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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil" title="Robert Cecil – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Cecil" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB,_1-%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Робърт Сесил, 1-ви граф Солсбъри – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Сесил, 1-ви граф Солсбъри" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil" title="Robert Cecil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert Cecil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1._hrab%C4%9B_ze_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1. hrabě ze Salisbury – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Cecil, 1. hrabě ze Salisbury" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_iarll_1af_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, iarll 1af Salisbury – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert Cecil, iarll 1af Salisbury" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1._Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1. Earl of Salisbury – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert Cecil, 1. Earl of Salisbury" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(conde)" title="Robert Cecil (conde) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert Cecil (conde)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1-a_Grafo_de_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1-a Grafo de Salisbury – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert Cecil, 1-a Grafo de Salisbury" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(1er_comte_de_Salisbury)" title="Robert Cecil (1er comte de Salisbury) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert Cecil (1er comte de Salisbury)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_I_conte_di_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, I conte di Salisbury – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert Cecil, I conte di Salisbury" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%A1%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C,_%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A1%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F" title="רוברט ססיל, רוזן סולסברי הראשון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט ססיל, רוזן סולסברי הראשון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="روبرت سيسيل ايرل سالزبورى الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت سيسيل ايرل سالزبورى الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(1563-1612)" title="Robert Cecil (1563-1612) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Cecil (1563-1612)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%82%BD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E4%BC%AF)" title="ロバート・セシル (初代ソールズベリー伯) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・セシル (初代ソールズベリー伯)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1._jarl_av_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1. jarl av Salisbury – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert Cecil, 1. jarl av Salisbury" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(hrabia)" title="Robert Cecil (hrabia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert Cecil (hrabia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82,_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Сесил, Роберт, 1-й граф Солсбери – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сесил, Роберт, 1-й граф Солсбери" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil_(1563%E2%80%931612)" title="Robert Cecil (1563–1612) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert Cecil (1563–1612)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cecil,_1:e_earl_av_Salisbury" title="Robert Cecil, 1:e earl av Salisbury – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert Cecil, 1:e earl av Salisbury" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB,_1-%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Роберт Сесіл, 1-й граф Солсбері – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Сесіл, 1-й граф Солсбері" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%83%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="勞勃·塞西爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="勞勃·塞西爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E8%8C%B2%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE" title="第一代索爾茲伯里伯爵羅伯特·塞西爾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代索爾茲伯里伯爵羅伯特·塞西爾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English government minister (1563–1612)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl of Salisbury</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">PC</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg/220px-Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg/330px-Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg/440px-Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury_by_John_De_Critz_the_Elder_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2957" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">The Earl of Salisbury by <a href="/wiki/John_de_Critz_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Critz the Elder">John de Critz the Elder</a> c. 1602</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />4 May 1608 – 24 May 1612</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">The Earl of Dorset</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">The Earl of Northampton</a> <small>(as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord</a>)</small></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1598–1608</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">The Lord Burghley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">The Earl of Northampton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 October 1597 – 1599</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">In commission</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">In commission</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 July 1596 – 24 May 1612</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarchs</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Davison_(diplomat)" title="William Davison (diplomat)">William Davison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Secretary_of_State)" title="John Herbert (Secretary of State)">John Herbert</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">1 June 1563<br /><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_London" title="Central London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1612<span style="display:none">(1612-05-24)</span> (aged 48)<br /><a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire" title="Marlborough, Wiltshire">Marlborough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Elizabeth Brooke</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">William</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cooke" title="Mildred Cooke">Mildred Cooke</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cecil_House#Salisbury_House" title="Cecil House">Salisbury House</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Manor" title="Cranborne Manor">Cranborne Manor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Order_of_the_Garter" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Order of the Garter">KG</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_(United_Kingdom)" title="Privy Council (United Kingdom)">PC</a></span></span> (1 June 1563 – 24 May 1612) was an English statesman noted for his direction of the government during the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Crowns" title="Union of the Crowns">Union of the Crowns</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Tudor_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor England">Tudor England</a> gave way to <a href="/wiki/Stuart_period" title="Stuart period">Stuart rule</a> (1603). Lord Salisbury served as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a> of England (1596–1612) and <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a> (1608–1612), succeeding his <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">father</a> as Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> and remaining in power during the first nine years of King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>'s reign until his own death.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> of 1605, Robert Cecil remains a controversial historic figure as it is still debated at what point he first learned of the plot and to what extent he acted as an <i><a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateur</a></i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_family">Early life and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cecil (created <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a> in 1605) was the younger son of <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley</a> by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cooke" title="Mildred Cooke">Mildred Cooke</a>, eldest daughter of Sir <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Cooke" title="Anthony Cooke">Anthony Cooke</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gidea_Hall" title="Gidea Hall">Gidea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>. His elder half-brother was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Exeter" title="Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter">Thomas Cecil, 1st Earl of Exeter</a>, and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, 1st Viscount St Albans, was his first cousin.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Cecil was 5 ft 4 in (163 cm) tall, had <a href="/wiki/Scoliosis" title="Scoliosis">scoliosis</a>, and was hunchbacked.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living in an age which attached much importance to physical beauty in both sexes, he endured much ridicule as a result: Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> called him "my pygmy", and King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a> nicknamed him "my little beagle".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, his father recognised that it was Robert rather than his half-brother Thomas who had inherited his own political genius. </p><p>Cecil attended <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>, in the 1580s, but did not take a degree.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attended "disputations" at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1589, Cecil married Elizabeth Brooke, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/William_Brooke,_10th_Baron_Cobham" title="William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham">William Brooke, 10th Baron Cobham</a> by his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Newton,_Lady_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Newton, Lady Cobham">Frances Newton</a>. Their son, <a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">William Cecil</a>, was born in Westminster on 28 March 1591, and baptised in <a href="/wiki/St_Clement_Danes" title="St Clement Danes">St Clement Danes</a> on 11 April. He was followed by a daughter, Lady Frances Cecil (1593–1644). Elizabeth died in 1597, leaving Cecil with two small children.