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searchaux" style="display:none">Ownership of real property that is independent of any superior landlord</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1202158006">.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-heading{background:#aaddff;color:#000}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-above{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .law-sidebar .sidebar-below{padding:0.4em;border-top:1px #aaa solid;font-weight:normal;font-size:smaller}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist law-sidebar"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/150px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/225px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg/300px-Property_Law_-_Gavel_and_Block_and_House_Keys.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2666" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> series</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Types</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_property" title="Personal property">Personal property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_property" title="Community property">Community property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">Real property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unowned_property" title="Unowned property">Unowned property</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Acquisition</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gift_(law)" title="Gift (law)">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deed" title="Deed">Deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_doctrine" title="Discovery doctrine">Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accession_(property_law)" title="Accession (property law)">Accession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost,_mislaid,_and_abandoned_property" title="Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property">Lost, mislaid, and abandoned property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_trove" title="Treasure trove">Treasure trove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/License" title="License">License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">Alienation</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Estate_in_land" title="Estate in land">Estates in land</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allodial title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">Fee simple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fee_tail" title="Fee tail">Fee tail</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Life_estate" title="Life estate">Life estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defeasible_estate" title="Defeasible estate">Defeasible estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future interest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remainder_(law)" title="Remainder (law)">remainder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_estate" title="Concurrent estate">Concurrent estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leasehold_estate" title="Leasehold estate">Leasehold estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(living_space)" class="mw-redirect" title="Condominium (living space)">Condominiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">Real estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Conveyancing" title="Conveyancing">Conveyancing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bona_fide_purchaser" title="Bona fide purchaser"><i>Bona fide</i> purchaser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Strata_title" title="Strata title">Strata title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deeds_registration" title="Deeds registration">Deeds registration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estoppel_by_deed" title="Estoppel by deed">Estoppel by deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quitclaim" title="Quitclaim">Quitclaim deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_conversion" title="Equitable conversion">Equitable conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_title" title="Quiet title">Action to quiet title</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">Escheat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Future_interest" title="Future interest">Future use</a> control</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Restraint_on_alienation" title="Restraint on alienation">Restraint on alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_against_perpetuities" title="Rule against perpetuities">Rule against perpetuities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_in_Shelley%27s_Case" title="Rule in Shelley's Case">Rule in <i>Shelley's Case</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_worthier_title" title="Doctrine of worthier title">Doctrine of worthier title</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Nonpossessory_interest_in_land" title="Nonpossessory interest in land">Nonpossessory interest</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien" title="Lien">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easement" title="Easement">Easement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(real_property)" title="Profit (real property)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usufruct" title="Usufruct">Usufruct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(law)" title="Covenant (law)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equitable_servitude" title="Equitable servitude">Equitable servitude</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">Fixtures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_(law)" title="Waste (law)">Waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(law)" title="Partition (law)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practicing_without_a_license" title="Practicing without a license">Practicing without a license</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Mineral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prior-appropriation_water_rights" title="Prior-appropriation water rights">prior appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">riparian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_and_subjacent_support" title="Lateral and subjacent support">Lateral and subjacent support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assignment_(law)" title="Assignment (law)">Assignment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nemo_dat_quod_non_habet" title="Nemo dat quod non habet">Nemo dat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quicquid_plantatur_solo,_solo_cedit" title="Quicquid plantatur solo, solo cedit">Quicquid plantatur</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_property_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict of property laws">Conflict of property laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackacre" title="Blackacre">Blackacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_deposit" title="Security deposit">Security deposit</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> areas</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">Contract law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">Tort law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Will (law)">Wills</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trust_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Trust law">trusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">Criminal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(law)" title="Evidence (law)">Evidence</a></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher category:</i> <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">Common law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16em"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism_in_England" title="Feudalism in England">English feudalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/200px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/300px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg/400px-Bayeux_Tapestry_scene23_Harold_sacramentum_fecit_Willelmo_duci.