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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fauna and flora</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fauna and flora subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fauna_and_flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_crocodiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_crocodiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>American crocodiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_crocodiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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</div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Étang Saumâtre</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Saumâtre – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_del_Fondo" title="Laguna del Fondo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laguna del Fondo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etan_Somat" title="Etan Somat – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etan Somat" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatra_ezers" title="Somatra ezers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Somatra ezers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatro_e%C5%BEeras" title="Somatro ežeras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Somatro ežeras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80" title="Соматр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Соматр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre" title="Étang Saumâtre – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Étang Saumâtre" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E9%A6%AC%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E6%B9%96" title="索馬特爾湖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="索馬特爾湖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2722327#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&params=18_35_51_N_72_00_53_W_type:waterbody_region:HT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°35′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°00′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.59750°N 72.01472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.59750; -72.01472</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Etang_Saumatre&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Etang Saumatre">Etang Saumatre</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Salt lake in Plaine du Cul-de-Sac</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Étang Saumâtre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:07-05-11Haiti%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/07-05-11Haiti%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg/330px-07-05-11Haiti%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg" decoding="async" width="264" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/07-05-11Haiti%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg/500px-07-05-11Haiti%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/07-05-11Haiti%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg/960px-07-05-11Haiti%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="630" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Étang Saumâtre<br />Lac Azuéi</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Haiti_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Étang Saumâtre is located in Haiti"><img alt="Étang Saumâtre is located in Haiti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Haiti_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Haiti_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Haiti_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Haiti_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Haiti_relief_location_map.jpg/960px-Haiti_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.674%;left:83.396%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Étang Saumâtre"><img alt="Étang Saumâtre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>Étang Saumâtre</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etang_Saumatre_NASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Etang_Saumatre_NASA.jpg/330px-Etang_Saumatre_NASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Etang_Saumatre_NASA.jpg/500px-Etang_Saumatre_NASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Etang_Saumatre_NASA.jpg/960px-Etang_Saumatre_NASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="702" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">View from space</div></td></tr><tr class="adr"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data region">Plaine du Cul-de-Sac</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&params=18_35_51_N_72_00_53_W_type:waterbody_region:HT"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°35′51″N</span> <span class="longitude">72°00′53″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.59750°N 72.01472°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.59750; -72.01472</span></span></span></a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lake#Types_of_lakes" title="Lake">Lake type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">Salt lake</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Inflow_(hydrology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflow (hydrology)"><span title="Primary inflows: rivers, streams, precipitation">Primary inflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Small streams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)"><span title="Primary outflows: rivers, streams, evaporation">Primary outflows</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data">Land locked</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/40px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Haiti.svg/60px-Flag_of_Haiti.