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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History and organization of the Early Church</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_organization_of_the_Early_Church-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and organization of the Early Church subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_organization_of_the_Early_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_and_characteristics_of_the_first_cathedrals_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_characteristics_of_the_first_cathedrals_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins and characteristics of the first cathedrals in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_characteristics_of_the_first_cathedrals_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buildings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basilicas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basilicas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Basilicas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basilicas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptisteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptisteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Baptisteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptisteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Episcopium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Episcopium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Episcopium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Episcopium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bishop's_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishop's_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Bishop's share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishop's_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Clergy share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fabric_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Fabric share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabric_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charitable_share" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charitable_share"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Charitable share</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charitable_share-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Personnel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bishops" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishops"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Bishops</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishops-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Priests_and_archpriests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Priests_and_archpriests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Priests and archpriests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Priests_and_archpriests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deacons,_subdeacons_and_archdeacons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deacons,_subdeacons_and_archdeacons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.3</span> <span>Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deacons,_subdeacons_and_archdeacons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doorkeepers,_exorcists,_lectors,_acolytes_and_primicerius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doorkeepers,_exorcists,_lectors,_acolytes_and_primicerius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.4</span> <span>Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doorkeepers,_exorcists,_lectors,_acolytes_and_primicerius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women's_orders:_virgins,_widows_and_deaconesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women's_orders:_virgins,_widows_and_deaconesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.5</span> <span>Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women's_orders:_virgins,_widows_and_deaconesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cathedral_churches_since_800_AD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cathedral_churches_since_800_AD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cathedral churches since 800 AD</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cathedral_churches_since_800_AD-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cathedral churches since 800 AD subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cathedral_churches_since_800_AD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rule_of_the_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule_of_the_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Rule of the clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule_of_the_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages:_religious_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Middle_Ages:_religious_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Early Middle Ages: religious communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Middle_Ages:_religious_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages:_monastic_and_secular_cathedrals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages:_monastic_and_secular_cathedrals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages:_monastic_and_secular_cathedrals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Roles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Provosts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provosts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Provosts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provosts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_chapter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_chapter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Secular chapter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_chapter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>Deans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precentors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precentors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>Precentors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precentors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chancellors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chancellors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Chancellors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chancellors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treasurers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treasurers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.4</span> <span>Treasurers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treasurers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.5</span> <span>Other clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_of_chapter_and_bishop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_of_chapter_and_bishop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.6</span> <span>Relationship of chapter and bishop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_of_chapter_and_bishop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions_of_a_cathedral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions_of_a_cathedral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Functions of a cathedral</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Functions_of_a_cathedral-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Functions of a cathedral subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Functions_of_a_cathedral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Symbolic_functions_of_the_building" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbolic_functions_of_the_building"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Symbolic functions of the building</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbolic_functions_of_the_building-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Religious functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civic_and_social_functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civic_and_social_functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Civic and social functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civic_and_social_functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Buildings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buildings_2-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Buildings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Buildings_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artworks,_treasures_and_tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artworks,_treasures_and_tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Artworks, treasures and tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artworks,_treasures_and_tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cathedral</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 98 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-98" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">98 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedraal" title="Katedraal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Katedraal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كاتدرائية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاتدرائية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seu_(edificio)" title="Seu (edificio) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Seu (edificio)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A8dr%C3%A2la" title="Catèdrâla – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Catèdrâla" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafedral" title="Kafedral – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kafedral" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Сабор (храм) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сабор (храм)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="कैथेड्रल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कैथेड्रल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Катедрала – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Катедрала" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala" title="Katedrala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Katedrala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iliz-veur" title="Iliz-veur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iliz-veur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la" title="Katedrála – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Katedrála" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eglwys_gadeiriol" title="Eglwys gadeiriol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Eglwys gadeiriol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domkirke" title="Domkirke – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Domkirke" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedrale" title="Kathedrale – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kathedrale" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedraal" title="Katedraal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Katedraal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Καθεδρικός Ναός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καθεδρικός Ναός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo" title="Katedralo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Katedralo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9" title="کلیسای جامع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلیسای جامع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale" title="Cathédrale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cathédrale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedraal" title="Katedraal – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Katedraal" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeaglais" title="Ardeaglais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ardeaglais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EB%8B%B9" title="대성당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대성당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala" title="Katedrala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Katedrala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralo" title="Katedralo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Katedralo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katidral" title="Katidral – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Katidral" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B3mkirkja" title="Dómkirkja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dómkirkja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattedrale" title="Cattedrale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cattedrale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%94" title="קתדרלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קתדרלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%AB%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="საკათედრო ტაძარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საკათედრო ტაძარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanisa_kuu" title="Kanisa kuu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kanisa kuu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Кафедра – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кафедра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesia_cathedralis" title="Ecclesia cathedralis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ecclesia cathedralis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C4%81le" title="Katedrāle – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Katedrāle" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedral" title="Kathedral – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Kathedral" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra" title="Katedra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Katedra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedraal" title="Kathedraal – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kathedraal" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kesegyh%C3%A1z" title="Székesegyház – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Székesegyház" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Соборна црква – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Соборна црква" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BD" title="കത്തീഡ്രൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കത്തീഡ്രൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katidral" title="Katidral – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Katidral" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A" title="प्रमुख चर्च – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="प्रमुख चर्च" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كاتدرائيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كاتدرائيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%92%E1%80%9B%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%81%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကသီဒရယ် ဘုရားရှိခိုးကျောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကသီဒရယ် ဘုရားရှိခိုးကျောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedraal" title="Kathedraal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kathedraal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%81%96%E5%A0%82" title="大聖堂 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大聖堂" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domkyrkje" title="Domkyrkje – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Domkyrkje" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath%C3%A9drale" title="Cathédrale – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cathédrale" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedrala" title="Catedrala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Catedrala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9drale" title="Catédrale – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Catédrale" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra" title="Katedra – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Katedra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral%C4%83" title="Catedrală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Catedrală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathiyral" title="Kathiyral – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kathiyral" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Катедрала – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Катедрала" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Собор (храм) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собор (храм)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedralja" title="Katedralja – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Katedralja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattidrali" title="Cattidrali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cattidrali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%86%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB" title="ආසන දෙව්මැදුර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ආසන දෙව්මැදුර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral" title="Cathedral – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cathedral" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedr%C3%A1la" title="Katedrála – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Katedrála" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobor_(cerkev)" title="Sobor (cerkev) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sobor (cerkev)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Саборна црква – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Саборна црква" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedrala" title="Katedrala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Katedrala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedraali" title="Katedraali – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Katedraali" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பேராலயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பேராலயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3" title="อาสนวิหาร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อาสนวิหาร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80_(%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC)" title="Собор (храм) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Собор (храм)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84" title="کیتھیڈرل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیتھیڈرل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_th%E1%BB%9D_ch%C3%ADnh_t%C3%B2a" title="Nhà thờ chính tòa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà thờ chính tòa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedr%C3%A5le" title="Catedråle – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Catedråle" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathedroale" title="Kathedroale – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Kathedroale" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catedral" title="Catedral – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Catedral" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="主教座堂 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="主教座堂" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2" title="קאטעדראלע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאטעדראלע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="主教座堂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="主教座堂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedra" title="Katedra – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Katedra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E5%BA%A7%E5%A0%82" title="主教座堂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="主教座堂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katedral" title="Katedral – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Katedral" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2977#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cathedral%22">"Cathedral"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cathedral%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cathedral%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cathedral%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cathedral%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cathedral%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%E2%80%93_Il_Duomo_di_Firenze.jpg/440px-Cattedrale_di_Santa_Maria_del_Fiore_%E2%80%93_Il_Duomo_di_Firenze.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_del_Fiore" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Maria del Fiore">Santa Maria del Fiore</a> cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> by <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a>, which has the largest brick dome in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is considered a masterpiece of world architecture.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>cathedral</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> that contains the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> for 'seat') of a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus serving as the central church of a <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annual_conferences_within_Methodism" title="Annual conferences within Methodism">conference</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Episcopate" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopate">episcopate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSE_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> churches.<sup id="cite_ref-NSE_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSE-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appeared in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, and North Africa in the 4th century, but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> until the 12th century, by which time they had developed <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural forms</a>, institutional structures, and legal identities distinct from <a href="/wiki/Parish_church" title="Parish church">parish churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> churches, and episcopal residences. The cathedral is more important in the hierarchy than the church because it is from the cathedral that the bishop governs the area under his or her administrative authority.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the Christian church in several parts of Western Europe, such as <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Scotland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Netherlands</a>, certain <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Swiss Cantons</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, adopted a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">presbyterian polity</a> that did away with bishops altogether. Where ancient cathedral buildings in these lands are still in use for congregational worship, they generally retain the title and dignity of "cathedral", maintaining and developing distinct cathedral functions, but void of hierarchical supremacy. From the 16th century onwards, but especially since the 19th century, churches originating in Western Europe have undertaken vigorous programmes of <a href="/wiki/Mission_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (Christianity)">missionary activity</a>, leading to the founding of large numbers of new dioceses with associated cathedral establishments of varying forms in Asia, Africa, Australasia, Oceania and the Americas. In addition, both the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy#Christianity" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts and migrant co-religionists. Consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg/250px-Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg/330px-Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg/500px-Lazio_Roma_SGiovanni2_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedra" title="Cathedra">cathedra</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> as Bishop of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/220px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/330px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg/440px-%D4%B7%D5%BB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%A1%D6%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2893" data-file-height="1961" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Etchmiadzin_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Etchmiadzin cathedral">Etchmiadzin cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vagarshapat" class="mw-redirect" title="Vagarshapat">Vagarshapat</a>, Armenia, believed to be the oldest cathedral in the world.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_Assunta_(Nepi).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28Nepi%29.jpg/220px-Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28Nepi%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28Nepi%29.jpg/330px-Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28Nepi%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28Nepi%29.jpg/440px-Cathedral_of_Santa_Maria_Assunta_%28Nepi%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5365" data-file-height="3689" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nepi_Cathedral" title="Nepi Cathedral">Cathedral of Santa Maria Assunta</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> cathedral in <a href="/wiki/Nepi" title="Nepi">Nepi</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Brasilia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Brasilia.jpg/220px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Brasilia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Brasilia.jpg/330px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Brasilia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Brasilia.jpg/440px-Catedral_Metropolitana_de_Brasilia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2800" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Brasilia">Cathedral of Brasilia</a> in Brazil takes a modernist form</figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i>cathedral</i> is derived, possibly via the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">cathédrale</i></span>, from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ecclesia cathedralis</i></span> and from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cathedra</i></span> ('seat'), and ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">καθέδρα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kathédra</i></span>), 'seat, bench', from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">κατά</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">kata</i></span>) 'down' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἕδρα</span></span> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">hedra</i></span>) 'seat, base, chair'. </p><p>The word refers to the presence and prominence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne, raised above both clergy and laity, and