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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Columbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Columbian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Columbian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Post-Columbian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Columbian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century:_gold,_sugar_and_pirates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century:_gold,_sugar_and_pirates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>16th century: gold, sugar and pirates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century:_gold,_sugar_and_pirates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_century:_European_skirmishes,_division_of_the_island_and_trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_century:_European_skirmishes,_division_of_the_island_and_trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>17th century: European skirmishes, division of the island and trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_century:_European_skirmishes,_division_of_the_island_and_trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century_to_19th_century:_Independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century_to_19th_century:_Independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>18th century to 19th century: Independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century_to_19th_century:_Independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_to_represent:_Foreign_intervention,_dictatorships,_aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_to_represent:_Foreign_intervention,_dictatorships,_aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>20th century to represent: Foreign intervention, dictatorships, aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_to_represent:_Foreign_intervention,_dictatorships,_aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ethnic composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Human development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hispaniola</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 107 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-107" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">107 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lytel_Sp%C4%93onland" title="Lytel Spēonland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Lytel Spēonland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="هسبنيولا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هسبنيولا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="La Española – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="La Española" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epa%C3%B1%C3%B3la" title="Epañóla – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Epañóla" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_adas%C4%B1" title="Haiti adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Haiti adası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83)" title="Гаити (утрау) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гаити (утрау)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%96%D1%86%D1%96_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Гаіці (востраў) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гаіці (востраў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Еспаньола – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еспаньола" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_saar" title="Haiti saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Haiti saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Ισπανιόλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανιόλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="La Española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La Española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniolo" title="Hispaniolo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispaniolo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="هیسپانیولا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیسپانیولا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanjoala" title="Hispanjoala – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hispanjoala" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Easp%C3%A1inneoil" title="An Easpáinneoil – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Easpáinneoil" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="A Española – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A Española" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%98%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%84%AC" title="히스파니올라섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="히스파니올라섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%AB_%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%AB" title="Հայիթի կղզի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հայիթի կղզի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिस्पानिओला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिस्पानिओला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85)" title="Гаити (сакъадах) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гаити (сакъадах)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispan%C3%AD%C3%B3la" title="Hispaníóla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hispaníóla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="היספניולה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היספניולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AB%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98)" title="ჰაიტი (კუნძული) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰაიტი (კუნძული)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB)" title="Гаити (арал) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаити (арал)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispayola" title="Ispayola – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ispayola" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Гаити ошмаоты – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Гаити ошмаоты" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_(sala)" title="Haiti (sala) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Haiti (sala)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitis_(sala)" title="Haitis (sala) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Haitis (sala)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Хаити (остров) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хаити (остров)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola_(nosy)" title="Hispaniola (nosy) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hispaniola (nosy)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3" title="ഹിസ്പാനിയോള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹിസ്പാനിയോള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिस्पॅनियोला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हिस्पॅनियोला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%98)" title="ჰაიტი (კოკი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰაიტი (კოკი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="هيسبانيولا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="هيسبانيولا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%91%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E5%B3%B6" title="イスパニョーラ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスパニョーラ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5)" title="Гаити (гӀайре) – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гаити (гӀайре)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hait%C3%AD_(illa)" title="Haití (illa) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Haití (illa)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiti_(orol)" title="Gaiti (orol) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gaiti (orol)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ہسپانیولا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہسپانیولا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispa%C3%B1ola" title="Hispañola – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Hispañola" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ispanyuola" title="Ispanyuola – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Ispanyuola" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_(wyspa)" title="Haiti (wyspa) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Haiti (wyspa)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_de_S%C3%A3o_Domingos" title="Ilha de São Domingos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha de São Domingos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayti_wat%27a" title="Ayti wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ayti wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Гиспаньола – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Гиспаньола" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2)" title="Гаити (остров) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаити (остров)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_(ostrov)" title="Haiti (ostrov) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Haiti (ostrov)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Хаити (острво) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хаити (острво)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="லா எசுப்பானியோலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லா எசுப்பானியோலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2" title="เกาะฮิสปันโยลา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะฮิสปันโยลา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Ҳиспониюло – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҳиспониюло" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanyola" title="Hispanyola – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hispanyola" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%97%D1%82%D1%96_(%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2)" title="Гаїті (острів) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаїті (острів)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7" title="ہسپانیولا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہسپانیولا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spagno%C5%82a" title="La Spagnoła – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="La Spagnoła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%9B" title="伊斯帕尼奥拉岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊斯帕尼奥拉岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90" title="היספאניאלא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="היספאניאלא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Hispaniola" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99%E5%B3%B6" title="西班牙島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西班牙島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%9B" title="伊斯帕尼奥拉岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯帕尼奥拉岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hispaniola&params=19_N_71_W_type:isle_region:DO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°N</span> <span class="longitude">71°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19°N 71°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19; -71</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Caribbean island shared by the Dominican Republic and Haiti</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Isla Española" and "San Domingo" redirect here. For the Galápagos island, see <a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1ola_Island" title="Española Island">Española Island</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/San_Domingo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="San Domingo (disambiguation)">San Domingo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Hispaniola</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Española</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Hispaniola</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Haitian Creole-language text"><i lang="ht">Ispayola</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>)</span></li> <li><span title="Taino-language text"><i lang="tnq">Ayití, Bohío, Babeque</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Taino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino language">Taino</a>)</span></li> <li><i>Quisqueya</i> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Ciguayo_language" title="Ciguayo language">Ciguayo</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ISS027-E-17333_-_View_of_Dominican_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ISS027-E-17333_-_View_of_Dominican_Republic.jpg/260px-ISS027-E-17333_-_View_of_Dominican_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ISS027-E-17333_-_View_of_Dominican_Republic.jpg/390px-ISS027-E-17333_-_View_of_Dominican_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/ISS027-E-17333_-_View_of_Dominican_Republic.jpg/520px-ISS027-E-17333_-_View_of_Dominican_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2929" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View from the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">ISS</a>, 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hispaniola_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/260px-Hispaniola_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hispaniola_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/390px-Hispaniola_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Hispaniola_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/520px-Hispaniola_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hispaniola&params=19_N_71_W_type:isle_region:DO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">19°N</span> <span class="longitude">71°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">19°N 71°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">19; -71</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archipelago</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Major islands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A2ve_Island" title="Gonâve Island">Gonâve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saona_Island" title="Saona Island">Saona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beata_Island" title="Beata Island">Beata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele-%C3%A0-Vache" title="Île-à-Vache">Île-à-Vache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalina_Island_(Dominican_Republic)" title="Catalina Island (Dominican Republic)">Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alto_Velo_Island" title="Alto Velo Island">Alto Velo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">76,192 km<sup>2</sup> (29,418 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">Area rank</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22nd</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coastline</th><td class="infobox-data">3,059 km (1900.8 mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">3,175 m (10417 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest point</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pico_Duarte" title="Pico Duarte">Pico Duarte</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a><br /><strong>10,815,857</strong><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> (pop. 1,029,117<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area covered</th><td class="infobox-data">48,445 km<sup>2</sup> (18,705 sq mi; <span data-sort-value="7001635827908441831♠" style="display:none"></span>63.6%)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-islands-country"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/23px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/35px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/46px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a><br /><strong>11,753,943</strong><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital and largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> (pop. 1,234,742)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area covered</th><td class="infobox-data">27,747 km<sup>2</sup> (10,713 sq mi; <span data-sort-value="7001364172091558168♠" style="display:none"></span>36.4%)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">22,569,800 (2024;<br />both countries' estimates combined)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">280.8/km<sup>2</sup> (727.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dominicans" title="Dominicans">Dominicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitians" title="Haitians">Haitians</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hispaniola</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/j/: 'y' in 'yes'">j</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><small> also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span></span>-/</a></span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anghiera_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anghiera-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-casas_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casas-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an island between <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Geography of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. Hispaniola is the most populous island in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, and the second-largest by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_islands_by_area" title="List of Caribbean islands by area">land area</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a>. The 76,192-square-kilometre (29,418 sq mi) island is <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">divided</a> into two separate <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> countries: the Spanish-speaking <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (48,445 km<sup>2</sup> (18,705 sq mi) to the east and the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>–speaking <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (27,750 km<sup>2</sup> (10,710 sq mi) to the west. The only other divided island in the Caribbean is <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_(island)" title="Saint Martin (island)">Saint Martin</a>, which is shared between <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>). Before the European arrival of Christopher Columbus, Hispaniola was home to the Taíno people. The Taíno people lived in small villages that were led by chiefs called caciques. The Taíno people grew staple foods such as cassava (a root vegetable) and maize (corn). Spiritually, Taíno worshipped protective spiritual entities called zemís (Zemí’no). </p><p>Hispaniola is the site of one of the first European forts in the Americas, <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a> (1492–1493), as well as the first settlement <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">La Isabela</a> (1493–1500), and the first permanent settlement, the current capital of the Dominican Republic, <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> (est. 1498). These settlements were founded successively during each of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>'s first three <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">voyages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-embassy_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-embassy-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies1953_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies1953-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> controlled the entire island of Hispaniola from the 1490s until the 17th century, when French <a href="/wiki/Pirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirate">pirates</a> began establishing bases on the western side of the island. The official name was <i>La Española</i>, meaning "The Spanish (Island)". It was also called <i><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></i>, after <a href="/wiki/Saint_Dominic" title="Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island was called various names by its native people, the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a>. The Taino had no written language, hence, historical evidence for these names comes through three European historians: the Italian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_d%27Anghiera" title="Peter Martyr d'Anghiera">Peter Martyr d'Anghiera</a>, and the Spaniards <a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Oviedo_y_Vald%C3%A9s" title="Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés">Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo</a>. Based on a comprehensive survey and map prepared by Andrés de Morales in 1508, Martyr reported that the island as a whole was called <i>Quizquella</i> (or <i>Quisqueya</i>) and <i>Ayiti</i> referred to a rugged mountainous region on the western end of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diego_%C3%81lvarez_Chanca" title="Diego Álvarez Chanca">Diego Álvarez Chanca</a>, a physician on Columbus's second voyage, also noted that "Ayiti" or <i>Haïti</i> was the easternmost province of the island, an area in the Dominican Republic called "<i>Los Haitises</i>" national park. On the other hand, Oviedo and Las Casas both recorded that the entire island was called <i>Ayiti</i> by the Taíno.