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<span>Design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ming dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banknotes_denominated_in_Zhiqian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banknotes_denominated_in_Zhiqian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Banknotes denominated in Zhiqian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banknotes_denominated_in_Zhiqian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_Kuping_Qi%C3%A1n_-_Guangxu_Tongbao_(Guangdong_Mint)_-_Scott_Semans.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1_Kuping_Qi%C3%A1n_-_Guangxu_Tongbao_%28Guangdong_Mint%29_-_Scott_Semans.png/220px-1_Kuping_Qi%C3%A1n_-_Guangxu_Tongbao_%28Guangdong_Mint%29_-_Scott_Semans.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1_Kuping_Qi%C3%A1n_-_Guangxu_Tongbao_%28Guangdong_Mint%29_-_Scott_Semans.png/330px-1_Kuping_Qi%C3%A1n_-_Guangxu_Tongbao_%28Guangdong_Mint%29_-_Scott_Semans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/1_Kuping_Qi%C3%A1n_-_Guangxu_Tongbao_%28Guangdong_Mint%29_-_Scott_Semans.png/440px-1_Kuping_Qi%C3%A1n_-_Guangxu_Tongbao_%28Guangdong_Mint%29_-_Scott_Semans.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>A late-19th-century machine-struck <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangxu_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangxu Tongbao (page does not exist)">Guangxu Tongbao</a> (光緒通寶) cash coin of 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">wén</a></i> with a standard weight of 1 Kuping Qian (庫平錢), which was the nationally set standard weight for cash coins during the <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu</a> era.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Standard cash</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">制錢</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">制钱</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhì qián</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᡳ<br />ᠵᡳᡴᠠ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Transliterations_of_Manchu" title="Transliterations of Manchu">Möllendorff</a>: <i>Durun i jiha</i>), or <i>regulation cash coins</i>, is a term used during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasties</a> of China to refer to standard issue <a href="/wiki/Copper-alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper-alloy">copper-alloy</a> <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">cash coins</a> produced in imperial Chinese mints according to weight and composition standards that were fixed by the imperial government.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was first used for <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a> cash coins following the abolition of large denomination versions of this cash coin series. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)#Other_terms_relating_to_cash_coins" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Cash (Chinese coin) § Other terms relating to cash coins</a></div> <p>The term "Zhiqian" was used to discern full-valued cash coins produced by the imperial government from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">older ones</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> period, which were known as <i>jiuqian</i> (舊錢), and privately produced forgeries of non-standard weights and alloys that were referred to as <i>siqian</i> (私錢) or <i>sizhuqian</i> (私鑄錢).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other terms used during the Ming dynasty for various types of cash coins include <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">yangqian</i></span> (样錢, "Model coin"), also known as <i>Beiqian</i> (北錢, "Northern coin"), which referred to full weight (1 <i>qián</i>) and fine quality cash coins had were delivered to Beijing as seigniorage revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fengqian</i> (俸錢, "Stipend coin") which referred to second rate cash coins that had a weight of 0.9 <i>qián</i> and were distributed through the salaries of government officials and emoluments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Shangqian</i> (賞錢, "Tip money") which is a term used to refer to cash coins that were small, thin, and very fragile (comparable to <i>Sizhuqian</i>) that were used to pay the wages of employees of the imperial government (including the mint workers themselves) and was one of the most commonly circulating types of cash coins during the Ming dynasty among the general population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design of the standard Chinese cash coin was round, while it had a square centre hole that allowed them to be <a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">strung together</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner rim as well as the outer rim of the cash coin was slightly elevated, and on the obverse side of the coin was the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">era name (or reign motto)</a> of the reigning <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperor</a>, during the Ming dynasty the reverse side of their cash coins tended to be blank, while <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Qing dynasty period cash coins</a> often contained <a href="/wiki/Mint_mark" title="Mint mark">mint marks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ming_dynasty">Ming dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ming dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Ming dynasty coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chong_Zhen_Tong_Bao_(%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6)_-_1628-1644_Zhen_angled_variety,_Tong_1-dot,_Bao_bei_closed,_Zhen_L_short_angled_dot_above,_bei_open._-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chong_Zhen_Tong_Bao_%28%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1628-1644_Zhen_angled_variety%2C_Tong_1-dot%2C_Bao_bei_closed%2C_Zhen_L_short_angled_dot_above%2C_bei_open._-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg/220px-Chong_Zhen_Tong_Bao_%28%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1628-1644_Zhen_angled_variety%2C_Tong_1-dot%2C_Bao_bei_closed%2C_Zhen_L_short_angled_dot_above%2C_bei_open._-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chong_Zhen_Tong_Bao_%28%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1628-1644_Zhen_angled_variety%2C_Tong_1-dot%2C_Bao_bei_closed%2C_Zhen_L_short_angled_dot_above%2C_bei_open._-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg/330px-Chong_Zhen_Tong_Bao_%28%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1628-1644_Zhen_angled_variety%2C_Tong_1-dot%2C_Bao_bei_closed%2C_Zhen_L_short_angled_dot_above%2C_bei_open._-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Chong_Zhen_Tong_Bao_%28%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1628-1644_Zhen_angled_variety%2C_Tong_1-dot%2C_Bao_bei_closed%2C_Zhen_L_short_angled_dot_above%2C_bei_open._-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg/440px-Chong_Zhen_Tong_Bao_%28%E5%B4%87%E7%A6%8E%E9%80%9A%E5%AF%B6%29_-_1628-1644_Zhen_angled_variety%2C_Tong_1-dot%2C_Bao_bei_closed%2C_Zhen_L_short_angled_dot_above%2C_bei_open._-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1570" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption>Various <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chongzhen_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chongzhen Tongbao (page does not exist)">Chongzhen Tongbao</a> (崇禎通寶) Zhiqian.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the year 1361 the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> established its first imperial mint <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baoyuanju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baoyuanju (page does not exist)">Baoyuanju</a> (寶源局) in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Yingtian</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> who at the time ruled under the title of "Prince of Wu" and created the mint before the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> was driven out of China. The first cash coins produced by the Baoyuanju had the inscription <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazhong_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dazhong Tongbao (page does not exist)">Dazhong Tongbao</a> (大中通寶), these new cash coins continued circulating and co-existing next to older cash coins.