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her brothers <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_11th_Baron_Cobham" title="Henry Brooke, 11th Baron Cobham">Henry, 11th Baron Cobham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Brooke_(conspirator)" title="George Brooke (conspirator)">George Brooke</a> were arrested by Cecil for their involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Bye_Plot" title="Bye Plot">Bye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Main_Plot" title="Main Plot">Main Plots</a>; George, her younger brother, was executed at <a href="/wiki/Winchester" title="Winchester">Winchester</a> on 5 December 1603 for <a href="/wiki/High_treason" class="mw-redirect" title="High treason">high treason</a>. </p><p>In 1608, Frances Cecil caught the eye of King James I's daughter <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth</a> and she made Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Harington,_1st_Baron_Harington_of_Exton" title="John Harington, 1st Baron Harington of Exton">John Harington</a> write to Salisbury to invite her to join her household.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She married the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clifford,_5th_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="Henry Clifford, 5th Earl of Cumberland">5th Earl of Cumberland</a> and had one daughter but no sons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_State">Secretary of State</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Secretary of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Elizabeth">Under Elizabeth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Under Elizabeth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1584, Cecil sat for the first time in the House of Commons, representing his birthplace, the borough of <a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>, and was re-elected in 1586. He was a back bencher, never making a speech until 1593, after having been appointed a Privy Councillor.<sup id="cite_ref-historyofparliamentonline.org_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofparliamentonline.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1588, he accompanied <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanley,_4th_Earl_of_Derby" title="Henry Stanley, 4th Earl of Derby">Lord Derby</a> in his mission to the Netherlands to negotiate peace with Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> He was elected for <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Hertfordshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Hertfordshire</a> in 1589, 1593, 1597, and 1601,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was made a <a href="/wiki/Privy_Counsellor" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Counsellor">Privy Counsellor</a> in 1591 and was leader of the Council by 1597.<sup id="cite_ref-historyofparliamentonline.org_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historyofparliamentonline.org-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the death of Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a> in 1590, Burghley acted as <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a>, while Cecil took on an increasingly heavy work-load. He was also <a href="/wiki/Knight" title="Knight">knighted</a> and subsequently appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Council of the United Kingdom">Privy Council</a> in 1591, and began to act as Secretary of State in 1589, although his formal appointment came later. He participated in the social life of the royal court, on 15 September 1595 he went <a href="/wiki/Falconry" title="Falconry">hawking</a> with the queen and they caught three partridges, which they gave to <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Wolley" title="Elizabeth Wolley">Elizabeth Wolley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1597, he was made <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a>, and in February 1598 dispatched on a mission to <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>, to prevent the impending alliance between that country and <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> Three ambassadors, Cecil, <a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Secretary_of_State)" title="John Herbert (Secretary of State)">John Herbert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wilkes" title="Thomas Wilkes">Thomas Wilkes</a> left from Dover, but Wilkes died soon after arrival at Rouen. Cecil and Herbert lodged at a house of the <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Duke_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, Duke of Montpensier">Duke of Montpensier</a> in Paris, and subsequently travelled south to meet the French king at <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a> in March. They had their final audiences with the king at <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_La_Tour_d%27Auvergne,_Duke_of_Bouillon" title="Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Duke of Bouillon">Duke de Bouillon</a> gave Cecil a locket with the king's portrait. They sailed home to Portsmouth from <a href="/wiki/Ouistreham" title="Ouistreham">Ouistreham</a>, a port near <a href="/wiki/Caen" title="Caen">Caen</a>, in the <i>Adventure</i> commanded by Sir Alexander Clifford.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecil became the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Ministers_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Ministers of England">leading minister</a> after the death of his father in August 1598, serving both Queen Elizabeth and King <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a> as Secretary of State.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cecil fell into dispute with the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">2nd Earl of Essex</a>, and only prevailed at Court upon the latter's poor <a href="/wiki/Essex_in_Ireland" title="Essex in Ireland">campaign against the Irish rebels</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War (Ireland)">Nine Years War</a> in 1599. He was then in a position to orchestrate the smooth succession of King James. Lord Essex's unsuccessful rebellion in 1601, which resulted in his final downfall and death, was largely aimed at Sir Robert Cecil, as he then was, who was to be removed from power and <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Impeachment in the United Kingdom">impeached</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether Essex intended that Cecil should actually die is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is to Cecil's credit that the Queen, largely at his urging, treated the rebels with a degree of mercy, which was unusual in that age. Essex himself and four of his closest allies were executed, but the great majority of his followers were spared: even Essex's denunciation of his sister <a href="/wiki/Penelope_Blount,_Countess_of_Devonshire" title="Penelope Blount, Countess of Devonshire">Penelope</a>, as the ringleader of the rebellion, was tactfully ignored. This clemency did him no good in the eyes of the public, who had loved Essex and mourned him deeply. Cecil, who had never been very popular, now became a much-hated figure. In <a href="/wiki/Ballads" class="mw-redirect" title="Ballads">ballads</a> like <i>Essex's Last Good Night</i>, Cecil was viciously attacked.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg/330px-Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg/440px-Elizabeth_I_Rainbow_Portrait3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="2520" /></a><figcaption>The <i>Rainbow Portrait</i> of Elizabeth I at <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a> has been seen as reflecting Cecil's role as spymaster after the death of Sir Francis Walsingham, due to the eyes and ears in the pattern of the dress.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Cecil was extensively involved in matters of state security. As the son of Queen Elizabeth's principal minister and a protégé of Francis Walsingham (Elizabeth's principal spymaster), he was trained by them in spy-craft as a matter of course. The "<a href="/wiki/Portraiture_of_Elizabeth_I" title="Portraiture of Elizabeth I">Rainbow Portrait</a>" of Queen Elizabeth at <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield</a>, decorated with eyes and ears, may relate to this role.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> Cecil, like his father, greatly admired the Queen, whom he famously described as being "more than a man, but less than a woman".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his careful preparations for the succession, he clearly regarded the Queen's death as a misfortune to be postponed as long as possible. During her last illness, when Elizabeth would sit motionless on cushions for hours on end, Cecil boldly told her that she must go to bed. Elizabeth roused herself one last time to snap at him: </p><blockquote><p>"Little man, little man, 'Must' is not a word to use to princes. Your father were he here durst never speak to me so"; but she added wryly "Ah, but ye know that I must die, and it makes you presumptuous".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_James_I">Under James I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under James I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sir Robert Cecil now promoted James as successor to Elizabeth.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1600, he began a <a href="/wiki/Secret_correspondence_of_James_VI" title="Secret correspondence of James VI">secret correspondence</a> with James in Scotland, to persuade James that he favoured his claims to the English throne. An understanding was now effected by which Cecil was able to assure James of his succession, ensure his own power and predominance in the new reign against Sir <a href="/wiki/Walter_Raleigh" title="Walter Raleigh">Walter Raleigh</a> and other competitors, and secure the tranquillity of the last years of Elizabeth. Cecil demanded as conditions that James stop his attempts to obtain parliamentary recognition of his title, that absolute respect should be paid to the queen's feelings, and that the communications should remain a secret.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p><p>James took the throne without opposition, and the new monarch expressed his gratitude by elevating Cecil to the peerage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecil also served as both the third <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">chancellor of the University of Dublin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1601 and 1612. </p><p>In 1603, his brothers-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooke,_Lord_Cobham" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham">Henry Brooke, Lord Cobham</a> and George Brooke, along with Sir Walter Raleigh, were implicated in both the Bye Plot and the Main Plot, an attempt to remove King James I from the throne and replace him with his first cousin, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Arbella_Stuart" title="Lady Arbella Stuart">Lady Arbella Stuart</a>. Cecil was one of the judges who tried them for <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a>: at Raleigh's trial, Cecil was the only judge who appeared to have some doubts about his guilt (which is still a matter of debate, although the prevailing view now is that Raleigh was involved in the Plot to some extent).