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id="toc-Function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selectivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selectivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Selectivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selectivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voltage-gated_sodium_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voltage-gated sodium channels</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voltage-gated_sodium_channels-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Voltage-gated sodium channels subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voltage-gated_sodium_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modeling_the_behavior_of_gates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling_the_behavior_of_gates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Modeling the behavior of gates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling_the_behavior_of_gates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impermeability_to_other_ions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impermeability_to_other_ions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Impermeability to other ions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impermeability_to_other_ions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Diversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alpha_subunits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alpha_subunits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Alpha subunits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alpha_subunits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_subunits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_subunits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>Beta subunits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_subunits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_beta_subunits_as_cell_adhesion_molecules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_beta_subunits_as_cell_adhesion_molecules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>Role of beta subunits as cell adhesion molecules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_beta_subunits_as_cell_adhesion_molecules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligand-gated_sodium_channels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligand-gated_sodium_channels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ligand-gated sodium channels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligand-gated_sodium_channels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_action_potential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_action_potential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Role in action potential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_action_potential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacologic_modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacologic_modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pharmacologic modulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pharmacologic_modulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pharmacologic modulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pharmacologic_modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blockers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blockers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Blockers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blockers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activators" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activators"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Activators</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activators-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gating_modifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gating_modifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Gating modifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gating_modifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sodium_leak_channel_(NALCN)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sodium_leak_channel_(NALCN)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sodium leak channel (NALCN)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sodium_leak_channel_(NALCN)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sodium leak channel (NALCN) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sodium_leak_channel_(NALCN)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Structural_and_functional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structural_and_functional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Structural and functional differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structural_and_functional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protein_Complex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protein_Complex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Protein Complex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protein_Complex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Biological function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_pathology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_pathology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Role in pathology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_pathology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-pH_modulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#pH_modulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>pH modulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-pH_modulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle pH modulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-pH_modulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Molecular_mechanisms_of_proton_block" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molecular_mechanisms_of_proton_block"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Molecular mechanisms of proton block</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molecular_mechanisms_of_proton_block-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-pH_modulation_of_sodium_channel_gating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#pH_modulation_of_sodium_channel_gating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>pH modulation of sodium channel gating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-pH_modulation_of_sodium_channel_gating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-pH_modulation_across_the_subtypes_studied_thus_far" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#pH_modulation_across_the_subtypes_studied_thus_far"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>pH modulation across the subtypes studied thus far</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-pH_modulation_across_the_subtypes_studied_thus_far-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sodium channel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="قناة صوديوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قناة صوديوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natrijski_kanal" title="Natrijski kanal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Natrijski kanal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_sodi" title="Canal de sodi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Canal de sodi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sod%C3%ADkov%C3%BD_kan%C3%A1l" title="Sodíkový kanál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sodíkový kanál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumkanal" title="Natriumkanal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Natriumkanal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_sodio" title="Canal de sodio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Canal de sodio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_sodium" title="Canal sodium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Canal sodium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canle_de_sodio" title="Canle de sodio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Canle de sodio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%ED%8A%B8%EB%A5%A8_%ED%86%B5%EB%A1%9C" title="나트륨 통로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나트륨 통로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canale_del_sodio" title="Canale del sodio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Canale del sodio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canalis_ionticus_natrii" title="Canalis ionticus natrii – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Canalis ionticus natrii" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natriumkanaal" title="Natriumkanaal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Natriumkanaal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%8D%E3%83%AB" title="ナトリウムチャネル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナトリウムチャネル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_s%C3%B3dio" title="Canal de sódio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Canal de sódio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_sodiu" title="Canal de sodiu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Canal de sodiu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Натријумски канали – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Натријумски канали" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%96_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Натрієві канали – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Натрієві канали" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAnh_natri" title="Kênh natri – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kênh natri" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%88%89%E9%9B%A2%E5%AD%90%E9%80%9A%E9%81%93" title="鈉離子通道 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鈉離子通道" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q424960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Transmembrane protein allowing sodium ions in and out</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an_Action_Potential.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an_Action_Potential.svg/220px-Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an_Action_Potential.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an_Action_Potential.svg/330px-Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an_Action_Potential.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an_Action_Potential.svg/440px-Membrane_Permeability_of_a_Neuron_During_an_Action_Potential.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="888" /></a><figcaption>C is the sodium channel </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sodium channels</b> are <a href="/wiki/Integral_membrane_protein" title="Integral membrane protein">integral membrane proteins</a> that form <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a>, conducting <a href="/wiki/Sodium_ions" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium ions">sodium ions</a> (Na<sup>+</sup>) through a <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell's</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">membrane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-8385-7701-6_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-8385-7701-6-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-isbn0-87893-321-2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isbn0-87893-321-2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They belong to the <a href="/wiki/Cation_channel_superfamily" title="Cation channel superfamily">superfamily of cation channels</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They are classified into 2 types: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Type of sodium channel</th> <th>Synonyms</th> <th>Trigger<br />(factor that stimulates the channel) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">Voltage-gated sodium channels</a> </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>"VGSCs"</li><li>"voltage-dependent"</li><li>"voltage-sensitive"</li><li>"Nav channel"</li></ul></div> </td> <td>change in <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a>, which is also called change in voltage </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand-gated sodium channels">ligand-gated sodium channels</a> </td> <td>LGSCs </td> <td>binding of substances such as <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligands</a> to the channel </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leak sodium channel </td> <td>NALCN </td> <td>Ungated, always open </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Excitable_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitable cell">excitable cells</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">myocytes</a>, and certain types of <a href="/wiki/Glia" title="Glia">glia</a>, sodium channels are responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential#Stimulation_and_rising_phase" title="Action potential">rising phase</a> of <a href="/wiki/Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a>. These channels go through three different states called resting, active and inactive states. Even though the resting and inactive states would not allow the ions to flow through the channels the difference exists with respect to their structural conformation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selectivity">Selectivity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Selectivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium channels are highly selective for the transport of ions across cell membranes. The high selectivity with respect to the sodium ion is achieved in many different ways. All involve encapsulation of the sodium ion in a cavity of specific size within a larger molecule.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voltage-gated_sodium_channels">Voltage-gated sodium channels <span class="anchor" id="Voltage-gated"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Voltage-gated sodium channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">voltage-gated sodium channel</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium-channel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sodium-channel.svg/640px-Sodium-channel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="640" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sodium-channel.svg/960px-Sodium-channel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Sodium-channel.svg/1280px-Sodium-channel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of a voltage-sensitive sodium channel α-subunit. G – <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylation</a>, P – <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a>, S – ion selectivity, I – inactivation. Positive (+) charges in S4 are important for transmembrane voltage sensing.<sup id="cite_ref-Yu_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yu-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Sodium channels consist of large <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alpha_subunits">alpha subunits</a> that associate with accessory proteins, such as <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Beta_subunits">beta subunits</a>. An alpha subunit forms the core of the channel and is functional on its own. When the alpha subunit protein is expressed by a cell, it is able to form a pore in the cell membrane that conducts Na<sup>+</sup> in a voltage-dependent way, even if beta subunits or other known modulating proteins are not expressed. When accessory proteins assemble with α subunits, the resulting complex can display altered voltage dependence and cellular localization. </p><p>The alpha subunit consists of four repeat domains, labelled I through IV, each containing six membrane-spanning segments, labelled S1 through S6. The highly <a href="/wiki/Conservation_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation (genetics)">conserved</a> S4 segment acts as the channel's voltage sensor. The voltage sensitivity of this channel is due to positive amino acids located at every third position.