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Columbus took possession of the island in 1492, he named it <i>Insula <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispana</a></i> in Latin<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>La Isla Española</i> in Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-McIntosh_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both meaning "the Spanish island". Las Casas shortened the name to <i>Española</i>, and when Peter Martyr detailed his account of the island in Latin, he rendered its name as <i>Hispaniola</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-McIntosh_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McIntosh-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to Taíno, Spanish and French influences on the island, historically the whole island was often referred to as <i>Haïti</i>, <i>Hayti</i>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo"><i>Santo Domingo</i></a>, or <i><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Martyr's literary work was translated into English and French soon after being written, the name Hispaniola became the most frequently used term in English-speaking countries for the island in scientific and cartographic works. In 1918, the United States occupation government, led by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Shepard_Knapp" title="Harry Shepard Knapp">Harry Shepard Knapp</a>, obliged the use of the name Hispaniola on the island, and recommended the use of that name to the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Haïti" was adopted by Haitian revolutionary <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean-Jacques Dessalines</a> in 1804, as the official name of independent Saint-Domingue, in tribute to the Amerindian predecessors. It was also adopted as the official name of independent Santo Domingo, as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Republic of Spanish Haiti</a>, a state that existed from November 1821 until its annexation by <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">Haiti</a> in February 1822.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-flag_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-flag-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of the Dominican Republic</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian">Pre-Columbian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno" title="Taíno">Taíno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictografia_igneri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pictografia_igneri.jpg/81px-Pictografia_igneri.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pictografia_igneri.jpg/122px-Pictografia_igneri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Pictografia_igneri.jpg/162px-Pictografia_igneri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:107px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cueva_El_Pomier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cueva_El_Pomier.jpg/143px-Cueva_El_Pomier.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cueva_El_Pomier.jpg/215px-Cueva_El_Pomier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Cueva_El_Pomier.jpg/286px-Cueva_El_Pomier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:171px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fosil_perezoso.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fosil_perezoso.png/250px-Fosil_perezoso.png" decoding="async" width="228" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Fosil_perezoso.png/500px-Fosil_perezoso.png 1.5x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Pomier_Caves" title="Pomier Caves">Pomier Caves</a> are a series of 55 caves located north of <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_Dominican_Republic" title="San Cristóbal, Dominican Republic">San Cristóbal</a> in the Dominican Republic. They contain the largest collection of 2,000-year-old rock art in the Caribbean, primarily made by the <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno people</a>, but also the <a href="/wiki/Island_Carib" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Carib">Carib people</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Igneri" title="Igneri">Igneri</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>The Archaic Age people arrived from mainland Central America or northern South America about 6,000 years ago, and are thought to have practised a largely hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the <a href="/wiki/1st_millennium_BC" title="1st millennium BC">1st millennium BC</a>, the Arawakan-speaking ancestors of the Taino people began to migrate into the Caribbean. Unlike the Archaic peoples, they practiced the intensive production of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> and agriculture. The earliest evidence of the ancestors of the Taino people on Hispaniola is the Ostionoid culture, which dates to around 600 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taino represented the dominant group on the island during the period of European contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Poole_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each society on the island was a small independent kingdom with a lead known as a <a href="/wiki/Cacique" title="Cacique">cacique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1492, which is considered the peak of the Taíno, there were five different kingdoms on the island,<sup id="cite_ref-Poole_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Xaragua, Higuey (Caizcimu), Magua (Huhabo), Ciguayos (Cayabo or Maguana), and Marien (Bainoa).<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many distinct Taíno languages also existed in this time period.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is still heated debate over the population of Taíno people on the island of Hispaniola in 1492, but estimates range from no more than a few tens of thousands, according to a 2020 genetic analysis,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2020_genetic_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_genetic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to upwards of 750,000.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Taíno home consisted of a circular building with woven straw and palm leaves as covering.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most individuals slept in fashioned hammocks, but grass beds were also used.<sup id="cite_ref-Poole_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cacique lived in a different structure with larger rectangular walls and a porch.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taíno village also had a flat court used for ball games and festivals.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religiously, the Taíno people were polytheists, and their gods were called Zemí.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious worship and dancing were common, and medicine men or priests also consulted the Zemí for advice in public ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For food, the Taíno relied on meat and fish as a primary source for protein.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the island they hunted small mammals, but also snakes, worms, and birds. In lakes and in the sea they were able to catch ducks and turtles.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taíno also relied on agriculture as a primary food source.<sup id="cite_ref-Cook_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The indigenous people of Hispaniola raised crops in a conuco, which is a large mound packed with leaves and fixed crops to prevent erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common agricultural goods were <a href="/wiki/Cassava" title="Cassava">cassava</a>, maize, squash, beans, peppers, peanuts, cotton, and tobacco, which was used as an aspect of social life and religious ceremonies.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png/250px-Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png/330px-Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png/500px-Copia_de_Cacicazgos_de_la_Hispaniola.png 2x" data-file-width="2341" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Chiefdoms of Hispaniola</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Taíno people traveled often and used hollowed canoes with paddles when on the water for fishing or for migration purposes,<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and upwards of 100 people could fit into a single canoe.<sup id="cite_ref-Poole_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Poole-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taíno came frequently in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Kalinago" title="Kalinago">Caribs</a>, another indigenous tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taíno people had to defend themselves using bows and arrows with poisoned tips and some war clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Columbus landed on Hispaniola, many Taíno leaders wanted protection from the Caribs.<sup id="cite_ref-Corbett_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corbett-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Columbian">Post-Columbian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Columbian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of the Dominican Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_Vinckeboons4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hispaniola_Vinckeboons4.jpg/330px-Hispaniola_Vinckeboons4.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hispaniola_Vinckeboons4.jpg/500px-Hispaniola_Vinckeboons4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hispaniola_Vinckeboons4.jpg/960px-Hispaniola_Vinckeboons4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8594" data-file-height="6055" /></a><figcaption>Early map of Hispaniola and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1639</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Christopher Columbus first landed at Hispaniola on December 6, 1492, at a small bay he named San Nicolas, now called <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4le-Saint-Nicolas" title="Môle-Saint-Nicolas">Môle-Saint-Nicolas</a> on the north coast of present-day Haiti. He was welcomed in a friendly fashion by the indigenous people known as the Taíno. Trading with the natives yielded more gold than they had come across previously on the other Caribbean islands and Columbus was led to believe that much more gold would be found inland. Before he could explore further, his flagship, the <i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria (ship)">Santa Maria</a></i>, ran aground and sank in the bay on December 24. With only two smaller ships remaining for the voyage home, Columbus built a fortified encampment, <a href="/wiki/La_Navidad" title="La Navidad">La Navidad</a>, on the shore and left behind 21 crewman to await his return the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Colonization began in earnest the following year when Columbus brought 1,300 men to Hispaniola in November 1493 with the intention of establishing a permanent settlement. They found the encampment at Navidad had been destroyed and all the crewmen left behind killed by the natives. Columbus decided to sail east in search of a better site to found a new settlement. In January 1494 they established <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">La Isabela</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Santo_Domingo_-_Fortaleza_Ozama_0854.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Santo_Domingo_-_Fortaleza_Ozama_0854.JPG/250px-Santo_Domingo_-_Fortaleza_Ozama_0854.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Santo_Domingo_-_Fortaleza_Ozama_0854.JPG/330px-Santo_Domingo_-_Fortaleza_Ozama_0854.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Santo_Domingo_-_Fortaleza_Ozama_0854.JPG/500px-Santo_Domingo_-_Fortaleza_Ozama_0854.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fortaleza_Ozama" title="Fortaleza Ozama">Fortaleza Ozama</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1496, the town of Nueva Isabela was founded. After being destroyed by a hurricane, it was rebuilt on the opposite side of the Ozama River and called <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>. It is the oldest permanent European settlement in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The island had an important role in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin American">Latin American</a> colonies for decades to come. Due to its strategic location, it was the military stronghold of <i><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>, serving as a headquarters for the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">further colonial expansion into the Americas</a>. The colony was a meeting point of European explorers, soldiers, and settlers who brought with them the culture, architecture, laws, and traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>. </p><p>Spaniards imposed a harsh regime of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_colonial_Spanish_America" title="Slavery in colonial Spanish America">forced labor and enslavement</a> of the Taínos, as well as redirection of their food production and labor to Spaniards. This had a devastating impact on both mortality and fertility of the Taíno population over the first quarter century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial administrators and Dominican and Hieronymite friars observed that the search for gold and agrarian enslavement through the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> system were deciminating the indigenous population.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Demographic data from two provinces in 1514 shows a low birth rate, consistent with a 3.5% annual population decline. In 1503, Spaniards <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">began to bring enslaved Africans</a> after a charter was passed in 1501, allowing the import of African slaves by Ferdinand and Isabel. The Spanish believed Africans would be more capable of performing physical labor. From 1519 to 1533, the indigenous uprising known as <a href="/wiki/Enriquillo" title="Enriquillo">Enriquillo</a>'s Revolt, after the Taíno cacique who led them, ensued, resulting from escaped African slaves on the island (<a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroons</a>) possibly working with the Taíno people.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precious metals played a large role in the history of the island after Columbus's arrival. One of the first inhabitants Columbus came across on this island was "a girl wearing only a gold nose plug". Soon the Taínos were trading pieces of gold for hawk's bells<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag-140132422_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag-140132422-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with their cacique declaring the gold came from <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a>. Traveling further east from Navidad, Columbus came across the <a href="/wiki/Yaque_del_Norte_River" title="Yaque del Norte River">Yaque del Norte River</a>, which he named Río de Oro (River of Gold) because its "sands abound in gold dust".<sup id="cite_ref-Ferdinand_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:71px;max-width:71px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0298.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0298.JPG/69px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0298.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0298.JPG/104px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0298.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0298.JPG/138px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0298.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:157px;max-width:157px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0431.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0431.JPG/250px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0431.JPG" decoding="async" width="155" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0431.JPG/330px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0431.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0362.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0362.JPG/120px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0362.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0362.JPG/250px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0362.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:74px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0354.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0354.JPG/112px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0354.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0354.JPG/168px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0354.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0354.JPG/224px-Santo_Domingo_-_Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales_0354.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Colonial era weapons and armor in <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_las_Casas_Reales" title="Museo de las Casas Reales">Museum of the Royal Houses</a>.</div></div></div></div> <p>On Columbus's return during his second voyage, he learned it was the chief <a href="/wiki/Caonabo" title="Caonabo">Caonabo</a> who had massacred his settlement at Navidad. While Columbus established a new settlement the village of <a href="/wiki/La_Isabela" title="La Isabela">La Isabela</a> on Jan. 1494, he sent <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a> and 15 men to search for the mines of Cibao. After a six-day journey, Ojeda came across an area containing gold, in which the gold was extracted from streams by the Taíno people. Columbus himself visited the mines of Cibao on 12 March 1494. He constructed the Fort of Santo Tomás, present day <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nico" title="Jánico">Jánico</a>, leaving Captain Pedro Margarit in command of 56 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferdinand_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119, 122–126">: 119, 122–126 </span></sup> On 24 March 1495, Columbus with his ally <a href="/wiki/Guacanagarix" class="mw-redirect" title="Guacanagarix">Guacanagarix</a>, embarked on a war of revenge against Caonabo, capturing him and his family while "killing many Indians and capturing others." Afterwards, "every person of fourteen years of age or upward was to <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">pay</a> a large <i>hawk's bell</i><sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag-140132422_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag-140132422-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of gold dust", every three months, as "the Spaniards were sure there was more gold in the island than the natives had yet found, and were determined to make them dig it out."<sup id="cite_ref-smithsonianmag-140132422_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smithsonianmag-140132422-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferdinand_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferdinand-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 149–150">: 149–150 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century:_gold,_sugar_and_pirates"><span id="16th_century:_gold.2C_sugar_and_pirates"></span>16th century: gold, sugar and pirates</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 16th century: gold, sugar and pirates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gold mining using forced indigenous labor began early on Hispaniola. Miguel Díaz and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Garay" title="Francisco de Garay">Francisco de Garay</a> discovered large <a href="/wiki/Gold_nugget" title="Gold nugget">gold nuggets</a> on the lower <a href="/wiki/Haina_River" title="Haina River">Haina River</a> in 1496. These San Cristobal mines were later known as the Minas Viejas mines. Then, in 1499, the first major discovery of gold was made in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera" title="Cordillera">cordillera</a> central, which led to a mining boom. By 1501 Columbus's cousin, Giovanni Colombo, had discovered gold near Buenaventura. The deposits were later known as Minas Nuevas. Two major mining areas resulted, one along <a href="/wiki/San_Cristobal,_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="San Cristobal, Dominican Republic">San Cristobal</a>-Buenaventura, and another in Cibao within the <a href="/wiki/La_Vega,_Dominican_Republic" title="La Vega, Dominican Republic">La Vega</a>-Cotuy-<a href="/wiki/Bonao" title="Bonao">Bonao</a> triangle, while <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros" title="Santiago de los Caballeros">Santiago de los Caballeros</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Vega,_Dominican_Republic" title="La Vega, Dominican Republic">Concepción</a>, and Bonao became mining towns. The gold rush of 1500–1508 ensued, and Ovando expropriated the gold mines of Miguel Díaz and Francisco de Garay in 1504, as pit mines became royal mines for <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand II of Aragon</a>, who reserved the best mines for himself, though <a href="/wiki/Placer_mining" title="Placer mining">placers</a> were open to private prospectors. King Ferdinand kept 967 natives in the San Cristóbal mining area, supervised by salaried miners.<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68, 71, 78, 125–127">: 68, 71, 78, 125–127 </span></sup> </p><p>Under the royal governor <a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando_y_C%C3%A1ceres" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres">Nicolás de Ovando</a>, the indigenous people were forced to work in the gold mines. By 1503, the Spanish Crown legalized the allocation of private grants of indigenous labor to particular Spaniards for mining through the <i><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a></i> system. Once the indigenous were forced into mining far from their home villages, they suffered hunger and other difficult conditions. By 1508, the Taíno population of about 400,000 was reduced to 60,000, and by 1514, only 26,334 remained. About half resided in the mining towns of Concepción, Santiago, Santo Domingo, and Buenaventura. The <a href="/wiki/Repartimiento" title="Repartimiento">repartimiento</a> of 1514 accelerated emigration of the Spanish colonists, coupled with the exhaustion of the mines.