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though they were found guilty and sentenced to death, both Cobham and Raleigh were eventually reprieved; this may have been due in part to Cecil's pleas for mercy, although the King kept his intentions a secret until the last minute.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg/220px-The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg/330px-The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg/440px-The_Somerset_House_Conference_19_August_1604.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1883" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">Treaty of London</a> taking place at <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a> on 19 August 1604 - Cecil is seen sitting on the right in foreground</figcaption></figure> <p>King James I raised Robert Cecil to the <a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">peerage</a>, on 20 August 1603, as <b>Baron Cecil</b> of Essendon in the County of Rutland. Baron Cecil then led the English delegation at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">Treaty of London</a> that brought peace between Spain and England after <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">a long war</a>. Between 1603 and 1604 difficult negotiations with the Spanish delegation took place, but through Cecil's determined statesmanship the treaty bought an "honourable and advantageous" peace for England.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a personal triumph for Cecil which reflected well on James who wanted to be styled as a European peacemaker between the Protestants and the Catholics.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecil accepted a pension of £1,000 that year, which was raised the following year to £1,500. The King also rewarded Cecil further creating him <b>Viscount Cranborne</b> soon after the treaty had been signed and then <b><a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Salisbury" title="Earl of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a></b> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> Cecil was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Order of the Garter</a> as its 401st Knight in 1606.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1607, James appointed him as Lord Treasurer, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the whole conduct of public affairs was solely in his hands, although the king often interfered.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> </p><p>Although King James would often speak disparagingly of Cecil as "my little <a href="/wiki/Beagle" title="Beagle">beagle</a>" or "young <a href="/wiki/Tom_Durie" title="Tom Durie">Tom Durie</a>", he gave him his absolute trust. "Though you are but a little man, I shall shortly load your shoulders with business", the King joked to him at their first meeting. Cecil, who had endured a lifetime of jibes about his height (even Queen Elizabeth had called him "pygmy" and "little man"; he had a curvature of the spine and was barely 5 feet (1.5 m) tall), is unlikely to have found the joke funny, while the crushing weight of business with which the King duly loaded him probably hastened his death at the age of 48.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Venetian ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%B2_Molin" title="Nicolò Molin">Nicolò Molin</a>, described Cecil as short and "crook-backed", with a noble countenance and features.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cecil was the principal discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> of 1605: at what point he first learned of it, and to what extent he acted as an <a href="/wiki/Agent_provocateur" title="Agent provocateur">agent provocateur</a>, has been a subject of controversy ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On balance, it seems most likely that he had heard rumors of a plot, but had no firm evidence until the Catholic peer, <a href="/wiki/William_Parker,_4th_Baron_Monteagle" title="William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle">William Parker, 4th Baron Monteagle</a>, showed him the celebrated anonymous letter, warning Monteagle to stay away from the opening of Parliament. The Gunpowder Plot itself was a belated reaction to what was seen as the King's betrayal of a pledge to repeal, or at least mitigate, the <a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">Penal Laws</a>. Cecil was undoubtedly among those who advised King James I not to tamper with the existing laws.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_p.38_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_p.38-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, his attitude to <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> was not, for the time, especially harsh: he admitted that he was unhappy with the notorious <a href="/wiki/Jesuits,_etc._Act_1584" title="Jesuits, etc. Act 1584">Jesuits, etc. Act 1584</a>, by which any Catholic priest who was found guilty of acting as a priest in England was liable to the death penalty in its most gruesome form. Like most moderate Englishmen at the time, he thought that exile, rather than death, was the appropriate penalty for the priests.<sup id="cite_ref-Fraser_p.38_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fraser_p.38-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cecil did hope, like his father, to make England the head of the international <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> alliance, and his last energies were expended in effecting the marriage in 1612 of the princess <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" title="Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia">Elizabeth</a>, James's daughter, with <a href="/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" title="Frederick V of the Palatinate">Frederick</a>, the Elector Palatine.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 76">: 76 </span></sup> Still, he was averse to prosecution for religion, and attempted to distinguish between the large body of law-abiding and loyal Catholics and those connected with plots against the throne and government.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arms_of_Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg/150px-Arms_of_Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arms_of_Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg/225px-Arms_of_Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Arms_of_Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg/300px-Arms_of_Robert_Cecil%2C_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Quartered arms of Sir Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury, KG.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> was a major source of concern and expense during Robert Cecil's time in government. The <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> there had ended with the leader of the rebels, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a>, submitting to the Crown and being restored to his estates, following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont" title="Treaty of Mellifont">Treaty of Mellifont</a> (1603). Four years later, Tyrone led his followers into exile during the <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Earls" title="Flight of the Earls">Flight of the Earls</a>. The response of the government was to plan a <a href="/wiki/Plantation_of_Ulster" title="Plantation of Ulster">Plantation of Ulster</a>, to share out Tyrone's lands between the Gaelic Irish lords and the settlers from Britain. In 1608, Sir <a href="/wiki/Cahir_O%27Doherty" title="Cahir O'Doherty">Cahir O'Doherty</a> launched <a href="/wiki/O%27Doherty%27s_rebellion" title="O'Doherty's rebellion">O'Doherty's rebellion</a> by attacking and <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Derry" title="Burning of Derry">burning Derry</a>. In the wake of O'Doherty's defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kilmacrennan" title="Battle of Kilmacrennan">Kilmacrennan</a>, a much larger plantation was undertaken.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Cecil wrote humorous letters to his friend <a href="/wiki/Adam_Newton_(tutor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Newton (tutor)">Adam Newton</a> the tutor of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Frederick,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales">Prince Henry</a>. Apologizing for a minor breach of manners, he compared himself to the court jester <a href="/wiki/Tom_Durie" title="Tom Durie">Tom Durie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another letter he wrote that if a certain man failed to gain a place in Prince Henry's household, he should be sent to "Tom Dyrry or to me". Although the applicant was poor he could become rich by charging a fee to all the girls in England who wished to meet the Prince.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1611 Cecil disapproved of the proposed marriage between the Prince of Wales and the Infanta of Spain. He may have also received a pension from France.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lord_Treasurer">Lord Treasurer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lord Treasurer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Lord_Treasurer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Treasurer">Lord Treasurer</a>, Lord Salisbury, as he became in 1605, showed considerable financial ability. During the year preceding his acceptance of that office in 1608, the expenditure had risen to £500,000, leaving a yearly <a href="/wiki/Government_budget_balance" title="Government budget balance">deficit</a> of £73,000. Lord Salisbury took advantage of the decision by the judges in the <a href="/wiki/Exchequer_of_Pleas" title="Exchequer of Pleas">Court of Exchequer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bates%27s_Case" title="Bates's Case">Bates's Case</a> in favour of the King's right to levy <a href="/wiki/Impositions" title="Impositions">impositions</a> (import <a href="/wiki/Duty_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duty (economics)">duties</a>), and imposed new duties on articles of luxury and those of foreign manufacture which competed with English goods. By this measure, and by a more careful collection, the ordinary income was raised to £460,000, while £700,000 was paid off the debt.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1610–11, Salisbury worked hard to persuade Parliament to enact the <a href="/wiki/Great_Contract" title="Great Contract">Great Contract</a>, under which the King would give up all his feudal and customary sources of revenue (wardship and purveyance) in return for a fixed annual income of approximately £300,000.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rationale was that the King was spending extravagantly, exceeding his income by £140,000, and putting the kingdom into debt. By 1608, the debt was £1.4 million, although the Lord Treasurer managed to get that down to £300,000 by 1610.