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When stimulated by a change in <a href="/wiki/Transmembrane_voltage" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmembrane voltage">transmembrane voltage</a>, this segment moves toward the extracellular side of the cell membrane, allowing the channel to become permeable to ions. The ions are conducted through the central pore cavity, which consists of two main regions. The more external (i.e., more extracellular) portion of the pore is formed by the "P-loops" (the region between S5 and S6) of the four domains. This region is the most narrow part of the pore and is responsible for its ion selectivity. The inner portion (i.e., more cytoplasmic) of the pore is the pore gate and is formed by the combined S5 and S6 segments of the four domains. The pore domain also features lateral tunnels or fenestrations that run perpendicular to the pore axis. These fenestrations that connect the central cavity to the membrane are proposed to be important for drug accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mammalian sodium channels, the region linking domains III and IV is also important for channel function. This DIII-IV linker is responsible for wedging the pore gate shut after channel opening, inactivating it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gating">Gating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voltage-gated Na<sup>+</sup> channels have three main conformational states: closed, open and inactivated. Forward/back transitions between these states are correspondingly referred to as activation/deactivation (between open and closed, respectively), inactivation/reactivation (between inactivated and open, respectively), and recovery from inactivation/closed-state inactivation (between inactivated and closed, respectively). Closed and inactivated states are ion impermeable. </p><p>Before an action potential occurs, the axonal membrane is at its normal <a href="/wiki/Resting_potential" title="Resting potential">resting potential</a>, about −70 mV in most human neurons, and Na<sup>+</sup> channels are in their deactivated state, blocked on the extracellular side by their <b>activation gates</b>. In response to an increase of the membrane potential to about −55 mV (in this case, caused by an action potential), the activation gates open, allowing positively charged Na<sup>+</sup> ions to flow into the neuron through the channels, and causing the voltage across the neuronal membrane to increase to +30 mV in human neurons. Because the voltage across the membrane is initially negative, as its voltage increases <i>to</i> and <i>past</i> zero (from −70 mV at rest to a maximum of +30 mV), it is said to depolarize. This increase in voltage constitutes the rising phase of an action potential. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Action Potential</th> <th>Membrane Potential</th> <th>Target Potential</th> <th>Gate's Target State</th> <th>Neuron's Target State </th></tr> <tr> <td>Resting</td> <td>−70 mV</td> <td>−55 mV</td> <td>Deactivated → Activated</td> <td>Polarized </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rising</td> <td>−55 mV</td> <td>0 mV</td> <td>Activated</td> <td>Polarized → Depolarized </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rising</td> <td>0 mV</td> <td>+30 mV</td> <td>Activated → Inactivated</td> <td>Depolarized </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling</td> <td>+30 mV</td> <td>0 mV</td> <td>Inactivated</td> <td>Depolarized → Repolarized </td></tr> <tr> <td>Falling</td> <td>0 mV</td> <td>−70 mV</td> <td>Inactivated</td> <td>Repolarized </td></tr> <tr> <td>Undershot</td> <td>−70 mV</td> <td>−75 mV</td> <td>Inactivated → Deactivated</td> <td>Repolarized → Hyperpolarized </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rebounding</td> <td>−75 mV</td> <td>−70 mV</td> <td>Deactivated</td> <td>Hyperpolarized → Polarized </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>At the peak of the action potential, when enough Na<sup>+</sup> has entered the neuron and the membrane's potential has become high enough, the Na<sup>+</sup> channels inactivate themselves by closing their <b><a href="/wiki/Ball_and_chain_inactivation" title="Ball and chain inactivation">inactivation gates</a></b>. The inactivation gate can be thought of as a "plug" tethered to domains III and IV of the channel's intracellular alpha subunit. Closure of the inactivation gate causes Na<sup>+</sup> flow through the channel to stop, which in turn causes the membrane potential to stop rising. The closing of the inactivation gate creates a refractory period within each individual Na<sup>+</sup> channel. This refractory period eliminates the possibility of an action potential moving in the opposite direction back towards the soma. With its inactivation gate closed, the channel is said to be inactivated. With the Na<sup>+</sup> channel no longer contributing to the membrane potential, the potential decreases back to its resting potential as the neuron repolarizes and subsequently hyperpolarizes itself, and this constitutes the falling phase of an action potential. The refractory period of each channel is therefore vital in propagating the action potential unidirectionally down an axon for proper communication between neurons. </p><p>When the membrane's voltage becomes low enough, the inactivation gate reopens and the activation gate closes in a process called <b>deinactivation</b>. With the activation gate closed and the inactivation gate open, the Na<sup>+</sup> channel is once again in its deactivated state, and is ready to participate in another action potential. </p><p>When any kind of ion channel does not inactivate itself, it is said to be persistently (or tonically) active. Some kinds of ion channels are naturally persistently active. However, genetic mutations that cause persistent activity in other channels can cause disease by creating excessive activity of certain kinds of neurons. Mutations that interfere with Na<sup>+</sup> channel inactivation can contribute to cardiovascular diseases or epileptic seizures by <b>window currents</b>, which can cause muscle and/or nerve cells to become over-excited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modeling_the_behavior_of_gates">Modeling the behavior of gates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modeling the behavior of gates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temporal behavior of Na<sup>+</sup> channels can be modeled by a <a href="/wiki/Hidden_Markov_model" title="Hidden Markov model">Markovian</a> scheme or by the <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin%E2%80%93Huxley_model" title="Hodgkin–Huxley model">Hodgkin–Huxley</a>-type formalism. In the former scheme, each channel occupies a distinct <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">state</a> with <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a> describing transitions between states; in the latter, the channels are treated as a <a href="/wiki/Statistical_population" title="Statistical population">population</a> that are affected by three independent gating variables. Each of these variables can attain a value between 1 (fully permeant to ions) and 0 (fully non-permeant), the product of these variables yielding the percentage of conducting channels. The Hodgkin–Huxley model can be shown to be equivalent to a Markovian model.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (September 2021)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impermeability_to_other_ions">Impermeability to other ions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Impermeability to other ions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pore of sodium channels contains a <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel#Selectivity_filter" title="Potassium channel">selectivity filter</a> made of negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues, which attract the positive Na<sup>+</sup> ion and keep out negatively charged ions such as <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>. The cations flow into a more constricted part of the pore that is 0.3 by 0.5 <a href="/wiki/Nanometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometer">nm</a> wide, which is just large enough to allow a single Na<sup>+</sup> ion with a water <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a> associated to pass through. The larger K<sup>+</sup> ion cannot fit through this area. Ions of different sizes also cannot interact as well with the negatively charged <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamic acid</a> residues that line the pore. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diversity">Diversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Voltage-gated sodium channels normally consist of an alpha subunit that forms the ion conduction pore and one to two beta subunits that have several functions including modulation of channel gating.<sup id="cite_ref-Isom_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isom-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expression of the alpha subunit alone is sufficient to produce a functional channel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alpha_subunits">Alpha subunits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alpha subunits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sodium_channel_phylogram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sodium_channel_phylogram.png/220px-Sodium_channel_phylogram.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sodium_channel_phylogram.png/330px-Sodium_channel_phylogram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Sodium_channel_phylogram.png/440px-Sodium_channel_phylogram.png 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 1.</b> Likely evolutionary relationship of the nine known human sodium channels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="Disagrees with IUPHAR image, is self-made by user Devon Ryan, and has a "this is wrong" comment from name-unknown on Commons page. Not great. (November 2023)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Sodium_channel#Dubious" title="Talk:Sodium channel">discuss</a></i>]</sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The family of sodium channels has 9 known members, with amino acid identity >50% in the trans-membrane segments and extracellular loop regions. A standardized nomenclature for sodium channels is currently used and is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/IUPHAR" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPHAR">IUPHAR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Catterall_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catterall-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proteins of these channels are named Na<sub>v</sub>1.1 through Na<sub>v</sub>1.9. The gene names are referred to as SCN1A through SCN5A, then SCN8A through SCN11A.<sup id="cite_ref-Catterall_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Catterall-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "tenth member", Na<sub>x</sub>, does not act in a voltage-gated way. It has a loosely similar overall structure. Not much is known about its real function, other than that it also associates with beta subunits.<sup id="cite_ref-wetpore_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wetpore-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The probable evolutionary relationship between these channels, based on the similarity of their amino acid sequences, is shown in figure 1. The individual sodium channels are distinguished not only by differences in their sequence but also by their kinetics and expression profiles. Some of this data is summarized in table 1, below. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Table 1.</b> Nomenclature and some functions of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunits </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Protein name</th> <th>Gene</th> <th>Expression profile</th> <th>Associated human <a href="/wiki/Channelopathy" title="Channelopathy">channelopathies</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nav1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.1">Na<sub>v</sub>1.1</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN1A">SCN1A</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central neurons</a>, [peripheral neurons] and <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_myocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac myocytes">cardiac myocytes</a></td> <td>febrile <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generalized_epilepsy_with_febrile_seizures_plus" title="Generalized epilepsy with febrile seizures plus">GEFS+</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravet_syndrome" title="Dravet syndrome">Dravet syndrome</a> (also known as <i>severe myclonic epilepsy of infancy</i> or SMEI), borderline SMEI (SMEB), West syndrome (also known as <i>infantile spasms</i>), Doose syndrome (also known as <i>myoclonic astatic epilepsy</i>), intractable childhood epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (ICEGTC), Panayiotopoulos syndrome, familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM), familial autism, Rasmussens's encephalitis and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome<sup id="cite_ref-urlwww.scn1a.info_-_SCN1A_infobase_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlwww.scn1a.info_-_SCN1A_infobase-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nav1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.2">Na<sub>v</sub>1.2</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN2A">SCN2A</a></i></td> <td>Central neurons, peripheral neurons</td> <td>inherited <a href="/wiki/Febrile_seizure" title="Febrile seizure">febrile seizures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autism_spectrum_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autism spectrum disorder">autism spectrum disorder</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SCN3A" title="SCN3A">Na<sub>v</sub>1.3</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN3A">SCN3A</a></i></td> <td>Central neurons, peripheral neurons and cardiac myocytes</td> <td>epilepsy, pain, brain malformations<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nav1.4" title="Nav1.4">Na<sub>v</sub>1.4</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN4A">SCN4A</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Skeletal muscle</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemic_periodic_paralysis" title="Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis">hyperkalemic periodic paralysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paramyotonia_congenita" title="Paramyotonia congenita">paramyotonia congenita</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium-aggravated_myotonia" title="Potassium-aggravated myotonia">potassium-aggravated myotonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nav1.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.5">Na<sub>v</sub>1.5</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN5A">SCN5A</a></i></td> <td>Cardiac myocytes, uninnervated skeletal muscle, central neurons, gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells and Interstitial cells of Cajal</td> <td>Cardiac: <a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">Long QT syndrome</a> Type 3, <a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev%27s_disease" title="Lev's disease">progressive cardiac conduction disease</a>, familial <a href="/wiki/Atrial_fibrillation" title="Atrial fibrillation">atrial fibrillation</a> and idiopathic <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_fibrillation" title="Ventricular fibrillation">ventricular fibrillation</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>Gastrointestinal: <a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">Irritable bowel syndrome</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24613995_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24613995-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SCN8A" title="SCN8A">Na<sub>v</sub>1.6</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN8A">SCN8A</a></i></td> <td>Central neurons, <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal root ganglia">dorsal root ganglia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_nervous_system" title="Peripheral nervous system">peripheral neurons</a>, heart, glia cells</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">Epilepsy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ataxia" title="Ataxia">ataxia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dystonia" title="Dystonia">dystonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tremor" title="Tremor">tremor</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nav1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.7">Na<sub>v</sub>1.7</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN9A">SCN9A</a></i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_root_ganglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorsal root ganglia">Dorsal root ganglia</a>, sympathetic neurons, <a href="/wiki/Schwann_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwann cells">Schwann cells</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neuroendocrine_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroendocrine cells">neuroendocrine cells</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erythromelalgia" title="Erythromelalgia">erythromelalgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxysmal_extreme_pain_disorder" title="Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder">PEPD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Congenital_insensitivity_to_pain" title="Congenital insensitivity to pain">channelopathy-associated insensitivity to pain</a><sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and recently discovered a disabling form of <a href="/wiki/Fibromyalgia" title="Fibromyalgia">fibromyalgia</a> (rs6754031 polymorphism)<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22348792_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22348792-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nav1.8" title="Nav1.8">Na<sub>v</sub>1.8</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN10A">SCN10A</a></i></td> <td>Dorsal root ganglia</td> <td>pain,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neuropsychiatric disorders </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nav1.9" title="Nav1.9">Na<sub>v</sub>1.9</a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN11A">SCN11A</a></i></td> <td>Dorsal root ganglia</td> <td>pain<sup id="cite_ref-:1_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/SCN7A" title="SCN7A">Na<sub>x</sub></a> </th> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN7A">SCN7A</a></i></td> <td>heart, uterus, skeletal muscle, astrocytes, dorsal root ganglion cells</td> <td>none known </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beta_subunits">Beta subunits</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Beta subunits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium channel beta subunits are type 1 transmembrane glycoproteins with an extracellular N-terminus and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. As members of the Ig superfamily, beta subunits contain a prototypic V-set Ig loop in their extracellular domain. They do not share any homology with their counterparts of calcium and potassium channels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10798388_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10798388-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they are homologous to neural cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) and the large family of L1 CAMs. There are four distinct betas named in order of discovery: SCN1B, SCN2B, SCN3B, SCN4B (table 2). Beta 1 and beta 3 interact with the alpha subunit non-covalently, whereas beta 2 and beta 4 associate with alpha via disulfide bond.