<sup id="cite_ref-Pons_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pons-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Floyd_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 191–192">: 191–192 </span></sup> The first documented outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>, previously an Eastern hemisphere disease, occurred on Hispaniola in December 1518 among enslaved African miners.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars speculate that European diseases arrived before this date, but there is no compelling evidence for an outbreak.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natives had no acquired immunity to European diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By May 1519, as many as one-third of the remaining Taínos had died.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the century following the Spanish arrival on Hispaniola, the Taíno population fell by up to 95% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> out of a pre-contact population estimated from tens of thousands<sup id="cite_ref-2020_genetic_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020_genetic-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 8,000,000.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many authors have described the treatment of Tainos in Hispaniola under the Spanish Empire as genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sugar_cane" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugar cane">Sugar cane</a> was introduced to Hispaniola by settlers from the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>, and the first sugar mill in the New World was established in 1516, on Hispaniola.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The need for a labor force to meet the growing demands of sugar cane cultivation led to an exponential increase in the importation of slaves over the following two decades. The sugar mill owners soon formed a new colonial elite.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1521_Santo_Domingo_Slave_Revolt" title="1521 Santo Domingo Slave Revolt">first major slave revolt in the Americas</a> occurred in <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> during 1521, when enslaved <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof</a> nation led an uprising in the sugar plantation of admiral Don <a href="/wiki/Diego_Colon" class="mw-redirect" title="Diego Colon">Diego Colon</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. Many of these insurgents managed to escape where they formed independent <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">maroon</a> communities in the south of the island. </p><p>Beginning in the 1520s, the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a> was raided by increasingly numerous French pirates. In 1541, Spain authorized the construction of Santo Domingo's fortified wall, and in 1560 decided to restrict sea travel to enormous, well-armed convoys. In another move, which would destroy Hispaniola's sugar industry, in 1561 <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, more strategically located in relation to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, was selected as the designated stopping point for the merchant <i><a href="/wiki/Flota_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Flota system">flotas</a>,</i> which had a royal monopoly on commerce with the Americas. In 1564, the island's main inland cities <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros" title="Santiago de los Caballeros">Santiago de los Caballeros</a> and <a href="/wiki/Concepci%C3%B3n_de_la_Vega" class="mw-redirect" title="Concepción de la Vega">Concepción de la Vega</a> were destroyed by an earthquake. In the 1560s, English privateers joined the French in regularly raiding Spanish shipping in the Americas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_century:_European_skirmishes,_division_of_the_island_and_trade"><span id="17th_century:_European_skirmishes.2C_division_of_the_island_and_trade"></span>17th century: European skirmishes, division of the island and trade</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 17th century: European skirmishes, division of the island and trade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Devastations_of_Osorio.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Devastations_of_Osorio.svg/290px-The_Devastations_of_Osorio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Devastations_of_Osorio.svg/435px-The_Devastations_of_Osorio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Devastations_of_Osorio.svg/580px-The_Devastations_of_Osorio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>The main cities and towns of the Spanish in the early 1600s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/220px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/330px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png/440px-Spanish_Caribbean_Islands_in_the_American_Viceroyalties_1600.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties in the 1600s.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the early 17th century, Hispaniola and its nearby islands (notably <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a>) became regular stopping points for <a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Caribbean pirates</a>. In 1606, the government of <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> ordered all inhabitants of Hispaniola to move close to Santo Domingo, to fight against piracy. Rather than secure the island, his action meant that French, English, and Dutch pirates established their own bases on the less populated north and west coasts of the island. </p><p>In 1625, <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and English pirates arrived on the island of <a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga</a>, just off the northwest coast of Hispaniola, which was originally settled by a few Spanish colonists. The pirates were attacked in 1629 by Spanish forces commanded by <a href="/wiki/Fadrique_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_1st_Marquis_of_Villanueva_de_Valdueza" class="mw-redirect" title="Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 1st Marquis of Villanueva de Valdueza">Don Fadrique de Toledo</a>, who fortified the island, and expelled the French and English. As most of the Spanish army left for the main island of Hispaniola to root out French colonists there, the French returned to Tortuga in 1630 and had constant battles for several decades. In 1654, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Rocher" title="Capture of Fort Rocher">re-captured Tortuga for the last time</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histoire_des_Colonies-Guillon-Ile_de_la_Tortue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Histoire_des_Colonies-Guillon-Ile_de_la_Tortue.jpg/220px-Histoire_des_Colonies-Guillon-Ile_de_la_Tortue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Histoire_des_Colonies-Guillon-Ile_de_la_Tortue.jpg/330px-Histoire_des_Colonies-Guillon-Ile_de_la_Tortue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Histoire_des_Colonies-Guillon-Ile_de_la_Tortue.jpg/440px-Histoire_des_Colonies-Guillon-Ile_de_la_Tortue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2034" data-file-height="1322" /></a><figcaption>Ile de la Tortue (<a href="/wiki/Tortuga_(Haiti)" title="Tortuga (Haiti)">Tortuga island</a>) made Hispaniola a center of pirate activity in the 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1655 the island of Tortuga was reoccupied by the English and French. In 1660 the English appointed a Frenchman as Governor who proclaimed the King of France, set up French colours, and defeated several English attempts to reclaim the island.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1665, French colonization of the island was officially recognized by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>. The French colony was given the name <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>. By 1670 a Welsh privateer named <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgan" title="Henry Morgan">Henry Morgan</a> invited the pirates on the island of Tortuga to set sail under him. They were hired by the French as a striking force that allowed France to have a much stronger hold on the Caribbean region. Consequently, the pirates never really controlled the island and kept Tortuga as a neutral hideout. The capital of the French Colony of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> was moved from Tortuga to <a href="/wiki/Port-de-Paix" title="Port-de-Paix">Port-de-Paix</a> on the mainland of Hispaniola in 1676. </p><p>In 1680, new Acts of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament</a> forbade <a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">sailing</a> under foreign <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a> (in opposition to former practice). This was a major legal blow to the Caribbean pirates. Settlements were made in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ratisbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ratisbon">Treaty of Ratisbon</a> of 1684, signed by the European powers, that put an end to piracy. Most of the pirates after this time were hired out into the Royal services to suppress their former buccaneer allies. In the 1697 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ryswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Ryswick">Treaty of Ryswick</a>, Spain formally ceded the western third of the island to France.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Saint-Domingue quickly came to overshadow the east in both wealth and population. Nicknamed the "Pearl of the Antilles", it became the most prosperous colony in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, with a system of human slavery used to grow and harvest sugar cane during a time when European demand for sugar was high. Slavery kept costs low and profit was maximized. It was an important port in the Americas for goods and products flowing to and from France and Europe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century_to_19th_century:_Independence">18th century to 19th century: Independence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 18th century to 19th century: Independence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolucion_Haitiana.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Revolucion_Haitiana.png/220px-Revolucion_Haitiana.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Revolucion_Haitiana.png/330px-Revolucion_Haitiana.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Revolucion_Haitiana.png/440px-Revolucion_Haitiana.png 2x" data-file-width="3656" data-file-height="4248" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> (1791–1804) is highlighted as Haiti's most fierce struggle for independence. To this day, it remains one of the most significant independence movements formed via slave revolt in history. </figcaption></figure> <p>European colonists often died young due to tropical fevers, as well as from violent slave resistance in the late eighteenth century. In 1791, during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a major slave revolt broke out on Saint-Domingue. When the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a> abolished slavery in the colonies on February 4, 1794, it was a European first.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ex-slave army joined forces with France in its war against its European neighbors. In the second 1795 <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Treaty of Basel</a> (July 22), Spain ceded the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispaniola, later to become the Dominican Republic. French settlers had begun to colonize some areas in the Spanish side of the territory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, France <a href="/wiki/Law_of_20_May_1802" title="Law of 20 May 1802">reimposed slavery</a> in most of its Caribbean islands in 1802 and sent an army to bring the island into full control. However, thousands of the French troops succumbed to <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a> during the summer months, and more than half of the French army died because of disease.<sup id="cite_ref-Bollet_2004_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bollet_2004-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After an extremely brutal war with atrocities committed on both sides, the French removed the surviving 7,000 troops in late 1803, and the surviving leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> declared western Hispaniola the new nation of independent <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> in early 1804. France continued to rule Spanish Santo Domingo. In 1805, after renewed hostilities with the ruling French government in Santo Domingo, Haitian troops of General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Dessalines" title="Jean-Jacques Dessalines">Jean Jacques Dessalines</a> tried to conquer all of Hispaniola. He launched an <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Santo_Domingo_(1805)" title="Siege of Santo Domingo (1805)">invasion of Santo Domingo</a> and sacked the towns of Santiago de los Caballeros and Moca, killing most of their residents, but news of a French fleet sailing towards Haiti forced the invading army to withdraw from the east, leaving it in French hands. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_de_la_colonia_de_santo_domingo_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_francesa.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mapa_de_la_colonia_de_santo_domingo_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_francesa.png/220px-Mapa_de_la_colonia_de_santo_domingo_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_francesa.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mapa_de_la_colonia_de_santo_domingo_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_francesa.png/330px-Mapa_de_la_colonia_de_santo_domingo_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_francesa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mapa_de_la_colonia_de_santo_domingo_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_francesa.png/440px-Mapa_de_la_colonia_de_santo_domingo_durante_la_ocupaci%C3%B3n_francesa.png 2x" data-file-width="4664" data-file-height="3984" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo</a> (1808–1809) led to the end of French colonialism in Santo Domingo, and subsequently, marked the end of French presence in Hispaniola. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominican_Republic_War_of_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dominican_Republic_War_of_Independence.jpg/220px-Dominican_Republic_War_of_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dominican_Republic_War_of_Independence.jpg/330px-Dominican_Republic_War_of_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Dominican_Republic_War_of_Independence.jpg/440px-Dominican_Republic_War_of_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a> (1844–1856) was the first war of liberation of the Dominican Republic. This war consolidated the Dominican national identity, which was forged through its independence proclamations of 1821 and 1844. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fortaleza_San_Luis_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fortaleza_San_Luis_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg/250px-Fortaleza_San_Luis_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fortaleza_San_Luis_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg/330px-Fortaleza_San_Luis_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Fortaleza_San_Luis_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg/500px-Fortaleza_San_Luis_-_Monumento_a_los_H%C3%A9roes_de_la_Restauraci%C3%B3n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Restoration War</a> (1863–1865) is remembered as the Dominican Republic's second struggle for independence from Spain, as well as the closure of the fight against European imperialism on the island. </figcaption></figure> <p>In 1808, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">second revolution</a> against France broke out on the island. Following Napoleon's invasion of Spain, the <a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">criollos</a> of Santo Domingo revolted against the French regime. With the aid of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, the French was defeated, and Santo Domingo was returned to Spanish control. France would never regain control of the island, and after some 12 years of Spanish dominion, the leaders in Santo Domingo revolted again, and eastern Hispaniola was declared independent as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Republic of Spanish Haiti</a> in 1821. Fearing the influence of a society of slaves that had successfully revolted against their owners, the United States and European powers refused to recognize Haiti, the second republic in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>. France demanded a high payment for compensation to slaveholders who lost their property, and Haiti was saddled with unmanageable debt for decades.<sup id="cite_ref-natural_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natural-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this point, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo">the entire island was united under Haitian control</a>. However, suppression of the Dominican culture and the imposition of heavy taxation would lead to the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">Dominican War of Independence</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> in 1844. (This is one of the reasons for the tensions between the two countries today). Years of war, political chaos and economic crisis came to an end with a <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_to_Spain" title="Annexation of the Dominican Republic to Spain">reintegration of the Dominican Republic to Spanish rule in 1861</a>, at the request of discouraged Dominican political leaders who had hoped that the Spanish would restore order to the country. However, just as in the España Boba period, taxations, corruption, and second class treatment of the Dominicans caused support for the regime to wane, and new independence movements had sparked throughout the country. In August 1863, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Dominican Restoration War</a> erupted on the island, and after suffering heavy defeats, the Spanish Crown capitulated. A royal decree, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Treaty_of_El_Carmelo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Treaty of El Carmelo (page does not exist)">The Treaty of El Carmelo</a>, recognized the independence of the Dominican Republic, and the Spanish were expelled for good in 1865. Renewed annexation projects, this time to the United States, was defeated in Congress, and the masterminds <a href="/wiki/Six_Years%27_War" title="Six Years' War">were ousted in an uprising in 1874</a>. Both states have remained independent states since then. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_represent:_Foreign_intervention,_dictatorships,_aftermath"><span id="20th_century_to_represent:_Foreign_intervention.2C_dictatorships.2C_aftermath"></span>20th century to represent: Foreign intervention, dictatorships, aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 20th century to represent: Foreign intervention, dictatorships, aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century, however, both states have endured similar outcomes. With many ensuing conflicts such as <a href="/wiki/Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> taking place, political and economic instabilities continued to ravage as constant power struggles and civil wars engulfed among leaders in both states. Such actions triggered renewed external interest in launching military interventions on the island. This would finally come with U.S. forces issuing a military occupation of both states, first with Haiti in <a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">1915</a>, and the Dominican Republic in <a href="/wiki/Military_Government_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Military Government of Santo Domingo">1916</a>. In the following decades after American forces departed from the island, both states would be ruled by heavy handed politicians that had risen to prominence during the American occupation. Haiti's <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duvalier" title="François Duvalier">François Duvalier</a> (Papa Doc) and his son, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier" title="Jean-Claude Duvalier">Jean-Claude Duvalier</a> (Baby Doc) and Dominican Republic's <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael Trujillo</a> would emerge as the leading autocratic rulers at this time. Eventually, the dictatorships of both countries came to a close with the <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a> of Trujillo in 1961, (though political chaos ensued triggering a <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">bloody revolution</a> and a second U.S intervention in 1965), and the death of François Duvalier and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement" title="Anti-Duvalier protest movement">overthrow</a> of Jean-Claude Duvalier in 1971 and 1986, respectively. Both states would return to a democratic government, as proven with the elections of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Bertrand_Aristide" title="Jean-Bertrand Aristide">Jean-Bertrand Aristide</a> in Haiti, and <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Balaguer" title="Joaquín Balaguer">Joaquín Balaguer</a> in the Dominican Republic. While the Dominican Republic was able to stabilize the political crisis that plagued the country since its conception since 1844, Haiti's political crisis continued to destabilize. The political chaos that erupted following the overthrow of Aristide in 2004 caused a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti">mass intervention by the U.N.