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The project was one to which Salisbury attached great importance, but the House of Commons eventually lost interest in the plan,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Francis Bacon argued against it, calling it humiliating.<sup id="cite_ref-EB1911_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup> King James I also did not show much enthusiasm for it, and it lapsed when the King, against Salisbury's advice, dissolved Parliament in 1611. This was a double blow to Lord Salisbury, who was sick and prematurely aged, and conscious that the King now increasingly preferred the company of his male favourites, like <a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset">The 1st Earl of Somerset</a>. Although it failed to be implemented, the concept of paying an annual income to the monarch was revived some five decades later as a solution to the nation's financial problems and formed the basis for the financial settlement at the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_Charles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration of Charles II">Restoration of Charles II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through which Charles was to receive an income of approximately £1,200,000 per annum.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One historian describes this annual payment as the eventual "implementation of Cecil's Great Contract".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Houses_and_the_arts">Houses and the arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Houses and the arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 1591 Cecil was involved in an entertainment for the arrival of Queen Elizabeth at <a href="/wiki/Theobalds" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobalds">Theobalds</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a> family home. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hermit%27s_Welcome_at_Theobalds" title="Hermit's Welcome at Theobalds">Hermit's Welcome at Theobalds</a></i> made allusion to his father's potential retirement from public life.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1593 a Scottish suitor for Cecil's favour, <a href="/wiki/William_Dundas_of_Fingask" title="William Dundas of Fingask">William Dundas of Fingask</a> wrote to him from Edinburgh. Dundas had heard Cecil was completing a gallery in one of his houses and would like paintings with <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Renaissance_painted_ceilings" title="Scottish Renaissance painted ceilings">"such toys" or emblems</a> as he had seen himself in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1606, Lord Salisbury, as Cecil was now, entertained King James I and his brother-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">King Christian IV of Denmark</a>, at Theobalds, under the sardonic eye of Queen Elizabeth's godson, Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Harrington_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Harrington (writer)">John Harrington</a>. Both monarchs were notoriously heavy drinkers, and according to some of those present, the occasion was simply an orgy of drunkenness, as few English or Danish courtiers had their rulers' capacity to hold their drink. According to Harrington, who may have been mischievously fictionalising,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Masque" title="Masque">masque</a> put on to <a href="/wiki/The_Entertainment_of_the_Kings_of_Great_Britain_and_Denmark" title="The Entertainment of the Kings of Great Britain and Denmark">honour the two kings</a> was a drunken fiasco: "the entertainment and show went forward, and most of the players went backward, or fell down, wine did so occupy their upper chambers".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1607, King James took possession of Theobalds, giving Hatfield Palace to Lord Salisbury in exchange, a relatively old-fashioned property that the King disliked.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salisbury had a disposition for building and tore down parts of it and used its bricks to build <a href="/wiki/Hatfield_House" title="Hatfield House">Hatfield House</a>. Work continued on the house until 1612.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.ca_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.ca-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He remodelled <a href="/wiki/Cranborne_Manor" title="Cranborne Manor">Cranborne Manor</a>, originally a small hunting lodge, and built <a href="/wiki/Cecil_House#Salisbury_House" title="Cecil House">Salisbury House</a> (also referred to as Cecil House), his London residence on the Strand.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cecil family fostered arts: they supported musicians such as <a href="/wiki/William_Byrd" title="William Byrd">William Byrd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_Gibbons" title="Orlando Gibbons">Orlando Gibbons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robinson_(composer)" title="Thomas Robinson (composer)">Thomas Robinson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Irish harper and composer <a href="/wiki/Cormac_MacDermott_(harper)" title="Cormac MacDermott (harper)">Cormac MacDermott</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byrd composed his famous pavane <i>The Earle of Salisbury</i> in his memory. Salisbury's motto was "Sero, sed serio", which can be translated as 'late but in earnest'.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In poor health and worn out by years of overwork, Salisbury, in the spring of 1612, went on a journey to take the waters at <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> in hope of a cure; but he obtained little relief. He started on the journey home but died of <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "in great pain and even greater wretchedness of mind",<sup id="cite_ref-:2_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire" title="Marlborough, Wiltshire">Marlborough, Wiltshire</a>, on 24 May 1612, a week short of his 49th birthday. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/St_Etheldreda%27s_Church,_Hatfield" title="St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield">St Etheldreda's Church, Hatfield</a>, in a tomb designed by <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Colt" title="Maximilian Colt">Maximilian Colt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals">Portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>He appears as the character "Lord Cecil" in the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Devereux" title="Roberto Devereux">Roberto Devereux</a></i> (1837) by <a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Donizetti" title="Gaetano Donizetti">Gaetano Donizetti</a>; he also appears in the opera <i><a href="/wiki/Gloriana" title="Gloriana">Gloriana</a></i> (1953) by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a>.</li> <li>In the BBC TV drama serial <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_R" title="Elizabeth R">Elizabeth R</a></i> (1971), "Sir Robert Cecil" is played by Hugh Dickson.</li> <li>IN the BBC2 <i><a href="/wiki/ScreenPlay" title="ScreenPlay">ScreenPlay</a></i> episode "Traitors," he is played by <a href="/wiki/Anton_Lesser" title="Anton Lesser">Anton Lesser</a>.</li> <li>In the HBO miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_(2005_TV_series)" title="Elizabeth I (2005 TV series)">Elizabeth I</a></i>, Cecil is played by <a href="/wiki/Toby_Jones" title="Toby Jones">Toby Jones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the BBC TV drama series <i><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_(TV_series)" title="Gunpowder (TV series)">Gunpowder</a></i> (2017), he is played by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Gatiss" title="Mark Gatiss">Mark Gatiss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the alternate history novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ruled_Britannia" title="Ruled Britannia">Ruled Britannia</a></i>, predicated on the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588, he and his father organise the English resistance movement against the Spanish with the help of <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">William Shakespeare</a>.</li> <li>Robert Cecil was portrayed as the unsympathetic, conniving antagonist of the play, <i><a href="/wiki/Equivocation_(play)" title="Equivocation (play)">Equivocation</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Cain" title="Bill Cain">Bill Cain</a>, which first premiered at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in 2009. In the play, it is suggested that Cecil was behind the conspiracies of the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> to kill King James and the royal family. Cecil was first portrayed by Jonathan Haugen. The character in the show was given a serious limp, and is said to hate the word "tomorrow" and to know every detail about everything that goes on in London.</li> <li>He is portrayed extremely unsympathetically in <i>The Desperate Remedy: Henry Gresham and the Gunpowder Plot</i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Stephen" title="Martin Stephen">Martin Stephen</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-85970-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-85970-2">0-316-85970-2</a>), as malevolently self-centred, exploiting the plot to try to bolster his own position in face of his unpopularity.</li> <li>He is a minor character in the children's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Cue_for_Treason" title="Cue for Treason">Cue for Treason</a></i> by Geoffrey Trease, where he is portrayed positively.</li> <li>Robert Cecil is portrayed sympathetically in the historical mystery series featuring Joan and Matthew Stock, written by Leonard Tourney, where he is a patron to the main characters. The first novel is <i>The Players' Boy is Dead</i>.</li> <li>Sir Robert Cecil features prominently in Irish playwright Thomas Kilroy's play <i>The O'Neill</i> (1969), in which Kilroy uses Cecil to challenge the myth surrounding Gaelic <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a>, just after the latter's victory over the English at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Yellow_Ford" title="Battle of the Yellow Ford">The Yellow Ford</a>. Cecil's dramatic function is to demonstrate the complexity of history as opposed to simplistic pieties that would turn O'Neill into yet another victim of the English. Cecil 'obliges' O'Neill to reenact the past so the audience witnesses the moral dilemma of a man torn between two cultures and keenly aware of the advance of modernity in a troubled political, cultural and religious context.</li> <li>He is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Tim_McInnerny" title="Tim McInnerny">Tim McInnerny</a> in the 2004 TV mini series <i><a href="/wiki/Gunpowder,_Treason_%26_Plot" title="Gunpowder, Treason & Plot">Gunpowder, Treason & Plot</a></i>.</li> <li>He is portrayed unsympathetically, yet quite humanly by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Hogg" title="Edward Hogg">Edward Hogg</a> as a malevolent hunchbacked villain in <a href="/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a>'s movie <i><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_(2011_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anonymous (2011 film)">Anonymous</a></i> (2011).