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1375395_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1375395-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sodium channels are more likely to stay open at the subthreshold membrane potential when interacting with beta toxins, which in turn induces an immediate sensation of pain.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_of_beta_subunits_as_cell_adhesion_molecules">Role of beta subunits as cell adhesion molecules</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Role of beta subunits as cell adhesion molecules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to regulating channel gating, sodium channel beta subunits also modulate channel expression and form links to the <a href="/wiki/Intracellular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracellular">intracellular</a> <a href="/wiki/Cytoskeleton" title="Cytoskeleton">cytoskeleton</a> via <a href="/wiki/Ankyrin" title="Ankyrin">ankyrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spectrin" title="Spectrin">spectrin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Isom_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isom-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10753953_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10753953-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11997395_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11997395-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voltage-gated sodium channels also assemble with a variety of other proteins, such as FHF proteins (Fibroblast growth factor Homologous Factor), calmodulin, cytoskeleton or regulatory kinases,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11389473_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11389473-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Isom_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isom-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15317864_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15317864-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15282281_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15282281-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16817858_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16817858-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which form a complex with sodium channels, influencing its expression and/or function. Several beta subunits interact with one or more <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">extracellular matrix</a> (ECM) molecules. Contactin, also known as F3 or F11, associates with beta 1 as shown via co-immunoprecipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11567041_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11567041-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fibronectin" title="Fibronectin">Fibronectin</a>-like (FN-like) repeats of <a href="/wiki/Tenascin" title="Tenascin">Tenascin</a>-C and <a href="/wiki/Tenascin" title="Tenascin">Tenascin</a>-R bind with beta 2 in contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">Epidermal growth factor</a>-like (EGF-like) repeats that repel beta2.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9861042_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9861042-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 sheds beta 2's <a href="/wiki/Ectodomain" title="Ectodomain">ectodomain</a> possibly inducing neurite outgrowth.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15833746_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15833746-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beta 3 and beta 1 bind to neurofascin at Nodes of Ranvier in developing neurons.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11470829_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11470829-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><b>Table 2.</b> Nomenclature and some functions of voltage-gated sodium channel beta subunits </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><b>Protein name</b></th> <th><b>Gene link</b></th> <th>Assembles with</th> <th>Expression profile</th> <th>Associated human <a href="/wiki/Channelopathy" title="Channelopathy">channelopathies</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SCN1B" title="SCN1B">Na<sub>v</sub>β1</a></td> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN1B">SCN1B</a></i></td> <td>Na<sub>v</sub>1.1 to Na<sub>v</sub>1.7</td> <td>Central Neurons, Peripheral Neurons, skeletal muscle, heart, glia</td> <td>epilepsy (GEFS+), <a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SCN2B" title="SCN2B">Na<sub>v</sub>β2</a></td> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN2B">SCN2B</a></i></td> <td>Na<sub>v</sub>1.1, Na<sub>v</sub>1.2, Na<sub>v</sub>1.5 to Na<sub>v</sub>1.7</td> <td>Central Neurons, peripheral neurons, heart, glia</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SCN3B" title="SCN3B">Na<sub>v</sub>β3</a></td> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN3B">SCN3B</a></i></td> <td>Na<sub>v</sub>1.1 to Na<sub>v</sub>1.3, Na<sub>v</sub>1.5</td> <td>central neurons, adrenal gland, kidney, peripheral neurons</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brugada_syndrome" title="Brugada syndrome">Brugada syndrome</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/SCN4B" title="SCN4B">Na<sub>v</sub>β4</a></td> <td><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=SCN4B">SCN4B</a></i></td> <td>Na<sub>v</sub>1.1, Na<sub>v</sub>1.2, Na<sub>v</sub>1.5</td> <td>heart, skeletal muscle, central and peripheral neurons</td> <td>none known </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligand-gated_sodium_channels">Ligand-gated sodium channels <span class="anchor" id="Ligand-gated"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ligand-gated sodium channels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand-gated">Ligand-gated</a> sodium channels are activated by binding of a <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">ligand</a> instead of a change in membrane potential. </p><p>They are found, e.g. in the <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">neuromuscular junction</a> as <a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_receptors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicotinic receptors">nicotinic receptors</a>, where the ligands are <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">acetylcholine</a> molecules. Most channels of this type are permeable to potassium to some degree as well as to sodium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_action_potential">Role in action potential</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Role in action potential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">Action potential</a></div> <p>Voltage-gated sodium channels play an important role in <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potentials</a>. If enough channels open when there is a change in the cell's <a href="/wiki/Membrane_potential" title="Membrane potential">membrane potential</a>, a small but significant number of Na<sup>+</sup> ions will move into the cell down their <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical_gradient" title="Electrochemical gradient">electrochemical gradient</a>, further <a href="/wiki/Depolarization" title="Depolarization">depolarizing</a> the cell. Thus, the more Na<sup>+</sup> channels localized in a region of a cell's membrane the faster the action potential will propagate and the more <b>excitable</b> that area of the cell will be. This is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Positive_feedback_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="Positive feedback loop">positive feedback loop</a>. The ability of these channels to assume a closed-inactivated state causes the <a href="/wiki/Refractory_period_(physiology)" title="Refractory period (physiology)">refractory period</a> and is critical for the propagation of action potentials down an <a href="/wiki/Axon" title="Axon">axon</a>. </p><p>Na<sup>+</sup> channels both open and close more quickly than <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">K<sup>+</sup> channels</a>, producing an influx of positive charge (Na<sup>+</sup>) toward the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Action_potential" title="Action potential">action potential</a> and an efflux (K<sup>+</sup>) toward the end. </p><p>Ligand-gated sodium channels, on the other hand, create the change in the membrane potential in the first place, in response to the binding of a ligand to it. Leak sodium channels additionally contribute to action potential regulation by modulating the resting potential (and in turn, the excitability) of a cell.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacologic_modulation">Pharmacologic modulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pharmacologic modulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blockers">Blockers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Blockers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Sodium channel blocker</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activators">Activators</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Activators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Sodium channel opener</a></div> <p>The following naturally produced substances persistently activate (open) sodium channels: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkaloid" title="Alkaloid">Alkaloid</a>-based toxins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">aconitine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">ciguatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinine" title="Delphinine">delphinine</a></li> <li>some <a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Grayanotoxins">grayanotoxins</a>, e.g., grayanotoxin I (other granotoxins inactive, or close, sodium channels)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veratridine" title="Veratridine">veratridine</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gating_modifiers">Gating modifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gating modifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following toxins modify the gating of sodium channels: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">Peptide</a>-based toxins <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Μ-Conotoxin">μ-Conotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%94-Atracotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Δ-Atracotoxin">δ-Atracotoxin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Grolleau_2000_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grolleau_2000-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_venom" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorpion venom">Scorpion venom</a> toxins<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10491073_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10491073-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sodium_leak_channel_(NALCN)"><span id="Sodium_leak_channel_.28NALCN.29"></span>Sodium leak channel (NALCN)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sodium leak channel (NALCN)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sodium leak channels do not show any voltage or ligand gating. Instead, they are always open or "leaking" a small background current to regulate the resting membrane potential of a neuron.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most animals, a single gene encodes the NALCN (sodium leak channel, nonselective) protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structural_and_functional_differences">Structural and functional differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Structural and functional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite following the same basic structure as other sodium channels, NALCN is not sensitive to voltage changes. The voltage-sensitive S4 transmembrane domain of NALCN has fewer positively charged amino acids (13 instead of a voltage gated channel's 21) possibly explaining its voltage insensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NALCN is also far less selective for Na<sup>+</sup> ions and is permeable to Ca<sup>2+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> ions. The EEKE amino acid motif in the pore filter domain of NALCN is similar to both the EEEE motif of <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">voltage-gated calcium channel</a> and the DEKA motif of the voltage-gated sodium channel, possibly explaining its lack of selectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NALCN_activity.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NALCN_activity.png/392px-NALCN_activity.png" decoding="async" width="392" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NALCN_activity.png/588px-NALCN_activity.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/13/NALCN_activity.png/784px-NALCN_activity.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Regulatory pathways and chemicals affecting NALCN function.</figcaption></figure> <p>NALCN is not blocked by many common sodium channel blockers, including <a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">tetrodotoxin</a>. NALCN is blocked nonspecifically by both Gd<sup>3+</sup> and <a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">verapamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Substance_P" title="Substance P">Substance P</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurotensin" title="Neurotensin">neurotensin</a> both activate <a href="/wiki/Src_family_kinase" title="Src family kinase">Src family kinases</a> through their respective <a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_receptor" title="G protein-coupled receptor">GPCRs</a> (independent of the coupled <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G-proteins</a>) which in turn increase the permeability of NALCN through UNC80 activation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholine" title="Acetylcholine">Acetylcholine</a> can also increase NALCN activity through <a href="/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3" title="Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3">M<sub>3</sub> muscarinic acetylcholine receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher levels of extracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> decrease the permeability of NALCN by activating <a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">CaSR</a> which inhibits UNC80.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protein_Complex">Protein Complex</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Protein Complex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>NALCN complexes with the proteins UNC79, UNC80, and FAM155A.