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Ming conquest of all of China the Ming government started establishing provincial mints, known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baoquanju&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baoquanju (page does not exist)">Baoquanju</a> (寶泉局), these new cash coins had the inscription <a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a> (洪武通寶).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of the Ming dynasty then made the private production of cash coins illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These early Hongwu Tongbao cash coins were issued in multiple denominations, however, after only four years, the denominations larger than 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">wén</a></i> and the Dazhong Tongbao were abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government of the Ming dynasty attempted to collect all older cash coins and to recast them into 1 <i>wén</i> coins with a weight of 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(unit)" title="Cash (unit)">qián</a></i> (which is about 3.7 grams in the <a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">metric system</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While standard 1 <i>wén</i> cash coins with the inscriptions <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Tongbao" title="Yongle Tongbao">Yongle Tongbao</a> (永樂通寶), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuande_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuande Tongbao (page does not exist)">Xuande Tongbao</a> (宣德通寶), and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hongzhi_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hongzhi Tongbao (page does not exist)">Hongzhi Tongbao</a> (弘治通寶) were produced,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the government of the Ming dynasty had a preference for making and receiving payments in <a href="/wiki/Great_Ming_Treasure_Note" title="Great Ming Treasure Note">Great Ming Treasure Note</a> paper notes and <a href="/wiki/Zhuangpiao" title="Zhuangpiao">privately issued banknotes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PrimaltrekMingDynastyCashCoins_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrimaltrekMingDynastyCashCoins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The composition of the Yongle Tongbao was generally 63–90% copper (Cu), 10–25% lead (Pb), 6–9% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> (Sn), and 0.04–0.18% <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> (Zn).<sup id="cite_ref-PrimaltrekAdmiralZhengHeYongleTongbao_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrimaltrekAdmiralZhengHeYongleTongbao-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Yongle Tongbao cash coins were notably not manufactured for the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">internal Chinese market</a> where silver coinage and paper money would continue to dominate, but were in fact produced to help stimulate <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">international trade</a> as Chinese cash coins were used as a common form of currency throughout <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast</a>, and East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc10_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc10-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrimaltrekAdmiralZhengHeYongleTongbao_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrimaltrekAdmiralZhengHeYongleTongbao-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1433, due to the devaluation of the Great Ming Treasure Note banknotes, the government of the Ming dynasty resumed the casting of cash coins again.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The casting of these new Xuande Tongbao cash coins was divided between the two <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Public Works</a> mints in both capital cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Xuande Tongbao cash coins were also produced at the branch mints in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, Jiangxi, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official production of cash coins ceased once again for seven decades in 1435 and the private production of copper-alloy cash coins would once again become commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the government preferring <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">paper money</a> over copper-alloy cash coins, the Chinese market had a high <a href="/wiki/Demand_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demand (economics)">demand</a> for them, this demand would stimulate an overproduction of forgeries that inundated the markets of Ming China, often these forged cash coins were cast in such miserable quality that a single real Zhiqian could buy 300 fake ones.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, this caused inflation in many different places.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1503 under the <a href="/wiki/Hongzhi_Emperor" title="Hongzhi Emperor">Hongzhi Emperor</a> the production of cash coins was resumed and the Zhiqian were given a standard weight of 1.2 <i>qián</i>, the government stipulated that for each <a href="/wiki/Catty" title="Catty">catty</a> of pure copper two taels of <i>haoyin</i> (好鍚, "superior tin") was to be added to the alloy of these coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the government of the Ming dynasty had closed its coin mints for such a long period of time, the government was forced to pardon illegal producers and hire them as mint workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Jiajing_Emperor" title="Jiajing Emperor">Jiajing Emperor</a> the government of the Ming dynasty would alleviate the situation by producing a large amount of Zhiqian with the inscription <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiajing_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiajing Tongbao (page does not exist)">Jiajing Tongbao</a> (嘉靖通寶) in the year Jiajing 5 (1527).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year Jiajing 11 (1553) the government of the Ming dynasty cast 10,000,000 additional Jiajing Tongbao cash coins and allegedly as well as Zhiqian with 9 earlier reign era names,<sup id="cite_ref-CalgaryCoinMingDynasty_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CalgaryCoinMingDynasty-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a total amount of 1,000,000 <i>dìng</i> (錠).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the possibility that under the Jiajing Emperor cash coins were produced with earlier reign titles the attribution of some earlier cash coins is still disputed among modern scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-CalgaryCoinMingDynasty_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CalgaryCoinMingDynasty-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Schjöth noted that the proposal to also cast 95,000,000 strings of these 9 earlier reign titles might not have actually been adopted and that these cash coins were local and Japanese forgeries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard weight of Jiajing Tongbao was 1.2 <i>qián</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005248_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005248-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1570 during the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Longqing_Emperor" title="Longqing Emperor">Longqing Emperor</a> cash coins with a weight of 1.3 <i>qián</i> were once again cast until the death of the emperor in 1572.