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2407" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><i><a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson#Harold_in_northern_France" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Sacramentum Fecit Willelmo Duci</a></i><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a>)</span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_fief" title="Ecclesiastical fief">Ecclesiastical fief</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allodial title</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">Appanage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">Vassal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffment" title="Feoffment">Feoffment</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Seignory" title="Seignory">Seignory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Subinfeudation" title="Subinfeudation">Subinfeudation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feoffee" title="Feoffee">Feoffee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fealty" title="Fealty">Fealty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Homage_(feudal)" title="Homage (feudal)">Homage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_(medieval)" title="Affinity (medieval)">Affinity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_maintenance" title="Feudal maintenance">Feudal maintenance</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fragmentation" title="Feudal fragmentation">Feudal fragmentation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bastard_feudalism" title="Bastard feudalism">Bastard feudalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Livery" title="Livery">Livery</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_the_manor" title="Lord of the manor">Lord of the manor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manorial_court" title="Manorial court">Manorial court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Manor_house" title="Manor house">Manor house</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_manor_houses" title="List of manor houses">List</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Demesne" title="Demesne">Demesne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Glebe" title="Glebe">Glebe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Overlord" title="Overlord">Overlord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">Lord</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">Peasant</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_tenant" title="Free tenant">Free tenant</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure_in_England" title="Feudal land tenure in England">Feudal land tenure in England</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_feudal_barony" title="English feudal barony">English feudal barony</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_baron" title="Feudal baron">Feudal baron</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight%27s_fee" title="Knight's fee">Knight's fee</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Knight-service" title="Knight-service">Knight-service</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Baronage" title="Baronage">Baronage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serjeanty" title="Serjeanty">Serjeanty</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copyhold" title="Copyhold">Copyhold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Freehold_(law)" title="Freehold (law)">Freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gavelkind" title="Gavelkind">Gavelkind</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Customary_freehold" title="Customary freehold">Customary freehold</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Landed_gentry" title="Landed gentry">Landed gentry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Peerages_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Peerages in the United Kingdom">Peerages in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Feudal_duties" title="Feudal duties">Feudal duties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avera_and_inward" title="Avera and inward">Avera and inward</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">Socage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scutage" title="Scutage">Scutage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_aid" title="Feudal aid">Feudal aid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scot_and_lot" title="Scot and lot">Scot and lot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tallage" title="Tallage">Tallage</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-top:0.15em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:English_feudalism" title="Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:English_feudalism" title="Template talk:English feudalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:English_feudalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:English feudalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Allodial title</b> constitutes ownership of <a href="/wiki/Real_property" title="Real property">real property</a> (land, buildings, and <a href="/wiki/Fixture_(property_law)" title="Fixture (property law)">fixtures</a>) that is independent of any superior landlord. Allodial title is related to the concept of land held <i>in allodium</i>, or land ownership by occupancy and defence of the land. </p><p>Most property ownership in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions is <a href="/wiki/Fee_simple" title="Fee simple">fee simple</a>. In the United States, the land is subject to <a href="/wiki/Eminent_domain" title="Eminent domain">eminent domain</a> by federal, state and local government, and subject to the imposition of taxes by state and/or local governments, and there is thus no true allodial land. Land is "held of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>" in <a href="/wiki/England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> and other jurisdictions in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>. Some land in the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> Islands, known as <a href="/wiki/Udal_law" title="Udal law">udal land</a>, is held in a manner akin to allodial