</li> <li>He was a major character at the 2012 Pennsylvania Renaissance Faire, portrayed by actor Nate Betancourt.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was a major character at the 2012 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Renaissance_Faire" title="New York Renaissance Faire">New York Renaissance Faire</a>, portrayed by actor J. Robert Coppola<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He is portrayed sympathetically in the novel <i>1610</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gentle" title="Mary Gentle">Mary Gentle</a>.</li> <li>He is mentioned in Red Winter of the Tapestry series, as a figure possessed by Astaroth.</li> <li>He was played by Christopher Peck in the premiere of the musical <i>Remember Remember</i> by Lewes Operatic Society in Autumn 2008.</li> <li>In the BBC TV miniseries <i>Elizabeth I's Secret Agents</i> (2017, broadcast on <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> in 2018 as <i>Queen Elizabeth's Secret Agents</i>), he is played by British actor Kevin James.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He was a major character at the 1995 in the Czech TV miniseries From pranks about queens (Z hříček o královnách) in episode Queen pack of Dogs (Královnina smečka psů), portrayed by actor Ondřej Vetchý.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>He is portrayed as a main character of the book <i>Earthly Joys</i> by Philippa Gregory as John Tradescent's master and lord.</li> <li>He is portrayed as the antagonist in the comedy play "The Gunpowder Plot", written by Stephen Hyde for British touring theatre company The Three Inch Fools in 2022.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Cecil-1st-earl-of-Salisbury">"Robert Cecil, 1st earl of Salisbury | English statesman"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Robert+Cecil%2C+1st+earl+of+Salisbury+%7C+English+statesman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRobert-Cecil-1st-earl-of-Salisbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Francis-Bacon-Viscount-Saint-Alban#ref358802">"Francis Bacon | Biography, Philosophy, & Facts"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Francis+Bacon+%7C+Biography%2C+Philosophy%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFrancis-Bacon-Viscount-Saint-Alban%23ref358802&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran2015" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Susan (27 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sLDqBgAAQBAJ&q=robert+cecil++scoliosis&pg=PA276"><i>Elizabeth I and Her Circle</i></a>. OUP Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191033551" title="Special:BookSources/9780191033551"><bdi>9780191033551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I+and+Her+Circle&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.isbn=9780191033551&rft.aulast=Doran&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsLDqBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Drobert%2Bcecil%2B%2Bscoliosis%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqMMAAAAYAAJ&dq=robert+cecil++my+pygmy+my+little+beagle&pg=PA55"><i>Historic Houses of the United Kingdom: Descriptive, Historical, Pictorial</i></a>. Cassell, limited. 1892. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Houses+of+the+United+Kingdom%3A+Descriptive%2C+Historical%2C+Pictorial&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Cassell%2C+limited&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuqMMAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Drobert%2Bcecil%2B%2Bmy%2Bpygmy%2Bmy%2Blittle%2Bbeagle%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADCCL581R" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=CCL581R&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Cecil, Robert (CCL581R)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cecil%2C+Robert+%28CCL581R%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DCCL581R%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-odnb2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-odnb2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroft2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Croft, Pauline (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-4980">"Cecil, Robert, first earl of Salisbury (1563–1612), politician and courtier"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4980">10.1093/ref:odnb/4980</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cecil%2C+Robert%2C+first+earl+of+Salisbury+%281563%E2%80%931612%29%2C+politician+and+courtier&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F4980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-4980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwen2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Owen, G.D. (23 September 2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-37272">"Cecil, William, second earl of Salisbury (1591–1668), politician."</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37272">10.1093/ref:odnb/37272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861412-8"><bdi>978-0-19-861412-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cecil%2C+William%2C+second+earl+of+Salisbury+%281591%E2%80%931668%29%2C+politician.&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F37272&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861412-8&rft.aulast=Owen&rft.aufirst=G.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-37272&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury1883" class="citation book cs1">Salisbury, Robert Cecil Marquess of (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nmRnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquess of Salisbury ...: Preserved at Hatfield House, Hertfordshire ...</i></a> Vol. 20. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 297. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-11-440062-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-11-440062-0"><bdi>978-0-11-440062-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+the+Manuscripts+of+the+Most+Honourable+the+Marquess+of+Salisbury+...%3A+Preserved+at+Hatfield+House%2C+Hertfordshire+...&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=H.M.+Stationery+Office&rft.date=1883&rft.isbn=978-0-11-440062-0&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Robert+Cecil+Marquess+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnmRnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/52621466"><i>Burke's peerage, baronetage and knightage</i></a>. Vol. 1. Charles Mosley (107th ed.). Stokesley: Burke's Peerage & Gentry. 2003. p. 1064. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9711966-2-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9711966-2-1"><bdi>0-9711966-2-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52621466">52621466</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burke%27s+peerage%2C+baronetage+and+knightage&rft.place=Stokesley&rft.pages=1064&rft.edition=107th&rft.pub=Burke%27s+Peerage+%26+Gentry&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52621466&rft.isbn=0-9711966-2-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F52621466&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historyofparliamentonline.org-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historyofparliamentonline.org_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historyofparliamentonline.org_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/cecil-robert-1563-1612">"CECIL, Robert (1563-1612), of the Savoy, London and Theobalds, Herts. | History of Parliament Online"</a>. <i>www.historyofparliamentonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofparliamentonline.org&rft.atitle=CECIL%2C+Robert+%281563-1612%29%2C+of+the+Savoy%2C+London+and+Theobalds%2C+Herts.+%26%23124%3B+History+of+Parliament+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1558-1603%2Fmember%2Fcecil-robert-1563-1612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB1911-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB1911_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Salisbury,_Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of">Salisbury, Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salisbury%2C+Robert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=76-77&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1558-1603/member/cecil-robert-1563-1612">"CECIL, Robert (1563-1612), of the Savoy, London, and Theobalds, Herts"</a>. History of Parliament Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CECIL%2C+Robert+%281563-1612%29%2C+of+the+Savoy%2C+London%2C+and+Theobalds%2C+Herts.&rft.pub=History+of+Parliament+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1558-1603%2Fmember%2Fcecil-robert-1563-1612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKempe1836" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Kempe" title="Alfred John Kempe">Kempe, Alfred John</a> (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/loseleymanuscrip00kemp"><i>The Loseley manuscripts. Manuscripts and other rare documents, illustrative of some of the more minute particulars of English history, biography, and manners, from the reign of Henry VIII to that of James I, are preserved in the muniment room of James More Molyneux, esq. at Loseley House, in Surrey</i></a>. The Library of Congress. London, J. Murray. pp. 317–318.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Loseley+manuscripts.+Manuscripts+and+other+rare+documents%2C+illustrative+of+some+of+the+more+minute+particulars+of+English+history%2C+biography%2C+and+manners%2C+from+the+reign+of+Henry+VIII+to+that+of+James+I%2C+are+preserved+in+the+muniment+room+of+James+More+Molyneux%2C+esq.+at+Loseley+House%2C+in+Surrey&rft.pages=317-318&rft.pub=London%2C+J.+Murray&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Kempe&rft.aufirst=Alfred+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Floseleymanuscrip00kemp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirch1754" class="citation book cs1">Birch, Thomas (1754). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A78sAAAAMAAJ"><i>Memoirs of the Reign of Queen Elizabeth, from the Year 1581 Till Her Death: In which the Secret Intrigues of Her Court, and the Conduct of Her Favourite, Robert Earl of Essex, ... are Particularly Illustrated. From the Original Papers of ... Anthony Bacon, ... By Thomas Birch, ...</i></a> A. Millar. pp. 372–380.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Reign+of+Queen+Elizabeth%2C+from+the+Year+1581+Till+Her+Death%3A+In+which+the+Secret+Intrigues+of+Her+Court%2C+and+the+Conduct+of+Her+Favourite%2C+Robert+Earl+of+Essex%2C+...+are+Particularly+Illustrated.+From+the+Original+Papers+of+...+Anthony+Bacon%2C+...+By+Thomas+Birch%2C+...&rft.pages=372-380&rft.pub=A.+Millar&rft.date=1754&rft.aulast=Birch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA78sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson2012" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Janet (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773025655"><i>Court politics and the Earl of Essex, 1589-1601</i></a>. London: Pickering & Chatto. pp. 79–98. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-077-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84893-077-3"><bdi>978-1-84893-077-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773025655">773025655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Court+politics+and+the+Earl+of+Essex%2C+1589-1601&rft.place=London&rft.pages=79-98&rft.pub=Pickering+%26+Chatto&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F773025655&rft.isbn=978-1-84893-077-3&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F773025655&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weir p.460</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeale1960" class="citation book cs1">Neale, J. E. (1960). <i>Queen Elizabeth I</i>. Harmondsworth, Eng.: Penguin Books. p. 384. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000CKRBS">B0000CKRBS</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+I&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Harmondsworth%2C+Eng.%3A+Penguin+Books&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB0000CKRBS%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Dixon,_Andrew" class="citation web cs1">Graham-Dixon, Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140311062852/http://www.andrewgrahamdixon.com/archive/readArticle/245">"Elizabeth I: The Rainbow Portrait attributed to Isaac Oliver"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewgrahamdixon.com/archive/readArticle/245">the original</a> on 11 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+The+Rainbow+Portrait+attributed+to+Isaac+Oliver&rft.au=Graham-Dixon%2C+Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewgrahamdixon.com%2Farchive%2FreadArticle%2F245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1966" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Christopher (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6x8TAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Tudors</i></a>. Collins. pp. 148–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tudors&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6x8TAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeir1999" class="citation book cs1">Weir, Alison (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43204094"><i>Elizabeth the Queen</i></a>. London: Pimlico. p. 482. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-7312-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-7312-1"><bdi>0-7126-7312-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43204094">43204094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+the+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.pages=482&rft.pub=Pimlico&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43204094&rft.isbn=0-7126-7312-1&rft.aulast=Weir&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43204094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner1863" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Samuel Rawson (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vbv1Z_1Cj1gC&dq=Cobham+and+Raleigh++reprieved++robert+cecil&pg=PR10"><i>History of England from the Accession of James I. to the Disgrace of Chief-Justice Coke: 1603-1616</i></a>. Hurst and Blackett. p. 53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England+from+the+Accession+of+James+I.+to+the+Disgrace+of+Chief-Justice+Coke%3A+1603-1616&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Rawson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbv1Z_1Cj1gC%26dq%3DCobham%2Band%2BRaleigh%2B%2Breprieved%2B%2Brobert%2Bcecil%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/chancellor/former/">"Former Chancellors 1592-"</a>. <i>Trinity College, Dublin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Former+Chancellors&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.v-c.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Fchancellors-role%2Fformer-chancellors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicholls, Mark "Sir Walter Ralegh's Treason- a prosecution document" <i>English Historical Review</i> CX 1995</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reed_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1970" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Richard Burton (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWHSAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603-1604</i></a>. University of Wisconsin - Madison. pp. 4–5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Cecil+and+the+Diplomacy+of+the+Anglo-Spanish+Peace%2C+1603-1604&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+-+Madison&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Richard+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWHSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDartford1948" class="citation book cs1">Dartford, G. P (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hIbSAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Growth of the British Commonwealth, Volume 2</i></a>. Longmans, Green. p. 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+the+British+Commonwealth%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Dartford&rft.aufirst=G.+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhIbSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.ca-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.ca_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackville-West2010" class="citation book cs1">Sackville-West, Robert (6 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LgSgy-f70GYC&dq=robert+cecil+lord+treasurer+under+James+I&pg=PA5"><i>Inheritance: The Story of Knole and the Sackvilles</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7926-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8027-7926-7"><bdi>978-0-8027-7926-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheritance%3A+The+Story+of+Knole+and+the+Sackvilles&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2010-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-7926-7&rft.aulast=Sackville-West&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLgSgy-f70GYC%26dq%3Drobert%2Bcecil%2Blord%2Btreasurer%2Bunder%2BJames%2BI%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1999" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Antonia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1302080011"><i>The Gunpowder Plot: terror & faith in 1605</i></a>. London: Arrow Books. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099429975" title="Special:BookSources/9780099429975"><bdi>9780099429975</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302080011">1302080011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Plot%3A+terror+%26+faith+in+1605&rft.place=London&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302080011&rft.isbn=9780099429975&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1302080011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/venice/vol10/pp501-524"><i>Calendar of State Papers Relating To English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 10, 1603-1607</i></a>. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office: Horatio F Brown. 1900. p. 515 – via British History Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar+of+State+Papers+Relating+To+English+Affairs+in+the+Archives+of+Venice%2C+Volume+10%2C+1603-1607&rft.place=London%3A+Her+Majesty%27s+Stationery+Office&rft.pages=515&rft.pub=Horatio+F+Brown&rft.date=1900&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fcal-state-papers%2Fvenice%2Fvol10%2Fpp501-524&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1999" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Antonia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1302080011"><i>The Gunpowder Plot : terror & faith in 1605</i></a>. London: Arrow Books. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780099429975" title="Special:BookSources/9780099429975"><bdi>9780099429975</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302080011">1302080011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Plot+%3A+terror+%26+faith+in+1605&rft.place=London&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Arrow+Books&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302080011&rft.isbn=9780099429975&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1302080011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutino2007" class="citation book cs1">Tutino, Stefania (1 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=666t6di_6XkC&dq=robert+cecil+orchestrated+gunpowder+plot&pg=PA118"><i>Law and Conscience: Catholicism in Early Modern England, 1570-1625</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5771-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5771-2"><bdi>978-0-7546-5771-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Conscience%3A+Catholicism+in+Early+Modern+England%2C+1570-1625&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5771-2&rft.aulast=Tutino&rft.aufirst=Stefania&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D666t6di_6XkC%26dq%3Drobert%2Bcecil%2Borchestrated%2Bgunpowder%2Bplot%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fraser_p.38-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_p.38_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fraser_p.38_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser p.38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1846" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, Henry (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OqHowLinwV4C"><i>Original Letters, Illustrative of English History: 1074-1525</i></a>. R. 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/57357505"><i>Global economics : a history of the theater business, the Chamberlain's/King's Men, and their plays, 1599-1642</i></a>. University of Delaware Press: Newark. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87413-877-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87413-877-9"><bdi>0-87413-877-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57357505">57357505</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+economics+%3A+a+history+of+the+theater+business%2C+the+Chamberlain%27s%2FKing%27s+Men%2C+and+their+plays%2C+1599-1642&rft.place=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Newark&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57357505&rft.isbn=0-87413-877-9&rft.aulast=Aaron&rft.aufirst=Melissa+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F57357505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/31436362"><i>Historical dictionary of Stuart England, 1603-1689</i></a>. 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London: Fontana. p. 44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-632952-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-632952-7"><bdi>0-00-632952-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1035924">1035924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stuarts%3A+a+study+in+English+kingship&rft.place=London&rft.pages=44&rft.edition=%5BNew+ed.%5D&rft.pub=Fontana&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1035924&rft.isbn=0-00-632952-7&rft.aulast=Kenyon&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1035924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/office-holders/vol11/lxxvi-xcviii">"Chronological Survey 1660-1837: The Later Stuart Household, 1660-1714 | British History Online"</a>. <i>www.british-history.ac.