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the spring of 1572, the Ming dynasty government once again resumed the production of standard cash coins at the Beijing and Nanjing mints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It did not take long for the mints to be opened in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a>, Shanxi, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, Henan, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a>, Jiangxi, Fujian, and <a href="/wiki/Huguang" title="Huguang">Huguang</a>, these Zhiqian all weighed 1.3 <i>qián</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The alloy of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanli_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanli Tongbao (page does not exist)">Wanli Tongbao</a> (萬曆通寶) cash coins was set at 93.8% <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> and 6.2% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rising price of copper, lack of skilled mint workers, and poor distribution from the government mints all contributed to the failure of the Wanli Tongbao cash coins by the year 1579.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first provincial mint to close was that of Yunnan in the year 1580 which was quickly followed by most provincial mints in 1582.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only successful provincial mints were of Huguang, where three different local mints cast their own cash coins that did not conform to the Zhiqian standards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1599 the Wanli administration made another attempt at the restoration of cash coinage, during this attempt the Ministry of Public Works opened up a second mint in the city of Nanjing, this increased the number of furnaces from 60 to 250.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proposals for the Nanjing <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a> and River Transport Intendancy to establish new mints in the city were also accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ever_Normal_Granary" class="mw-redirect" title="Ever Normal Granary">Ever Normal Granary</a> mint was established during this period with 250 furnaces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Nanjing was quickly awash with a glut of coinage, which caused the production of cash coins in the year 1606 to be scaled back to an annual production of 15,000 strings with some government mints being closed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 17th century, an increase in the price of copper caused the government to reduce the amount of copper in the composition of the Zhiqian in favour of lead.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cash coins with the inscriptions <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tianqi_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tianqi Tongbao (page does not exist)">Tianqi Tongbao</a> (天啟通寶) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chongzhen_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chongzhen Tongbao (page does not exist)">Chongzhen Tongbao</a> (崇禎通寶) were of poorer quality than those producing during preceding periods, these cash coins tended to be both thin and bristle, due to the reduced amount of copper in their composition.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese people at this point started to refrain from using copper-alloy cash coins and the markets preferred the usage of <a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">silver ingots</a> instead.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the year 1622 the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a> established its own mint in Beijing, this was done to help finance the continued rising cost of fighting the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> invasions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ministry of Revenue also established a number of branch mints in Nanjing, but the rivalry between the Ministry of Revenue and the Ministry of Public Works prevented the Ming dynasty from adopting an effective monetary policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the year 1623 there were five different concurrent government mints operating in the city of Nanjing, two of which were run by the Ministry of Public Works, two by the Ministry of Revenue, and one by the Nanjing municipal government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The melting down of copper artifacts which were of great historical and religious significance upset a number Conservative government officials, which further added to the already ad reputation of the Tianqi Tongbao cash coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005253_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005253-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins were produced with the denomination 2 <i>wén</i> and Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins produced by the Ministry of Public Work mint had the mint mark "工" (Gong) inscribed to its reverse.<sup id="cite_ref-PrimaltrekMingDynastyCashCoins_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrimaltrekMingDynastyCashCoins-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard Chongzhen Tongbao cash coins initially weighed 1.3 <i>qián</i>, but by 1630 cash coins produced in the north had a weight of 1 <i>qián</i> and those in the south at most 8 <i>fēn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005256_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005256-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qing_dynasty">Qing dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Qing dynasty coinage</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shunzhi_Tongbao._Chinese._Yi_Li._Yun.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Shunzhi_Tongbao._Chinese._Yi_Li._Yun.jpg/220px-Shunzhi_Tongbao._Chinese._Yi_Li._Yun.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Shunzhi_Tongbao._Chinese._Yi_Li._Yun.jpg/330px-Shunzhi_Tongbao._Chinese._Yi_Li._Yun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Shunzhi_Tongbao._Chinese._Yi_Li._Yun.jpg/440px-Shunzhi_Tongbao._Chinese._Yi_Li._Yun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3820" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shunzhi_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shunzhi Tongbao (page does not exist)">Shunzhi Tongbao</a> (順治通寶) standard cash coin with an official silver exchange rate set at the value of 1 <a href="/wiki/Cash_(unit)" title="Cash (unit)">cash</a> (weight) in silver.</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_conquest_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu conquest of China">Manchu conquest of China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin dynasty</a> already produced <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage#Later_Jin_dynasty_coinage_(1616–1636)" title="Qing dynasty coinage">its own cash coins</a> with the inscriptions Abkai fulingga han jiha (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳ<br />ᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠ<br />ᡥᠠᠨ<br />ᠵᡳᡴᠠ</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tianming Tongbao (天命通寶),<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Sure han ni jiha (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠰᡠᡵᡝ<br />ᡥᠠᠨ<br />ᠨᡳ<br />ᠵᡳᡴᠠ</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> period, the Chinese monetary system was a <a href="/wiki/Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">bimetallic</a> system where both copper-alloy cash coins and silver circulated simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The copper-alloy currency during most of the Qing dynasty period consisted solely of cash coins with a denomination of 1 <i>wén</i>, which could be strung together into <a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">strings of 1,000 cash coins</a> for larger payments.<sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While strings officially consisted of 1,000 cash coins, normally it would contain only around 980 copper-alloy cash coins.