land in that these titles are not subject to the ultimate ownership of the Crown. </p><p>In France, while allodial title existed before the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, it was rare and limited to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">ecclesiastical</a> properties and property that had fallen out of feudal ownership. After the French Revolution allodial title became the norm in France and other <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries that were under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> legal influences. In October 1854, the <a href="/wiki/Seigneurial_system_of_New_France" title="Seigneurial system of New France">seigneurial system</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a>, which had been ceded from France to Britain in 1763 at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, was extinguished by the Seigneurial Tenures Abolition Act of October 1854, and a form similar to <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a> replaced it. </p><p>Property owned under allodial title is referred to as allodial land, allodium, or an <a href="/wiki/Allod" title="Allod">allod</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a> of 1086 it is called alod.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, allodial title was sometimes used to distinguish ownership of land without feudal duties from ownership by <a href="/wiki/Feudal_land_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal land tenure">feudal tenure</a> which restricted <a href="/wiki/Alienation_(property_law)" title="Alienation (property law)">alienation</a> and burdened land with the tenurial rights of a landholder's <a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">overlord</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">sovereign</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_concept">Legal concept</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allodial_title&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Legal concept"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allodial lands are the absolute property of their owner and not subject to any <a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">rent</a>, service, or acknowledgment to a superior. Allodial title is therefore an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal</a> <a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">land tenure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, historian <a href="/wiki/James_Holt_(historian)" title="James Holt (historian)">James Holt</a> states that "In <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> the word <i>alodium</i>, whatever its sense in other parts of the Continent, meant, not land held free of <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">seigneurial</a> services, but land held by <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Hereditary right">hereditary right</a>", and that "<i>alodium</i> and <i>feodum</i> should be given the same meaning in England".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Allodium</i>, meaning "land exempt from feudal duties", is first attested in English-language texts in the 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Domesday_Book" title="Domesday Book">Domesday Book</a>, but was borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Old_Dutch" title="Old Dutch">Old Low Franconian</a> *<i>allōd</i>, meaning "full property", and attested in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as e.g., <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">alodis</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">alaudes</i></span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">Salic law</a> (c. A.D. 507–596) and other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Germanic laws</a>. The word is a compound of *<i>all</i> "whole, full" and *<i>ōd</i> "estate, property" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Old_Saxon" title="Old Saxon">Old Saxon</a> <i>ōd</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> <i>ead</i>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> <i>auðr</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allodial tenure seems to have been common throughout northern Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is now unknown in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions apart from <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>. An allod could be converted into a <a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">fief</a> by the owner surrendering it to a lord and receiving it back as a fief.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Allodial land title is common in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> which has laws with Nordic origins. A version called <a href="/wiki/Udal_tenure" class="mw-redirect" title="Udal tenure">udal tenure</a> exists in the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> Islands, also of Nordic origin. These are the only parts of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> where allodial title exists, with the few exceptions. </p><p>One such exception is the <a href="/wiki/Barons_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Barons in Scotland">Scottish Barony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bachuil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachuil">Bachuil</a>, which is not of feudal origin like other baronies but is allodial in that it predates (A.D. 562) Scotland itself and the feudal system, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Gaels" title="Gaels">Gaelic</a> Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata" title="Dál Riata">Dál Riata</a>. In recognition as allodial <i>Barons par le Grâce de Dieu</i> not barons by a <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> crown grant, the Baron of the Bachuil has the only <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> in Scotland granted a <a href="/wiki/Cap_of_maintenance" title="Cap of maintenance">cap of maintenance</a> with a "<a href="/wiki/Vair" title="Vair">vair</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Squirrel" title="Squirrel">squirrel</a> fur) lining (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lyon_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Lyon Court">Lord Lyon Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another exception is <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a> which was vested in His Majesty explicitly not in fee simple, and is held to be allodial. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allodial_title&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allod" title="Allod">Allod</a> – Historic type of land estate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assarting" title="Assarting">Assarting</a> – Clearing of forested lands for use in agriculture or other purposes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_nobility#Medieval_nobility:_Frälse" title="Swedish nobility">Frälse</a> – Socially privileged class in Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_tenure" title="Land tenure">Land tenure</a> – Legal regime in which area owned by an individual is held by another person</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_paramount" title="Lord paramount">Lord paramount</a> – Feudal overlord: a lord with no obligations to a higher lord</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a> – Economic, political, and judicial institution during the Middle Ages in Europe</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_system" title="Mark system">Mark system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microstate" title="Microstate">Microstate</a> – Sovereign state having a very small population or very small land area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nulle_terre_sans_seigneur" title="Nulle terre sans seigneur"><i>Nulle terre sans seigneur</i></a> – Principle of feudal systems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numa_Denis_Fustel_de_Coulanges" title="Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges">Numa Denis Fustel de Coulanges</a> – French historian (1830–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odelsrett" title="Odelsrett"><i>Odellsrett</i></a> – Scandinavian family land laws</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_tax_in_the_United_States" title="Property tax in the United States">Property tax in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quia_Emptores" title="Quia Emptores"><i>Quia Emptores</i></a> – English statute of 1290</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serfdom" title="Serfdom">Serfdom</a> – Status of peasants under feudalism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slander_of_title" title="Slander of title">Slander of title</a> – species of malicious falsehood relating to real estate<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torrens_title" title="Torrens title">Torrens title</a> – Land registration and land transfer system</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allodial_title&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFExpress" class="citation web cs1">Express, Britain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britainexpress.com/History/domesday-terms.htm">"Domesday Book glossary"</a>. <i>Britain Express</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britain+Express&rft.atitle=Domesday+Book+glossary&rft.aulast=Express&rft.aufirst=Britain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2FHistory%2Fdomesday-terms.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllodial+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Allodium"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Allodium">"Allodium" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 698.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allodium&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=698&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllodial+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Holt_(historian)" title="James Holt (historian)">Holt, James</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FqbnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA115">"Politics and Property in Early Medieval England"</a>. <i>Colonial England, 1066–1215</i>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 115–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7794-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7794-0"><bdi>978-1-4411-7794-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Property+in+Early+Medieval+England&rft.btitle=Colonial+England%2C+1066%E2%80%931215&rft.place=London&rft.pages=115-6&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7794-0&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFqbnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllodial+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C.T. Onions, ed., <i>Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology</i>, s.v. "allodium" (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), 26–27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Reynolds" title="Susan Reynolds">Reynolds, Susan</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sCiQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA48">"Fiefs and Medieval Property Relations : 3.1 The concept of the fief"</a>. <i>Fiefs and Vassals</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820458-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820458-2"><bdi>0-19-820458-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fiefs+and+Medieval+Property+Relations+%3A+3.1+The+concept+of+the+fief&rft.btitle=Fiefs+and+Vassals&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-19-820458-2&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsCiQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllodial+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivingston2006" class="citation book cs1">Livingston, Niall (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521191738/http://baronage.co.uk/2006a/Bachuil.pdf"><i>The MacLeas or Livingstones and their Allodial Barony of the Bachuil</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Baronage Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baronage.co.uk/2006a/Bachuil.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+MacLeas+or+Livingstones+and+their+Allodial+Barony+of+the+Bachuil&rft.pub=Baronage+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Livingston&rft.aufirst=Niall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaronage.co.uk%2F2006a%2FBachuil.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllodial+title" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allodial_title&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Otto Brunner: <i>Land und Herrschaft: Grundfragen der territorialen Verfassungsgeschichte Österreichs im Mittelalter</i>. Darmstadt 1984 (unveränderter Nachdruck der 5. Auflage von 1965).</li> <li>K. H. Burmeister: "Allod". In: Norbert Angermann (Hrsg.): <i>Lexikon des Mittelalters</i>. Bd. 1. München [u.a.] 1980.</li> <li>William Bennett Munro, 1907, The Seigneurial System in Canada: A study in French Colonial Policy Harvard Historical Studies, Vol. XII, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allodial_title&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allodial_title" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:allodial title"><i>allodial title</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allodial_title&oldid=1229006123">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allodial_title&oldid=1229006123</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_fictions" title="Category:Legal fictions">Legal fictions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_tenure" title="Category:Land tenure">Land tenure</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_displaying_wikidata_descriptions_as_a_fallback_via_Module:Annotated_link" title="Category:Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback via Module:Annotated link</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from July 2018">Use Oxford spelling from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2018" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2018">Use dmy dates from July 2018</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 June 2024, at 09:44<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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