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Chronological+Survey+1660-1837%3A+The+Later+Stuart+Household%2C+1660-1714+%26%23124%3B+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Foffice-holders%2Fvol11%2Flxxvi-xcviii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrall1985" class="citation book cs1">Prall, Stuart E. 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Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10294-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-10294-4"><bdi>978-0-299-10294-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bloodless+Revolution%3A+England%2C+1688&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-299-10294-4&rft.aulast=Prall&rft.aufirst=Stuart+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ff5A9AQwG8C%26dq%3Dengland%2Bgreat%2Bcontract%2Brestoration%2Bcharles%2Bii%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlford2008" class="citation book cs1">Alford, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174501721"><i>Burghley : William Cecil at the court of Elizabeth I</i></a>. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11896-4"><bdi>978-0-300-11896-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174501721">174501721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burghley+%3A+William+Cecil+at+the+court+of+Elizabeth+I&rft.place=New+Haven+%5BConn.%5D&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174501721&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11896-4&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F174501721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/cal-state-papers/scotland/vol11/pp366-398">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'James VI, July 1594', in Calendar of State Papers, Scotland: Volume 11, 1593-1595"</a> (Annie I. 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Or, Jacobean Fantasies of Female Performance (1606–1611)"</a>. <i>Modern Philology</i>. <b>105</b> (3): 437–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F591257">10.1086/591257</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-8232">0026-8232</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161877266">161877266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=When+Is+a+Woman+Not+a+Woman%3F+Or%2C+Jacobean+Fantasies+of+Female+Performance+%281606%E2%80%931611%29&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=437-474&rft.date=2008-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161877266%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-8232&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F591257&rft.aulast=McManus&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F591257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/nugantiqubeinga03harigoog">"Nugæ Antiquæ: Being a Miscellaneous Collection of Original Papers, in Prose and Verse; Written ..."</a> Vernor and Hood [etc.] 12 March 1804 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nug%C3%A6+Antiqu%C3%A6%3A+Being+a+Miscellaneous+Collection+of+Original+Papers%2C+in+Prose+and+Verse%3B+Written+...&rft.pub=Vernor+and+Hood+%5Betc.%5D&rft.date=1804-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnugantiqubeinga03harigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanner2011" class="citation book cs1">Danner, B. 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Springer. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33667-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-33667-4"><bdi>978-0-230-33667-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edmund+Spenser%27s+War+on+Lord+Burghley&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft.isbn=978-0-230-33667-4&rft.aulast=Danner&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do0p9DAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Drobert%2Bcecil%2BTheobalds%2BPalace%26pg%3DPA166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuerci2009" class="citation journal cs1">Guerci, Manolo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20623023">"Salisbury House in London, 1599-1694: The Strand Palace of Sir Robert Cecil"</a>. <i>Architectural History</i>. <b>52</b>: 31–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0066622X00004147">10.1017/S0066622X00004147</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-622X">0066-622X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20623023">20623023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:190508545">190508545</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+History&rft.atitle=Salisbury+House+in+London%2C+1599-1694%3A+The+Strand+Palace+of+Sir+Robert+Cecil&rft.volume=52&rft.pages=31-78&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=0066-622X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A190508545%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20623023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0066622X00004147&rft.aulast=Guerci&rft.aufirst=Manolo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20623023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1997" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Thomas, active (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43476823"><i>New citharen lessons : (1609)</i></a>. 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Waco, Tex.: Baylor University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-13512-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-13512-6"><bdi>0-585-13512-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43476823">43476823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+citharen+lessons+%3A+%281609%29&rft.place=Waco%2C+Tex.&rft.pub=Baylor+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43476823&rft.isbn=0-585-13512-6&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Thomas%2C+active&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F43476823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Holman: "The Harp in Stuart England", in <i>Early Music</i> vol. 15 (1987), pp. 188–203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw05580/Robert-Cecil-1st-Earl-of-Salisbury">"Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury"</a>. <i>National Portrait Gallery</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Portrait+Gallery&rft.atitle=Robert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npg.org.uk%2Fcollections%2Fsearch%2Fportrait%2Fmw05580%2FRobert-Cecil-1st-Earl-of-Salisbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurant1978" class="citation book cs1">Durant, David N. 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London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. p. 203. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77442-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77442-5"><bdi>0-297-77442-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4230856">4230856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arbella+Stuart+%3A+a+rival+to+the+queen&rft.place=London&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4230856&rft.isbn=0-297-77442-5&rft.aulast=Durant&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F4230856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0465326/">"Elizabeth I"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a></i>. 22 April 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+I&rft.date=2006-04-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0465326%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFullerton2018" class="citation web cs1">Fullerton, Huw (18 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/drama/gunpowder-robert-cecil/">"Who was Gunpowder's Robert Cecil?"</a>. <i>RadioTimes.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Religion of Robert Cecil." <i>Historical Journal</i> (1991) 34#4 pp: 773.</li> <li>Croft, Pauline. "The Reputation of Robert Cecil: Libels, Political Opinion and Popular Awareness in the Early Seventeenth Century." <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> (1991) 1: 43+</li> <li>Haynes, Alan. <i>Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury</i> (1989)</li> <li>Loades, David, ed. <i>Reader's Guide to British History</i> (2003) 1: 237–39, historiography</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/search/series/cal-cecil-papers"><i>HMC Calendar of Manuscripts of the Marquis of Salisbury: The Cecil Manuscripts, 1306–1595</i></a><i>, primary source.</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Cecil,_1st_Earl_of_Salisbury&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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class="extiw" title="wikisource:Cecil, Robert (DNB00)">Robert Cecil</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F258066">"Archival material relating to Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Robert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF258066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Cecil%2C+1st+Earl+of+Salisbury" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704171#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehistoryofparliament.wordpress.com/2021/11/25/mocking-the-afflicted-disability-at-court-in-early-modern-england/">Disability at Court in Early Modern England", Andrew Thrush, History of Parliament</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">The Lord Burghley</a></div><i><b>as acting secretary </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_(England)" title="Secretary of State (England)">Secretary of State</a> </b><br />1596–1612 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Secretary_of_State)" title="John Herbert (Secretary of State)">John Herbert</a> 1600–1612 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Herbert_(Secretary_of_State)" title="John Herbert (Secretary of State)">John Herbert</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carr,_1st_Earl_of_Somerset" title="Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset">Viscount Rochester</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>In commission</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Heneage" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Thomas Heneage">Sir Thomas Heneage</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Duchy_of_Lancaster" title="Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster">Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster</a> </b><br />1597–1599 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>In commission</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/John_Fortescue_of_Salden" title="John Fortescue of Salden">Sir John Fortescue</a> </b> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">The Lord Burghley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Privy_Seal" title="Lord Privy Seal">Lord Privy Seal</a> </b><br />1598–1608 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">The Earl of Northampton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">The Earl of Dorset</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" title="Lord High Treasurer">Lord High Treasurer</a> </b><br />1608–1612 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>In commission</b><div style="font-size:90%">First Lord: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">The Earl of Northampton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">The Earl of Essex</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_Dublin" title="Chancellor of the University of Dublin">Chancellor of the University