originally located facing the congregation from behind the <a href="/wiki/High_altar" class="mw-redirect" title="High altar">high altar</a>. In the ancient world, the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or <a href="/wiki/Rhetor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetor">rhetor</a> and thus symbolises the bishop's role as teacher. A raised throne within a <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilican</a> hall was also definitive for a <a href="/wiki/Late_Antique" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antique">Late Antique</a> presiding <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>; and so the <i>cathedra</i> also symbolises the bishop's role in governing his diocese. </p><p>The word <i>cathedral</i>, as the seat of a bishop, is found in most languages; however in Europe a cathedral church can be referred to as a <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Duomo" title="Duomo">duomo</a></i></span> (in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>) or <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dom_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom (church)">Dom</a></i></span> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, etc.), from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domus ecclesiae</i></span> (house of the church) or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">domus episcopalis</i></span> (episcopal house). While the terms are not synonymous (a <i>duomo</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Collegiate_church" title="Collegiate church">collegiate church</a>, similar to the English "<a href="/wiki/Minster_(church)" title="Minster (church)">minster</a>") many cathedral churches are also collegiate churches, so that <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">duomo</i></span>, and <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Dom</i></span>, have become the common names for a cathedral in those countries. It is also common in parts of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to use <i>Sé</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>), and <i>Seu</i> (in <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, with its <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> form <i>Seo</i>), all of them from the Latin term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">episcopalis sedes</i></span>, meaning "episcopal seat". </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the Latin word <i>cathedral</i> commonly translates as <span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu"><a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">katholikon</a></i></span> (<span title="Slavic languages collective text"><i lang="sla">sobor</i></span> in Slavic languages), meaning 'assembly', but this title is also applied to <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> and other major churches without episcopal responsibilities. When the church at which an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> or "<a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan</a>" presides is specifically intended, the term <span title="Church Slavonic-language text"><i lang="cu">kathedrikós naós</i></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">cathedral temple</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is used. </p><p>The episcopal throne embodies the principle that only a bishop makes a cathedral, and this still applies even in those churches that no longer have bishops, but retain cathedral dignity and functions in ancient churches over which bishops formerly presided. But the throne can also embody the principle that a cathedral makes a bishop; both specifically, in that the bishop is elected within the cathedral and is inaugurated by being enthroned within the cathedral by acclamation of clergy and laity; and also generally, in that the bishops' essential qualifications of regular prayer, higher learning and musical worship were for many centuries, primarily accessible through cathedral functions. In this there is a distinction between those church traditions, predominantly those of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a> but formerly also including <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic</a> churches in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, whose bishops came to be made in <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a>; and those church traditions whose bishops have tended predominantly to arise through the ranks of cathedral clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Catholic or Roman Catholic tradition, the term <i>cathedral</i> correctly applies only to a church that houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbey serves the same function (that is, houses the seat of the abbot), but does not acquire the title. In any other jurisdiction canonically equivalent to a diocese but not canonically erected as such (prelature, vicariate, ordinariate, prefecture, apostolic administration), the church that serves this function is correctly called the "principal church" of the respective entity—though some have coopted the term <i>cathedral</i> anyway. The Catholic Church also uses the following terms. </p> <ul><li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Pro-cathedral" title="Pro-cathedral">pro-cathedral</a></b> is a parish or other church used temporarily as a cathedral, usually while the cathedral of a diocese is under construction, renovation, or repair. This designation applies only as long as the temporary use continues.</li> <li>A <b><a href="/wiki/Co-cathedral" title="Co-cathedral">co-cathedral</a></b> is a second cathedral in a diocese that has two sees. This situation can arise in various ways such as a merger of two former dioceses, preparation to split a diocese, or perceived need to perform cathedral functions in a second location due to the expanse of the diocesan territory.</li> <li>A <b>proto-cathedral</b> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">first cathedral</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is the former cathedral of a transferred see.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_San_Pietro_in_Vaticano_September_2015-1a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13066" data-file-height="6823" /></a><figcaption>Despite its size and historic importance, <a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> of the Catholic Church, is not officially a cathedral.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The cathedral church of a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">metropolitan bishop</a> is called a <i>metropolitan cathedral</i>. </p><p>The term <i>cathedral</i> actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, although many cathedrals are impressive edifices simply because diocesan celebrations typically require the capacity of one of the larger churches in the diocese. Thus, the term <i>cathedral</i> is often applied colloquially to large and impressive churches that do not function as cathedrals (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Cathedral" title="Arctic Cathedral">Arctic Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8_(city)" title="Tromsø (city)">Tromsø</a>, Norway). <a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Simon Jenkins</a>' guidebook on European cathedrals intentionally includes several churches that have never been cathedrals (<a href="/wiki/Ulm_Minster" title="Ulm Minster">Ulm Minster</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sagrada_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Sagrada Família">Sagrada Família</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minor_basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor basilica">minor basilica</a> in Barcelona) or that were formerly designated so (<a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Basel_Minster" title="Basel Minster">Basel Minster</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_organization_of_the_Early_Church">History and organization of the Early Church</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and organization of the Early Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_characteristics_of_the_first_cathedrals_in_Europe">Origins and characteristics of the first cathedrals in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origins and characteristics of the first cathedrals in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roma_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roma_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_BW_2.JPG/250px-Roma_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roma_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_BW_2.JPG/330px-Roma_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Roma_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_BW_2.JPG/500px-Roma_San_Giovanni_in_Laterano_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="1461" /></a><figcaption>The Patriarchal <a href="/wiki/Archbasilica_of_Saint_John_Lateran" title="Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran">Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The history of cathedrals commenced in the year 313, when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> personally adopted Christianity and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of the Church">Peace of the Church</a>. Indeed, in strict terminology, there could not have been "cathedrals" before that date, as before the 4th century there were no Christian "cathedrae"; bishops were never seated when leading congregational worship, but instead presided standing on a raised platform or <i>pulpitum</i>. In the third century, the phrase "ascending the platform", <i>ad pulpitum venire</i>, becomes the standard term for Christian <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a>. During the siege of <a href="/wiki/Dura_Europos" class="mw-redirect" title="Dura Europos">Dura Europos</a> in 256, a complete Christian house church, or <i>domus ecclesiae</i> was entombed in a defensive bank, surviving when excavated, in places to wall-top height. The Dura church had been converted out of a large urban courtyard house of standard form, in which two rooms had been knocked together to make an assembly hall, capable of holding 60-75 standing; while a tank had been inserted in a room on the opposite side of the courtyard as a baptistery, with rich wall paintings above it. The large room was indeed found to have a raised pulpitum at one end, big enough for one person in turn to read, preach and preside from; but too low to have been surmounted by a throne, and too small to have contained an altar. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all. </p><p>In 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a>, in the form of an open letter. Amongst the accusations was that Paul, who had received the civil rank of <i>ducenarius</i> due to contacts in the imperial court, had improperly erected an enclosure, or <i>secretum</i>, for himself in the church of Antioch; that within this enclosure he had erected a throne from which he presided in worship; and that he had trained a female choir to sing hymns of his own devising. These practices were all condemned as innovations, improperly importing the symbols of his secular Roman magistracy into church ritual; while presumptuously and blasphemously asserting that the person of the bishop in eucharistic worship is seated in the place of Christ himself. Still in a hundred years, all bishops in the Mediterranean world had cathedrals, all sat on thrones within an enclosed sanctuary space, and all had established trained choirs to enhance eucharistic worship. </p><p>The driving principle underlying this change was the acceptance by bishops, more or less willingly, of an imperial invitation to adopt and maintain the duties, dignity and insignia proper to a public <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a raised throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a <i><a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a></i>; and now bishops would do the same. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which substantial remains are still visible (and maybe amongst the very earliest to be built) is below the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Aquileia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Aquileia">Cathedral of Aquileia</a> on the northern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adriatic">Adriatic</a> sea. Dated from a mosaic inscription between 313 and 319, the complex consisted of two parallel east–west aisled halls of similar size; with a third smaller north–south cross-hall connecting them, which has been interpreted as the presence hall of the <i>episcopium</i> or bishop's residence. The three halls create an open courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery. Surviving from both large basilican halls are rich mosaic pavements showing (amongst other scenes) <a href="/wiki/Jonah_and_the_Whale" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonah and the Whale">Jonah and the Whale</a>, and a series of, mainly female, donor portraits. It appears that similar cathedrals of double-basilica and baptistry were soon afterwards erected in <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>; but that subsequently single-basilican churches became the more common cathedral model. </p><p>Constantine's declaration of imperial favour towards Christianity transformed all aspects of Christian life in the Roman Empire. From being a minority religion, largely confined to urban areas and restricted social groupings, and subject to official hostility and occasional persecution; Christianity acquired greatly expanded numbers of potential adherents of all classes, initially still within city areas, but eventually extending out to the <i><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagus</a></i>, the city's rural hinterland. The consequence was a radical expansion in the buildings, funding and personnel of associated Church establishments throughout the 4th century. The first cathedrals represent this expansion in material form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buildings">Buildings</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The location and layout of the first cathedrals varied substantially from city to city, although most, as at Aquileia, tended to be sited within the city walls but away from the urban centre; certain elements are almost always found. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Basilicas">Basilicas</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Basilicas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg/220px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg/330px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg/440px-Basilica_di_Santa_Maria_Maggiore_-_Roma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6906" data-file-height="5358" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_Maggiore" title="Santa Maria Maggiore">Basilica of Saint Mary Major</a>, Rome</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilican</a> halls had previously been characteristic of major civic complexes and military headquarters buildings; but now became the standard structure for accommodating large Christian congregations. From now on, the term basilica denotes any substantial church building. These new basilicas were wholly different in scale from earlier Christian assembly halls, as they were also different in form from any Roman non-Christian temple or religious structure. The halls were longitudinal, aisled, and flooded with light from large <a href="/wiki/Clerestory" title="Clerestory">clerestory</a> windows. Floors and walls were richly decorated with mosaic and inlay – usually in abstract or floral patterns. The two original double basilicas at Aquileia had both been about 37m by 17m in size, but within 30 years one hall was quadrupled to 73m by 31m. This expanded basilica now demonstrated three additional features that became characteristic of early cathedrals: an enclosure at the eastern end of the church surrounding the altar; a <i><span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el"><a href="/wiki/Synthronos" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthronos">synthronos</a></i></span></i> east of the altar facing west, and consisting of a raised dais with a centrally place bishop's throne and benches either side for the clergy of his <i>familia</i>; and a partitioned-off <i><a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a></i> at the western end into which <i><a href="/wiki/Catechumens" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechumens">catechumens</a></i> would withdraw during the central act of the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharistic</a> liturgy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptisteries">Baptisteries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baptisteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The baptistery in the Dura church was about 1m square and 1m deep; baptismal candidates could stand in it, but could not be immersed. In the new cathedrals, as had been the case before, only bishops baptised; and ceremonies were held not more than twice a year to allow for suitable periods of instruction. So baptisteries needed to be greatly increased in size, with associated accommodation to ensure privacy in undressing, anointing and redressing; and the baptismal tank, commonly octagonal, was now fully deep enough for total immersion, and wide enough to accommodate both the candidate and an assisting male or female deacon. Baptisteries commonly adopted centralised plan forms derived from funerary chapels; and are invariably separate from the congregational basilica. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:(Albi)_Palais_de_la_Berbie,_depuis_le_Vieux_Pont.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%28Albi%29_Palais_de_la_Berbie%2C_depuis_le_Vieux_Pont.jpg/220px-%28Albi%29_Palais_de_la_Berbie%2C_depuis_le_Vieux_Pont.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%28Albi%29_Palais_de_la_Berbie%2C_depuis_le_Vieux_Pont.jpg/330px-%28Albi%29_Palais_de_la_Berbie%2C_depuis_le_Vieux_Pont.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/%28Albi%29_Palais_de_la_Berbie%2C_depuis_le_Vieux_Pont.jpg/440px-%28Albi%29_Palais_de_la_Berbie%2C_depuis_le_Vieux_Pont.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5504" data-file-height="4528" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palais_de_la_Berbie" class="extiw" title="fr:Palais de la Berbie">Palais de la Berbie</a>, an episcopal palace in <a href="/wiki/Albi" title="Albi">Albi</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Episcopium">Episcopium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Episcopium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No one lived in the house church at Dura; such residential facilities as the latrine and kitchen were removed in the conversion. But cathedral complexes always included an episcopal residence. Prominent amongst the charges that had been directed against <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Samosata" title="Paul of Samosata">Paul of Samosata</a> had been his alleged over-familiarity with pious women. As was common, Paul had been married when elected bishop; and again, as was universally expected for a bishop, he had then ceased sexual contact with his wife and no longer cohabited with her. But his accusers charged that, by continuing to associate with other women (even without any indication of actual impropriety) he was creating an unacceptable potential for scandal. To avoid similar such occasions arising, it was necessary for the new cathedrals to create male-only living quarters for the bishop and his entire establishment; and since, in churches in the West, all <a href="/wiki/Presbyters" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyters">presbyters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deacons">deacons</a> were also expected to live apart from their wives after ordination, these living quarters, the <i>episcopium</i>, were necessarily substantial in extent. In addition to eating and sleeping quarters for ordained boys and men, the episcopium also commonly provided private dining halls for the hospitality expected of the bishop's enhanced social status, a private <a href="/wiki/Oratory_(worship)" title="Oratory (worship)">oratory</a> or chapel for the bishop, and often a bath house. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finances">Finances</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Finances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartres_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chartres_cathedral.jpg/220px-Chartres_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chartres_cathedral.jpg/330px-Chartres_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Chartres_cathedral.jpg/440px-Chartres_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres Cathedral</a>, France, a famous landmark that draws both pilgrims and art lovers.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just as the episcopal residence was integral within the complex of cathedral buildings, so too there was no distinction between episcopal, diocesan and cathedral property and endowments. In principle, all diocesan income was paid into a common fund, and divided into four fixed shares for each main area of expenditure; the Bishop himself; the cathedral clergy; the fabric and lighting of cathedral and city churches; and charitable donations. Many diocese already held substantial endowments, but income increased enormously with the Peace of the Church; partly due to imperial subsidies in kind, but mainly from private bequests and regular private benefactions (often called 'first fruits'); although at this date, <a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">tithe</a> was never paid to the church. In addition, many individual landowners supported private chapels and oratories on their own property; and endowed independent charitable institutions, and eventually monasteries and nunneries too. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bishop's_share"><span id="Bishop.27s_share"></span>Bishop's share</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bishop's share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a> estimated his personal income as being 20 times that of his father, a minor civil servant; and Augustine was by no means the wealthiest bishop in North Africa. But in accepting from Constantine the status of civil magistrates, bishops were now also committed to substantial expenditure to maintain their new style and status; and also to fulfil the associated duties, for instance in employing qualified legal assessors to support them when sitting as civil judges. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clergy_share">Clergy share</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Clergy share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/220px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/330px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg/440px-Milan_Cathedral_from_Piazza_del_Duomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4164" data-file-height="3129" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> style cathedral in Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>All ordained clerics attached to the cathedral were paid through stipends from the general fund. This applied both to the clergy working directly within the cathedral itself, and also to the clergy, called <i>canonici</i> attached to churches founded by the bishop within the city. From the end of the 4th century, as the mission of the church extended more into rural areas, 'baptistery churches' were founded in more distant villages, so that rural populations could receive the bishop's baptism locally; and the clergy in these churches also counted as <i>canonici</i> and drew a regular stipend. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fabric_share">Fabric share</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fabric share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plentiful donor inscriptions show that most new church building programmes; mosaics, roofs, furnishings, were financed by private donations. The costs of maintenance and lighting, however, fell on the general fund. This also applied to the churches, known as <i>tituli</i>, served directly by the bishop's clergy, generally also including any surviving house churches from the period before the Peace of the Church and the rural baptistery churches; but not to the chapels, called <i>parochiae</i>, established by rural landowners for the convenience of their tenants. The bishop, in respect of his civil status, was expected to contribute to public works of general benefit; aqueducts, bridges, watercourses. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charitable_share">Charitable share</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Charitable share"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In all cities, bishops dedicated substantial sums to the support of widows, orphans and the poor. Such donations had been a strong feature of the church in earlier centuries, but tended then to be specifically directed to the Christian needy. Now the charitable compass became general. Bishops were especially expected to take responsibility for raising ransom funds, where local persons had fallen captive. In addition, it was expected that each diocese would support a <i><a href="/wiki/Xenodochium" title="Xenodochium">xenodochium</a></i>, a hostel for the homeless and strangers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personnel">Personnel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Personnel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg/220px-Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg/330px-Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg/440px-Sicilia_Noto1_tango7174.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Noto_Cathedral" title="Noto Cathedral">Noto Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Just as the status of the bishop was transformed at the Peace of the Church; so too was that of the male clergy. With the bishop now resident in the <i>episcopium</i> the other male clergy came to be recognised as his formal <i>familia</i>, in mark of which male clergy now received the <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> by shaving of their heads; this being originally a Roman badge of adoption. The early church had recognised the orders of bishop, presbyter (priest) and deacon, but a range of <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a> had since grown up in addition; and all were tonsured. These orders now tended to be understood as clerical 'ranks', equivalent to those in the military, such that the male clergy are now often referred to as a "clerical militia". And as in the Roman military or civil service, promotion was expected to follow the principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i>, rising through the ranks, with the expectation that ideally, a minimum period would be served in each. The female orders of virgin, widow and (female) deacon remained explicitly outside the bishop's familia; and so they did not receive the tonsure and nor did they progress through the <i>cursus honorum</i>. But all orders of cathedral clergy, male and female, increased dramatically in numbers. Around 540 <a href="/wiki/Justinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Justinian">Justinian</a> ordered that the clerical payroll of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> be strictly limited to 60 presbyters, 100 male deacons, 90 subdeacons, 110 lectors, 25 singers, 100 doorkeepers and 40 female deacons; 525 in all. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bishops">Bishops</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bishops"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bishops were at the head of the local church; but not explicitly within the <i>cursus honorum</i>, as appointment was by election from the local clergy and people. The clergy tended to favour appointment of bishops from within the ranks of cathedral presbyters; but local lay choice often tended rather to outsiders, either a spectacular holy man, hermit or ascetic; or otherwise a senior civil servant or diplomat, who might have favourable contacts to exploit at court. But most bishops came from the <i><a href="/wiki/Curiales" title="Curiales">curial</a></i> class, that is those holding the hereditary rank of <a href="/wiki/Decurion_(administrative)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decurion (administrative)">decurion</a> with the obligation to serve on the city council, as only persons of this class and above would be likely to have a full rhetorical education in Greek and Latin grammar; without which it was not possible for a boy raised with a knowledge only of Late Antique vernacular speech to express himself in approved classical linguistic forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Priests_and_archpriests">Priests and archpriests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Priests and archpriests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral_da_S%C3%A9_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Catedral_da_S%C3%A9_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg/250px-Catedral_da_S%C3%A9_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Catedral_da_S%C3%A9_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg/330px-Catedral_da_S%C3%A9_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Catedral_da_S%C3%A9_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg/500px-Catedral_da_S%C3%A9_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2674" data-file-height="3614" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Cathedral" title="São Paulo Cathedral">São Paulo Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> is a representative modern cathedral built in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Neo-Gothic</a> style.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was expected that the normal president at both the Eucharist and Baptism would be the bishop, who would celebrate in the cathedral and in titular churches in turn. However, in practice, the bishop needed deputies for the Eucharist and also for the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">Divine Office</a> of daily prayer, and this duty fell to the priests. The bishop selected a senior priest as <a href="/wiki/Archpriest" title="Archpriest">archpriest</a> who acted as his official deputy in all ritual matters and as head of the familia. The archpriest was also responsible for the cathedral school. After the 5th century, there were no longer state-supported secular teachers of <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> in the West (other than in parts of Italy) and so the church would have to educate its own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deacons,_subdeacons_and_archdeacons"><span id="Deacons.2C_subdeacons_and_archdeacons"></span>Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Deacons, subdeacons and archdeacons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as the presbyters deputised for the bishop in ritual matters, so the deacons deputised in administrative and financial matters, especially in the raising and delivering of charity. At the head of the diaconate was the archdeacon; the bishop's main deputy in managerial affairs. Originally inferior in rank to the archpriest, the archdeacon by the sixth century had established clear pre-eminence. Subdeacons assisted the deacons, but unlike them were allowed to marry after ordination; consequently many clerics stopped the cursus honorum at this point, and it was not unusual for a subdeacon to be elected bishop; and even Pope. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doorkeepers,_exorcists,_lectors,_acolytes_and_primicerius"><span id="Doorkeepers.2C_exorcists.2C_lectors.2C_acolytes_and_primicerius"></span>Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Doorkeepers, exorcists, lectors, acolytes and primicerius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In practice, the first three of these orders tended to be given together, and were typically applied to boys as young as seven. These boy lectors were too young for the grammar school, but were valued as choristers, and so were included in the <i><a href="/wiki/Schola_Cantorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Schola Cantorum">Schola Cantorum</a></i> or choir school. Originally under the responsibility of the deacons, the organisation of choirs was reformed by Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a>, who introduced the office of <i><a href="/wiki/Primicerius" title="Primicerius">primicerius</a></i> or head cantor for this purpose. This proved a vital reform; as without any comprehensive system of musical notation, the only way that sacred music could be maintained and passed on was through professional choirs of sound musical training undertaking cathedral worship – and such skills are not guaranteed to be present in high-ranking ecclesiastics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women's_orders:_virgins,_widows_and_deaconesses"><span id="Women.27s_orders:_virgins.2C_widows_and_deaconesses"></span>Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Women's orders: virgins, widows and deaconesses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These orders had been of considerable importance in earlier centuries; but tended to be sidelined in cathedrals from the 4th century onwards. So long as adult baptism continued as a regular occurrence, female deacons would continue to be needed for that service; but otherwise the main factor maintaining these orders was a knock-on effect from the rule of continence applied to bishops, presbyters and deacons. When a man became ordained, and moved into the episcopium with the rest of the bishop's <i>familia</i>; then there would usually also be a requirement for support to their mothers, wives and daughters; and the orders of widows and virgins respectively continued largely for this purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functions">Functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rowan_Williams_Bec_27may05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rowan_Williams_Bec_27may05.jpg/220px-Rowan_Williams_Bec_27may05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rowan_Williams_Bec_27may05.jpg/330px-Rowan_Williams_Bec_27may05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Rowan_Williams_Bec_27may05.jpg/440px-Rowan_Williams_Bec_27may05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2358" data-file-height="1791" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">archbishop of Canterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowan_Williams" title="Rowan Williams">Rowan Williams</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Notwithstanding wide differences over time in institutional structures and wider historical contexts; the key functions established for the first cathedrals have tended to remain as distinctive cathedral functions down the centuries; a regular cycle of choral prayer; providing a forum for civic leadership; a commitment to higher learning; and the promotion and dissemination of music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cathedral_churches_since_800_AD">Cathedral churches since 800 AD</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cathedral churches since 800 AD"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rule_of_the_clergy">Rule of the clergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Rule of the clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aachen_Germany_Imperial-Cathedral-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aachen_Germany_Imperial-Cathedral-01.jpg/220px-Aachen_Germany_Imperial-Cathedral-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aachen_Germany_Imperial-Cathedral-01.jpg/330px-Aachen_Germany_Imperial-Cathedral-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Aachen_Germany_Imperial-Cathedral-01.jpg/440px-Aachen_Germany_Imperial-Cathedral-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4690" data-file-height="3350" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a>, Germany, founded by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> in 800 AD, coronation place of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_Middle_Ages:_religious_communities">Early Middle Ages: religious communities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Early Middle Ages: religious communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the body of clergy attached to the cathedral church is obscure, and in each case local considerations affected its development, however the main features were more or less common to all. </p><p>Originally the bishop and cathedral clergy formed a kind of religious community, which, while not in the true sense a <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a>, was nevertheless often called a <i>monasterium</i>, the word not having the restricted meaning that it afterwards acquired. In this lies the reason for the apparent anomaly that churches like <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedral" title="Lincoln Cathedral">Lincoln Cathedral</a>, which never had any monks attached to them, have inherited the name of minster or monastery. In these early communities the clergy often lived apart in their own dwellings, and were not infrequently married. </p><p>In the 8th century <a href="/wiki/Chrodegang" title="Chrodegang">Chrodegang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Metz">Bishop of Metz</a> (743–766), compiled a code of rules for the clergy of the cathedral churches, which, though widely accepted in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and other parts of the continent, gained little acceptance in England. </p><p>According to Chrodegang's rule, the cathedral clergy were to live under a common roof, occupy a common dormitory and submit to the authority of a special officer. The rule of Chrodegang was, in fact, a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> rule. <a href="/wiki/Gisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gisa">Gisa</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (province)">Lorraine</a>, who was bishop of <a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a> from 1061 to 1088, introduced it into England, and imposed its observance on the clergy of his cathedral church, but it was not followed for long there, or elsewhere in England. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_grass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Canterbury_grass.jpg/250px-Canterbury_grass.