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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rule of Guo Wei</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_Guo_Wei-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule_of_Guo_Rong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_Guo_Rong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rule of Guo Rong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_Guo_Rong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_of_the_Later_Zhou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_of_the_Later_Zhou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fall of the Later Zhou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_of_the_Later_Zhou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Rulers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_Zhou_emperors'_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_Zhou_emperors'_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later Zhou emperors' family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_Zhou_emperors'_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Currency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Later Zhou</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8C" title="পরবর্তী চৌ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরবর্তী চৌ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C5%8D_Chiu" title="Hiō Chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiō Chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozdn%C3%AD_%C4%8Cou" title="Pozdní Čou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pozdní Čou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A4tere_Zhou-Dynastie" title="Spätere Zhou-Dynastie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spätere Zhou-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Zhou_Tard%C3%ADa" title="Dinastía Zhou Tardía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Zhou Tardía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_post%C3%A9rieurs" title="Zhou postérieurs – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Zhou postérieurs" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9B%84%EC%A3%BC" title="후주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="후주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Kasniji_Zhou" title="Dinastija Kasniji Zhou – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Kasniji Zhou" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Zhou_Akhir" title="Dinasti Zhou Akhir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Zhou Akhir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Zhou_posteriore" title="Dinastia Zhou posteriore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Zhou posteriore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Хожуу Жоу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хожуу Жоу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latere_Zhou" title="Latere Zhou – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Latere Zhou" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8" title="後周 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="後周" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_yngre_Zhou-dynastiet" title="Det yngre Zhou-dynastiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det yngre Zhou-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3%C5%BAniejsza_dynastia_Zhou" title="Późniejsza dynastia Zhou – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Późniejsza dynastia Zhou" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Поздняя Чжоу – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поздняя Чжоу" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%86%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1" title="ژۆوی دواتر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژۆوی دواتر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Kasniji_Zhou" title="Dinastija Kasniji Zhou – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Kasniji Zhou" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/My%C3%B6hempi_Zhou-dynastia" title="Myöhempi Zhou-dynastia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Myöhempi Zhou-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senare_Zhou" title="Senare Zhou – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Senare Zhou" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์โจวยุคหลัง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์โจวยุคหลัง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonraki_Zhou" title="Sonraki Zhou – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sonraki Zhou" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%A7%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83" title="Династія Пізня Чжоу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Пізня Чжоу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BA%ADu_Chu" title="Hậu Chu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hậu Chu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8" title="後周 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="後周" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8" title="后周 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="后周" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E5%91%A8" title="後周 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="後周" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%91%A8" title="后周 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="后周" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1154556#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Zhou" title="Northern Zhou">Northern Zhou</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhou" title="Wu Zhou">Wu Zhou</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media 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.ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Zhou</div><div class="ib-country-names">周</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">951–960</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Later_Zhou.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Later Zhou territory"><img alt="Later Zhou territory" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Later_Zhou.png/250px-Later_Zhou.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Later_Zhou.png/375px-Later_Zhou.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Later_Zhou.png/500px-Later_Zhou.png 2x" data-file-width="1273" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Later Zhou territory</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Rulers">Emperor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 951–954 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Emperor Taizu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 954–959 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Emperor Shizong</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 959–960 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chai_Zongxun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chai Zongxun">Emperor Gong</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dynasty established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 February 951</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Formal abdication </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 February 960</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Chinese cash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese coin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper coins">copper coins</a> etc.