of Dublin</a> </b><br />1601–1612 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">The Archbishop of Canterbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%">Title last held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_1st_Baron_Burghley" title="William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley">The Lord Burghley</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Hertfordshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire">Lord Lieutenant of Hertfordshire</a> </b><br />1605–1612 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">The Earl of Salisbury</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_3rd_Viscount_Howard_of_Bindon" title="Thomas Howard, 3rd Viscount Howard of Bindon">The Viscount Howard of Bindon</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Dorset" title="Lord Lieutenant of Dorset">Lord Lieutenant of Dorset</a> </b><br />1611–1612 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">The Earl of Suffolk</a> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">The Earl of Suffolk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_England" title="Peerage of England">Peerage of England</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Marquess of Salisbury">Earl of Salisbury</a> </b><br />1605–1612 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="3">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">William Cecil</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Cranborne" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscount Cranborne">Viscount Cranborne</a> </b><br />1604–1612 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Cecil" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Cecil">Baron Cecil</a> </b><br />1603–1612 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Head of State of the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">Henry Howard</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lord of Mann</a> </b><br />1608–1609 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Stanley,_6th_Earl_of_Derby" title="William Stanley, 6th Earl of Derby">William Stanley</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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I">James I</a><br />(1603–1625)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sackville,_1st_Earl_of_Dorset" title="Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset">Thomas Sackville, 1st Earl of Dorset</a> (1603–1608)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury</a> (1608–1612)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton" title="Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton">Henry Howard, 1st Earl of Northampton</a></i> (1612–1613)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Egerton,_1st_Viscount_Brackley" title="Thomas Egerton, 1st Viscount Brackley">Thomas Egerton, 1st Baron Ellesmere</a></i> (1613–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Suffolk" title="Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk">Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk</a> (1614–1618)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/George_Abbot_(bishop)" title="George Abbot (bishop)">George Abbot</a></i> (1618–1620)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester">Henry Montagu, 1st Earl of Manchester</a> (1620–1621)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Cranfield,_1st_Earl_of_Middlesex" title="Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex">Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex</a> (1621–1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ley,_1st_Earl_of_Marlborough" title="James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough">James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough</a> (1624–1625)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_(1707-1714).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Great_Britain_%281707-1714%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1550" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a><br />(1625–1649)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Ley,_1st_Earl_of_Marlborough" title="James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough">James Ley, 1st Earl of Marlborough</a> (1625–1628)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Weston,_1st_Earl_of_Portland" title="Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland">Richard Weston, 1st Earl of Portland</a> (1628–1633)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/William_Laud" title="William Laud">William Laud</a></i> (1635–1636)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Juxon" title="William Juxon">William Juxon</a> (1636–1641)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Littleton,_1st_Baron_Lyttelton" title="Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton">Edward Littleton, 1st Baron Lyttelton</a></i> (1641–1643)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cottington,_1st_Baron_Cottington" title="Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington">Francis Cottington, 1st Baron Cottington</a> (1643–1646)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a><br />(1660–1685)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Edward_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Clarendon" title="Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon">Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon</a></i> (June–September 1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_4th_Earl_of_Southampton" title="Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton">Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton</a> (1660–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Monck,_1st_Duke_of_Albemarle" title="George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle">George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle</a> (1667–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Clifford,_1st_Baron_Clifford_of_Chudleigh" title="Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh">Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron Clifford of Chudleigh</a> (1672–1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Osborne,_1st_Duke_of_Leeds" title="Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds">Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds</a> (1673–March 1679)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Capell,_1st_Earl_of_Essex" title="Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex">Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex</a></i> (March–November 1679)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester</a></i> (November 1679–1684)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin</a></i> (1684–1685)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a><br />(1685–1688)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Hyde,_1st_Earl_of_Rochester" title="Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester">Laurence Hyde, 1st Earl of Rochester</a> (1685–1686)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Belasyse,_1st_Baron_Belasyse" title="John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse">John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse</a></i> (1687–December 1688)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William</a> & <a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary</a><br />(1689–1694)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Belasyse,_1st_Baron_Belasyse" title="John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse">John Belasyse, 1st Baron Belasyse</a></i> (December 1688–April 1689)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mordaunt,_3rd_Earl_of_Peterborough" title="Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough">Charles Mordaunt, 3rd Earl of Peterborough</a></i> (April 1689–March 1690)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Lowther,_1st_Viscount_Lonsdale" title="John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale">John Lowther, 1st Viscount Lonsdale</a></i> (March 1690–November 1690)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin</a></i> (November 1690–1694)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a><br />(1694–1702)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin</a></i> (1694–1697)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax</a></i> (1697–1699)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ford_Grey,_1st_Earl_of_Tankerville" title="Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville">Ford Grey, 1st Earl of Tankerville</a></i> (1699–1700)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin</a></i> (1700–1701)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_3rd_Earl_of_Carlisle" title="Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle">Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle</a></i> (1701–1702)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a><br />(1702–1714)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Godolphin,_1st_Earl_of_Godolphin" title="Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin">Sidney Godolphin, 1st Earl of Godolphin</a> (1702–1710)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Poulett,_1st_Earl_Poulett" title="John Poulett, 1st Earl Poulett">John Poulett, 1st Earl Poulett</a></i> (1710–1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley,_1st_Earl_of_Oxford_and_Earl_Mortimer" title="Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer">Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Earl Mortimer</a> (1711–July 1714)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Talbot,_1st_Duke_of_Shrewsbury" title="Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury">Charles Talbot, 1st Duke of Shrewsbury</a> (July–October 1714)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Italics indicate service as <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Treasury" title="First Lord of the Treasury">First Lord of the Treasury</a> when <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">HM Treasury</a> was ruled by Commission</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704171#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704171#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q704171#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008153627X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/73900682">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/158541/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjHhXrgq88jmdTQkryGHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118794264">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85196897">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12198400h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12198400h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069397805">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811475568905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/161728">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007275390105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14515937">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500273197">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118794264.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118794264">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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