</a>, which lasted until 2017. Even by that point, Haiti had already <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">suffered a massive catastrophic earthquake in 2010</a>, <a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">cholera outbreaks</a> continued, and gang violence had escalated further, <a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">which is still ongoing to this day</a>. </p><p>Haiti would become one of the poorest countries in the Americas, while the Dominican Republic<sup id="cite_ref-natural_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natural-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> gradually has developed into one of the largest economies of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Geography of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geography of the Dominican Republic">Geography of the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Haiti">Islands of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_bioregion" title="Caribbean bioregion">Caribbean bioregion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_lrg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hispaniola_lrg.jpg/330px-Hispaniola_lrg.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hispaniola_lrg.jpg/500px-Hispaniola_lrg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hispaniola_lrg.jpg/960px-Hispaniola_lrg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1355" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map</figcaption></figure> <p>Hispaniola is the second-largest island in the Caribbean (after Cuba), with an area of 76,192 square kilometers (29,418 sq mi), 48,440 square kilometers (18,700 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which is under the sovereignty of the Dominican Republic occupying the eastern portion and 27,750 square kilometers (10,710 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the sovereignty of Haiti occupying the western portion. </p><p>The island of <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> lies 80 kilometers (50 mi) to the west across the Windward Passage; to the southwest lie <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, separated by the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Channel" title="Jamaica Channel">Jamaica Channel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Navassa_Island" title="Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a>; 190 km (120 mi) . <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> lies 130 km (81 mi) east of Hispaniola across the <a href="/wiki/Mona_Passage" title="Mona Passage">Mona Passage</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">The Bahamas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a> lie to the north. Its westernmost point is known as Cap Carcasse. Cuba, Cayman Islands, Navassa Island, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico are collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>. Hispaniola is also a part of the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>. </p><p>The island has five major ranges of mountains: The Central Range, known in the Dominican Republic as the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central,_Dominican_Republic" title="Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic">Cordillera Central</a>, spans the central part of the island, extending from the south coast of the Dominican Republic into northwestern Haiti, where it is known as the Massif du Nord. This mountain range boasts the highest peak in the Antilles, <a href="/wiki/Pico_Duarte" title="Pico Duarte">Pico Duarte</a> at 3,101 meters (10,174 ft) above <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ojala_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ojala-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Septentrional" title="Cordillera Septentrional">Cordillera Septentrional</a> runs parallel to the Central Range across the northern end of the Dominican Republic, extending into the Atlantic Ocean as the <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Peninsula" title="Samaná Peninsula">Samaná Peninsula</a>. The Cordillera Central and Cordillera Septentrional are separated by the lowlands of the <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao Valley</a> and the Atlantic coastal plains, which extend westward into Haiti as the Plaine du Nord (Northern Plain). The lowest of the ranges is the Cordillera Oriental, in the eastern part of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowin_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sierra de Neiba rises in the southwest of the Dominican Republic, and continues northwest into Haiti, parallel to the Cordillera Central, as the Montagnes Noires, Chaîne des Matheux and the Montagnes du Trou d'Eau. The Plateau Central lies between the <a href="/wiki/Massif_du_Nord" title="Massif du Nord">Massif du Nord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montagnes_Noires,_Haiti" title="Montagnes Noires, Haiti">Montagnes Noires</a>, and the Plaine de l'Artibonite lies between the Montagnes Noires and the Chaîne des Matheux, opening westward toward the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Gon%C3%A2ve" title="Gulf of Gonâve">Gulf of Gonâve</a>, the largest gulf of the Antilles.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowin_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The southern range begins in the southwesternmost Dominican Republic as the <a href="/wiki/Baoruco_Mountain_Range" title="Baoruco Mountain Range">Sierra de Bahoruco</a>, and extends west into Haiti as the <a href="/wiki/Massif_de_la_Selle" class="mw-redirect" title="Massif de la Selle">Massif de la Selle</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Massif_de_la_Hotte" title="Massif de la Hotte">Massif de la Hotte</a>, which form the mountainous spine of Haiti's southern peninsula. <a href="/wiki/Pic_la_Selle" title="Pic la Selle">Pic de la Selle</a> is the highest peak in the southern range, the third highest peak in the Antilles and consequently the highest point in Haiti, at 2,680 meters (8,790 ft) above sea level. A <a href="/wiki/Depression_(geology)" title="Depression (geology)">depression</a> runs parallel to the southern range, between the southern range and the Chaîne des Matheux-Sierra de Neiba. It is known as the <a href="/wiki/Plaine_du_Cul-de-Sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaine du Cul-de-Sac">Plaine du Cul-de-Sac</a> in Haiti, and Haiti's capital <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> lies at its western end. The depression is home to a chain of <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre" class="mw-redirect" title="Etang Saumâtre">Lake Azuei</a> in Haiti and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Enriquillo" title="Lake Enriquillo">Lake Enriquillo</a> in the Dominican Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowin_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowin-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island has four distinct <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_moist_forests" title="Hispaniolan moist forests">Hispaniolan moist forests</a> ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_dry_forests" title="Hispaniolan dry forests">Hispaniolan dry forests</a> ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island and in the <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a> valley in the center-north of the island. The <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_pine_forests" title="Hispaniolan pine forests">Hispaniolan pine forests</a> occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The <a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">flooded grasslands and savannas</a> ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons in which the most notable include that of <a href="/wiki/Etang_Saumatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Etang Saumatre">Lake Azuei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trou_Ca%C3%AFman" title="Trou Caïman">Trou Caïman</a> in Haiti and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Lake_Enriquillo" title="Lake Enriquillo">Lake Enriquillo</a> in the Dominican Republic,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is not only the lowest point of the island, but also the lowest point for an island country.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caribbean locations"><img alt="Caribbean locations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Caribbean_location_map.svg/250px-Caribbean_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Caribbean_location_map.svg/330px-Caribbean_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Caribbean_location_map.svg/500px-Caribbean_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3690" data-file-height="2323" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caribbean locations</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_maritime_boundaries_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caribbean maritime boundaries"><img alt="Caribbean maritime boundaries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Caribbean_maritime_boundaries_map.svg/200px-Caribbean_maritime_boundaries_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Caribbean_maritime_boundaries_map.svg/300px-Caribbean_maritime_boundaries_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Caribbean_maritime_boundaries_map.svg/400px-Caribbean_maritime_boundaries_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3561" data-file-height="2221" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caribbean maritime boundaries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationAntilles.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Antilles"><img alt="Antilles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/LocationAntilles.svg/200px-LocationAntilles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/LocationAntilles.svg/300px-LocationAntilles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/LocationAntilles.svg/400px-LocationAntilles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Antilles</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caribbean_general_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Caribbean general map and map of the Caribbean Sea"><img alt="Caribbean general map and map of the Caribbean Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Caribbean_general_map.png/200px-Caribbean_general_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Caribbean_general_map.png/300px-Caribbean_general_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Caribbean_general_map.png/400px-Caribbean_general_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Caribbean general map and map of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samana-Laslovarga_(105).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bay of Samana Province in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic"><img alt="Bay of Samana Province in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Samana-Laslovarga_%28105%29.jpg/200px-Samana-Laslovarga_%28105%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Samana-Laslovarga_%28105%29.jpg/300px-Samana-Laslovarga_%28105%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Samana-Laslovarga_%28105%29.jpg/400px-Samana-Laslovarga_%28105%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bay of <a href="/wiki/Samana_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Samana Province">Samana Province</a> in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 175px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samana-Laslovarga_(113).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bay of Samana Province in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic"><img alt="Bay of Samana Province in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Samana-Laslovarga_%28113%29.jpg/200px-Samana-Laslovarga_%28113%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Samana-Laslovarga_%28113%29.jpg/300px-Samana-Laslovarga_%28113%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Samana-Laslovarga_%28113%29.jpg/400px-Samana-Laslovarga_%28113%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bay of Samana Province in the northeastern region of the Dominican Republic</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_present.svg/310px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_present.svg/465px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_present.svg/620px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen climate classification system">Köppen climate types</a> of the Caribbean region, present (1980–2016)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_future.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_future.svg/310px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_future.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_future.svg/465px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_future.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_future.svg/620px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Caribbean_future.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1609" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen climate classification system">Köppen climate types</a> of the Caribbean region, future (2071–2100)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dominican_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dominican_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Dominican_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dominican_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Dominican_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Dominican_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Dominican_Republic_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types of the Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/220px-Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/330px-Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg/440px-Haiti_K%C3%B6ppen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate types of Haiti, the island of Hispaniola</figcaption></figure> <p>Hispaniola's climate shows considerable variation due to its diverse mountainous topography, and is the most varied island of all the <a href="/wiki/Antilles" title="Antilles">Antilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-areal_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areal-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except in the Northern Hemisphere summer season, the predominant winds over Hispaniola are the northeast <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a>. As in Jamaica and Cuba, these winds deposit their moisture on the northern mountains, and create a distinct <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> on the southern coast, where some areas receive as little as 400 millimetres (16 in) of rainfall, and have <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climates</a>. Annual rainfall under 600 millimetres (24 in) also occurs on the southern coast of Haiti's northwest peninsula and in the central Azúa region of the Plaine du Cul-de-Sac. In these regions, moreover, there is generally little rainfall outside hurricane season from August to October, and droughts are by no means uncommon when hurricanes do not come.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the northern coast, in contrast, rainfall may peak between December and February, though some rain falls in all months of the year. Annual amounts typically range from 1,700 to 2,000 millimetres (67 to 79 in) on the northern coastal lowlands;<sup id="cite_ref-areal_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-areal-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is probably much more in the <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Septentrional" title="Cordillera Septentrional">Cordillera Septentrional</a>, though no data exist. The interior of Hispaniola, along with the southeastern coast centered around Santo Domingo, typically receives around 1,400 millimetres (55 in) per year, with a distinct season from May to October. Usually, this wet season has two peaks: one around May, the other around the hurricane season. In the interior highlands, rainfall is much greater, around 3,100 millimetres (120 in) per year, but with a similar pattern to that observed in the central lowlands. </p><p>The variations of temperature depend on altitude and are much less marked than rainfall variations in the island. Lowland Hispaniola is generally more hot and humid, with temperatures averaging 28 °C (82 °F). with high humidity during the daytime, and around 20 °C (68 °F) at night. At higher altitudes, temperatures fall steadily, so that <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frosts</a> occur during the dry season on the highest peaks, where maxima are no higher than 18 °C (64 °F). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hato_mayor,_dominican_republic_waterfall.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Salto de Jalda in Hato Mayor, Dominican Republic, the tallest waterfall in the Caribbean"><img alt="Salto de Jalda in Hato Mayor, Dominican Republic, the tallest waterfall in the Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hato_mayor%2C_dominican_republic_waterfall.jpg/250px-Hato_mayor%2C_dominican_republic_waterfall.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hato_mayor%2C_dominican_republic_waterfall.jpg/330px-Hato_mayor%2C_dominican_republic_waterfall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="718" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Salto de Jalda in <a href="/wiki/Hato_Mayor_Province" title="Hato Mayor Province">Hato Mayor</a>, Dominican Republic, the tallest waterfall in the Caribbean</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Haitian_Landscape_hispaniola.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Les Cayes, Sud, Haiti"><img alt="Les Cayes, Sud, Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/View_of_Haitian_Landscape_hispaniola.jpg/248px-View_of_Haitian_Landscape_hispaniola.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/View_of_Haitian_Landscape_hispaniola.jpg/372px-View_of_Haitian_Landscape_hispaniola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/View_of_Haitian_Landscape_hispaniola.jpg/496px-View_of_Haitian_Landscape_hispaniola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1685" data-file-height="1264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Les_Cayes" title="Les Cayes">Les Cayes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sud_(department)" title="Sud (department)">Sud</a>, Haiti</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constanza,_valle_nuevo,_clima_invierno..jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frosted alpine forest in Constanza, Dominican Republic"><img alt="Frosted alpine forest in Constanza, Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Constanza%2C_valle_nuevo%2C_clima_invierno..jpg/330px-Constanza%2C_valle_nuevo%2C_clima_invierno..jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Constanza%2C_valle_nuevo%2C_clima_invierno..jpg/500px-Constanza%2C_valle_nuevo%2C_clima_invierno..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Constanza%2C_valle_nuevo%2C_clima_invierno..jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frosted alpine forest in <a href="/wiki/Constanza,_Dominican_Republic" title="Constanza, Dominican Republic">Constanza, Dominican Republic</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabo_Cabr%C3%B3n,_(Rinc%C3%B3n_Beach)_Saman%C3%A1,_DR.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tropical rainforest climate in Samana, Dominican Republic"><img alt="Tropical rainforest climate in Samana, Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cabo_Cabr%C3%B3n%2C_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_Beach%29_Saman%C3%A1%2C_DR.JPG/248px-Cabo_Cabr%C3%B3n%2C_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_Beach%29_Saman%C3%A1%2C_DR.JPG" decoding="async" width="166" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cabo_Cabr%C3%B3n%2C_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_Beach%29_Saman%C3%A1%2C_DR.JPG/372px-Cabo_Cabr%C3%B3n%2C_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_Beach%29_Saman%C3%A1%2C_DR.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Cabo_Cabr%C3%B3n%2C_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_Beach%29_Saman%C3%A1%2C_DR.JPG/496px-Cabo_Cabr%C3%B3n%2C_%28Rinc%C3%B3n_Beach%29_Saman%C3%A1%2C_DR.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tropical rainforest climate in <a href="/wiki/Saman%C3%A1_Province" title="Samaná Province">Samana</a>, Dominican Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaragua_National_Park_(Road2).JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Semi-arid climate in Pedernales, Hispaniolan dry forests, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola"><img alt="Semi-arid climate in Pedernales, Hispaniolan dry forests, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jaragua_National_Park_%28Road2%29.JPG/250px-Jaragua_National_Park_%28Road2%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="166" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Jaragua_National_Park_%28Road2%29.JPG/500px-Jaragua_National_Park_%28Road2%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Semi-arid climate in <a href="/wiki/Pedernales_Province" title="Pedernales Province">Pedernales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_dry_forests" title="Hispaniolan dry forests">Hispaniolan dry forests</a>, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 222.