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_(960%E2%80%931127)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song (960–1127)">Northern Song</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Zhou</b>, known as the <b>Later Zhou</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">后周</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">後周</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Hòu Zhōu</span></i>) in historiography, was a short-lived <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">Chinese imperial dynasty</a> and the last of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period#Five_Dynasties" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties</a> that controlled most of northern China during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a> (Emperor Taizu), it was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han dynasty</a> and succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Song_(960%E2%80%931127)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Song (960–1127)">Northern Song dynasty</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_the_dynasty">Founding of the dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding of the dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guo Wei, a <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a>, served as the Assistant Military Commissioner at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a>, a regime ruled by <a href="/wiki/Shato" class="mw-redirect" title="Shato">Shatuo Turks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a> came to the throne of the Later Han in 948 after the death of the founding emperor, <a href="/wiki/Gaozu_of_Later_Han" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaozu of Later Han">Gaozu</a>. Guo Wei led a successful coup against the teenage emperor and then declared himself emperor of the new Later Zhou on New Year's Day in 951. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule_of_Guo_Wei">Rule of Guo Wei</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rule of Guo Wei"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guo Wei, posthumously known as <a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Emperor Taizu of Later Zhou</a>, was the first <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> ruler of northern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> since 923. He is regarded as an able leader who attempted reforms designed to alleviate burdens faced by the peasantry. His rule was vigorous and well-organized. However, it was also a short reign. His death from illness in 954 ended his three-year reign. His adoptive son Chai Rong (also named Guo Rong) would succeed his reign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule_of_Guo_Rong">Rule of Guo Rong</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Rule of Guo Rong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guo Rong, posthumously known as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Later_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou">Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou</a>, was the adoptive son of Guo Wei. Born Chai Rong, he was the son of his wife's elder brother. He ascended the throne on the death of his adoptive father in 954. His reign was also effective and was able to make some inroads in the south with <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Shouzhou" title="Siege of Shouzhou">victories</a> against the Southern Tang in 956. However, efforts in the north to dislodge the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a>, while initially promising, were ineffective. He died an untimely death in 959 from an illness while on campaign. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fall_of_the_Later_Zhou">Fall of the Later Zhou</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fall of the Later Zhou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Guo Rong was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Chai_Zongxun" class="mw-redirect" title="Chai Zongxun">his seven-year-old son</a> upon his death. Soon thereafter, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Kuangyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao Kuangyin">Zhao Kuangyin</a> usurped the throne and declared himself emperor of the Great <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, a dynasty that would eventually reunite <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, bringing all of the southern states into its control as well as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a> by 979. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rulers">Rulers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rulers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Sovereigns of the Later Zhou, 951–960 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Temple names (<a href="/wiki/Miao_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Miao Hao">Miao Hao</a> 廟號) </th> <th>Posthumous names (<a href="/wiki/Shi_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi Hao">Shi Hao</a> 諡號) </th> <th>Personal names </th> <th>Period of reigns </th> <th>Era names (<a href="/wiki/Nian_Hao" class="mw-redirect" title="Nian Hao">Nian Hao</a> 年號) and their according range of years </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Tàizŭ</a> (太祖) </td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign </td> <td>郭威 Guō Weī </td> <td>951–954 </td> <td>Guǎngshun (廣順) 951–954<br /> <p>Xiǎndé (顯德) 954 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Later_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou">Shìzōng</a> (世宗) </td> <td>Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign </td> <td>柴榮 Chái Róng </td> <td>954–959 </td> <td>Xiǎndé (顯德) 954–959 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Did not exist </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guo_Zongxun" title="Guo Zongxun">恭帝 Gōngdì</a> </td> <td>柴宗訓 Chái Zōngxùn </td> <td>959–960 </td> <td>Xiǎndé (顯德) 959–960 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_Zhou_emperors'_family_tree"><span id="Later_Zhou_emperors.27_family_tree"></span>Later Zhou emperors' family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later Zhou emperors' family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible expanded" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:auto; width:auto; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:auto">Later Zhou emperors family tree </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto; font-size:112%;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Chai 柴翁</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em"><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%B4%E5%AE%88%E7%A4%BC" class="extiw" title="zh:柴守礼">Chai Shouli</a><br />柴守礼 896–967</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em">Empress Shengmu<br />圣穆皇后</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"><small>Guo Wei 郭威 904–954</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Taizu</a> 太祖</b><br /> 951–954</span></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;border-bottom:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"> <small>Chai Rong 柴榮 921–959 </small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Later_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Shizong of Later Zhou">Shizong</a> 世宗</b><br /> 954–959</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;padding:0.2em;border-width:2px"><span class="nowrap"> <small>Chai Zongxun 柴宗训 953–973</small><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Gongdi_of_Later_Zhou" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Gongdi of Later Zhou">Gongdi</a> 恭帝</b><br /> 959–960</span></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Currency">Currency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Ancient Chinese coinage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">Cash (Chinese coin)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_cash_coins_by_inscription" title="List of Chinese cash coins by inscription">List of Chinese cash coins by inscription</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhou_Yuan_Tong_Bao_-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zhou_Yuan_Tong_Bao_-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg/220px-Zhou_Yuan_Tong_Bao_-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zhou_Yuan_Tong_Bao_-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg/330px-Zhou_Yuan_Tong_Bao_-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Zhou_Yuan_Tong_Bao_-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg/440px-Zhou_Yuan_Tong_Bao_-_Scott_Semans_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>A Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寶) cash coin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The only series of <a href="/wiki/Cash_(Chinese_coin)" title="Cash (Chinese coin)">cash coins</a> attributed to the Later Zhou period are the <a href="/wiki/Zhouyuan_Tongbao" title="Zhouyuan Tongbao">Zhouyuan Tongbao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">周元通宝</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">周元通寶</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">zhōuyuán tōng bǎo</span></i>) coins which were issued by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Shizong</a> from the year 955 (Xiande 2).