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because all copper-alloy cash coins of the Qing dynasty had both uniform shapes and weights, the denomination of the cash coins were not written down anywhere on the coins themselves, this was because for most of their history, a cash coin was always valued at 1 <i>wén</i> and payments were processed by counting the number of cash coins.<sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government of the Qing dynasty monopolised the production of copper-alloy cash coins, which constituted less than 20% of the total money circulating in China at the time, as well as the mining of copper, while the government allowed for the market to determine the price of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following capture of Beijing by the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Shun_dynasty" title="Shun dynasty">Shun dynasty</a> in the year 1644, the government of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> established two imperial mints, one under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Revenue_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Revenue (imperial China)">Ministry of Revenue</a> and one under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Works_(imperial_China)" title="Ministry of Works (imperial China)">Ministry of Public Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The standard cash coins produced at the Ministry of Revenue mint would later bear the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a> <a href="/wiki/Mint_mark" title="Mint mark">mint mark</a> "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠣᠣ<br />ᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ</span>" (Boo Ciowan) and those cast at the Ministry of Public Works mint would have the Manchu mint mark "<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT'; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠪᠣᠣ<br />ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ</span>" (Boo Yuwan).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qing government then further stipulated that every province should establish their own provincial mint for the production of copper-alloy cash coins.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standard copper-alloy cash coins were cast by using models, known as <i>fanzhu</i> (笵鑄), in these state-operated mints, of which there were two in the city of Beijing, and one in almost each provincial capital city.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zhiqian were to be produced in casting rounds, known as <i>mǎo</i> (卯), these casting rounds had a predefined number of cash coins to be produced, copying the imperial standard with their exact standardised dimensions and metallic compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obverse side of the standard cash coin would always contain the current reign era name with "Tongbao" (通寶) inscribed on it.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial alloy was fixed at 70% copper, known as <i>hongtong</i> (紅銅) and 30% of zinc, known as <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">baiqian</i></span> (白鉛).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two imperial mints in Beijing were the only places where official standard cash coins were manufactured during the early years of the Qing dynasty period.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The later official alloy was altered to 60% copper and 40% <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> and/or lead, but the actual compositions would <i>de facto</i> be determined by the private market, causing the government of the Qing dynasty to alter the official copper-alloy of the Zhiqian over time.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Shunzhi period another type of Zhiqian known as the <i>Yiliqian</i> (一厘錢, "one-<a href="/wiki/Cash_(unit)" title="Cash (unit)">cash</a> coin"), referred to as <i>Zheyinqian</i> (折銀錢, "conversion coins") by Chinese numismatists,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was cast, this term was used to designate Shunzhi Tongbao cash coins produced from the year 1653 that had the inscription "一厘" on the left to the square centre hole on their reverse sides, this inscription indicates that the nominal value of the cash coin corresponded to 0.001 tael of silver (1 li (釐 or 厘, "cash"), as a weight).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This would mean that the official government conversation rate was set as <i>zhé yín yì lí qián</i> (折銀一厘錢), which was proof that silver was of continuing importance as a currency of account.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar cash coins with this reverse inscription were also being produced by some rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Southern Ming</a> dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a> (康熙通寶) the official composition of the Zhiqian remained at 60% copper and 40% zinc and/or lead, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongzheng_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongzheng Tongbao (page does not exist)">Yongzheng Tongbao</a> (雍正通寶) cash coins had a composition of 50% copper and 50% zinc and/or lead, and the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a> (乾隆通寶) had an additional 2% <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> added to their official alloy.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Zhiqian that contained tin were referred to as Qingqian (青錢, "green cash").<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actual weight of the standard cash coin would also vary over time, this official weight was usually between 1 <i><a href="/wiki/Cash_(unit)" title="Cash (unit)">qián</a></i> (c. 3.7g) and 1.4 <i>qián</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1645 the standard weight was altered to 1.2 <i>qián</i>, in 1651 this was further changed to 1.25 <i>qián</i>, and in the year 1657 to 1.4 <i>qián</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the year 1733 it was officially fixed to be at 1.2 <i>qián</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official exchange rate between Zhiqian and silver in the year 1644 was inherited from the mid-Ming period and stood at 7 standard cash coins per 0.01 <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">tael</a>, or 1 <i>fēn</i> (分), of silver, while old Ming dynasty period cash coins were traded at a rate of 14 cash coins per 1 <i>fēn</i> of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1645 the official exchange rate was fixed at 10 standard cash coins per <i>fēn</i> of silver.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Xianfeng_Emperor" title="Xianfeng Emperor">Xianfeng Emperor</a> the government of the Qing dynasty introduced a number of currency reforms that re-introduced multiple denominations, these large denomination cash coins were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Daqian" title="Daqian">Daqian</a> ("big cash").<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cash coins were produced until the year 1890 and the standard 1 <i>wén</i> cash coin would become the norm again until the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">fall of the Qing dynasty</a> in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xianfeng era Zhiqian (or 1 <i>wén</i> cash coins) were cast of copper, iron, and zinc.<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Xianfeng era Zhiqian had the obverse inscription <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xianfeng_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xianfeng Tongbao (page does not exist)">Xianfeng Tongbao</a> (咸豐通寶).