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dunas_de_Ban%C3%AD_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Desert sand dunes of Baní, Dominican Republic"><img alt="Desert sand dunes of Baní, Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dunas_de_Ban%C3%AD_1.jpg/331px-Dunas_de_Ban%C3%AD_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="221" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dunas_de_Ban%C3%AD_1.jpg/496px-Dunas_de_Ban%C3%AD_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Dunas_de_Ban%C3%AD_1.jpg/662px-Dunas_de_Ban%C3%AD_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Desert sand dunes of <a href="/wiki/Ban%C3%AD" title="Baní">Baní</a>, Dominican Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cordillera_Central.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic has the highest elevation of the Caribbean"><img alt="Cordillera Central in the Dominican Republic has the highest elevation of the Caribbean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cordillera_Central.jpg/280px-Cordillera_Central.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cordillera_Central.jpg/420px-Cordillera_Central.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Cordillera_Central.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Central,_Dominican_Republic" title="Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic">Cordillera Central</a> in the Dominican Republic has the highest elevation of the Caribbean</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Enriquillo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola"><img alt="Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lake_Enriquillo.jpg/279px-Lake_Enriquillo.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lake_Enriquillo.jpg/419px-Lake_Enriquillo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Lake_Enriquillo.jpg/558px-Lake_Enriquillo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lake Enriquillo, Dominican Republic, the island of Hispaniola</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 243.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 241.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake_Enriquillo_sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lake Enriquillo is the biggest saltwater lake—hypersaline lake in the Dominican Republic. It is located in Enriquillo wetlands, and is the largest lake in both the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola, as well as the entire Caribbean. It is also the lowest point for an island country."><img alt="Lake Enriquillo is the biggest saltwater lake—hypersaline lake in the Dominican Republic. It is located in Enriquillo wetlands, and is the largest lake in both the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola, as well as the entire Caribbean. It is also the lowest point for an island country." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lake_Enriquillo_sentinel-2.jpg/500px-Lake_Enriquillo_sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="242" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Lake_Enriquillo_sentinel-2.jpg/960px-Lake_Enriquillo_sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7268" data-file-height="3740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lake_Enriquillo" title="Lake Enriquillo">Lake Enriquillo</a> is the biggest <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltwater lake">saltwater lake</a>—<a href="/wiki/Hypersaline_lake" title="Hypersaline lake">hypersaline lake</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a>. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Enriquillo_wetlands" title="Enriquillo wetlands">Enriquillo wetlands</a>, and is the largest lake in both the Dominican Republic and Hispaniola, as well as the entire Caribbean. It is also the lowest point for an island country.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rio_Yaque_del_Norte,_looking_south,_July_2009_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yaque del Norte river, Dominican Republic"><img alt="Yaque del Norte river, Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rio_Yaque_del_Norte%2C_looking_south%2C_July_2009_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-Rio_Yaque_del_Norte%2C_looking_south%2C_July_2009_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Rio_Yaque_del_Norte%2C_looking_south%2C_July_2009_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-Rio_Yaque_del_Norte%2C_looking_south%2C_July_2009_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Yaque del Norte river, Dominican Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lago_de_OviedoWW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oviedo Lake in Pedernales, Dominican Republic"><img alt="Oviedo Lake in Pedernales, Dominican Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lago_de_OviedoWW.jpg/147px-Lago_de_OviedoWW.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lago_de_OviedoWW.jpg/221px-Lago_de_OviedoWW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Lago_de_OviedoWW.jpg/294px-Lago_de_OviedoWW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Oviedo Lake in Pedernales, Dominican Republic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_ciudad_desde_la_carretera_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hispaniolan moist forests, hills north of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola"><img alt="Hispaniolan moist forests, hills north of Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/La_ciudad_desde_la_carretera_-_panoramio.jpg/248px-La_ciudad_desde_la_carretera_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/La_ciudad_desde_la_carretera_-_panoramio.jpg/372px-La_ciudad_desde_la_carretera_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/La_ciudad_desde_la_carretera_-_panoramio.jpg/496px-La_ciudad_desde_la_carretera_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_moist_forests" title="Hispaniolan moist forests">Hispaniolan moist forests</a>, hills north of <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros" title="Santiago de los Caballeros">Santiago de los Caballeros</a>, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hispaniolan pine forests, Hispaniolan pine forest as seen from Pico Duarte, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola"><img alt="Hispaniolan pine forests, Hispaniolan pine forest as seen from Pico Duarte, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg/277px-Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg/416px-Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg/554px-Hispaniolanpineforest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1163" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_pine_forests" title="Hispaniolan pine forests">Hispaniolan pine forests</a>, Hispaniolan pine forest as seen from <a href="/wiki/Pico_Duarte" title="Pico Duarte">Pico Duarte</a>, Dominican Republic and Haiti, the island of Hispaniola</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gfp-looking-at-the-horizon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nord (Haitian department), La Belle Mère, Haiti"><img alt="Nord (Haitian department), La Belle Mère, Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gfp-looking-at-the-horizon.jpg/279px-Gfp-looking-at-the-horizon.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gfp-looking-at-the-horizon.jpg/419px-Gfp-looking-at-the-horizon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Gfp-looking-at-the-horizon.jpg/558px-Gfp-looking-at-the-horizon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3316" data-file-height="2211" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Nord_(Haitian_department)" title="Nord (Haitian department)">Nord (Haitian department)</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Belle_M%C3%A8re&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Belle Mère (page does not exist)">La Belle Mère</a>, Haiti</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_Birds_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic" title="The Birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic">The Birds of Haiti and the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibians_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphibians of Hispaniola">Amphibians of Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammals_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals of the Dominican Republic">Mammals of the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of birds of the Dominican Republic">List of birds of the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Haiti" title="List of birds of Haiti">List of birds of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammals_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals of Haiti">Mammals of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti" title="Wildlife of Haiti">Wildlife of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Hispaniola" title="List of birds of Hispaniola">List of birds of Hispaniola</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of amphibians of the Dominican Republic">List of amphibians of the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Haiti" title="List of amphibians of Haiti">List of amphibians of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammals_of_the_Caribbean" title="Mammals of the Caribbean">Mammals of the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_mammals_of_North_America" title="List of mammals of North America">List of mammals of North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_recently_extinct_mammals" title="List of recently extinct mammals">List of recently extinct mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_mammals" title="List of prehistoric mammals">List of prehistoric mammals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilosans_of_the_Caribbean" title="Pilosans of the Caribbean">Pilosans of the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rodents_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of rodents of the Caribbean">List of rodents of the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rodents_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of rodents of the Caribbean">List of rodents of the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_bioregion" title="Caribbean bioregion">Caribbean bioregion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fauna_and_Flora_International" title="Fauna and Flora International">Fauna and Flora International</a></div> <p>There are many <a href="/wiki/List_of_birds_of_Hispaniola" title="List of birds of Hispaniola">bird species in Hispaniola</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_amphibians_of_Hispaniola" title="List of amphibians of Hispaniola">the island's amphibian species</a> are also diverse. There are many species endemic to the island including insects and other invertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, fishs, birds and mammals (originally animals, native animals) and also (imported animals, introduced animals, not native animals or invasive species) just like farm animals, transport animals, house animals, pets and more. The two endemic terrestrial mammals on the island are the <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_hutia" title="Hispaniolan hutia">Hispaniolan hutia</a> (<i>Plagiodontia aedium</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_solenodon" title="Hispaniolan solenodon">Hispaniolan solenodon</a> (<i>Solenodon paradoxus</i>). There are also many avian species on the island, with six endemic genera (<i><a href="/wiki/Calyptophilus" title="Calyptophilus">Calyptophilus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Palmchat" title="Palmchat">Dulus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nesoctites" class="mw-redirect" title="Nesoctites">Nesoctites</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phaenicophilus" title="Phaenicophilus">Phaenicophilus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Xenoligea" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenoligea">Xenoligea</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Microligea" class="mw-redirect" title="Microligea">Microligea</a></i>). More than half of the original distribution of its ecoregions has been lost due to habitat destruction impacting the local fauna and some of the original animals either threat, threatened with extinction or totally extinct, because of climate change or because they have been hunted by humans or their habitats have been felled or changed for some reasons or have become some of the animals have been threatened by (introduced animals, not native animals or invasive species) or there are fighting for space to survive and perhaps some animals that feed on the same plants or animals or just something like that.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of national parks of the Dominican Republic">List of national parks of the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment of Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Flora of the Dominican Republic">Flora of the Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_palms_native_to_the_Caribbean" title="List of palms native to the Caribbean">List of palms native to the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_near_threatened_plants" title="List of near threatened plants">List of near threatened plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Agave_species" title="List of Agave species">List of Agave species</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_trees_of_the_Caribbean" title="List of trees of the Caribbean">List of trees of the Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_critically_endangered_plants" title="List of critically endangered plants">List of critically endangered plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_IUCN_Red_List_Vulnerable_plants" title="List of IUCN Red List Vulnerable plants">List of IUCN Red List Vulnerable plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_plants" title="List of endangered plants">List of endangered plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_recently_extinct_plants" title="List of recently extinct plants">List of recently extinct plants</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_that_are_extinct_in_the_wild" title="List of plants that are extinct in the wild">List of plants that are extinct in the wild</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_recently_extinct_plants" title="List of recently extinct plants">List of recently extinct plants</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_deforestation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Haiti_deforestation.jpg/220px-Haiti_deforestation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Haiti_deforestation.jpg/330px-Haiti_deforestation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Haiti_deforestation.jpg/440px-Haiti_deforestation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image depicting the border between <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> (left) and the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>The island has four distinct <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_moist_forests" title="Hispaniolan moist forests">Hispaniolan moist forests</a> ecoregion covers approximately 50% of the island, especially the northern and eastern portions, predominantly in the lowlands but extending up to 2,100 meters (6,900 ft) elevation. The Hispaniolan dry forests ecoregion occupies approximately 20% of the island, lying in the <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> of the mountains in the southern and western portion of the island, and in the <a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a> valley in the center-north of the island. The <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_pine_forests" title="Hispaniolan pine forests">Hispaniolan pine forests</a> occupy the mountainous 15% of the island, above 850 metres (2,790 ft) elevation. The <a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">flooded grasslands and savannas</a> ecoregion in the south central region of the island surrounds a chain of lakes and lagoons, the most notable of which are <a href="/wiki/Etang_Saumatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Etang Saumatre">Etang Saumatre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trou_Ca%C3%AFman" title="Trou Caïman">Trou Caïman</a> in Haiti and the nearby <a href="/wiki/Lake_Enriquillo" title="Lake Enriquillo">Lake Enriquillo</a> in the Dominican Republic. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">deforestation</a> has long been cited by scientists as a source of ecological crisis; the timber industry dates back to French colonial rule. Haiti has seen a dramatic reduction of forests due to the excessive and increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> as fuel for cooking. Various media outlets have suggested that the country has just 2% <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a>, but this has not been substantiated by research.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also extremely important are the rarely mentioned species of Pinguicula casabitoana (a carnivorous plant), Gonocalyx tetraptera, Gesneria sylvicola, Lyonia alaini and Myrcia saliana, as well as palo de viento (Didymopanax tremulus), jaiqui (Bumelia salicifolia), pino criciolio) (pino criciol), sangre de pollo (Mecranium amigdalinum) and palo santo (Alpinia speciosa). </p><p>According to reports in the Dominican Republic and Haiti, the flora in this naturally protected area consists of 621 species of vascular plants, of which 153 are highly endemic to La Hispaniola. The most prominent endemic species of flora that abound in the area are Ebano Verde (green ebony), Magnolia pallescens, a highly endangered hardwood. </p><p>Recent in-depth studies of satellite imagery and environmental analysis regarding forest classification conclude that Haiti actually has approximately 30% tree cover;<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is, nevertheless, a stark decrease from the country's 60% forest cover in 1925. The country has been significantly deforested over the last 50 years, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of many portions of Haitian territory. Haiti's poor citizens use cooking fires often, and this is a major culprit behind the nation's loss of trees. Haitians use trees as fuel either by burning the wood directly, or by first turning it into charcoal in ovens. Seventy-one percent of all fuel consumed in Haiti is wood or charcoal.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Haiti's government began establishing protected areas across the country in 1968. These 26 areas today represent nearly 7 per cent of the country's land and 1.5 per cent of its waters.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Dominican Republic, the forest cover has increased. In 2003, the Dominican Republic's forest cover had been reduced to 32% of its land area, but by 2011, forest cover had increased to nearly 40%. The success of the Dominican forest growth is due to several Dominican government policies and private organizations for the purpose of reforesting, and a strong educational campaign that has resulted in increased awareness by the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">Dominican people</a> of the importance of forests for their welfare and other forms of life on the island.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Demographics of the Dominican Republic">Demographics of the Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics of Haiti</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FDBteatro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FDBteatro.jpg/220px-FDBteatro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FDBteatro.jpg/330px-FDBteatro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/FDBteatro.jpg/440px-FDBteatro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Peoples of the Dominican Republic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haitians_in_Port-de-Paix_await_distribution_of_relief_supplies_2010-01-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haitians_in_Port-de-Paix_await_distribution_of_relief_supplies_2010-01-15.jpg/220px-Haitians_in_Port-de-Paix_await_distribution_of_relief_supplies_2010-01-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haitians_in_Port-de-Paix_await_distribution_of_relief_supplies_2010-01-15.jpg/330px-Haitians_in_Port-de-Paix_await_distribution_of_relief_supplies_2010-01-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Haitians_in_Port-de-Paix_await_distribution_of_relief_supplies_2010-01-15.jpg/440px-Haitians_in_Port-de-Paix_await_distribution_of_relief_supplies_2010-01-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1252" /></a><figcaption>Peoples of Haiti in Port-de-Paix in Haiti</figcaption></figure> <p>Hispaniola is the most populous Caribbean island with a combined population of 23 million inhabitants as of July 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dominican Republic is a <a href="/wiki/Hispanophone" title="Hispanophone">Hispanophone</a> nation of approximately 11.3 million people. Spanish is spoken by essentially all Dominicans as a primary language. Roman Catholicism is the official and dominant <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">religion</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches and <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Dominican Republic">The Church of Jesus Christ</a> and minority religions such as African religions, Afro-American religions, <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vodou" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Vodou">Dominican Vodou</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Santeria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominican Santeria (page does not exist)">Dominican Santeria</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Congos_Del_Espiritu_Santo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Congos Del Espiritu Santo (page does not exist)">Congos Del Espiritu Santo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominican_Protestants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominican Protestants (page does not exist)">Dominican Protestants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostals">Pentecostals</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Islam in the Dominican Republic">Islam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a> and others also exist. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:People_of_Haitian_origin_in_the_Dominican_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/People_of_Haitian_origin_in_the_Dominican_Republic.png/220px-People_of_Haitian_origin_in_the_Dominican_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/People_of_Haitian_origin_in_the_Dominican_Republic.png/330px-People_of_Haitian_origin_in_the_Dominican_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/People_of_Haitian_origin_in_the_Dominican_Republic.png/440px-People_of_Haitian_origin_in_the_Dominican_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>People of Haitian origin in the Dominican Republic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_Population_Density,_2000_(5457621182).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haiti_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457621182%29.jpg/220px-Haiti_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457621182%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haiti_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457621182%29.jpg/330px-Haiti_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457621182%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Haiti_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457621182%29.jpg/440px-Haiti_Population_Density%2C_2000_%285457621182%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2506" data-file-height="3191" /></a><figcaption>Haiti Population Density, 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Haiti is a Creole-speaking nation of roughly 11.7 million people. Although French is spoken as a primary language by the educated and wealthy minority, virtually the entire population speaks <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a>, one of several French-derived creole languages. Roman Catholicism is the dominant <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">religion</a>, practiced by more than half the population, although in some cases in combination with <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> faith. Another 25% of the populace belong to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> churches.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_composition">Ethnic composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ethnic composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">People of the Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/People_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Haiti">People of Haiti</a></div> <p>The ethnic composition of the Dominican population is 73% mixed ethnicity,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 16% white and 11% black. Descendants of early Spanish settlers and of black slaves from West Africa constitute the two main racial strains. </p><p>The ethnic composition of Haiti is estimated to be 95% black and 5% white and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a>. </p><p>In recent times, Dominican and Puerto Rican researchers identified in the current Dominican population the presence of genes belonging to the aborigines of the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> (commonly called <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These genes also have been detected in Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Economy of Haiti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Economy of the Dominican Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GPD_per_capita_development_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/GPD_per_capita_development_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic.jpg/250px-GPD_per_capita_development_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/GPD_per_capita_development_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic.jpg/330px-GPD_per_capita_development_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/GPD_per_capita_development_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic.jpg/500px-GPD_per_capita_development_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development in the Dominican Republic and Haiti</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geologic_Map_Dominican_Republic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Geologic_Map_Dominican_Republic.png/290px-Geologic_Map_Dominican_Republic.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Geologic_Map_Dominican_Republic.png/435px-Geologic_Map_Dominican_Republic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Geologic_Map_Dominican_Republic.png/580px-Geologic_Map_Dominican_Republic.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Geologic_map" title="Geologic map">Geologic map</a> of Hispaniola. Mzb are <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibolite" title="Amphibolite">amphibolites</a> and associated <a href="/wiki/Metasediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Metasediment">metasedimentary</a> rocks, Ki are <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Pluton" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluton">plutons</a>, Kv are Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_rock" title="Volcanic rock">volcanic rocks</a>, uK are <a href="/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Cretaceous">Upper Cretaceous</a> marine <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a>, Ku are Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic rocks, K are Cretaceous marine strata, IT are <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene</a> marine strata, uT are Post-Eocene marine strata, T are <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a> marine strata, V are volcanic rocks, and Q are <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> <a href="/wiki/Alluvium" title="Alluvium">alluvium</a>. The black triangles indicate the Late Eocene Hatillo <a href="/wiki/Thrust_fault" title="Thrust fault">Thrust fault</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The island has the largest economy in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Antilles" title="Greater Antilles">Greater Antilles</a>; however, most of the economic development is found in the Dominican Republic, the Dominican economy being nearly 800% larger than the Haitian economy. As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the estimated <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">annual per capita income</a> is US$868 in Haiti and US$8,050 in the Dominican Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-usat201001_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usat201001-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The divergence between the level of economic development in Haiti and the Dominican Republic makes its border the highest contrast of all western land borders.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The island also has an economic history and current day interest and involvement in precious metals. In 1860, it was observed that the island contained a large supply of gold, which the early Spaniards had hardly developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Courtney_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Courtney-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1919, Condit and Ross noted that much of the island was covered by government granted concessions for mining different types of minerals. Besides gold, these minerals included silver, manganese, copper, magnetite, iron and nickel.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mining operations in 2016 have taken advantage of the <a href="/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit" title="Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit">volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits</a> around <a href="/wiki/Maim%C3%B3n" title="Maimón">Maimón</a>. To the northeast, the Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine was operated by state-owned Rosario Dominicana from 1975 until 1991. In 2009, Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation, formed by <a href="/wiki/Barrick_Gold" title="Barrick Gold">Barrick Gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goldcorp" title="Goldcorp">Goldcorp</a>, started <a href="/wiki/Open-pit_mining" title="Open-pit mining">open-pit mining</a> operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits. The mined ore is processed with <a href="/wiki/Gold_cyanidation" title="Gold cyanidation">gold cyanidation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sphalerite" title="Sphalerite">sphalerite</a> are the main <a href="/wiki/Sulfide_minerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide minerals">sulfide minerals</a> found in the 120-meter thick <a href="/wiki/Volcanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic">volcanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agglomerate" title="Agglomerate">agglomerates</a>, which constitute the world's second largest sulphidation gold deposit.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between <a href="/wiki/Bonao" title="Bonao">Bonao</a> and Maimón, <a href="/wiki/Falconbridge_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="Falconbridge Ltd.">Falconbridge Dominicana</a> has been mining <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a> <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterites</a> since 1971. The Cerro de Maimon copper/gold open-pit mine southeast of Maimón has been operated by Perilya since 2006. Copper is extracted from the sulfide ores, while gold and silver are extracted from both the sulfide and the oxide ores. Processing is via <a href="/wiki/Froth_flotation" title="Froth flotation">froth flotation</a> and cyanidation. The ore is located in the VMS <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a> Maimón <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">Formation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">Goethite</a> enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30-meter thick oxide cap. Below that cap is a <a href="/wiki/Supergene_(geology)" title="Supergene (geology)">supergene</a> zone containing pyrite, <a href="/wiki/Chalcopyrite" title="Chalcopyrite">chalcopyrite</a>, and sphalerite. Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_development">Human development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Human development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> regions by <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> as of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank</th> <th>Region</th> <th>2018 HDI</th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="color:#0e0; background-color:#444;">High human development </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>South Metro </td> <td>0.764 </td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Cibao North </td> <td>0.755</td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>North-East</td> <td>0.745</td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Valdesia</td> <td>0.744</td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Center </td> <td>0.737 </td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Yuma</td> <td>0.728</td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Enriquillo</td> <td>0.706</td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr style="background:#e6e6e6"> <th colspan="4" style="color:#fc0; background-color:#333;">Medium human development </th></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>El Valle</td> <td>0.697</td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>North-West</td> <td>0.694</td> <td>Dominican Republic </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" style="color:#900; background-color:#fff;">Low human development </th></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Ouest Metro</td> <td>0.535</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>North</td> <td>0.516</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>North-West</td> <td>0.493</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td>North-East </td> <td>0.492 </td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>South</td> <td>0.487</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>South-East</td> <td>0.481</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Grande-Anse</td> <td>0.471</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td>Artibonite</td> <td>0.469</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Centre</td> <td>0.454</td> <td>Haiti </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SantoDomingoedit.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Santo Domingo in South Metro"><img alt="Santo Domingo in South Metro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SantoDomingoedit.JPG/200px-SantoDomingoedit.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SantoDomingoedit.JPG/300px-SantoDomingoedit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SantoDomingoedit.JPG/400px-SantoDomingoedit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="1325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> in South Metro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Santiago de los Caballeros in Cibao North"><img alt="Santiago de los Caballeros in Cibao North" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG/200px-SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG/300px-SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG/400px-SantiagoCityDominicanRep.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1344" data-file-height="893" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_los_Caballeros" title="Santiago de los Caballeros">Santiago de los Caballeros</a> in Cibao North</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Port_au_prince-haiti.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Port-au-Prince in Ouest Metro"><img alt="Port-au-Prince in Ouest Metro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Port_au_prince-haiti.JPG/200px-Port_au_prince-haiti.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Port_au_prince-haiti.JPG/300px-Port_au_prince-haiti.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Port_au_prince-haiti.JPG/400px-Port_au_prince-haiti.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> in Ouest Metro</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cap Haitien in Nord"><img alt="Cap Haitien in Nord" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/200px-View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/300px-View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg/400px-View_of_Cap-Haitien.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cap_Haitien" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap Haitien">Cap Haitien</a> in Nord</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic" title="Portal:Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/32px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/48px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png/64px-Relief_Map_of_Caribbean.png 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="561" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Caribbean" title="Portal:Caribbean">Caribbean portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="France–Haiti relations">France–Haiti relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Spain relations">Dominican Republic–Spain relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Dominican Republic–Haiti border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History of Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History of the Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_relations" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti relations">Dominican Republic–Haiti relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Haiti" title="Geology of Haiti">Geology of Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geology of the Dominican Republic">Geology of the Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">History of the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_divided_islands" title="List of divided islands">List of divided islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispaniola&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DHispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/hispaniola">"Hispaniola"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hispaniola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Fhispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Hispaniola">"Hispaniola"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hispaniola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202094002/https://www.lexico.com/definition/hispaniola">"Hispaniola"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Hispaniola">the original</a> on December 2, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispaniola&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FHispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">La Española</i>; translation: <i>That That Is Spanish;</i> <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Hispaniola</i>; <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Creole language">Haitian Creole</a>: <i lang="ht">Ispayola</i>; <a href="/wiki/Taino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taino language">Taino</a>: <i lang="tnq">Ayiti or Quisqueya</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anghiera-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anghiera_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnglería1949" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Anglería, Pedro Mártir de (1949). <i>Décadas del Nuevo Mundo, Tercera Década, Libro VII</i> (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Editorial Bajel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9cadas+del+Nuevo+Mundo%2C+Tercera+D%C3%A9cada%2C+Libro+VII&rft.place=Buenos+Aires&rft.pub=Editorial+Bajel&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Angler%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Pedro+M%C3%A1rtir+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casas-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casas_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLas_Casas1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Las Casas, Fray Bartolomé de (1966). <i>Apologética Histórica Sumaria</i> (in Spanish). Mexico: UNAM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apolog%C3%A9tica+Hist%C3%B3rica+Sumaria&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pub=UNAM&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Las+Casas&rft.aufirst=Fray+Bartolom%C3%A9+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-embassy-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-embassy_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070524150608/http://www.domrep.org/gen_info.html">"Embassy of the Dominican Republic, in the United States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.domrep.org/gen_info.html">the original</a> on May 24, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 27,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embassy+of+the+Dominican+Republic%2C+in+the+United+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.domrep.org%2Fgen_info.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/">"Haiti"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. October 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Haiti&rft.date=2021-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fhaiti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies1953-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davies1953_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1953" class="citation journal cs1">Davies, Arthur (1953). "The Loss of the <i>Santa Maria</i> Christmas Day, 1492". <i>The American Historical Review</i>: <span class="nowrap">854–</span>865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F58.4.854">10.1086/ahr/58.4.854</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Loss+of+the+Santa+Maria+Christmas+Day%2C+1492&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E854-%3C%2Fspan%3E865&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F58.4.854&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaclean,_Frances2008" class="citation web cs1">Maclean, Frances (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/fort-of-columbus-200801.html">"The Lost Fort of Columbus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+Lost+Fort+of+Columbus&rft.date=2008-01&rft.au=Maclean%2C+Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2Ffort-of-columbus-200801.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSauer1966" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Carl Ortwin (1966). <i>The Early Spanish Main</i>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Spanish+Main&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E48&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ortwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeggus1997" class="citation journal cs1">Geggus, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002615">"The Naming of Haiti"</a>. <i>NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids</i>. <b>71</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">43–</span>68. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F13822373-90002615">10.1163/13822373-90002615</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1382-2373">1382-2373</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41849817">41849817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NWIG%3A+New+West+Indian+Guide+%2F+Nieuwe+West-Indische+Gids&rft.atitle=The+Naming+of+Haiti&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E68&rft.date=1997&rft.issn=1382-2373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41849817%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F13822373-90002615&rft.aulast=Geggus&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F13822373-90002615&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Quam protinus Hispanam dixi": <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/columbus.html">Epistola De Insulis Nuper Repertis</a> (Letter to Lord Raphael Sanchez, March 14, 1493).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McIntosh-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McIntosh_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcIntosh2000" class="citation book cs1">McIntosh, Gregory C (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wgRXuOWah7MC&q=Hispaniola+Espa%C3%B1ola&pg=PA88"><i>The Piri Reis Map of 1513</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_Press" title="University of Georgia Press">University of Georgia Press</a>. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2157-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-2157-8"><bdi>978-0-8203-2157-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Piri+Reis+Map+of+1513&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-2157-8&rft.aulast=McIntosh&rft.aufirst=Gregory+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwgRXuOWah7MC%26q%3DHispaniola%2BEspa%25C3%25B1ola%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1989" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Albert (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hL2JlqVLuP4C&q=names+of+hispaniola&pg=PA10"><i>The Butterflies of Hispaniola</i></a>. University of Florida Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0902-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-0902-5"><bdi>978-0-8130-0902-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Butterflies+of+Hispaniola&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-0902-5&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhL2JlqVLuP4C%26q%3Dnames%2Bof%2Bhispaniola%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastillo_Pantaleón2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Castillo Pantaleón, Juan Miguel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UcJBAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA328"><i>La Nacionalidad Dominicana</i></a> (in Spanish). Santo Domingo: Editora Nacional, Ministerio de Cultura. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9945-469-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9945-469-97-4"><bdi>978-9945-469-97-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Nacionalidad+Dominicana&rft.place=Santo+Domingo&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=Editora+Nacional%2C+Ministerio+de+Cultura&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9945-469-97-4&rft.aulast=Castillo+Pantale%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Juan+Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUcJBAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA328&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLancer" class="citation web cs1">Lancer, Jalisco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allempires.com/article/index.php?q=conflict_haiti_dominican">"The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic"</a>. <i>allempires.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. pp. 44, 50, <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58, 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbus+Dynasty+in+the+Caribbean%2C+1492%E2%80%931526&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pages=44%2C+50%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58%2C+74&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Floyd&rft.aufirst=Troy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pons-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pons_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPons1995" class="citation book cs1">Pons, Frank (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli00fran"><i>The Dominican Republic, A National History</i></a></span>. New Rochelle: Hispaniola Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dominicanrepubli00fran/page/33">33–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1885509014" title="Special:BookSources/1885509014"><bdi>1885509014</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dominican+Republic%2C+A+National+History&rft.place=New+Rochelle&rft.pages=33-37&rft.pub=Hispaniola+Books&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1885509014&rft.aulast=Pons&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdominicanrepubli00fran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHopkins2002" class="citation book cs1">Hopkins, Donald R. (September 15, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatestkillersm0000hopk/page/205"><i>The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greatestkillersm0000hopk/page/205">205</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35168-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-35168-1"><bdi>978-0-226-35168-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greatest+Killer%3A+Smallpox+in+History&rft.pages=205&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2002-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-35168-1&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreatestkillersm0000hopk%2Fpage%2F205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_smallpox.shtm">"History of Smallpox – Smallpox Through the Ages"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314150459/http://www.dshs.state.tx.us/preparedness/bt_public_history_smallpox.shtm">Archived</a> March 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Texas Department of State Health Services.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAustin_Alchon2003" class="citation book cs1">Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YiHHnV08ebkC&pg=PA62"><i>A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8263-2871-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8263-2871-7"><bdi>0-8263-2871-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+pest+in+the+land%3A+new+world+epidemics+in+a+global+perspective&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8263-2871-7&rft.aulast=Austin+Alchon&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYiHHnV08ebkC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S, Rosenbaum S. Alan. Is the Holocaust Unique?: Perspectives on Comparative Genocide. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2018. Page 302,313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStannard1993" class="citation web cs1">Stannard, David E. (October 14, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan">"American holocaust : the conquest of the New World"</a>. New York : Oxford University Press – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+holocaust+%3A+the+conquest+of+the+New+World&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993-10-14&rft.aulast=Stannard&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanholocaus00stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoshman2007" class="citation journal cs1">Moshman, David (May 15, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/15283480701326034">"Us and Them: Identity and Genocide"</a>. <i>Identity</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15283480701326034">10.1080/15283480701326034</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143561036">143561036</a> – via Taylor and Francis+NEJM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Identity&rft.atitle=Us+and+Them%3A+Identity+and+Genocide&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=2007-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15283480701326034&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143561036%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Moshman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F15283480701326034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Multiple sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThornton1987" class="citation book cs1">Thornton, Russel (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanindianho00thor_0"><i>American Indian holocaust and survival : a population history since 1492</i></a>. Norman: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma_Press" title="University of Oklahoma Press">University of Oklahoma Press</a>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2074-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-2074-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-2074-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+holocaust+and+survival+%3A+a+population+history+since+1492&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-2074-4&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.aufirst=Russel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanindianho00thor_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Churchill, Ward, <i>A Little Matter of Genocide: Holocaust and Denial in the Americas, 1492 to the Present</i>, City Lights, 1997, 381 pages, p. 86, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-323-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87286-323-1">978-0-87286-323-1</a></li> <li>Sheri P. Rosenberg, "Genocide Is a Process, Not an Event," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 16–23. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.16</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15283480701326034">David Moshman (2007) Us and Them: Identity and Genocide, Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7:2, p. 125, DOI: 10.1080/15283480701326034</a>,</li> <li>Alexander Laban Hinton, "Critical Genocide Studies," Genocide Studies and Prevention 7, 1 (April 2012): 4–15. © 2012 Genocide Studies and Prevention. doi: 10.3138/gsp.7.1.4, p. 11</li> <li>Keegan, William F., "Destruction of the Taino" in Archaeology. January/February 1992, pp. 51–56.</li> <li>Grenke, Arthur. God, greed, and genocide: The Holocaust through the centuries. New Academia Publishing, LLC, 2005. pp. 141–143, 200.</li> <li>Rosenbaum, Alan S. Is the Holocaust unique?: perspectives on comparative genocide. Routledge, 2018. p. 302.</li> <li>Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses, The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2010, p. 310.</li> <li>Norman M Naimark, Genocide a world history, OXFORD UNIVERSITY press, 2017, p. 39.</li> <li>Jones, Adam. 2006. Genocide: a comprehensive introduction. London: Routledge. pp. 108–111.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sugar Cane: Past and Present, Peter Sharpe <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518084734/http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/sugar.htm">"Ethnobotanical Leaflets"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/sugar.htm">the original</a> on May 18, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnobotanical+Leaflets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siu.edu%2F~ebl%2Fleaflets%2Fsugar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Williams" title="Eric Williams">Williams, Eric</a> (1984) [1970]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolumbustoca00wil_gvb"><i>From Columbus to Castro: The History of the Caribbean</i></a></span>. Vintage. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromcolumbustoca00wil_gvb/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71502-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71502-0"><bdi>0-394-71502-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Columbus+to+Castro%3A+The+History+of+the+Caribbean&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-394-71502-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromcolumbustoca00wil_gvb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter Four: Tortuga: 1655-1664". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepirateking.com/books/books_buccaneersintewestindies_ch04.htm"><i>THE BUCCANEERS IN THE WEST INDIES IN THE XVII CENTURY</i></a> – via www.thepirateking.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Four%3A+Tortuga%3A+1655-1664&rft.btitle=THE+BUCCANEERS+IN+THE+WEST+INDIES+IN+THE+XVII+CENTURY&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepirateking.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooks_buccaneersintewestindies_ch04.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/266962/Hispaniola">"Hispaniola Article"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hispaniola+Article&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F266962%2FHispaniola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cardiostart.org/blog/">"Dominican Republic 2014"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2008) <i>Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection</i>. pp. 184–213. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226675831" title="Special:BookSources/0226675831">0226675831</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bollet_2004-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bollet_2004_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBollet2004" class="citation book cs1">Bollet, A.J. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plaguespoxesimpa00boll/page/48"><i>Plagues and Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease</i></a></span>. Demos Medical Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plaguespoxesimpa00boll/page/48">48–49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-888799-79-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-888799-79-X"><bdi>1-888799-79-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plagues+and+Poxes%3A+The+Impact+of+Human+History+on+Epidemic+Disease&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Demos+Medical+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-888799-79-X&rft.aulast=Bollet&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaguespoxesimpa00boll%2Fpage%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-natural-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natural_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-natural_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diamond, Jared M. and Robinson, James A. (2011) <i>Natural Experiments of History</i>. pp. 126–128. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674060197" title="Special:BookSources/9780674060197">9780674060197</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/dominican-republic/">"The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency"</a>. <i>cia.gov</i>. November 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%94+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2021-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fdominican-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ojala-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ojala_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ojala.do/ciencia-y-tecnologia/el-pico-duarte-es-apenas-4-metros-mas-alto-que-la-pelona">"El Pico Duarte es apenas 4 metros más alto que La Pelona"</a> (in Spanish). ojala.do. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=El+Pico+Duarte+es+apenas+4+metros+m%C3%A1s+alto+que+La+Pelona&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fojala.do%2Fciencia-y-tecnologia%2Fel-pico-duarte-es-apenas-4-metros-mas-alto-que-la-pelona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowin-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowin_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowin_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowin_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBowin1975" class="citation book cs1">Bowin, Carl (1975). Nairn, Alan; Stehli, Francis (eds.). <i>The Geology of Hispaniola, in The Ocean Basins and Margins</i>. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. p. 503. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468485370" title="Special:BookSources/9781468485370"><bdi>9781468485370</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geology+of+Hispaniola%2C+in+The+Ocean+Basins+and+Margins&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=503&rft.pub=Springer+Science%2BBusiness+Media%2C+LLC&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9781468485370&rft.aulast=Bowin&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/nt0903">"Caribbean: Island of Hispaniola | Ecoregions | WWF"</a>. <i>World Wildlife Fund</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Washington: United States Geological Survey. p. 228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Geology%2C+Chapter+X%2C+in+A+Geological+Reconnaissance+of+the+Dominican+Republic&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Condit&rft.aufirst=D.+Dale&rft.au=Ross%2C+Clyde+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mining-technology.com/projects/pueblo-viejo-gold-mine/">"Pueblo Viejo Gold Mine, Dominican Republic"</a>. mining-technology.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pueblo+Viejo+Gold+Mine%2C+Dominican+Republic&rft.pub=mining-technology.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mining-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fpueblo-viejo-gold-mine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perilya.com.au/our-business/operations/cerro-de-maimon">"Cerro de Maimon"</a>. Perilya.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cerro+de+Maimon&rft.pub=Perilya.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perilya.com.au%2Four-business%2Foperations%2Fcerro-de-maimon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/">"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab"</a>. <i>hdi.globaldatalab.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdi.globaldatalab.org&rft.atitle=Sub-national+HDI+-+Area+Database+-+Global+Data+Lab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHispaniola" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Altman" title="Ida Altman">Altman, Ida</a>. <i>Life and Society in the Early Caribbean: The Greater Antilles, 1493–1550</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-7578-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-7578-1">978-0-8071-7578-1</a>.</li> <li>Altman, Ida and David Wheat, eds. <i>The Spanish Caribbean & the Atlantic World in the Long Sixteenth Century</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 2019.</li> <li>Deagan, Kathleen and José María Cruxent. <i>Columbus's Outpost Among the Taínos</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press 2002.</li> <li>Floyd, Troy S. <i>The Columbus Dynasty in the Caribbean, 1492–1526</i>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1973.</li> <li>Livi-Bacci, Maximo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://read.dukeupress.edu/hahr/article-abstract/83/1/3/26855/Return-to-Hispaniola-Reassessing-a-Demographic">"Return to Hispaniola: Assessing a Demographic Catastrophe"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_American_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic American Historical Review">Hispanic American Historical Review</a></i> 83, no. 1 (2003): 3–51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182168-83-1-3">10.1215/00182168-83-1-3</a>.</li> <li>Rodríguez Morel, Genaro. "The Sugar Economy of Española in the Sixteenth Century" in <i>Tropical Bablyons: Sugar and the Making of the Atlantic World. 1450–1680</i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz" title="Stuart B. Schwartz">Stuart B. Schwartz</a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press 2004.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_O._Sauer" title="Carl O. Sauer">Sauer, Carl O</a>. <i>The Early Spanish Main</i>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1966.</li> <li>Tibesar, Antonine S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/americas/article/abs/franciscan-province-of-the-holy-cross-of-espanola-15051559/45B555EAD2FC005BF7C3E568357B444C">"The Franciscan Province of the Holy Cross of Española, 1505–1559"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="The Americas">The Americas</a></i> 13, no. 4 (1957).</li> <li>Wilson, Samuel M. <i>Hispaniola: Caribbean Chiefdoms in the Age of Columbus</i>. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press 1990.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hispaniola&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hispaniola" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hispaniola">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hispaniola" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Hispaniola">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Hayti" class="extiw" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Hayti">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hispaniola" class="extiw" title="voy:Hispaniola">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25277" class="extiw" title="d:Q25277">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/4395">Map of the Islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico</a> from 1639</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/collections/sir-francis-drake/">The Kraus Collection of Sir Francis Drake</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> contains primary materials on Hispaniola.