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNC79 appears to be linked to membrane stability of NALCN and linkage with UNC 80.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNC80 mediates chemical modulation of NALCN through multiple pathways.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FAM155A helps protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum, chaperones transport to the axon, and contributes to membrane stability.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biological_function">Biological function</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Biological function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Resting_potential" title="Resting potential">resting membrane potential</a> of a neuron is usually -60mV to -80mV, driven primarily by the K<sup>+</sup> potential at -90mV. The depolarization from the K<sup>+</sup> potential is due primarily to a small Na<sup>+</sup> leak current. About 70% of this current is through NALCN.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increasing NALCN permeability lowers the resting membrane potential, bringing it closer to the trigger of an action potential (-55mV), thus increasing the excitability of a neuron. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_in_pathology">Role in pathology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Role in pathology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutations to NALCN lead to severe disruptions to respiratory rhythm in mice<sup id="cite_ref-:9_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and altered circadian locomotion in flies.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mutations to NALCN have also been linked to multiple severe developmental disorders<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cervical dystonia.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder are also linked to mutations to NALCN.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="pH_modulation">pH modulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: pH modulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Changes in blood and tissue pH accompany physiological and pathophysiological conditions such as exercise, cardiac ischemia, ischemic stroke, and cocaine ingestion. These conditions are known to trigger the symptoms of electrical diseases in patients carrying sodium channel mutations. Protons cause a diverse set of changes to sodium channel gating, which generally lead to decreases in the amplitude of the transient sodium current and increases in the fraction of non-inactivating channels that pass persistent currents. These effects are shared with disease-causing mutants in neuronal, skeletal muscle, and cardiac tissue and may be compounded in mutants that impart greater proton sensitivity to sodium channels, suggesting a role of protons in triggering acute symptoms of electrical disease.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29460150_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29460150-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molecular_mechanisms_of_proton_block">Molecular mechanisms of proton block</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Molecular mechanisms of proton block"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Single channel data from cardiomyocytes have shown that protons can decrease the conductance of individual sodium channels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1664454_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1664454-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sodium channel selectivity filter is composed of a single residue in each of the four pore-loops of the four functional domains. These four residues are known as the DEKA motif.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9382897_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9382897-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The permeation rate of sodium through the sodium channel is determined by a four carboxylate residues, the EEDD motif, which make up the outer charged ring.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9382897_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9382897-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protonation of these carboxylates is one of the main drivers of proton block in sodium channels, although there are other residues that also contribute to pH sensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid12181282_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid12181282-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such residue is C373 in the <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_sodium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac sodium channel">cardiac sodium channel</a> which makes it the most pH-sensitive sodium channel among the sodium channels that have been studied to date.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22701426_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22701426-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="pH_modulation_of_sodium_channel_gating">pH modulation of sodium channel gating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: pH modulation of sodium channel gating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the cardiac sodium channel is the most pH-sensitive sodium channel, most of what is known is based on this channel. Reduction in extracellular pH has been shown to depolarize the voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation to more positive potentials. This indicates that during activities that decrease the blood pH, such as exercising, the probability of channels activating and inactivating is higher more positive membrane potentials, which can lead to potential adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23283979_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23283979-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sodium channels expressed in skeletal muscle fibers have evolved into relatively pH-insensitive channels. This has been suggested to be a protective mechanism against potential over- or under-excitability in skeletal muscles, as blood pH levels are highly susceptible to change during movement.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16873405_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16873405-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid5010039_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid5010039-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, a mixed syndrome mutation that causes periodic paralysis and myotonia in the skeletal sodium channel has been shown to impart pH-sensitivity in this channel, making the gating of this channel similar to that of the cardiac subtype.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid29674667_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid29674667-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="pH_modulation_across_the_subtypes_studied_thus_far">pH modulation across the subtypes studied thus far</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: pH modulation across the subtypes studied thus far"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The effects of protonation have been characterized in Na<sub>v</sub>1.1–Na<sub>v</sub>1.5. Among these channels, Na<sub>v</sub>1.1–Na<sub>v</sub>1.3 and Na<sub>v</sub>1.5 display depolarized voltage-dependence of activation, while activation in Na<sub>v</sub>1.4 remains insensitive to acidosis. The voltage-dependence of steady-state fast inactivation is unchanged in Na<sub>v</sub>1.1–Na<sub>v</sub>1.4, but steady-state fast inactivation in Na<sub>v</sub>1.5 is depolarized. Hence, among the sodium channels that have been studied so far, Na<sub>v</sub>1.4 is the least and Na<sub>v</sub>1.5 is the most proton-sensitive subtypes.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium channel</a> – Ion channel complex through which calcium ions pass</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronaxie" title="Chronaxie">Chronaxie</a> – Electrophysiology metric</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel">Epithelial sodium channel</a> – Group of membrane proteins</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">Ion channel</a> – Pore-forming membrane protein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resting_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Resting ion channel">Resting ion channel</a> – Class of transport proteins<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium in biology</a> – Use of sodium by organisms</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-8385-7701-6-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-8385-7701-6_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJessell_TM,_Kandel_ER,_Schwartz_JH2000" class="citation book cs1">Jessell TM, <a href="/wiki/Eric_R._Kandel" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric R. Kandel">Kandel ER</a>, Schwartz JH (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011/page/154"><i>Principles of Neural Science</i></a></span> (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780838577011/page/154">154–69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-7701-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-7701-1"><bdi>978-0-8385-7701-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Neural+Science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=154-69&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-7701-1&rft.au=Jessell+TM%2C+Kandel+ER%2C+Schwartz+JH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780838577011%2Fpage%2F154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+channel" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-87893-321-2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-87893-321-2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertil_Hillel2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Hille" title="Bertil Hille">Bertil Hillel</a> (2001). <i>Ion Channels of Excitable Membranes</i> (3rd ed.). 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</li> <li id="cite_note-pmid29674667-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid29674667_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhovanlooAbdelsayedPetersRuben2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ghovanloo MR, Abdelsayed M, Peters CH, Ruben PC (April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5908869">"A Mixed Periodic Paralysis & Myotonia Mutant, P1158S, Imparts pH-Sensitivity in Skeletal Muscle Voltage-gated Sodium Channels"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 6304. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8.6304G">2018NatSR...8.6304G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-24719-y">10.1038/s41598-018-24719-y</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5908869">5908869</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29674667">29674667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=A+Mixed+Periodic+Paralysis+%26+Myotonia+Mutant%2C+P1158S%2C+Imparts+pH-Sensitivity+in+Skeletal+Muscle+Voltage-gated+Sodium+Channels&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=6304&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5908869%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29674667&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-018-24719-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatSR...8.6304G&rft.aulast=Ghovanloo&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Abdelsayed%2C+M&rft.au=Peters%2C+CH&rft.au=Ruben%2C+PC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5908869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhovanlooPetersRuben2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ghovanloo MR, Peters CH, Ruben PC (October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6284583">"Effects of acidosis on neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels: Nav1.1 and Nav1.3"</a>. <i>Channels</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 367–377. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19336950.2018.1539611">10.1080/19336950.2018.1539611</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6284583">6284583</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30362397">30362397</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Channels&rft.atitle=Effects+of+acidosis+on+neuronal+voltage-gated+sodium+channels%3A+Nav1.1+and+Nav1.3&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=367-377&rft.date=2018-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6284583%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30362397&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19336950.2018.1539611&rft.aulast=Ghovanloo&rft.aufirst=MR&rft.au=Peters%2C+CH&rft.au=Ruben%2C+PC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6284583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASodium+channel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Sodium+Channels">Sodium+Channels</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209142324/https://www.iuphar-db.org/IC/FamilyMenuForward?familyId=10">"Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels"</a>. <i>IUPHAR Database of Receptors and Ion Channels</i>. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iuphar-db.org/IC/FamilyMenuForward?familyId=10">the original</a> on 2021-12-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Ca<sup>2+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Ligand-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_trisphosphate_receptor" title="Inositol trisphosphate receptor">Inositol trisphosphate receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITPR1" title="ITPR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR2" title="ITPR2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITPR3" title="ITPR3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">Ryanodine receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RYR1" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor_2" title="Ryanodine receptor 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RYR3" class="mw-redirect" title="RYR3">3</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.1" title="Cav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.2" title="Cav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.3" title="Cav1.3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cav1.4" title="Cav1.4">1.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.2</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cav2.1" title="Cav2.1">2.1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q-type_calcium_channel" title="Q-type calcium channel">Q-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.1</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α2.3</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type</a>/<i>Ca<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1G" title="CACNA1G">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1H" class="mw-redirect" title="CACNA1H">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA1I" title="CACNA1I">3.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>α<sub>2</sub>δ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D1" title="CACNA2D1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNA2D2" title="CACNA2D2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNB1" title="CACNB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB2" title="CACNB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB3" title="CACNB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNB4" title="CACNB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>γ-subunits</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CACNG1" title="CACNG1">γ1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG2" title="CACNG2">γ2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG3" title="CACNG3">γ3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CACNG4" title="CACNG4">γ4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation_channels_of_sperm" title="Cation channels of sperm">Cation channels of sperm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CatSper1" title="CatSper1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper2" title="CatSper2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper3" title="CatSper3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatSper4" title="CatSper4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-pore_channel" title="Two-pore channel">Two-pore channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TPCN1" title="TPCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TPCN2" title="TPCN2">2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Na+:_Sodium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Na<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;">Constitutively active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel">Epithelial sodium channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1A" title="SCNN1A">α</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1B" title="SCNN1B">β</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1G" title="SCNN1G">γ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCNN1D" title="SCNN1D">δ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">Proton</a>-gated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel">Amiloride-sensitive cation channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACCN1" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN2" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN3" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACCN4" class="mw-redirect" title="ACCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channel" title="Voltage-gated sodium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3A" title="SCN3A">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.4" title="Nav1.4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN8A" title="SCN8A">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Nav1.7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN10A" class="mw-redirect" title="SCN10A">1.