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Canterbury_grass.jpg/330px-Canterbury_grass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Canterbury_grass.jpg/500px-Canterbury_grass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The cloister of <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury Cathedral</a> with monastic buildings beyond</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Late_Middle_Ages:_monastic_and_secular_cathedrals">Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages: monastic and secular cathedrals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 10th and 11th centuries, the cathedral clergy became more definitely organised and were divided into two classes. One was that of a monastic establishment of some recognised order of monks, often the Benedictines, while the other class was that of a college of clergy, bound by no vows except those of their ordination, but governed by a code of statutes or canons: hence the name of "<a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canon</a>". In this way arose the distinction between the monastic and secular cathedral churches. Outside Great Britain, monastic cathedrals are known only at <a href="/wiki/Monreale" title="Monreale">Monreale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Downpatrick" title="Downpatrick">Downpatrick</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the case of monastic cathedral churches, the internal government was that of the religious order to which the chapter belonged and all the members kept perpetual residence. </p><p>The alternative of this was the cathedral ruled by a secular chapter; the dignities of provost, dean, precentor, chancellor, treasurer, etc., came into being for the regulation and good order of the church and its services, while the non-residence of the canons, rather than their perpetual residence, became the rule, and led to their duties being performed by a body of "vicars", who officiated for them at the services of the church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nidarosdomen_east_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nidarosdomen_east_2006.jpg/220px-Nidarosdomen_east_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nidarosdomen_east_2006.jpg/330px-Nidarosdomen_east_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Nidarosdomen_east_2006.jpg/440px-Nidarosdomen_east_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a>, Norway, became Lutheran at the Reformation</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> all cathedrals of Western Europe were of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. In England, much of the structure of the monastic and cathedral system was reconstituted during the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>. Although the cathedrals were retained by the now independent and established <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, the monastic cathedral chapters <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">were dissolved by King Henry VIII</a> and, with the exceptions of Bath and Coventry,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were refounded by him as chapters of canons with a dean as the head and other clergy as minor canons. </p><p>In Germany and other parts of Europe, with the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>, some ancient churches, like <a href="/wiki/Nidaros_Cathedral" title="Nidaros Cathedral">Nidaros Cathedral</a>, Norway, and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral" title="Lübeck Cathedral">Lübeck Cathedral</a>, Germany, became the seats of Protestant bishops, as in England. Many new churches were built which serve the regional administrative function of a cathedral. However, not all churches that function as the seat of a bishop are known as "cathedral", the custom varying from place to place, according to local tradition. Some are simply designated "church", as occurs at <a href="/wiki/Budolfi_Church" title="Budolfi Church">Budolfi Church</a>, the Lutheran cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Provosts">Provosts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Provosts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedrale-saint-etienne-metz-de-place-prefecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cathedrale-saint-etienne-metz-de-place-prefecture.jpg/250px-Cathedrale-saint-etienne-metz-de-place-prefecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cathedrale-saint-etienne-metz-de-place-prefecture.jpg/330px-Cathedrale-saint-etienne-metz-de-place-prefecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Cathedrale-saint-etienne-metz-de-place-prefecture.jpg/500px-Cathedrale-saint-etienne-metz-de-place-prefecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metz_Cathedral" title="Metz Cathedral">Metz Cathedral</a>, France, was governed by a provost.</figcaption></figure> <p>In most of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the earliest head of a secular church seems to have been the provost (<i>praepositus</i>, <i>probst</i>, etc.), who was charged not only with the internal regulation of the church and oversight of the members of the chapter and control of the services, but was also the steward or seneschal of the lands and possessions of the church. The latter often mainly engaged his attention, to the neglect of his domestic and ecclesiastical duties, and complaints were soon raised that the provost was too much mixed in worldly affairs, and was too frequently absent from his spiritual duties. </p><p>This led, in many cases, to the institution of a new officer called the "dean", who had charge of that portion of the provost's duties that related to the internal discipline of the chapter and the services of the church. </p><p>In some cases, the office of provost was abolished, but in others it was continued: the provost, who was occasionally an archdeacon as well, remaining head of the chapter. This arrangement was most commonly followed in Germany. In England the provost was almost unknown. Bishop Gisa introduced a provost as head of the chapter of <a href="/wiki/Wells_Cathedral" title="Wells Cathedral">Wells Cathedral</a>, but the office was afterwards subordinated to the other dignities and the provost became simply the steward of certain of the prebendal lands. The provost of the collegiate church of <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Minster" title="Beverley Minster">Beverley Minster</a> was the most notable instance of such an officer in England, but at Beverley he was an external officer with authority in the government of the church, no stall in the choir and no vote in chapter. </p><p>In Germany and <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, and in a few of the cathedral churches in the <a href="/wiki/South_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="South of France">south of France</a>, the provost was the ordinary head of the cathedral chapter, but the office was not common elsewhere. As regards France, of 136 cathedral churches existing at the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a>, 38 only, and those either on the borders of Germany or in the extreme south, had a provost as the head of the chapter. In others the provost existed as a subordinate officer. There were two provosts at <a href="/wiki/Autun_Cathedral" title="Autun Cathedral">Autun</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lyon_Cathedral" title="Lyon Cathedral">Lyon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chartres_Cathedral" title="Chartres Cathedral">Chartres</a> had four each, all as subordinate officers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_chapter">Secular chapter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Secular chapter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rantakatu_1_Oulu_2006_05_16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rantakatu_1_Oulu_2006_05_16.JPG/250px-Rantakatu_1_Oulu_2006_05_16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rantakatu_1_Oulu_2006_05_16.JPG/330px-Rantakatu_1_Oulu_2006_05_16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rantakatu_1_Oulu_2006_05_16.JPG/500px-Rantakatu_1_Oulu_2006_05_16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>Chapter House of <a href="/wiki/Oulu_Cathedral" title="Oulu Cathedral">Oulu Cathedral</a>, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>The normal constitution of the chapter of a secular cathedral church comprised four dignitaries (there might be more), in addition to the canons. These are the dean, the precentor, the chancellor and the treasurer. These four dignitaries, occupying the four corner stalls in the choir, are called in many of the statutes the <i>quatuor majores personae</i> of the church. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deans">Deans</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Deans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The role of dean (from <i>decanus</i>) seems to have derived its designation from the <a href="/wiki/Benedictine_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine order">Benedictine</a> "dean" who had ten monks under his charge. The role of dean came into existence to supply the place of the provost in the internal management of the church and chapter. In England every secular cathedral church was headed by a dean who was originally elected by the chapter and confirmed in office by the bishop. The dean is president of the chapter, and within the cathedral has charge of the performance of the services, taking specified portions of them by statute on the principal festivals. The dean sits in the chief stall in the choir, which is usually at the west end of the south side. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_Stalls_2007_08_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_Stalls_2007_08_28.jpg/250px-Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_Stalls_2007_08_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_Stalls_2007_08_28.jpg/330px-Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_Stalls_2007_08_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_Stalls_2007_08_28.jpg/500px-Kilkenny_St_Canice_Cathedral_Stalls_2007_08_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The stalls of St. Canice's Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a>, Ireland, showing the bishop's throne and precentor's stall.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Precentors">Precentors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Precentors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Next to the dean (as a rule) is the precentor (<i>primicerius</i>, <i>cantor</i>, etc.), whose special duty is that of regulating the musical portion of the services. The precentor presides in the dean's absence, and occupies the corresponding stall on the north side, although there are exceptions to this rule, where, as at <a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Paul's Cathedral">St Paul</a>'s, the archdeacon of the cathedral city ranks second and occupies what is usually the precentor's stall. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chancellors">Chancellors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chancellors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third dignitary is the chancellor (<i>scholasticus</i>, <i>écoldtre</i>, <i>capiscol</i>, <i>magistral</i>, etc.), who must not be confounded with the chancellor of the diocese. The chancellor of the cathedral church is charged with the oversight of its schools, ought to read divinity lectures, and superintend the lections in the choir and correct slovenly readers. The chancellor is often the secretary and librarian of the chapter. In the absence of the dean and precentor, the chancellor is president of the chapter, and within the cathedral is usually assigned the easternmost stall, on the dean's side of the choir. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treasurers">Treasurers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Treasurers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth dignitary is the treasurer (<i>custo</i>, <i>sacrisla</i>, <i>cheficier</i>) who is guardian of the fabric, and of all the furniture and ornaments of the church, and whose duty was to provide bread and wine for the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, and candles and <a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">incense</a>. The treasurer also regulated such matters as the ringing of the bells. The treasurer's stall is opposite to that of the chancellor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_clergy">Other clergy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southwell_Chapter_House2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Southwell_Chapter_House2.jpg/250px-Southwell_Chapter_House2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Southwell_Chapter_House2.jpg/330px-Southwell_Chapter_House2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Southwell_Chapter_House2.jpg/500px-Southwell_Chapter_House2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the Chapter House at <a href="/wiki/Southwell_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwell Cathedral">Southwell Cathedral</a>, England.</figcaption></figure> <p>In many cathedral churches are additional dignitaries, as the praelector, subdean, vice-chancellor, succentor-canonicorum, and others, whose roles came into existence to supply the places of the other absent dignitaries, for non-residence was the fatal blot of the secular churches, and in this they contrasted very badly with the monastic churches, where all the members were in continuous residence. Besides the dignitaries there were the ordinary canons, each of whom, as a rule, held a separate prebend or endowment, besides receiving his share of the common funds of the church. </p><p>For the most part the canons also speedily became non-resident, and this led to the distinction of residentiary and non-residentiary canons, until in most churches the number of resident canons became definitely limited in number, and the non-residentiary canons, who no longer shared in the common funds, became generally known as prebendaries only, although by their non-residence they did not forfeit their position as canons, and retained their votes in chapter like the others. </p><p>This system of non-residence led also to the institution of vicars choral, each canon having his own vicar, who sat in his stall in his absence, and when the canon was present, in the stall immediately below, on the second form. The vicars had no place or vote in chapter, and, though irremovable except for offences, were the servants of their absent canons whose stalls they occupied, and whose duties they performed. Outside Britain they were often called demi-prebendaries. As time went on the vicars were themselves often incorporated as a kind of lesser chapter, or college, under the supervision of the dean and chapter. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wittstock_Bischofsburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wittstock_Bischofsburg.jpg/250px-Wittstock_Bischofsburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wittstock_Bischofsburg.jpg/330px-Wittstock_Bischofsburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wittstock_Bischofsburg.jpg/500px-Wittstock_Bischofsburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1186" data-file-height="846" /></a><figcaption>The Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Havelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Havelberg">Bishops of Havelberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wittstock" title="Wittstock">Wittstock</a>, Germany.