<sup id="cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Emperor" title="Tongzhi Emperor">Tongzhi</a> era the weight of the Zhiqian remained at 1.2 <i>qián</i>, but due to the depletion of copper in Yunnan and the high import costs of Japanese copper provincial mints would often reduce the weights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill20054394_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill20054394-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1867 the imperial government issued an unsuccessful edit for all central and eastern provincial mints to cast Zhiqian with a weight of 1 <i>qián</i> to be transported to <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a> to help alleviate copper shortages in Beijing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill20054394_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill20054394-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Zhiqian of 1890 was officially given a weight of 1 <i>qián</i> to be cast by both the imperial mints in Beijing and provincial mints.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005405_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005405-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the year 1899 the weight of the Zhiqian was reduced to only 8 <i>fēn</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005405_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005405-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Peng_Xinwei" title="Peng Xinwei">Peng Xinwei</a> estimated that during the late Qing dynasty period, the total copper sector (copper coins including standard cash and the new <a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a> minted after the year 1900) constituted only 17% of the total money in circulation in China.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xuantong_Tongbao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xuantong Tongbao (page does not exist)">Xuantong Tongbao</a> (宣統通寶) cash coins produced at the Ministry of Revenue mint between the years 1909 and 1910 had a weight of 6 <i>fēn</i> and were both cast and machine-struck.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005424_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005424-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Banknotes_denominated_in_Zhiqian">Banknotes denominated in Zhiqian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Banknotes denominated in Zhiqian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:500_W%C3%A9n_-_Ch%27ing_Dynasty_Copper_Cash-Note_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Great Qing Treasure Note (大清寶鈔) banknote of 500 wén denominated in Zhiqian."><img alt="A Great Qing Treasure Note (大清寶鈔) banknote of 500 wén denominated in Zhiqian." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/500_W%C3%A9n_-_Ch%27ing_Dynasty_Copper_Cash-Note_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg/66px-500_W%C3%A9n_-_Ch%27ing_Dynasty_Copper_Cash-Note_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/500_W%C3%A9n_-_Ch%27ing_Dynasty_Copper_Cash-Note_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg/100px-500_W%C3%A9n_-_Ch%27ing_Dynasty_Copper_Cash-Note_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/500_W%C3%A9n_-_Ch%27ing_Dynasty_Copper_Cash-Note_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg/133px-500_W%C3%A9n_-_Ch%27ing_Dynasty_Copper_Cash-Note_-_John_E._Sandrock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="1839" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a> (大清寶鈔) banknote of 500 <i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">wén</a></i> denominated in Zhiqian. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_1000_Cash_-_Provincial_Bank_of_Honan_(1904)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1904 banknote of 1000 wén issued by the Provincial Bank of Honan."><img alt="A 1904 banknote of 1000 wén issued by the Provincial Bank of Honan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_1000_Cash_-_Provincial_Bank_of_Honan_%281904%29_01.jpg/64px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_1000_Cash_-_Provincial_Bank_of_Honan_%281904%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_1000_Cash_-_Provincial_Bank_of_Honan_%281904%29_01.jpg/97px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_1000_Cash_-_Provincial_Bank_of_Honan_%281904%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_1000_Cash_-_Provincial_Bank_of_Honan_%281904%29_01.jpg/129px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81_1000_Cash_-_Provincial_Bank_of_Honan_%281904%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1904 banknote of 1000 <i>wén</i> issued by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provincial_Bank_of_Honan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provincial Bank of Honan (page does not exist)">Provincial Bank of Honan</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_1_Chu%C3%A0n_-_Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank_(1908)_01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1908 banknote of 1 chuàn of Zhiqian issued by the Hupeh Government Cash Bank."><img alt="A 1908 banknote of 1 chuàn of Zhiqian issued by the Hupeh Government Cash Bank." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_1_Chu%C3%A0n_-_Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank_%281908%29_01.png/64px-%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_1_Chu%C3%A0n_-_Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank_%281908%29_01.png" decoding="async" width="64" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_1_Chu%C3%A0n_-_Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank_%281908%29_01.png/96px-%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_1_Chu%C3%A0n_-_Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank_%281908%29_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_1_Chu%C3%A0n_-_Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank_%281908%29_01.png/128px-%E6%B9%96%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_1_Chu%C3%A0n_-_Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank_%281908%29_01.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1908 banknote of 1 <i><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">chuàn</a></i> of Zhiqian issued by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hupeh_Government_Cash_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hupeh Government Cash Bank (page does not exist)">Hupeh Government Cash Bank</a>. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2000_Cash_(%E8%B2%B3%E5%8D%83%E6%96%87)_-_I_Li_Official_Currency_Bureau_(%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%AE%98%E9%8C%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80)_issue_%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881909%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89RMB_345,000_-_KKNews_-_Obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1909 (宣統元年) banknote of 2000 wén in Zhiqian issued by the Ili Official Currency Bureau for circulation in Yining, Xinjiang."><img alt="A 1909 (宣統元年) banknote of 2000 wén in Zhiqian issued by the Ili Official Currency Bureau for circulation in Yining, Xinjiang." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2000_Cash_%28%E8%B2%B3%E5%8D%83%E6%96%87%29_-_I_Li_Official_Currency_Bureau_%28%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%AE%98%E9%8C%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80%29_issue_%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881909%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89RMB_345%2C000_-_KKNews_-_Obverse.jpg/69px-2000_Cash_%28%E8%B2%B3%E5%8D%83%E6%96%87%29_-_I_Li_Official_Currency_Bureau_%28%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%AE%98%E9%8C%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80%29_issue_%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881909%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89RMB_345%2C000_-_KKNews_-_Obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2000_Cash_%28%E8%B2%B3%E5%8D%83%E6%96%87%29_-_I_Li_Official_Currency_Bureau_%28%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%AE%98%E9%8C%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80%29_issue_%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881909%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89RMB_345%2C000_-_KKNews_-_Obverse.jpg/104px-2000_Cash_%28%E8%B2%B3%E5%8D%83%E6%96%87%29_-_I_Li_Official_Currency_Bureau_%28%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%AE%98%E9%8C%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80%29_issue_%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881909%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89RMB_345%2C000_-_KKNews_-_Obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/2000_Cash_%28%E8%B2%B3%E5%8D%83%E6%96%87%29_-_I_Li_Official_Currency_Bureau_%28%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%AE%98%E9%8C%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80%29_issue_%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881909%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89RMB_345%2C000_-_KKNews_-_Obverse.jpg/139px-2000_Cash_%28%E8%B2%B3%E5%8D%83%E6%96%87%29_-_I_Li_Official_Currency_Bureau_%28%E4%BC%8A%E7%8A%81%E5%AE%98%E9%8C%A2%E7%B8%BD%E5%B1%80%29_issue_%E5%AE%A3%E7%B5%B1%E5%85%83%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%881909%E5%B9%B4%EF%BC%89RMB_345%2C000_-_KKNews_-_Obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1909 (宣統元年) banknote of 2000 <i>wén</i> in Zhiqian issued by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ili_Official_Currency_Bureau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ili Official Currency Bureau (page does not exist)">Ili Official Currency Bureau</a> for circulation in <a href="/wiki/Yining" title="Yining">Yining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a>. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1 <i>dìng</i> (錠) is equal to 5,000 cash coins (文).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinese numismatists use the term "conversion coins" because of their official fixed value compared with silver.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeZhiqian_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUlrich_Theobald2016" class="citation web cs1">Ulrich Theobald (25 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/zhiqian.html">"<i>zhiqian</i> 制錢, standard cash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinaknowledge" title="Chinaknowledge">Chinaknowledge</a>.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=zhiqian+%E5%88%B6%E9%8C%A2%2C+standard+cash.&rft.pub=Chinaknowledge.de&rft.date=2016-05-25&rft.au=Ulrich+Theobald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fzhiqian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005237_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005247_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrimaltrekMingDynastyCashCoins-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrimaltrekMingDynastyCashCoins_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrimaltrekMingDynastyCashCoins_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#ming_dynasty">"Chinese coins – 中國錢幣"</a>. <i>Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)</i>. 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gary+Ashkenazy+%2F+%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99+%28Primaltrek+%E2%80%93+a+journey+through+Chinese+culture%29&rft.atitle=Chinese+coins+%E2%80%93+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%8C%A2%E5%B9%A3&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimaltrek.com%2Fchinesecoins.html%23ming_dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrimaltrekAdmiralZhengHeYongleTongbao-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrimaltrekAdmiralZhengHeYongleTongbao_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrimaltrekAdmiralZhengHeYongleTongbao_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/03/31/admiral-zheng-he-and-the-yongle-tongbao-coin/">"Admiral Zheng He and the Yongle Tongbao Coin"</a>. <i>Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)</i>. 31 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gary+Ashkenazy+%2F+%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99+%28Primaltrek+%E2%80%93+a+journey+through+Chinese+culture%29&rft.atitle=Admiral+Zheng+He+and+the+Yongle+Tongbao+Coin.&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimaltrek.com%2Fblog%2F2013%2F03%2F31%2Fadmiral-zheng-he-and-the-yongle-tongbao-coin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"An Investigation of the Using of Brass in Casting Coins in Ancient China" (我国古代黄铜铸钱考略) included in "A Collection of Chinese Numismatic Theses" (中国钱币论文集) published in 1992.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRachel_Nuwer2013" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Nuwer" title="Rachel Nuwer">Rachel Nuwer</a> (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/six-centuries-ago-chinese-explorers-left-this-coin-behind-in-africa-2810588/#x9gfZZ2HZUYEvvQf.99">"Six Centuries Ago, Chinese Explorers Left This Coin Behind in Africa – Emperor Yongle was perhaps best known for starting the initial construction of Beijing's Forbidden City, but he also sent huge fleets of ships, under the command of admiral Zheng He, out across the ocean to faraway lands"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithsonian magazine">SmartNews – Keeping you current</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SmartNews+%E2%80%93+Keeping+you+current&rft.atitle=Six+Centuries+Ago%2C+Chinese+Explorers+Left+This+Coin+Behind+in+Africa+%E2%80%93+Emperor+Yongle+was+perhaps+best+known+for+starting+the+initial+construction+of+Beijing%27s+Forbidden+City%2C+but+he+also+sent+huge+fleets+of+ships%2C+under+the+command+of+admiral+Zheng+He%2C+out+across+the+ocean+to+faraway+lands.&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft.au=Rachel+Nuwer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fsix-centuries-ago-chinese-explorers-left-this-coin-behind-in-africa-2810588%2F%23x9gfZZ2HZUYEvvQf.99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc10-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbc10_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11531398">"Could a rusty coin re-write Chinese-African history?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 17 October 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Could+a+rusty+coin+re-write+Chinese-African+history%3F&rft.date=2010-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-11531398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CalgaryCoinMingDynasty-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CalgaryCoinMingDynasty_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CalgaryCoinMingDynasty_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Kokotailo1997" class="citation web cs1">Robert Kokotailo (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china7.htm">"MEDIEVAL CHINESE COINS – TARTAR, MONGOL, MING DYNASTIES – (A.D. 960 to 1644) – MING DYNASTY"</a>. Calgary Coin & Antique Shop<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MEDIEVAL+CHINESE+COINS+%E2%80%93+TARTAR%2C+MONGOL%2C+MING+DYNASTIES+%E2%80%93+%28A.D.+960+to+1644%29+%E2%80%93+MING+DYNASTY.&rft.pub=Calgary+Coin+%26+Antique+Shop&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Robert+Kokotailo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalgarycoin.com%2Freference%2Fchina%2Fchina7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005249_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005248-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005248_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005252_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005253-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005253_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005256-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005256_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 256.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ChinaKnowledgeQingPeriodMoney_16-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlrich_Theobald2016" class="citation web cs1">Ulrich Theobald (13 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Terms/cash-qing.html">"Qing Period Money"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinaknowledge" title="Chinaknowledge">Chinaknowledge</a>.de<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qing+Period+Money.