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Dominican_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. length</th><td class="infobox-data">22 km (14 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. width</th><td class="infobox-data">12 km (7.5 mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_by_area" title="List of lakes by area">Surface area</a></th><td class="infobox-data">170 km<sup>2</sup> (66 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface elevation</th><td class="infobox-data">15 m (49 ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settlements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiman%C3%AD" title="Jimaní">Jimaní</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Étang Saumâtre</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Laguna del Fondo</i>), (English: <i><a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a> <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">pond</a></i>) is the largest <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a> It is also known as <b>Lake Azuéi</b> (<i>Lac Azuéi</i>); its <a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Taíno people">Taíno</a> name was <i>Yainagua</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike its hypersaline neighbor, Étang Saumâtre is a brackish water lake. It lies 22 kilometres (14 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> on the fertile <a href="/wiki/Plaine_du_Cul-de-Sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Plaine du Cul-de-Sac">Plaine du Cul-de-Sac</a>. The lake supports over 100 species of <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_flamingo" title="American flamingo">American flamingos</a> (<i>Phoenicopterus ruber</i>), <a href="/wiki/American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodiles</a> (<i>Crocodylus acutus</i>), and several other fauna found nowhere else in Haiti. The color of the lake is an intense shade of blue, and it is skirted by brush and <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Étang Saumâtre is located on the <a href="/wiki/Arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Arid">arid</a> part of the valley Cul-de-Sac, 29 kilometres (18 mi) east of <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ouest_(department)" title="Ouest (department)">Ouest</a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Haiti" title="Departments of Haiti">department</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-colloque_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colloque-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its eastern side is part of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic; the Dominican city of <a href="/wiki/Jiman%C3%AD" title="Jimaní">Jimaní</a> is less than 1 km from the southeast end of the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Etang_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg/250px-Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg/330px-Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg/500px-Etang_Saum%C3%A2tre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Beach view of Étang Saumâtre</figcaption></figure> <p>The lake itself is part of a chain of nearby saline lakes that lie within the valley known as the Cul-de-Sac Depression in Haiti and the Hoya de Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic. Because the region was a former marine <a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">strait</a>, several areas of the valley are below sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the lake created in a depression is 16 kilometres (9.9 mi) long and 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) wide.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Étang Saumâtre is landlocked, as it has no surface outlet. It is fed by springs emanating from calcareous rocks. The western part of the lake has slightly saline water, while the eastern part has fresh water.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hispaniola_border_road.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hispaniola_border_road.jpg/250px-Hispaniola_border_road.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hispaniola_border_road.jpg/330px-Hispaniola_border_road.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hispaniola_border_road.jpg/500px-Hispaniola_border_road.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Hispaniola border road</figcaption></figure> <p>The lake has a length, from northwest to southeast, of 22 kilometres (14 mi); its maximum <a href="/wiki/Width" class="mw-redirect" title="Width">width</a> is 12 kilometres (7.5 mi). The total area is 170 km<sup>2</sup> (66 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-colloque_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colloque-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lake water has an elevation of 15 metres (49 ft) with maximum water depth being 30 metres (98 ft). A sandy shore, shallow lagoons and mudflats form the eastern shore line, while the western shores have small fresh water springs and marshes. The eastern shore is state-owned, but parts of the western side of the lake are privately owned. Salinity of the lake water is now reported as 15‰ (parts per thousand). Lake water fluctuations are minimal, at about 50 centimetres (20 in), except during the drought period, when the water level could go down by 2 metres (6.6 ft). Conversely, the water level rises about 2 metres (6.6 ft) above the average during heavy rainfall years.<sup id="cite_ref-Etang_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The present assessment is that the level of the lake has been rising in recent years, forcing Haitians who live in plantation residential areas ("bateyes") around the edge of the lake to seek higher ground.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another inference drawn by a comparison between the two lakes – Azuéi and Enriquillo – which are in the same area and have the same origin is that though they are considered "twins," they are two dissimilar bodies of water. Azuéi has a stable shore line, its waters are azure blue in colour, salinity level is low (11‰) and its surface area is relatively stable. However, Enriquillo's water looks white-greyish in colour, its salinity levels are very high (they have risen from 36‰ to 110‰) and current water surface area (160 km<sup>2</sup> (62 sq mi) compares to 280 km<sup>2</sup> (110 sq mi) in 1968. The climatic conditions for both lakes are similar (low rainfall in the range of 500–1,000 millimetres (20–39 in)), within similar geological setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azuéi's <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> is about one fifth (1/5) the salinity of sea water.<sup id="cite_ref-colloque_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colloque-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few small rivers flow into the lake.