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nav1.9" title="Nav1.9">1.9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN7A" title="SCN7A">7A</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Na<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SCN1B" title="SCN1B">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN2B" title="SCN2B">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN3B" title="SCN3B">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCN4B" title="SCN4B">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="K+:_Potassium_channel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>K<sup>+</sup>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium channel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">Calcium-activated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">α1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB1" title="KCNMB1">β1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB2" title="KCNMB2">β2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB3" title="KCNMB3">β3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNMB4" title="KCNMB4">β4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_channel" title="SK channel">SK channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">SK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">SK2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">SK3</a></li></ul></li> <li>IK channel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">IK1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>Ca</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel_subunit_alpha-1" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel subunit alpha-1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN1" title="KCNN1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN2" title="KCNN2">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK3" title="SK3">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNN4" title="KCNN4">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT1" title="KCNT1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNT2" title="KCNT2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNU1" title="KCNU1">5.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Inward-rectifier_potassium_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inward-rectifier potassium ion channel">Inward-rectifier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></a></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ROMK" title="ROMK">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.1" title="Kir2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ12" title="KCNJ12">2.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ4" title="KCNJ4">2.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ14" title="KCNJ14">2.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir2.6" title="Kir2.6">2.6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</a>/<i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ3" title="KCNJ3">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ6" title="KCNJ6">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ9" title="KCNJ9">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ5" title="KCNJ5">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>K<sub>ir</sub></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ10" title="KCNJ10">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ15" title="KCNJ15">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ16" title="KCNJ16">5.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ8" title="KCNJ8">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir6.2" title="Kir6.2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNJ13" title="KCNJ13">7.1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">Tandem pore domain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K2P</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNK1" title="KCNK1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK2" title="KCNK2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK3" title="KCNK3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK4" title="KCNK4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK5" title="KCNK5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK6" title="KCNK6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK7" title="KCNK7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK9" title="KCNK9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK10" title="KCNK10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK12" title="KCNK12">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK13" title="KCNK13">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK15" title="KCNK15">15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK16" title="KCNK16">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK17" title="KCNK17">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNK18" title="KCNK18">18</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channel" title="Voltage-gated potassium channel">Voltage-gated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α1-6</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kv1.1" title="Kv1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA2" title="KCNA2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA3" title="KCNA3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA4" title="KCNA4">1.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA5" title="KCNA5">1.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA6" title="KCNA6">1.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA7" title="KCNA7">1.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNA10" title="KCNA10">1.8</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNB1" title="KCNB1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNB2" title="KCNB2">2.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNC1" title="KCNC1">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC2" title="KCNC2">3.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC3" title="KCNC3">3.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNC4" title="KCNC4">3.4</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCND1" title="KCND1">4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND2" title="KCND2">4.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCND3" title="KCND3">4.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNF1" title="KCNF1">5.1</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNG1" title="KCNG1">6.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG2" title="KCNG2">6.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG3" title="KCNG3">6.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNG4" title="KCNG4">6.4</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>α7-12</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT1" title="KvLQT1">7.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT2" title="KvLQT2">7.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KvLQT3" title="KvLQT3">7.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ4" title="KCNQ4">7.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNQ5" title="KCNQ5">7.5</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNV1" title="KCNV1">8.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNV2" title="KCNV2">8.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNS1" title="KCNS1">9.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS2" title="KCNS2">9.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNS3" title="KCNS3">9.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH1" title="KCNH1">10.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH5" title="KCNH5">10.2</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">11.1/hERG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH6" title="KCNH6">11.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH7" title="KCNH7">11.3</a></li></ul></li> <li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNH8" title="KCNH8">12.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH3" title="KCNH3">12.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNH4" title="KCNH4">12.3</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>K<sub>v</sub>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB1" title="KCNAB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB2" title="KCNAB2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNAB3" title="KCNAB3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>KCNIP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP1" title="KCNIP1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP2" title="KCNIP2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calsenilin" title="Calsenilin">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNIP4" title="KCNIP4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1" title="KCNE1">minK/ISK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE1L" class="mw-redirect" title="KCNE1L">minK/ISK-like</a></li> <li><i>MiRP</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KCNE2" title="KCNE2">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE3" title="KCNE3">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KCNE4" title="KCNE4">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaker_(gene)" title="Shaker (gene)">Shaker (gene)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="Miscellaneous" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>Miscellaneous</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Cl<sup>−</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">Calcium-activated chloride channels</a> <ul><li><i>Anoctamin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ANO1" title="ANO1">ANO1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Bestrophin</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bestrophin_1" title="Bestrophin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BEST2" class="mw-redirect" title="BEST2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Chloride Channel Accessory</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCA1" title="CLCA1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA2" title="CLCA2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA3" title="CLCA3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCA4" title="CLCA4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</a></li> <li><i>CLCN</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLCN1" title="CLCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN2" title="CLCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN3" title="CLCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN4" title="CLCN4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN5" title="CLCN5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN6" title="CLCN6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCN7" title="CLCN7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKA" title="CLCNKA">KA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCNKB" title="CLCNKB">KB</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLIC</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLIC1" title="CLIC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC2" title="CLIC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC3" title="CLIC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC4" title="CLIC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC5" title="CLIC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLIC6" title="CLIC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLCC1" title="CLCC1">L1</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>CLNS</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1A" title="CLNS1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLNS1B" title="CLNS1B">1B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Hydron_(chemistry)" title="Hydron (chemistry)">H<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_proton_channel" title="Voltage-gated proton channel">Proton channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HVCN1" title="HVCN1">HVCN1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel">CNG cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>α</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_1" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_2" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">4</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>β</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CNGB1" title="CNGB1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide-gated_channel_alpha_4" title="Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_nucleotide_gated_channel_beta_3" title="Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HCN_channel" title="HCN channel">HCN</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funny_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Funny current">FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN1" title="HCN1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN2" title="HCN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN3" title="HCN3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HCN4" title="HCN4">4</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Ion#Anions_and_cations" title="Ion">M<sup>+</sup></a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">TRP cation channel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="TRPA (channel)">TRPA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_cation_channel,_member_A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential cation channel, member A1">1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPC1" title="TRPC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC2" title="TRPC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC3" title="TRPC3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4" title="TRPC4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC4AP" title="TRPC4AP">4AP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC5" title="TRPC5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC6" title="TRPC6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC7" title="TRPC7">7</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM" title="TRPM">TRPM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPM1" title="TRPM1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM2" title="TRPM2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM3" title="TRPM3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM4" title="TRPM4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM5" title="TRPM5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM6" title="TRPM6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM7" title="TRPM7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPM8" title="TRPM8">8</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPML" title="TRPML">TRPML</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mucolipin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucolipin-1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN2" title="MCOLN2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MCOLN3" title="MCOLN3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPN" title="TRPN">TRPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPP" title="TRPP">TRPP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PKD1" class="mw-redirect" title="PKD1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycystic_kidney_disease_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycystic kidney disease 2">2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPV1" title="TRPV1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV2" title="TRPV2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV3" title="TRPV3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV4" title="TRPV4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV5" title="TRPV5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV6" title="TRPV6">6</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">H<sub>2</sub>O</a> (+ <a href="/wiki/Solutes" class="mw-redirect" title="Solutes">solutes</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Porin_(protein)" title="Porin (protein)">Porin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">Aquaporin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MIP_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MIP (gene)">0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaporin_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaporin 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP5" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP6" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP7" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP8" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AQP9" class="mw-redirect" title="AQP9">9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_anion_channel" title="Voltage-dependent anion channel">Voltage-dependent anion channel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VDAC1" title="VDAC1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC2" title="VDAC2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VDAC3" title="VDAC3">3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_bacterial_porin_family" title="General bacterial porin family">General bacterial porin family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">Cytoplasm</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Gap_junction" title="Gap junction">Gap junction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connexin" title="Connexin">Connexin</a> <ul><li>A <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJA1" title="GJA1">GJA1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA3" title="GJA3">GJA3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA4" title="GJA4">GJA4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA5" title="GJA5">GJA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA8" title="GJA8">GJA8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJA9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJA10" title="GJA10">GJA10</a></li></ul></li> <li>B <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJB1" title="GJB1">GJB1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB2" title="GJB2">GJB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB3" title="GJB3">GJB3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB4" title="GJB4">GJB4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB5" title="GJB5">GJB5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB6" title="GJB6">GJB6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJB7" title="GJB7">GJB7</a></li></ul></li> <li>C <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJC1" title="GJC1">GJC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC2" title="GJC2">GJC2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJC3" title="GJC3">GJC3</a></li></ul></li> <li>D <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GJD2" title="GJD2">GJD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD3" title="GJD3">GJD3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GJD4" title="GJD4">GJD4</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innexin" title="Innexin">Innexin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div id="By_gating_mechanism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><i>By gating mechanism</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ion_channel_class" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:15em;text-align:left;"><i>Ion channel class</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0;background-color: AntiqueWhite;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light-gated_ion_channel" title="Light-gated ion channel">Light-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_ion_channel" title="Voltage-gated ion channel">Voltage-gated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch-activated_ion_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stretch-activated ion channel">Stretch-activated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color: AntiqueWhite; padding: 0px;"><div><i>see also <a href="/wiki/Template:Channelopathy" title="Template:Channelopathy">disorders</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ion_channel_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Template talk:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ion_channel_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ion channel modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ion_channel_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Channel_modulator" title="Channel modulator">Ion channel modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="VDCCsTooltip_Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-dependent calcium channels">VDCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-dependent calcium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">Dihydropyridines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine" title="Amlodipine">Amlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranidipine" title="Aranidipine">Aranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelnidipine" title="Azelnidipine">Azelnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Barnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clevidipine" title="Clevidipine">Clevidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronidipine (page does not exist)">Cronidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darodipine" title="Darodipine">Darodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexniguldipine (page does not exist)">Dexniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elgodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elgodipine (page does not exist)">Elgodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elnadipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elnadipine (page does not exist)">Elnadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felodipine" title="Felodipine">Felodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flordipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flordipine (page does not exist)">Flordipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Furnidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Furnidipine (page does not exist)">Furnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iganidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iganidipine (page does not exist)">Iganidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isradipine" title="Isradipine">Isradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacidipine" title="Lacidipine">Lacidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemildipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemildipine (page does not exist)">Lemildipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lercanidipine" title="Lercanidipine">Lercanidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levamlodipine" title="Levamlodipine">Levamlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levniguldipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levniguldipine (page does not exist)">Levniguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manidipine" title="Manidipine">Manidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnidipine" title="Barnidipine">Mepirodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesudipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesudipine (page does not exist)">Mesudipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicardipine" title="Nicardipine">Nicardipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">Nifedipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguldipine" title="Niguldipine">Niguldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niludipine" title="Niludipine">Niludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilvadipine" title="Nilvadipine">Nilvadipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimodipine" title="Nimodipine">Nimodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisoldipine" title="Nisoldipine">Nisoldipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrendipine" title="Nitrendipine">Nitrendipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olradipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olradipine (page does not exist)">Olradipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxodipine" title="Oxodipine">Oxodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palonidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palonidipine (page does not exist)">Palonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranidipine" title="Pranidipine">Pranidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riodipine" title="Riodipine">Ryodipine (riodipine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagandipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sagandipine (page does not exist)">Sagandipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sornidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sornidipine (page does not exist)">Sornidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Teludipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teludipine (page does not exist)">Teludipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tiamdipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tiamdipine (page does not exist)">Tiamdipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trombodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trombodipine (page does not exist)">Trombodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vatanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vatanidipine (page does not exist)">Vatanidipine</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a> derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Clentiazem" title="Clentiazem">Clentiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diltiazem" title="Diltiazem">Diltiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iprotiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iprotiazem (page does not exist)">Iprotiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nictiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nictiazem (page does not exist)">Nictiazem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siratiazem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siratiazem (page does not exist)">Siratiazem</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/Arylalkylamine" title="Arylalkylamine">Phenylalkylamines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Anipamil" title="Anipamil">Anipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dagapamil (page does not exist)">Dagapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devapamil" title="Devapamil">Devapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dexverapamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dexverapamil (page does not exist)">Dexverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emopamil" title="Emopamil">Emopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etripamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etripamil (page does not exist)">Etripamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falipamil" title="Falipamil">Falipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallopamil" title="Gallopamil">Gallopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levemopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levemopamil (page does not exist)">Levemopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nexopamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nexopamil (page does not exist)">Nexopamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norverapamil" title="Norverapamil">Norverapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronipamil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronipamil (page does not exist)">Ronipamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiapamil" title="Tiapamil">Tiapamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verapamil" title="Verapamil">Verapamil</a>; <i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/AH-1058" title="AH-1058">AH-1058</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brinazarone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brinazarone (page does not exist)">Brinazarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budiodarone" title="Budiodarone">Budiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celivarone" title="Celivarone">Celivarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantofarone" title="Fantofarone">Fantofarone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SR-33805&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SR-33805 (page does not exist)">SR-33805</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydropalmatine" title="Tetrahydropalmatine">Tetrahydropalmatine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/%CE%A9-Conotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ω-Conotoxin">ω-Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_GVIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin GVIA (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin GVIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huwentoxin_XVI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huwentoxin XVI (page does not exist)">Huwentoxin XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leconotide" title="Leconotide">Leconotide (ω-conotoxin CVID)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-173212&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-173212 (page does not exist)">PD-173212</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z160&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z160 (page does not exist)">Z160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziconotide" title="Ziconotide">Ziconotide (ω-conotoxin MVIIA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVA (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_IVB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin IVB (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin IVB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/SNX-482" title="SNX-482">SNX-482</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ABT-639&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ABT-639 (page does not exist)">ABT-639</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-218&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-218 (page does not exist)">ML-218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NNC_55-0396&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NNC 55-0396 (page does not exist)">NNC 55-0396</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ProTx_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ProTx I (page does not exist)">ProTx I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Z944&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Z944 (page does not exist)">Z944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Non-selective:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Agatoxin_TK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Agatoxin TK (page does not exist)">ω-Agatoxin TK</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%A9-Conotoxin_MVIIC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ω-Conotoxin MVIIC (page does not exist)">ω-Conotoxin MVIIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benidipine" title="Benidipine">Benidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bepridil" title="Bepridil">Bepridil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilnidipine" title="Cilnidipine">Cilnidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnarizine" title="Cinnarizine">Cinnarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dotarizine" title="Dotarizine">Dotarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efonidipine" title="Efonidipine">Efonidipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunarizine" title="Flunarizine">Flunarizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levetiracetam" title="Levetiracetam">Levetiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomerizine" title="Lomerizine">Lomerizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NP078585&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NP078585 (page does not exist)">NP078585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">Ruthenium red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TROX-1" title="TROX-1">TROX-1</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Voltage-dependent_calcium_channel#α2δ_Subunit" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-dependent calcium channel">α<sub>2</sub>δ subunit</a>-selective (<a href="/wiki/Gabapentinoid" title="Gabapentinoid">gabapentinoids</a>):</b> <a href="/wiki/4-Methylpregabalin" title="4-Methylpregabalin">4-Methylpregabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbaclofen">Arbaclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbaclofen_placarbil" title="Arbaclofen placarbil">Arbaclofen placarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atagabalin" title="Atagabalin">Atagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baclofen" title="Baclofen">Baclofen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin" title="Gabapentin">Gabapentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabapentin_enacarbil" title="Gabapentin enacarbil">Gabapentin enacarbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagabalin" title="Imagabalin">Imagabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirogabalin" title="Mirogabalin">Mirogabalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-200,347&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-200,347 (page does not exist)">PD-200,347</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-217,014" title="PD-217,014">PD-217,014</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD-299,685&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD-299,685 (page does not exist)">PD-299,685</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenibut" title="Phenibut">Phenibut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregabalin" title="Pregabalin">Pregabalin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others/unsorted:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bencyclane" title="Bencyclane">Bencyclane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbamine" title="Berbamine">Berbamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevantolol" title="Bevantolol">Bevantolol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadine" title="Canadine">Canadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboxyamidotriazole" title="Carboxyamidotriazole">Carboxyamidotriazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycleanine" title="Cycleanine">Cycleanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauricine" title="Dauricine">Dauricine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimeditiapramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimeditiapramine">Dimeditiapramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diproteverine" title="Diproteverine">Diproteverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enpiperate" title="Enpiperate">Enpiperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eperisone" title="Eperisone">Eperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethadione" title="Ethadione">Ethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasudil" title="Fasudil">Fasudil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fendiline" title="Fendiline">Fendiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fostedil" title="Fostedil">Fostedil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imepitoin" title="Imepitoin">Imepitoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JTV-519" title="JTV-519">JTV-519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidoflazine" title="Lidoflazine">Lidoflazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manoalide" title="Manoalide">Manoalide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesuximide" title="Mesuximide">Mesuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monatepil" title="Monatepil">Monatepil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftopidil" title="Naftopidil">Naftopidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin_A" title="Ochratoxin A">Ochratoxin A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osthol" title="Osthol">Osthol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otilonium_bromide" title="Otilonium bromide">Otilonium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethadione" title="Paramethadione">Paramethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phensuximide" title="Phensuximide">Phensuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinaverium_bromide" title="Pinaverium bromide">Pinaverium bromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prenylamine" title="Prenylamine">Prenylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesamodil" title="Sesamodil">Sesamodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silperisone" title="Silperisone">Silperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrandrine" title="Tetrandrine">Tetrandrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolperisone" title="Tolperisone">Tolperisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethadione" title="Trimethadione">Trimethadione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperinol" title="Valperinol">Valperinol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_opener" title="Calcium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L-type-selective</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Bay_K8644" title="Bay K8644">Bay K8644</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel" title="Potassium channel">Potassium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_potassium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated potassium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated potassium channels">VGKCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated potassium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3,4-Diaminopyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="3,4-Diaminopyridine">3,4-Diaminopyridine (amifampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Aminopyridine" title="4-Aminopyridine">4-Aminopyridine (fampridine/dalfampridine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adekalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adekalant (page does not exist)">Adekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almokalant" title="Almokalant">Almokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretylium" title="Bretylium">Bretylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaftine" title="Bunaftine">Bunaftine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charybdotoxin" title="Charybdotoxin">Charybdotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clamikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clamikalant (page does not exist)">Clamikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalazatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalazatide (page does not exist)">Dalazatide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrotoxin" title="Dendrotoxin">Dendrotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dofetilide" title="Dofetilide">Dofetilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanatoxin" title="Hanatoxin">Hanatoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HgeTx1" title="HgeTx1">HgeTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HsTx1" title="HsTx1">HsTx1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibutilide" title="Ibutilide">Ibutilide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inakalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Inakalant (page does not exist)">Inakalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliotoxin" title="Kaliotoxin">Kaliotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolitrem_B" title="Lolitrem B">Lolitrem B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurotoxin" title="Maurotoxin">Maurotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nifekalant" title="Nifekalant">Nifekalant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Notoxin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Notoxin (page does not exist)">Notoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paxilline" title="Paxilline">Paxilline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinokalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinokalant (page does not exist)">Pinokalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ShK-186&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ShK-186 (page does not exist)">ShK-186</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotalol" title="Sotalol">Sotalol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tedisamil" title="Tedisamil">Tedisamil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terikalant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terikalant (page does not exist)">Terikalant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraethylammonium" title="Tetraethylammonium">Tetraethylammonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/HERG" title="HERG">hERG</a> (KCNH2, K<sub>v</sub>11.1)-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiodarone" title="Amiodarone">Amiodarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmmTX3" title="AmmTX3">AmmTX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astemizole" title="Astemizole">Astemizole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azaspiracid" title="Azaspiracid">Azaspiracid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AZD1305" title="AZD1305">AZD1305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azimilide" title="Azimilide">Azimilide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedaquiline" title="Bedaquiline">Bedaquiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeKm-1_toxin" title="BeKm-1 toxin">BeKm-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BmTx3" title="BmTx3">BmTx3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRL-32872" title="BRL-32872">BRL-32872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Chlorpromazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisapride" title="Cisapride">Cisapride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarithromycin" title="Clarithromycin">Clarithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darifenacin" title="Darifenacin">Darifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextropropoxyphene" title="Dextropropoxyphene">Dextropropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diallyl_trisulfide" title="Diallyl trisulfide">Diallyl trisulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">Domperidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-4031" title="E-4031">E-4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergtoxin" title="Ergtoxin">Ergtoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gigactonine" title="Gigactonine">Gigactonine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norpropoxyphene" title="Norpropoxyphene">Norpropoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pimozide" title="Pimozide">Pimozide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PNU-282,987" title="PNU-282,987">PNU-282,987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">Promethazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roxithromycin" title="Roxithromycin">Roxithromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sertindole" title="Sertindole">Sertindole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solifenacin" title="Solifenacin">Solifenacin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamulotoxin" title="Tamulotoxin">Tamulotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terodiline" title="Terodiline">Terodiline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terfenadine" title="Terfenadine">Terfenadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioridazine" title="Thioridazine">Thioridazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolterodine" title="Tolterodine">Tolterodine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanoxerine" title="Vanoxerine">Vanoxerine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernakalant" title="Vernakalant">Vernakalant</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Linopirdine" title="Linopirdine">Linopirdine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=XE-991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="XE-991 (page does not exist)">XE-991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssm_spooky_toxin" title="Ssm spooky toxin">Spooky toxin (SsTx)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/KCNQ" title="KCNQ">KCNQ (K<sub>v</sub>7)</a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retigabine" title="Retigabine">Retigabine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="Inwardly rectifying potassium channel">IRKs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Acetohexamide" title="Acetohexamide">Acetohexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbutamide" title="Carbutamide">Carbutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorpropamide" title="Chlorpropamide">Chlorpropamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide (glyburide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibornuride" title="Glibornuride">Glibornuride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glicaramide" title="Glicaramide">Glicaramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliclazide" title="Gliclazide">Gliclazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glimepiride" title="Glimepiride">Glimepiride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glipizide" title="Glipizide">Glipizide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gliquidone" title="Gliquidone">Gliquidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glisoxepide" title="Glisoxepide">Glisoxepide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glyclopyramide" title="Glyclopyramide">Glyclopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycyclamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycyclamide (page does not exist)">Glycyclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metahexamide" title="Metahexamide">Metahexamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitiglinide" title="Mitiglinide">Mitiglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateglinide" title="Nateglinide">Nateglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repaglinide" title="Repaglinide">Repaglinide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolazamide" title="Tolazamide">Tolazamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolbutamide" title="Tolbutamide">Tolbutamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caramiphen" title="Caramiphen">Caramiphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloperastine" title="Cloperastine">Cloperastine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clozapine" title="Clozapine">Clozapine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethosuximide" title="Ethosuximide">Ethosuximide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifenprodil" title="Ifenprodil">Ifenprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiapin" title="Tertiapin">Tertiapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipepidine" title="Tipepidine">Tipepidine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ATP-sensitive_potassium_channel" title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel"><abbr title="ATP-sensitive potassium channel">K<sub>ATP</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip ATP-sensitive potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aprikalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aprikalim (page does not exist)">Aprikalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimakalim" title="Bimakalim">Bimakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromakalim" title="Cromakalim">Cromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emakalim (page does not exist)">Emakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levcromakalim" class="mw-redirect" title="Levcromakalim">Levcromakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazokalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazokalim (page does not exist)">Mazokalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil" title="Minoxidil">Minoxidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoxidil_sulfate" title="Minoxidil sulfate">Minoxidil sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Naminidil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naminidil (page does not exist)">Naminidil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinacidil" title="Pinacidil">Pinacidil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rilmakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rilmakalim (page does not exist)">Rilmakalim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sarakalim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sarakalim (page does not exist)">Sarakalim</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/G_protein-coupled_inwardly_rectifying_potassium_channel" title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel"><abbr title="G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel">GIRK</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel</span>-specific:</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=ML-297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ML-297 (page does not exist)">ML-297 (VU0456810)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_potassium_channel" title="Calcium-activated potassium channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated potassium channel">K<sub>Ca</sub></abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAL-021" class="mw-redirect" title="GAL-021">GAL-021</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/BK_channel" title="BK channel">BK<sub>Ca</sub></a>-specific:</b> <a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimesulide" title="Nimesulide">Nimesulide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rottlerin" title="Rottlerin">Rottlerin (mallotoxin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tandem_pore_domain_potassium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel"><abbr title="Tandem pore domain potassium