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NUMISTA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NUMISTA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Shizong is sometimes said to have cast cash coins with the inscription Guangshun Yuanbao (simplified Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hans">广顺元宝</span>; traditional Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">廣順元寶</span>; pinyin: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">guǎng shùn yuánbǎo</span></i>) during his Guangshun <a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">period title</a> (951–953), however no authentic cash coins with this inscription are known to exist. </p><p>The pattern of the Zhouyuan Tongbao is based on that of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiyuan_Tongbao" title="Kaiyuan Tongbao">Kaiyuan Tongbao</a> cash coins. They were cast from melted-down bronze statues from 3,336 <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temples</a> and mandated that the citizens of Later Zhou should turn in to the government all of their bronze utensils with the notable exception of <a href="/wiki/Bronze_mirrors" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze mirrors">bronze mirrors</a>, Shizong also ordered a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a> to go to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> to trade Chinese <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> for copper which would be used to manufacture cash coins. When reproached for this, the Emperor uttered a cryptic remark to the effect that <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">the Buddha</a> would not mind this sacrifice. It is said that the Emperor himself supervised the casting at the many large furnaces at the back of the palace. The coins are assigned amuletic properties and "magical powers" because they were made from Buddhist statues and are said to particularly effective in midwifery – hence the many later-made imitations which are considered to be a form of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numismatic_charm" title="Chinese numismatic charm">Chinese charms and amulets</a>. Among these assigned powers it is said that Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins could cure <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a> and help women going through a difficult labour. The Chinese numismatic charms based on the Zhouyuan Tongbao often depict a <a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fenghuang" title="Fenghuang">fenghuang</a> as a pair on their reverse symbolising either a harmonious <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> and Empress, other images on Zhouyuan Tongbao charms and amulets include depictions of Gautama Buddha, the animals of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a>, and other auspicious objects.<sup id="cite_ref-primaltrek_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-primaltrek-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">Monarchy of China</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/zhou">"Zhou"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartill, David (September 22, 2005). <i>Cast Chinese Coins</i>. <a href="/wiki/Trafford" title="Trafford">Trafford</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>: Trafford Publishing. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412054669" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412054669">978-1412054669</a>. Pages 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NUMISTA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NUMISTA_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Numis' Numismatic Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.numista.com/numisdoc/a-reference-list-of-5000-years-of-chinese-coinage-97.html">A reference list of 5000 years of Chinese coinage. (Numista)</a> Written on December 9, 2012 • Last edit: June 13, 2013. Retrieved: 13 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-primaltrek-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-primaltrek_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html">"Chinese coins – 中國錢幣"</a>. <i>Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)</i>. 16 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gary+Ashkenazy+%2F+%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99+%28Primaltrek+%E2%80%93+a+journey+through+Chinese+culture%29&rft.atitle=Chinese+coins+%E2%80%93+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E9%8C%A2%E5%B9%A3&rft.date=2016-11-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprimaltrek.com%2Fchinesecoins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALater+Zhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calgarycoin.com/reference/china/china4.htm#posterior_zhou">"Chinese Cast Coins – POSTERIOR ZHOU DYNASTY – AD 951–960 – Emperor SHIH TSUNG – AD 954-959"</a>. <i>By Robert Kokotailo (Calgary Coin & Antique Gallery – Chinese Cast Coins)</i>. 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=By+Robert+Kokotailo+%28Calgary+Coin+%26+Antique+Gallery+%E2%80%93+Chinese+Cast+Coins%29.&rft.atitle=Chinese+Cast+Coins+%E2%80%93+POSTERIOR+ZHOU+DYNASTY+%E2%80%93+AD+951%E2%80%93960+%E2%80%93+Emperor+SHIH+TSUNG+%E2%80%93+AD+954-959.&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalgarycoin.com%2Freference%2Fchina%2Fchina4.htm%23posterior_zhou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALater+Zhou" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Later_Zhou&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMote1999" class="citation book cs1">Mote, F. W. (1999). <i>Imperial China (900–1800)</i>. Harvard University Press. pp. 13, 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+China+%28900%E2%80%931800%29&rft.pages=13%2C+14&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mote&rft.aufirst=F.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALater+Zhou" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.republicanchina.org/5Dynasty10State.html">"5 DYNASTIES & 10 STATES"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Later Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms (Ten States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a> / (<a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>De facto</i> independent entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chuzhi" title="Wang Chuzhi">Yiwu Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dingnan_Jiedushi" title="Dingnan Jiedushi">Dingnan Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingyuan_Circuit" title="Qingyuan Circuit">Qingyuan Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Jinghai Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuping_Circuit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wuping Circuit (page does not exist)">Wuping Circuit</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E5%86%9B%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" class="extiw" title="zh:武平军节度使">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyi_Circuit" title="Guiyi Circuit">Guiyi Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youzhou_Jiedushi" title="Youzhou Jiedushi">Lulong Circuit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighboring states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzhou_Uyghur_Kingdom" title="Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom">Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Fragmentation" title="Era of Fragmentation">Tibetan kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dali_Kingdom" title="Dali Kingdom">Dali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Đại Việt">Đại Việt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">Old History of the Five Dynasties</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Records_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Historical Records of the Five Dynasties">Historical Records of the Five Dynasties</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudai_Huiyao" title="Wudai Huiyao">Wudai Huiyao</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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