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fauna_and_flora">Fauna and flora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fauna and flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lake and its surrounding land are habitat for flora and fauna of several endemic species, including <a href="/wiki/Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect" title="Invertebrates">invertebrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishes">fishes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reptiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Reptiles">reptiles</a>. This endemism is also common to the twin lakes, due to proximity and common history.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trachemys_decorata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Trachemys_decorata.jpg/220px-Trachemys_decorata.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Trachemys_decorata.jpg/330px-Trachemys_decorata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Trachemys_decorata.jpg/440px-Trachemys_decorata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_slider" title="Hispaniolan slider">Hispaniolan slider</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The lake supports over 100 species of <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a> (including flamingos), as well as American crocodiles; freshwater species of <a href="/wiki/Turtle" title="Turtle">turtle</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_slider" title="Hispaniolan slider">Hispaniolan slider</a> (<i>Trachemys decorata</i>) and other reptiles, such as the <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros_iguana" title="Rhinoceros iguana">rhinoceros iguana</a> (<i>Cyclura cornuta</i>). Some fishes, such as <a href="/wiki/Tilapia" title="Tilapia">tilapia</a>, are also found. Its recognized importance is as a breeding, passage and wintering area for numerous bird species: as many as 300–400 breeding pairs of wading birds in the <a href="/wiki/Ciconiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciconiiformes">Ciconiiformes</a> can be found in the eastern zone of the lagoon.<sup id="cite_ref-Etang_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Important avian raptor species of the lake include the <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a> (<i>Pandion haliaetus</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_crocodiles">American crocodiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: American crocodiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American crocodiles are found in the lake, and have instilled fear among the local community. It is one factor responsible for the poor development of the lake as an <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> project.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Extensive studies have been reported on this species of crocodile, as opposed to the Central American <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_moreletii" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylus moreletii">Crocodylus moreletii</a></i> and the South American <i><a href="/wiki/Crocodylus_intermedius" class="mw-redirect" title="Crocodylus intermedius">Crocodylus intermedius</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg/250px-Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg/330px-Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg/500px-Crocodylus_acutus_mexico_02-edit1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2201" data-file-height="1651" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/American_crocodile" title="American crocodile">American crocodile</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>C. acutus</i> is widely distributed in the coastal regions of the <a href="/wiki/Neotropics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropics">Neotropics</a>; however, it is assumed to be surviving on the island of Hispaniola only in the saltwater lakes of Étang Saumâtre and Enriquillo. In 1984, there were estimated to be more than 400 individuals in and around Étang Saumâtre. It is also reported that this population is nearing <a href="/wiki/Local_extinction" title="Local extinction">extirpation</a>, due to excessive hunting and poaching.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American crocodiles generally achieve a length of 4 metres (13 ft), though 6.25 metres (20.5 ft) long or 7 metres (23 ft) long specimens have been reported in Étang Saumâtre. The lake is known for the high concentration of crocodiles at 9.6/km in certain zones, with average density of 6.3/km for all crocodile size classes. The density varies in its habitat zones, over a distance of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) and 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi) length from the shore line. In the rocky shores, the density was reported to be 0.2/km. However, from 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) from the shore line called the <a href="/wiki/Conocarpus" title="Conocarpus">conocarpus</a> fringe, the density was recorded as 14.5/km. They grow in size up to the age of 2 years when their size is in the range of 0.9–1.8 metres (3.0–5.9 ft). They are found in shallow water zones also and feed on <a href="/wiki/Cichlid" title="Cichlid">cichlids</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Nandopsis" title="Nandopsis">Nandopsis haitiensis</a></i>). They remain mostly at the bottom of the lake and during bird nesting season they are found around a heron rookery to catch falling eggs of birds. Their foraging techniques vary from an active to a passive mode, and they forage on non-aquatic invertebrates and also <a href="/wiki/Odonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Odonate">odonate</a> <a href="/wiki/Larvae" class="mw-redirect" title="Larvae">larvae</a>. Birds and fish (Cichilidae) are the common items of their diet. Adults also eat domestic animals such as dogs and goats, and turtles. They nest in a 6.6 kilometres (4.1 mi) stretch within a range of 7–47 metres (23–154 ft) from the shoreline, of the uninhabited eastern lake shore, near charcoal-making sites and in coralliferous <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> outcrops.