channel">K2Ps</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Tandem pore domain potassium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_blocker" title="Potassium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate" title="12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate">12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">Arachidonic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfluoxetine" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfluoxetine">Norfluoxetine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_channel_opener" title="Potassium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riluzole" title="Riluzole">Riluzole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sodium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_sodium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltage-gated sodium channels"><abbr title="Voltage-gated sodium channels">VGSCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Voltage-gated sodium channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antianginals:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ranolazine" title="Ranolazine">Ranolazine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antiarrhythmics (class I):</i> <a href="/wiki/Ajmaline" title="Ajmaline">Ajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aprindine" title="Aprindine">Aprindine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disopyramide" title="Disopyramide">Disopyramide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dronedarone" title="Dronedarone">Dronedarone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encainide" title="Encainide">Encainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecainide" title="Flecainide">Flecainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorajmine" title="Lorajmine">Lorajmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorcainide" title="Lorcainide">Lorcainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexiletine" title="Mexiletine">Mexiletine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moracizine" title="Moracizine">Moricizine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilsicainide" title="Pilsicainide">Pilsicainide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajmaline" title="Prajmaline">Prajmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procainamide" title="Procainamide">Procainamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propafenone" title="Propafenone">Propafenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinidine" title="Quinidine">Quinidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparteine" title="Sparteine">Sparteine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocainide" title="Tocainide">Tocainide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Anticonvulsants:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acetylpheneturide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acetylpheneturide (page does not exist)">Acetylpheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbamazepine" title="Carbamazepine">Carbamazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenobamate" title="Cenobamate">Cenobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorphenacemide" title="Chlorphenacemide">Chlorphenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elpetrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elpetrigine (page does not exist)">Elpetrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eslicarbazepine_acetate" title="Eslicarbazepine acetate">Eslicarbazepine acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethotoin" title="Ethotoin">Ethotoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosphenytoin" title="Fosphenytoin">Fosphenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamotrigine" title="Lamotrigine">Lamotrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacosamide" title="Lacosamide">Lacosamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licarbazepine" title="Licarbazepine">Licarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephenytoin" title="Mephenytoin">Mephenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxcarbazepine" title="Oxcarbazepine">Oxcarbazepine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxitriptyline" title="Oxitriptyline">Oxitriptyline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenacemide" title="Phenacemide">Phenacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pheneturide" title="Pheneturide">Pheneturide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenytoin" title="Phenytoin">Phenytoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufinamide" title="Rufinamide">Rufinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sipatrigine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sipatrigine (page does not exist)">Sipatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_valproate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium valproate">Sodium valproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valnoctamide" title="Valnoctamide">Valnoctamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_pivoxil" title="Valproate pivoxil">Valproate pivoxil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproate_semisodium" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproate semisodium">Valproate semisodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpromide" title="Valpromide">Valpromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonisamide" title="Zonisamide">Zonisamide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Local anesthetics:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane" title="3-(p-Fluorobenzoyloxy)tropane"><i>p</i>FBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amylocaine" title="Amylocaine">Amylocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articaine" title="Articaine">Articaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzocaine" title="Benzocaine">Benzocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bupivacaine" title="Bupivacaine">Bupivacaine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levobupivacaine" title="Levobupivacaine">Levobupivacaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropivacaine" title="Ropivacaine">Ropivacaine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butacaine" title="Butacaine">Butacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butamben" title="Butamben">Butamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprocaine" title="Chloroprocaine">Chloroprocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinchocaine" title="Cinchocaine">Cinchocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">Cocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclomethycaine" title="Cyclomethycaine">Cyclomethycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethocaine" title="Dimethocaine">Dimethocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">Diphenhydramine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etidocaine" title="Etidocaine">Etidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexylcaine" title="Hexylcaine">Hexylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontocaine" title="Iontocaine">Iontocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidocaine" title="Lidocaine">Lidocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepivacaine" title="Mepivacaine">Mepivacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprylcaine" title="Meprylcaine">Meprylcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabutoxycaine" title="Metabutoxycaine">Metabutoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthocaine" title="Orthocaine">Orthocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piperocaine" title="Piperocaine">Piperocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prilocaine" title="Prilocaine">Prilocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procaine" title="Procaine">Procaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxycaine" title="Propoxycaine">Propoxycaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxymetacaine" title="Proxymetacaine">Proxymetacaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risocaine" title="Risocaine">Risocaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetracaine" title="Tetracaine">Tetracaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimecaine" title="Trimecaine">Trimecaine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Analgesics:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3161&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3161 (page does not exist)">AZD-3161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSP-2230" title="DSP-2230">DSP-2230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funapide" title="Funapide">Funapide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GDC-0276&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GDC-0276 (page does not exist)">GDC-0276</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NKTR-171&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NKTR-171 (page does not exist)">NKTR-171</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-04531083&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-04531083 (page does not exist)">PF-04531083</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-05089771" title="PF-05089771">PF-05089771</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralfinamide" title="Ralfinamide">Ralfinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raxatrigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Raxatrigine">Raxatrigine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RG7893&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RG7893 (page does not exist)">RG7893 (GDC-0287)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Toxins:</i> <a href="/wiki/Conotoxin" title="Conotoxin">Conotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosaxitoxin" title="Neosaxitoxin">Neosaxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrodotoxin" title="Tetrodotoxin">Tetrodotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zetekitoxin_AB" title="Zetekitoxin AB">Zetekitoxin AB</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/Buprenorphine" title="Buprenorphine">Buprenorphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evenamide" title="Evenamide">Evenamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menthol" title="Menthol">Menthol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safinamide" title="Safinamide">Safinamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricyclic_antidepressant" title="Tricyclic antidepressant">Tricyclic antidepressants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aconitine" title="Aconitine">Aconitine</a></li> <li>Atracotoxins (<a href="/wiki/Omega-Atracotoxin" title="Omega-Atracotoxin">ω-Atracotoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robustoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Robustoxin">Robustoxin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versutoxin" title="Versutoxin">Versutoxin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batrachotoxin" title="Batrachotoxin">Batrachotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciguatoxin" title="Ciguatoxin">Ciguatoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grayanotoxin" title="Grayanotoxin">Grayanotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poneratoxin" title="Poneratoxin">Poneratoxin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Epithelial_sodium_channel" title="Epithelial sodium channel"><abbr title="Epithelial sodium channel">ENaC</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Epithelial sodium channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzamil" title="Benzamil">Benzamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamterene" title="Triamterene">Triamterene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_opener" title="Sodium channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solnatide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solnatide (page does not exist)">Solnatide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Acid-sensing_ion_channel" title="Acid-sensing ion channel"><abbr title="Acid-sensing ion channel">ASICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Acid-sensing ion channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel_blocker" title="Sodium channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-317567&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-317567 (page does not exist)">A-317567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiloride" title="Amiloride">Amiloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspirin" title="Aspirin">Aspirin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibuprofen" title="Ibuprofen">Ibuprofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PcTX1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PcTX1 (page does not exist)">PcTX1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel" title="Chloride channel">Chloride</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium-activated_chloride_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium-activated chloride channel"><abbr title="Calcium-activated chloride channel">CaCCs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Calcium-activated chloride channel</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crofelemer" title="Crofelemer">Crofelemer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIDS" title="DIDS">DIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethacrynic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethacrynic acid">Ethacrynic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxetine" title="Fluoxetine">Fluoxetine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefloquine" title="Mefloquine">Mefloquine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibefradil" title="Mibefradil">Mibefradil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbachol" title="Carbachol">Carbachol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator"><abbr title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">CFTR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glibenclamide" title="Glibenclamide">Glibenclamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonidamine" title="Lonidamine">Lonidamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_opener" title="Chloride channel opener">Activators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">1,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,10-Phenanthroline" title="1,10-Phenanthroline">1,10-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,7-Phenanthroline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,7-Phenanthroline (page does not exist)">4,7-Phenanthroline</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7,8-Benzoquinoline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7,8-Benzoquinoline (page does not exist)">7,8-Benzoquinoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivacaftor" title="Ivacaftor">Ivacaftor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenanthridine" title="Phenanthridine">Phenanthridine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chloride_channel_blocker" title="Chloride channel blocker">Blockers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclofenamic_acid" title="Meclofenamic acid">Meclofenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mefenamic_acid" title="Mefenamic acid">Mefenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepacrine" title="Mepacrine">Mepacrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talniflumate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talniflumate (page does not exist)">Talniflumate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolfenamic_acid" title="Tolfenamic acid">Tolfenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trifluoperazine" title="Trifluoperazine">Trifluoperazine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Transient receptor potential channels"><abbr title="Transient receptor potential channels">TRPs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Transient receptor potential channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_gated_ion_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligand gated ion channels"><abbr title="Ligand gated ion channels">LGICs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Ligand gated ion channels</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacomodulation" title="Template:Pharmacomodulation">here</a> instead.</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a> • <a href="/wiki/Template:Transient_receptor_potential_channel_modulators" title="Template:Transient receptor potential channel modulators">Transient receptor potential channel modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&oldid=1246385360">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sodium_channel&oldid=1246385360</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Electrophysiology" title="Category:Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li><li><a 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