bar Harbor, Maine">Bar Harbor</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Desert_Island" title="Mount Desert Island">Mount Desert Island</a>, and other affluent <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East Coast</a> enclaves; and the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area" title="San Francisco Bay Area">San Francisco Bay Area</a>, early <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montecito,_California" title="Montecito, California">Montecito, California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Barbara,_California" title="Santa Barbara, California">Santa Barbara, California</a> and other affluent <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast</a> enclaves. All these regions had strong traditions of large agricultural, grazing, and productive estates modeled on those in Europe. However, by the late 1940s and early 1950s, many of these estates had been demolished and <a href="/wiki/Subdivision_(land)" title="Subdivision (land)">subdivided</a>, in some cases resulting in <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburban</a> villages named for the former owners, as in <a href="/wiki/Baxter_Estates,_New_York" title="Baxter Estates, New York">Baxter Estates, New York</a>. </p><p>An important distinction between the United States and England is that "American country estates, unlike English ones, rarely, if ever, supported the house."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslet_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American estates have always been about "the pleasures of land ownership and the opportunity to enjoy active, <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_recreation" title="Outdoor recreation">outdoor pursuits</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Aslet_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some American estates included farms, they were always in support of the larger recreational purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Aslet_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslet-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, large houses on lots of at least several <a href="/wiki/Acre" title="Acre">acres</a> in size are often referred to as "estates", in a contemporary updating of the word's usage. Most contemporary American estates are not large enough to include significant amounts of self-supporting productive agricultural land, and the money for their improvement and maintenance usually comes from fortunes earned in other economic sectors besides agriculture. They are distinguished from ordinary <a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">middle-class American</a> houses by sheer size, as well as their landscaping, gardens, outbuildings, and most importantly, recreational structures (e.g., tennis courts and swimming pools). This usage is the predominant connotation of "estate" in contemporary <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> (when not <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">preceded by the word "real"</a>), which is why "industrial estate" sounds like an <a href="/wiki/Oxymoron" title="Oxymoron">oxymoron</a> to Americans, as few wealthy persons would deliberately choose to live next to factories. </p><p>Traditional American estates include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biltmore_Estate" title="Biltmore Estate">Biltmore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Vanderbilt_II" title="George Washington Vanderbilt II">George Washington Vanderbilt II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearst_Castle" title="Hearst Castle">Hearst Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Coast_of_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Coast of California">Central Coast of California</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hill,_Ipswich,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hill, Ipswich, Massachusetts">Castle Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich,_Massachusetts" title="Ipswich, Massachusetts">Ipswich, Massachusetts</a>; estate of Richard Teller Crane Jr.</li> <li>Meadow Farm, <a href="/wiki/East_Islip,_New_York" title="East Islip, New York">East Islip, New York</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/H._B._Hollins" title="H. B. Hollins">H. B. Hollins</a> (demolished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westbrook,_Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Westbrook, Suffolk County, New York">Westbrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_River,_New_York" title="Great River, New York">Great River, New York</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/William_Bayard_Cutting" title="William Bayard Cutting">William Bayard Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planting_Fields_Arboretum_State_Historic_Park" title="Planting Fields Arboretum State Historic Park">Coe Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oyster_Bay_(hamlet),_New_York" title="Oyster Bay (hamlet), New York">Oyster Bay, New York</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/William_Robertson_Coe" title="William Robertson Coe">William R. Coe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Neck_Hall" title="Indian Neck Hall">Indian Neck Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_New_York" title="Oakdale, New York">Oakdale, New York</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gilbert_Bourne" title="Frederick Gilbert Bourne">Frederick Gilbert Bourne</a></li> <li>Inisfada, <a href="/wiki/Manhasset,_New_York" title="Manhasset, New York">Manhasset, New York</a>; estate of Nicholas Brady</li> <li>Idle Hour, <a href="/wiki/Oakdale,_New_York" title="Oakdale, New York">Oakdale, New York</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/William_Kissam_Vanderbilt" title="William Kissam Vanderbilt">William Kissam Vanderbilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oheka_Castle" title="Oheka Castle">Oheka Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor,_New_York" title="Cold Spring Harbor, New York">Cold Spring Harbor, New York</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hermann_Kahn" title="Otto Hermann Kahn">Otto Hermann Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd_Estate" title="Harold Lloyd Estate">Harold Lloyd Estate</a>, 'Greenacres' <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filoli" title="Filoli">Filoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodside,_California" title="Woodside, California">Woodside, California</a>; estate of <a href="/wiki/William_Bowers_Bourn_II" title="William Bowers Bourn II">William Bowers Bourn II</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riven_Rock,_Montecito" title="Riven Rock, Montecito">Riven Rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montecito,_California" title="Montecito, California">Montecito, California</a>; estate of Stanley and <a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine McCormick</a> (demolished)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolands" title="Carolands">Carolands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillsborough,_California" title="Hillsborough, California">Hillsborough, California</a>; estate of Harriett Pullman Carolan (daughter of <a href="/wiki/George_Pullman" title="George Pullman">George Pullman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgetown,_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown, Washington, D.C.">Georgetown, Washington, D.C.</a>; estate of the Woods—Bliss Family, landscape architecture by <a href="/wiki/Beatrix_Farrand" title="Beatrix Farrand">Beatrix Farrand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/32px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/48px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Big_single-family_home_2.jpg/64px-Big_single-family_home_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="604" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Housing" title="Portal:Housing">Housing portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">English country house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estate_map" title="Estate map">Estate map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finca" title="Finca">Finca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentry" title="Gentry">Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacienda" title="Hacienda">Hacienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">Patroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_business" title="Real estate business">Real estate business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_development" title="Real estate development">Real estate development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_bubble" class="mw-redirect" title="Real estate bubble">Real estate bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa" title="Villa">Villa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estate_(land)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historic England Listing Selection Guide: Domestic 3: Suburban and Country Houses <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/dlsg-suburban-country-houses/heag104-domestic3-suburban-and-country-houses-lsg/">https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/dlsg-suburban-country-houses/heag104-domestic3-suburban-and-country-houses-lsg/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Financial_Times-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Financial_Times_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/569361b2-abfa-11e6-ba7d-76378e4fef24">"London's great estates: long-term vision or short-term gain?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 2016-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=London%27s+great+estates%3A+long-term+vision+or+short-term+gain%3F&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F569361b2-abfa-11e6-ba7d-76378e4fef24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstate+%28land%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, J.C. Jeremy (2013). <i>Sporting Lodges</i>. Shrewsbury, U.K.: Quiller Publishing, Limited. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978_1_84689168_7" title="Special:BookSources/978 1 84689168 7"><bdi>978 1 84689168 7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sporting+Lodges&rft.place=Shrewsbury%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Quiller+Publishing%2C+Limited&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781846891687&rft.aulast=Hobson&rft.aufirst=J.C.+Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstate+%28land%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aslet-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aslet_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslet_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aslet_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslet1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_Aslet" title="Clive Aslet">Aslet, Clive</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PFfWsVBuvLIC&pg=PA135"><i>The American Country House</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300105056" title="Special:BookSources/9780300105056"><bdi>9780300105056</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Country+House&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780300105056&rft.aulast=Aslet&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPFfWsVBuvLIC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEstate+%28land%29" class="Z3988"></span> This version is a 2004 reprint of the 1990 original.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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