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output 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title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Dominican Republic">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Cacicazgo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devastations_of_Osorio" title="Devastations of Osorio">Devastations of Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maroons#Dominican_Republic" title="Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Era de Francia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_reconquest_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Spanish reconquest of Santo Domingo">Spanish reconquest</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Espa%C3%B1a_Boba" title="España Boba">España Boba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Spanish_Haiti" title="Republic of Spanish Haiti">Spanish Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Hispaniola" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification of Hispaniola">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Trinitaria_(Dominican_Republic)" title="La Trinitaria (Dominican Republic)">La Trinitaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_War_of_Independence" title="Dominican War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic">Spanish occupation 1861–1865</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Restoration_War" title="Dominican Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_(1916%E2%80%931924)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States occupation of the Dominican Republic (1916–1924)">U.S. occupation 1916–1924</a></li> <li>Trujillo Era (<a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Rafael</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9ctor_Trujillo" title="Héctor Trujillo">Héctor Trujillo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley_massacre" title="Parsley massacre">Parsley massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Civil_War" title="Dominican Civil War">Dominican Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOMREP" title="DOMREP">DOMREP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Dominican Republic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="336" data-file-height="336" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Geography of the Dominican Republic">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of cities in the Dominican Republic">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Colonial_(Santo_Domingo)" title="Ciudad Colonial (Santo Domingo)">Ciudad Colonial</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of islands of the Dominican Republic">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_the_Caribbean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain peaks of the Caribbean">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of municipalities of the Dominican Republic">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of national parks of the Dominican Republic">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Provinces of the Dominican Republic">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geographic_Regions_of_the_Dominican_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geographic Regions of the Dominican Republic (page does not exist)">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of rivers of the Dominican Republic">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fauna_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Fauna of the Dominican Republic">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Cabinet of the Dominican Republic">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Congress of the Dominican Republic">Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Senate of the Dominican Republic">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Dominican_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies (Dominican Republic)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Constitution of the Dominican Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Elections in the Dominican Republic">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Dominican Republic">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Human rights in the Dominican Republic">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="LGBTQ rights in the Dominican Republic">LGBTQ rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Law of the Dominican Republic">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_National_Police" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican National Police">enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Dominican Republic">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Politics of the Dominican Republic">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of political parties in the Dominican Republic">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Dominican Republic">President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Economy of the Dominican Republic">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_peso" title="Dominican peso">Peso <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of banks in the Dominican Republic">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Central Bank of the Dominican Republic">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="List of companies of the Dominican Republic">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electricity_sector_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Electricity sector in the Dominican Republic">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Tourism in the Dominican Republic">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Transport in the Dominican Republic">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Dominican Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Crime in the Dominican Republic">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Demographics of the Dominican Republic">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Education in the Dominican Republic">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Health in the Dominican Republic">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Spanish" title="Dominican Spanish">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Public holidays in the Dominican Republic">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Dominican Republic">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Culture of the Dominican Republic">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="National Anthem of the Dominican Republic">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_art" title="Dominican art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Dominican_Republic_films" title="List of Dominican Republic films">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Coat of arms of the Dominican Republic">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Flag of the Dominican Republic">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_literature" title="Dominican Republic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Music of the Dominican Republic">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="People of the Dominican Republic">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="LGBTQ people in the Dominican Republic">LGBTQ people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Dominican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in the Dominican Republic">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Outline of the Dominican Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Dominican Republic–related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dominican_Republic" title="Category:Dominican Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dominican_Republic" title="Portal:Dominican Republic">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Haiti_articles552" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Haiti_topics" title="Template talk:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Haiti topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Haiti_articles552" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti" title="History of Haiti">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Haitian_history" title="Timeline of Haitian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiefdoms_of_Hispaniola" title="Chiefdoms of Hispaniola">Taíno chiefdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Captaincy General of Santo Domingo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Santo_Domingo" title="List of colonial governors of Santo Domingo">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Maroons" class="mw-redirect" title="Haitian Maroons">Maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Saint-Domingue" title="List of colonial governors of Saint-Domingue">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Haiti" title="Slavery in Haiti">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Jeune_Case" title="Le Jeune Case">Le Jeune Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_Haiti_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="1804 Haiti massacre">1804 massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">First Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Haiti" title="State of Haiti">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">Kingdom</a></li> <li>Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1806%E2%80%931820)" title="Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)">1806–1820</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1820%E2%80%931849)" title="Republic of Haiti (1820–1849)">1820–1849</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_occupation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Haitian occupation of Santo Domingo">Unification of Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Second Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Haiti_(1859%E2%80%931957)" title="Republic of Haiti (1859–1957)">Post-imperial Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duvalier_family" title="Duvalier family">Duvalier family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Duvalier_protest_movement" title="Anti-Duvalier protest movement">Anti-Duvalier protest movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1991 Haitian coup d'état">1991 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Haitian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2004 Haitian coup d'état">2004 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s cholera outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Matthew_in_Haiti" title="Effects of Hurricane Matthew in Haiti">Hurricane Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_crisis_(2018%E2%80%93present)" title="Haitian crisis (2018–present)">Crisis (2018–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gang_war_in_Haiti" title="Gang war in Haiti">Gang war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Haitian crisis">2022 crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Haiti" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Haiti">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Haiti_earthquake" title="2021 Haiti earthquake">2021 earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Haiti" title="List of massacres in Haiti">List of massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_coups_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_Haiti" title="List of revolutions and coups d'état in Haiti">List of revolutions and coups d'état</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Haiti" title="Geography of Haiti">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Haiti" title="Administrative divisions of Haiti">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrondissements_of_Haiti" title="Arrondissements of Haiti">Arrondissements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_border" title="Dominican Republic–Haiti border">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Haiti" title="List of cities in Haiti">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Haiti" title="List of earthquakes in Haiti">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Haiti" title="Environment of Haiti">Environment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Haiti" title="List of islands of Haiti">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Haiti" title="List of national parks of Haiti">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Haiti" title="List of rivers of Haiti">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Haiti" title="Wildlife of Haiti">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Caribbean" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Caribbean">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Haiti" title="Politics of Haiti">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Haiti" title="Constitution of Haiti">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Haiti" title="Elections in Haiti">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Haiti" title="Foreign relations of Haiti">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Haiti" title="Government of Haiti">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Haiti" title="Human rights in Haiti">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Haiti">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Haiti" title="Law enforcement in Haiti">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="Armed Forces of Haiti">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commanders-in-chief_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_Haiti" title="List of commanders-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Haiti">Commanders-in-chief</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Haiti)" title="National Assembly (Haiti)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Haiti)" title="Senate (Haiti)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Haiti)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Haiti)">Chamber of Deputies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties in Haiti">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Haiti" title="List of heads of state of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Haiti" title="List of prime ministers of Haiti">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Haiti" title="Supreme Court of Haiti">Supreme Court</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Haiti" title="Economy of Haiti">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Haiti" title="Agriculture in Haiti">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Haiti" title="Bank of the Republic of Haiti">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_debt_of_Haiti" title="External debt of Haiti">External debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_Haiti" title="Foreign aid to Haiti">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_gourde" title="Haitian gourde">Gourde <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Haiti" title="Poverty in Haiti">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Haiti" title="Tourism in Haiti">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Haiti" title="Transport in Haiti">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Haiti" title="Category:Society of Haiti">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Haiti" title="Crime in Haiti">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Haiti" title="Demographics of Haiti">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Haiti" title="Education in Haiti">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Haiti" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Haiti">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Haiti" title="Health in Haiti">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Haitians" title="List of Haitians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Haiti" title="Social class in Haiti">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Haiti" title="Squatting in Haiti">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Haiti" title="Water supply and sanitation in Haiti">Water and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Haiti" title="Culture of Haiti">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_art" title="Haitian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Haiti" title="Coat of arms of Haiti">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Haiti" title="Cinema of Haiti">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_Laferri%C3%A8re" title="Citadelle Laferrière">Citadelle Laferrière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Haiti" title="Flag of Haiti">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Haiti">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Creole" title="Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_French" title="Haitian French">Haitian French</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_literature" title="Haitian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Haiti" title="Mass media in Haiti">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti" title="Music of Haiti">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_mythology" title="Haitian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Dessalinienne" title="La Dessalinienne">National anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sans-Souci_Palace" title="Sans-Souci Palace">Sans-Souci Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Haiti" title="Public holidays in Haiti">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Haiti" title="Television in Haiti">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Marron_Inconnu" title="Le Marron Inconnu">The Unknown Maroon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Haiti" title="Outline of Haiti">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Haiti-related_articles" title="Index of Haiti-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Haiti" title="Category:Haiti">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Haiti" title="Portal:Haiti">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1266661725" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World&#039;s_largest_islands193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Template talk:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World%27s_largest_islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World's largest islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World&#039;s_largest_islands193" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_area" title="List of islands by area">World's largest islands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">100,000 km<sup>2</sup><br />(38,610 sq mi) and greater</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Greenland" title="Geography of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Madagascar" title="Geography of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Island" title="Baffin Island">Baffin Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Island" title="Victoria Island">Victoria Island</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellesmere_Island" title="Ellesmere Island">Ellesmere Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Cuba" title="Geography of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iceland" title="Geography of Iceland">Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/40px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg/60px-Ic%C3%B4ne_Ile.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islands" title="Portal:Islands">Islands portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000–99,999 km<sup>2</sup><br />(7,722–38,610 sq mi)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hispaniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Geography of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Tasmania" title="Geography of Tasmania">Tasmania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon_Island" title="Devon Island">Devon Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severny_Island" title="Severny Island">Severny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isla_Grande_de_Tierra_del_Fuego" title="Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego">Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_Heiberg_Island" title="Axel Heiberg Island">Axel Heiberg Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melville_Island_(Northwest_Territories_and_Nunavut)" title="Melville Island (Northwest Territories and Nunavut)">Melville Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton_Island" title="Southampton Island">Southampton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spitsbergen" title="Spitsbergen">Spitsbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Prince of Wales Island (Nunavut)">Prince of Wales Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuzhny_Island" title="Yuzhny Island">Yuzhny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan#Geography" title="Hainan">Hainan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicily#Geography" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset_Island_(Nunavut)" title="Somerset Island (Nunavut)">Somerset Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotelny_Island" title="Kotelny Island">Kotelny Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Geography" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bananal_Island" title="Bananal Island">Bananal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25277#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata851" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4094983-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Hispaniola (Velké Antily : ostrov)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge633597&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027233472">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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