&rft.pub=Chinaknowledge.de&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft.au=Ulrich+Theobald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinaknowledge.de%2FHistory%2FTerms%2Fcash-qing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXun_Yan2015" class="citation web cs1">Xun Yan (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf">"In Search of Power and Credibility – Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851–1845)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Department of Economic History, <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a> and Political Science<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Power+and+Credibility+%E2%80%93+Essays+on+Chinese+Monetary+History+%281851%E2%80%931845%29.&rft.pub=Department+of+Economic+History%2C+London+School+of+Economics+and+Political+Science&rft.date=2015-03&rft.au=Xun+Yan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetheses.lse.ac.uk%2F3307%2F1%2FYan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuroda, "The Collapse of the Chinese Imperial Monetary System". Page = 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill20054394-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill20054394_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill20054394_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 4394.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005405-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005405_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005405_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peng_Xinwei" title="Peng Xinwei">Peng Xinwei</a>, A Monetary History of China, page 595.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartill2005424-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartill2005424_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHartill2005">Hartill 2005</a>, p. 424.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhiqian&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cong Hanxiang (從翰香) and Xie Hangsheng (謝杭生) (1992). "Zhiqian (制錢)", in Zhongguo da baike quanshu (中國大百科全書), Zhongguo lishi (中國歷史) (Beijing/Shanghai: Zhongguo da baike quanshu chubanshe), Vol. 3, 1535. (in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartill2005" class="citation book cs1">Hartill, David (2005). <i>Cast Chinese Coins</i>. Trafford, United Kingdom: Trafford Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412054669" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412054669"><bdi>978-1412054669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cast+Chinese+Coins&rft.place=Trafford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Trafford+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1412054669&rft.aulast=Hartill&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZhiqian" class="Z3988"></span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (May 2021)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hartill, David, <i>Qing cash</i>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Numismatic_Society" title="Royal Numismatic Society">Royal Numismatic Society</a> Special Publication 37, London, 2003.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Xinwei" title="Peng Xinwei">Peng Xinwei</a> (彭信威) (1954 [2007]). <i>Zhongguo huobi shi</i> (中國貨幣史) (Shanghai: Qunlian chubanshe), 580–581, 597–605. (in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>).</li> <li>Peng Xinwei (彭信威) (1994) <i>A monetary history of China</i> (translated by Edward H. Kaplan). <a href="/wiki/Western_Washington_University" title="Western Washington University">Western Washington University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bellingham,_Washington" title="Bellingham, Washington">Bellingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>).</li> <li>T'ang Yu K'un : 制錢通考 (A comprehensive study of Chinese coins.) 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href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_cash_coin" title="Template:Chinese cash coin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_cash_coin" title="Template talk:Chinese cash coin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_cash_coin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese cash coin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash coins</a> by inscription</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription" title="List of Chinese cash coins by inscription">List of Chinese cash coins by inscription</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_Chinese_coins_(330_B.C._-_1912_A.D.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cast_Chinese_coins_%28330_B.C._-_1912_A.D.%29.jpg/125px-Cast_Chinese_coins_%28330_B.C._-_1912_A.D.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cast_Chinese_coins_%28330_B.C._-_1912_A.D.%29.jpg/188px-Cast_Chinese_coins_%28330_B.C._-_1912_A.D.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cast_Chinese_coins_%28330_B.C._-_1912_A.D.%29.jpg/250px-Cast_Chinese_coins_%28330_B.C._-_1912_A.D.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Liang" title="Ban Liang">Ban Liang</a> (半兩)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wu Zhu coins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhu" title="Wu Zhu">Wu Zhu</a> (五銖)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha_coinage" title="Kucha coinage">Kucha Wu Zhu</a> (五銖)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a> (開元通寳)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and<br />Ten Kingdoms period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Later_Zhou" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhouyuan_Tongbao" title="Zhouyuan Tongbao">Zhouyuan Tongbao</a> (周元通寳)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongwu_Tongbao" title="Hongwu Tongbao">Hongwu Tongbao</a> (洪武通寳)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Tongbao" title="Yongle Tongbao">Yongle Tongbao</a> (永樂通寳)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a> (康熙通寳)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a> (乾隆通寳)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numismatic_charm" title="Chinese numismatic charm">Fakes and fantasies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhengde_Tongbao" title="Zhengde Tongbao">Zhengde Tongbao</a> (正德通寳)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhaona_Xinbao" title="Zhaona Xinbao">Zhaona Xinbao</a> (招納信寶)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_one-mil_coin" title="Hong Kong one-mil coin">Hong Kong one-mil coin</a> (香港一文)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">wén</a></i> (文)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">String of cash coins</a> (貫 / 索 / 緡 / 吊 / 串)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing and<br />casting process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_coin" title="Mother coin">Mother coin</a> (母錢)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-currency uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_coins_in_art" title="Cash coins in art">Cash coins in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_coins_in_feng_shui" title="Cash coins in feng shui">Cash coins in feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_coins_in_fortune_telling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash coins in fortune telling">Cash coins in fortune telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_coins_as_grave_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="Cash coins as grave goods">Cash coins as grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash_coins_in_traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine">Cash coins in traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bingqian" title="Bingqian">Bingqian</a> (餅錢)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daqian" title="Daqian">Daqian</a> (大錢)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huachuanqian" title="Huachuanqian">Flower hole coin</a> (花穿錢)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a> (紅錢)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianqian" title="Qianqian">Qianqian</a> (鉛錢)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tieqian" title="Tieqian">Tieqian</a> (鐡錢)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_shell_hole_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle shell hole coin">Turtle shell hole coin</a> (龜甲穿錢)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_protector_coin" title="Vault protector coin">Vault protector coin</a> (鎮庫錢)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Zhiqian</a> (制錢)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency" title="History of Chinese currency">History of Chinese currency</a></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Currencies_of_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Template talk:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_currency_and_coinage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese currency and coinage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Currencies_of_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Currencies of China</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_currency" title="History of Chinese currency">History of Chinese currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription" title="List of Chinese cash coins by inscription">List of Chinese cash coins by inscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">By period (before 1912)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty_coinage" title="Zhou dynasty coinage">Zhou dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty_coinage" title="Han dynasty coinage">Han dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xin_dynasty_coinage" title="Xin dynasty coinage">Xin dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang_coinage" title="Southern Tang coinage">Southern Tang coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty_coinage" title="Liao dynasty coinage">Liao dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Shu_coinage" title="Da Shu coinage">Da Shu coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Song_dynasty_coinage" title="Southern Song dynasty coinage">Southern Song dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Xia_coinage" title="Western Xia coinage">Western Xia coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_coinage_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)">Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Da_Qi_coinage" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Qi coinage">Da Qi coinage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty_coinage" title="Yuan dynasty coinage">Yuan dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty_coinage" title="Ming dynasty coinage">Ming dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Qing dynasty coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shengbao_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shengbao (currency)">Shengbao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Historical money of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kucha_coinage" title="Kucha coinage">Kucha coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_yuan" title="Manchukuo yuan">Manchukuo yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang_yuan" title="Mengjiang yuan">Mengjiang yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_coins" title="Xinjiang coins">Xinjiang coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_of_the_Red_Army_Command" title="Yuan of the Red Army Command">Yuan of the Red Army Command</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shell_money#East,_South_and_Southeast_Asia" title="Shell money">Cowrie shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tong_Bei" title="Tong Bei">Tong Bei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant-nose_coin" title="Ant-nose coin">Ant-nose coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife_money" title="Knife money">Knife money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Yuan" title="Ying Yuan">Ying Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spade_money" title="Spade money">Spade money</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Cash coins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/String_of_cash_coins_(currency_unit)" title="String of cash coins (currency unit)">Strings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ban_Liang" title="Ban Liang">Ban Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhu" title="Wu Zhu">Wu Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sycee" title="Sycee">Sycee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_cash" title="Flying cash">Flying cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozi_(currency)" title="Jiaozi (currency)">Jiaozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzi_(currency)" title="Guanzi (currency)">Guanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizi_(currency)" title="Huizi (currency)">Huizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaochao" title="Jiaochao">Jiaochao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ming_Treasure_Note" title="Great Ming Treasure Note">Great Ming Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Dragon_(coin)" title="Silver Dragon (coin)">Silver Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing and casting process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_coin" title="Mother coin">Mother coin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_coin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor coin">Ancestor coin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Near modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cash_(currency_unit)" title="Chinese cash (currency unit)">Cash <i>(wén)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candareen" title="Candareen">Candareen <i>(fēn)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mace_(unit)" title="Mace (unit)">Mace <i>(qián)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">Tael <i>(liǎng)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_(currency)" title="Yuan (currency)">Yuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical exonumia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numismatic_charm" title="Chinese numismatic charm">Charms and amulets (Yansheng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_coin" title="Horse coin">Horse coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vault_protector_coin" title="Vault protector coin">Vault protector coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhaona_Xinbao" title="Zhaona Xinbao">Zhaona Xinbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_tally" title="Bamboo tally">Bamboo tally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_token_(alternative_currency)" title="Chinese token (alternative currency)">Token</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_customs_gold_unit" title="Chinese customs gold unit">Customs gold unit</a></li> <li>Fabi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Taiwan_dollar" title="Old Taiwan dollar">Old Taiwan dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gold_yuan" title="Chinese gold yuan">Chinese gold yuan</a></li> <li>Silver dollar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">New Taiwan dollar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_new_Taiwan_dollar_banknote" title="Fifth series of the new Taiwan dollar banknote">5th</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Renminbi</a> series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_series_of_the_renminbi" title="First series of the renminbi">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Second series of the renminbi">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Third series of the renminbi">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fourth series of the renminbi">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_series_of_the_renminbi" title="Fifth series of the renminbi">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_renminbi" title="Digital renminbi">Digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_dollar" title="Hong Kong dollar">Hong Kong dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_pataca" title="Macanese pataca">Macanese pataca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy of China</a></li></ul> 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