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IUCN_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IUCN-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aquatic_fauna">Aquatic fauna</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aquatic fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquatic fauna of the lake consists of small <a href="/wiki/Poeciliidae" title="Poeciliidae">Poeciliidae</a> (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Gambusia_dominicensis" title="Gambusia dominicensis">Gambusia dominicensis</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Limia_melanonotata" title="Limia melanonotata">Limia melanonotata</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Limia_nigrofasciata" class="mw-redirect" title="Limia nigrofasciata">Limia nigrofasciata</a></i>) and cichlids (<i>Nandopsis haitiensis</i>). In the past, 17,000 <a href="/wiki/Mirror_carp" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirror carp">mirror carp</a> <a href="/wiki/Fingerling_(fish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fingerling (fish)">fingerlings</a> and 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Mozambique_tilapia" title="Mozambique tilapia"><i>Tilapia mossambica</i></a> fingerlings (a figure of 6,000 is also mentioned) were reportedly introduced to the lake. Fish productivity figures of the lake are not available. However, the actual catches are reported to be small, as fishing is done only on a small scale. Boats do not ply the lagoon; fishing methods are primitive and no nets are used. Ducks are hunted for food as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Etang_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lake is in the region of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniolan_dry_forests" title="Hispaniolan dry forests">dry subtropical forest</a> and hence the <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a> around the lake is sparse, with cacti and scrub-type <a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">shrubs</a>. Typical vegetation consists of dry-forest plants endemic to the island of <a href="/wiki/Hispaniola" title="Hispaniola">Hispaniola</a>. They include trees, shrubs and cacti: caguey (<a href="/wiki/Leptocereus" title="Leptocereus"><i>Leptocereus paniculatus</i></a>), melon espinoso (<i><a href="/wiki/Melocactus_lemairei" title="Melocactus lemairei">Melocactus lemairei</a></i>), palo blanco (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Croton_species" title="List of Croton species">Croton poitaei</a></i>), pitahaya (<i><a href="/wiki/Harrisia_(plant)" title="Harrisia (plant)">Harrisia nashii</a></i>) and oreganillo (<i><a href="/wiki/Lantana" title="Lantana">Lantana cifferiana</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Etang_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The lagoon itself has several species of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. In the fringes of the lake, <i><a href="/wiki/Conocarpus_erectus" title="Conocarpus erectus">Conocarpus erectus</a></i> are reported and <i><a href="/wiki/Typha_domingensis" title="Typha domingensis">Typha domingensis</a></i> are seen in the marshy region and fresh water streams and canals that have inlet into the lake. The lake has <a href="/wiki/Halophytic" class="mw-redirect" title="Halophytic">halophytic</a> algae laid out as mattresses growing on its lake bed. Buttonwood <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a> trees have large growth in the periphery of the lake. These are felled extensively to make <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Etang_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etang-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_the_lake">Threats to the lake</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Threats to the lake"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Deforestation</a> and soil erosion have occurred and are occurring in the catchment of Lake Azuéi. Its water level has remained relatively stable. Increased levels of <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a> in the form of increased growth of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> have been noted due to urban growth which is chiefly in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fonds_Parisien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fonds Parisien (page does not exist)">Fonds Parisien</a>. During heavy afternoon winds deposit periodically dropped or dumped plastics from the shore. Publicly taxed waste disposal and management rarely operate around the lake, an area which also has little law enforcement of minor littering.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conservation_measures">Conservation measures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conservation measures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Haiti and the Dominican Republic and many international agencies are aware of the status of the two water bodies and the catchments drained by them. While Lago Enriquillo in the Dominican Republic has become the first Dominican <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Site">Ramsar Site</a> and is also a national park since 1996, its twin lake, Etang Saumâtre has only been studied and is yet to receive the constructive attention for conservation of its American crocodiles and to promote ecotourism in general. However, a transboundary environmental program covering the watershed of the two lakes has been identified by the two governments to jointly initiate measures to improve the condition of the lakes and their respective catchments. This team, with professionals drawn from both countries, and with financial support from the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, could ensure that steps are taken to “create wise use practices for both lakes and their corresponding watersheds”.<sup id="cite_ref-Azuei_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azuei-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89tang_Saum%C3%A2tre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201104063416/http://www.geonames.org/3717428/etang-saumatre.html">"Étang Saumâtre"</a>. <i>GeoNames</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lago+Enriquillo+and+Lac+Azu%C3%A9i%2C+Dominican+Republic+and+Haiti&rft.pub=Global+Nature+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalnature.org%2F19639%2FLiving-Lakes%2FAmerica%2FEnriquillo-Azu%C3%A9i%2F02_vorlage.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%89tang+Saum%C3%A2tre" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/news/earthview-%E2%80%93-lake-levels-hispaniola-rise-dramatically">"EarthView – Lake Levels in Hispaniola Rise Dramatically"</a>. <i>www.usgs.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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IUCN. pp. 228, 240, <span class="nowrap">249–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-88032-987-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-88032-987-6"><bdi>2-88032-987-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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