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_of_chapter_and_bishop">Relationship of chapter and bishop</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Relationship of chapter and bishop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was no distinction between the monastic cathedral chapters and those of the secular canons, in their relation to the bishop or diocese. In both cases the chapter was the bishop's consilium that he was bound to consult on all important matters and without doing so he could not act. Thus, a judicial decision of a bishop needed the confirmation of the chapter before it could be enforced. He could not change the service books, or "use" of the church or diocese, without capitular consent, and there are episcopal acts, such as the appointment of a diocesan chancellor, or vicar general, which still need confirmation by the chapter, but the older theory of the chapter as the bishop's council in ruling the diocese has become a thing of the past, in Europe. </p><p>In its corporate capacity the chapter takes charge sede vacante of a diocese. In England, however (except as regards <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral" title="Salisbury Cathedral">Salisbury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durham_Cathedral" title="Durham Cathedral">Durham</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this custom has never obtained, the two archbishops having, from time immemorial, taken charge of the vacant dioceses in their respective provinces. When, however, either of the sees of Canterbury or York is vacant the chapters of those churches take charge, not only of the diocese, but of the province as well, and incidentally, therefore, of any of the dioceses of the province that may be vacant at the same time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions_of_a_cathedral">Functions of a cathedral</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Functions of a cathedral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg/250px-CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg/330px-CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg/500px-CobhCathedralAboveTheTown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Many cathedrals are important landmarks. <a href="/wiki/Cobh_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobh Cathedral">Cobh Cathedral</a>, Ireland, rises up above the town.</figcaption></figure> <p>The role of the cathedral is chiefly to serve God in the community, through its hierarchical and organisational position in the church structure. The building itself, by its physical presence, symbolises both the glory of God and of the church. A cathedral, its bishop and dignitaries have traditional functions that are mostly religious in nature, but may also be closely associated with the civil and communal life of the city and region. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbolic_functions_of_the_building">Symbolic functions of the building</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Symbolic functions of the building"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cathedral is frequently the most imposing building, and one of the most ancient buildings in its town. The great size and splendor of the cathedral may be out of all proportion to the town itself. The money and talents expended on the building are seen as honoring God, and may also demonstrate both the devotion and the status of the patrons. </p><p>Cathedrals are very often oriented east/west, so that the worshipers look towards the rising sun, symbolizing the Risen Christ. The <a href="/wiki/Architectural_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural form">architectural form</a> of the building most frequently has the ground plan of a cross. This form is both functional and symbolic, its symbolism referring to the cross on which Jesus was crucified. The form is liturgically functional as it allows the building to be divided into sections where different activities take place, or that are occupied by different people, such as the clergy, the choir and the laity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StMarys_Cathedral_Sydney.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/StMarys_Cathedral_Sydney.JPG/250px-StMarys_Cathedral_Sydney.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/StMarys_Cathedral_Sydney.JPG/330px-StMarys_Cathedral_Sydney.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/StMarys_Cathedral_Sydney.JPG/500px-StMarys_Cathedral_Sydney.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Mary's Cathedral, Sydney</a> has a typical cruciform plan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The main body of the building, making the longer arm of the cross, is called the <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a>, and is where worshipers congregate; the term is from the Latin word for ship. The cathedral is symbolically a ship bearing the people of God through the storms of life.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nave is also used for major processions, which gather or enter at the furthest door (liturgically generally called the West Door). The aisles on each side of the nave facilitate the movement of people within the building, without disrupting worshipers in the central space. </p><p>The arms of the cross are called the <a href="/wiki/Transepts" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepts">transepts</a> and often contain a number of chapels. Farthest from the main entry is the <i>sanctuary</i> where the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Blessed Sacrament</a> is laid on the altar or communion table for the consecration. "Sanctuary" means "Holy Place". The word has passed into modern English with an altered meaning because traditionally a criminal who could gain access to this area without capture was thereby given the sanctuary of the church. </p><p>Cathedral buildings of the Western European tradition symbolize the progression of the Christian soul towards <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a>. Many cathedrals of Eastern European tradition are centrally planned. These churches are almost always domed. The symbolism in these cathedral structures is of the hierarchy of <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a>, and often reveals its meaning through the internal decoration of the building with frescoes or mosaics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_functions">Religious functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Religious functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/220px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/330px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg/440px-Evensong_in_York_Minster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Music is an important part of cathedral services. Choir practice at York Minster, England.</figcaption></figure> <p>Apart from its organisational function as the seat of the bishop, and the meeting place for the chapter of the diocese, the cathedral has a liturgical function in offering daily church services. Most cathedrals have at least three services of worship every day, often taking the form of matins, Holy Communion and an evening service which is often sung by the precentor and choir. There are often additional services on Sunday. Cathedrals generally have an area dedicated to the performance of choral services and with seating specifically for the choir and dignitaries of the church and town. This part of the building is called the Choir or Quire, and is generally located between the sanctuary and the nave. Because music often plays an important part in the performance of the liturgy, cathedrals generally have a <a href="/wiki/Pipe_organ" title="Pipe organ">pipe organ</a> to accompany the choir. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral_baptismal_font_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral_baptismal_font_1.JPG/220px-L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral_baptismal_font_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral_baptismal_font_1.JPG/330px-L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral_baptismal_font_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral_baptismal_font_1.JPG/440px-L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral_baptismal_font_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptismal</a> font at <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_Cathedral" title="Lübeck Cathedral">Lübeck Cathedral</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p>Cathedrals always have a <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_font" title="Baptismal font">font</a> or water basin at which the rite of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> is performed, in which a person is formally accepted into the Christian church. The font is often placed towards the door because the Baptism signifies entry into the community of the church. In some cathedrals, most particularly in Italy, the rite of baptism is performed in a separate building. One of the functions of the cathedral is the reading and expounding upon the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Scripture">Holy Scripture</a>. The cathedral generally has a <a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">lectern</a> from which the scripture is read. This often takes the <a href="/wiki/Eagle_lectern" title="Eagle lectern">form of an eagle</a> of brass or carved wood which supports the book on its outstretched wings and is the symbol of <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>. However, some cathedrals retain elaborate medieval structures on either side of the church, one for the reading of the Gospel and the other for the reading of the Epistle. </p><p>The function of expounding on the scriptures is traditionally performed from the <a href="/wiki/Pulpit" title="Pulpit">pulpit</a>, which is generally constructed in such a way that the voice of the preacher is projected out to the congregation. The pulpit is often decorated with the winged figures of a man, a lion, a bull and an eagle, representing the Gospel writers, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The services that are held within the cathedral follow an annual cycle. The designated scriptural readings for each day of the church's year establish a pattern that alternates periods of introspection and penitence with periods of celebration, and is punctuated by the two great celebrations of Christmas and Easter. </p><p>Many cathedrals are places of pilgrimage to which people travel in order to worship or venerate a holy object or the reliquary of a saint. Many cathedrals are regarded as places that have provided rewarding religious experiences, where prayers have been answered or miracles have taken place. Pilgrimage was particularly popular in the late medieval period. Some cathedrals such as Santiago de Compostela continue to attract pilgrims. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civic_and_social_functions">Civic and social functions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Civic and social functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Funeral_of_Patriarch_Alexy_II-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Funeral_of_Patriarch_Alexy_II-16.jpg/250px-Funeral_of_Patriarch_Alexy_II-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Funeral_of_Patriarch_Alexy_II-16.jpg/330px-Funeral_of_Patriarch_Alexy_II-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Funeral_of_Patriarch_Alexy_II-16.jpg/500px-Funeral_of_Patriarch_Alexy_II-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>The funeral of the Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Alexy_II_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexy II of Moscow">Alexy II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The formal cathedral services are linked to the cycle of the year and respond to the seasons of the Northern Hemisphere, Christmas falling in the winter and Easter in the spring. Cathedrals often hold a service of thanksgiving called <a href="/wiki/Harvest_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a> in the autumn. </p><p>Births, marriages and deaths are often celebrated by services at cathedrals and the cathedral often acts as a repository of local history by recording these events. The cathedral marks times of national and local civic celebration and sadness with special services. The funerals of those famous within the community are invariably held at cathedrals. People who have served the community or the church are often buried within the cathedral with which they are associated. Alternatively, they may be commemorated by a memorial. Some cathedrals, such as <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> are the traditional coronation places of monarchs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ss_Peter_Paul_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ss_Peter_Paul_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/250px-Ss_Peter_Paul_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ss_Peter_Paul_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/330px-Ss_Peter_Paul_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ss_Peter_Paul_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg/500px-Ss_Peter_Paul_Catholic_Cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cathedrals are important meeting places. After a service at Ss. Peter and Paul Cathedral, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Another civic function of the cathedral is the imparting of significant civil information. Announcements may be to the populace from the steps of the cathedral, or within the cathedral itself. </p><p>Most cathedrals have a bell or bells. These are used to announce that a service is soon to take place. They are also used to convey information and celebration. The ringing of peals signifies a time of rejoicing, such as a wedding. An extended ringing of peals or "changes" conveys a time of great civic celebration. The slow tolling of the deepest bell signifies a death or disaster. Many cathedrals have a clock with associated chimes that announce the time. The bells of a cathedral are traditionally used to signal the outbreak and the ending of war. </p><p>Cathedrals are often associated with significant secular organisations such as the office of the local mayor and council, the local court, the local regiment, schools, sporting organisations and service clubs. The cathedral often has its own school, primarily for the education of choristers, but often including other children as well. </p><p>The cathedral, often being a large building, serves as a meeting place for many people. The cathedral often forms a centre of different activities related to community service, youth activities, study, music and decorative arts. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings_2">Buildings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Buildings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_characteristics_of_European_cathedral_architecture" title="List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture">List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pise_Duomo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pise_Duomo.jpg/220px-Pise_Duomo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pise_Duomo.jpg/330px-Pise_Duomo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pise_Duomo.jpg/440px-Pise_Duomo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Some cathedrals are major tourist destinations and <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pisa_Cathedral" title="Pisa Cathedral">Pisa</a> is one of the best known.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cathedral buildings, especially those dating from the Medieval period, are frequently the grandest of churches in the diocese (and country). The ancient cathedrals of England, of Northern France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Germany and Sicily, the Baroque cathedrals of South America, and many individual cathedrals from Italy and other parts of Europe, are among the largest and finest religious buildings. Many are renowned for their architecture or their decorative features such as <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>. </p><p>While cathedral buildings, in general, tend to be large, size and grandeur have rarely been essential requirements. Early <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxon_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxon people">Saxon</a> cathedrals tended to be of diminutive size, as is the Byzantine so-called <i>Little Metropole Cathedral</i> of <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>. In Italy, with a few notable exceptions such as <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a>, cathedrals are numerous and are often similar in form and size to monastic or large parish churches. In modern times, where functionality is the foremost consideration and where church attendance is low in many countries, a cathedral church may be a modest structure. </p><p>Cathedrals of monastic foundation, and some of secular clergy, have <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloisters</a>, which traditionally provided an open area where secular activities took place protected from wind and rain. Some cathedrals also have a <a href="/wiki/Chapter_house" title="Chapter house">chapter house</a> where the chapter could meet. In England, where these buildings have survived, they are often octagonal. A cathedral may front onto the main square of a town, as in <a href="/wiki/Florence_Cathedral" title="Florence Cathedral">Florence</a>, or it may be set in a walled <i>close</i> as at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Cathedral" title="Canterbury Cathedral">Canterbury</a>. There may be a number of associated monastic or clergy buildings, a bishop's palace and often a school to educate the choristers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephansdom_Wien_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stephansdom_Wien_1.jpg/250px-Stephansdom_Wien_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stephansdom_Wien_1.jpg/330px-Stephansdom_Wien_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Stephansdom_Wien_1.jpg/500px-Stephansdom_Wien_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Cathedrals often contain a wealth of artworks. Tourists visiting the interior of <a href="/wiki/St._Stephen%27s_Cathedral,_Vienna" title="St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna">St. Stephen's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artworks,_treasures_and_tourism"><span id="Artworks.2C_treasures_and_tourism"></span>Artworks, treasures and tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Artworks, treasures and tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many cathedral buildings are very famous for their architecture and have local and national significance, both artistically and historically. Many are listed among the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>. </p><p>Many cathedrals, because of their large size and the fact that they often have towers, spires or domes, have until the 20th century, been the major landmarks in cities or in views across the countryside. With highrise building, civil action has been taken in some cases, such as <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> to prevent the vista of the cathedral from being spoiled.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because many cathedrals took centuries to build and decorate, they constitute a major artistic investment for the city in which they stand. Not only may the building itself be architecturally significant, but the church often houses treasures such as stained glass, stone and wood statues, historic tombs, richly carved furniture and objects of both artistic and religious significance such as reliquaries. Moreover, the cathedral often plays a major role in telling the story of the town, through its plaques, inscriptions, tombs, stained glass and paintings. </p><p>For these reasons, tourists have travelled to cathedrals for hundreds of years. Many cathedrals cater for tourists by charging a fee to any visitors outside service times or requesting a donation or making a charge to take photos. Cathedrals that are particularly popular tourist venues sometimes provide guides, leaflets, souvenirs and cafes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_Parish,_November_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_Parish%2C_November_2023.jpg/220px-St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_Parish%2C_November_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_Parish%2C_November_2023.jpg/330px-St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_Parish%2C_November_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_Parish%2C_November_2023.jpg/440px-St._Joseph%27s_Cathedral_Parish%2C_November_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The staff and congregation of the Cathedral of St Joseph, Dunedin, New Zealand, 2023</figcaption></figure> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_medieval_cathedrals_of_England" title="Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England">Architecture of the medieval cathedrals of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Architect" title="Cathedral Architect">Cathedral architects in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_floorplan" title="Cathedral floorplan">Cathedral floorplan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duomo" title="Duomo">Duomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_cathedrals_and_churches" title="Gothic cathedrals and churches">Gothic cathedrals and churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gothic_architecture" title="French Gothic architecture">French Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Gothic_architecture" title="English Gothic architecture">English Gothic architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_basilicas" title="List of Catholic basilicas">List of Catholic basilicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Lists of cathedrals</a> by country</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest_church_naves" title="List of highest church naves">List of highest church naves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_church_buildings" title="List of largest church buildings">List of largest church buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_characteristics_of_European_cathedral_architecture" title="List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture">List of regional characteristics of European cathedral architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_church_buildings" title="List of tallest church buildings">List of tallest church buildings</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091206202243/http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737">"The Duomo of Florence | Tripleman"</a>. www.tripleman.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tripleman.com/index.php?showimage=737">the original</a> on 2009-12-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Duomo+of+Florence+%26%23124%3B+Tripleman&rft.pub=www.tripleman.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tripleman.com%2Findex.php%3Fshowimage%3D737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/">"brunelleschi's dome - Brunelleschi's Dome"</a>. Brunelleschisdome.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100416043408/http://www.brunelleschisdome.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Today+I+Found+Out&rft.atitle=St.+Peter%27s+Basilica+in+Vatican+Is+Not+The+Official+Church+Of+The+Pope&rft.date=2012-11-19&rft.au=Noreen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayifoundout.com%2Findex.php%2F2012%2F11%2Fst-peters-basilica-in-vatican-is-not-the-official-church-of-the-pope%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Jenkins" title="Simon Jenkins">Jenkins, Simon</a>. <i>Europe's 100 Best Cathedrals</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+100+Best+Cathedrals&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEusebius" class="citation book cs1">Eusebius. <i>Life of Constantine</i>. p. 4:27,2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Constantine&rft.pages=4%3A27%2C2&rft.au=Eusebius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1967" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Kathleen (1967). <i>The English Secular Cathedrals of the Middle Ages</i> (2nd ed.). 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York: Borthwick Institute Publications. p. 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0903857421" title="Special:BookSources/0903857421"><bdi>0903857421</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=York+Against+Durham%3A+The+Guardianship+of+the+Spiritualities+in+the+Diocese+of+Durham+Sede+Vacante&rft.place=York&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Borthwick+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0903857421&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <i>"Cathedrals, Luxury liners laden with souls, Holding to the East their hulls of stone"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Francis Bumpus, <i>The Cathedrals and Churches of Belgium</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stlouiscathedral.org/our-history">"Our History"</a>. St Louis Cathedral<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History&rft.pub=St+Louis+Cathedral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stlouiscathedral.org%2Four-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACathedral" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cathedral&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cathedrals" class="extiw" title="commons:Cathedrals"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Cathedrals</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cathedral" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cathedral">Cathedral</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Carl F. Barnes Jr. "Cathedral". In: Joseph Strayer, ed. <i>Dictionary of the Middle Ages</i>. New York: Scribner's, 1938. Vol. III. pp. 191–92.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Johnson_(writer)" title="Paul Johnson (writer)">Johnson, Paul</a>. <i>British Cathedrals</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1980. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-77828-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-77828-5">0-297-77828-5</a>.</li> <li>Richard Utz. "The Medieval Cathedral: From Spiritual Site to National Super-Signifier". <i>The Year's Work in Medievalism</i> 15 (2001), 127–31.</li> <li>Richard Utz. "The Cathedral as Time Machine: Art, Architecture, and Religion." In: <i>The Idea of the Gothic Cathedral. Interdisciplinary Perspectives on the Meanings of the Medieval Edifice in the Modern Period</i>, ed. Stephanie Glaser (Turnhout: Brepols, 2018). pp. 239–59.</li> <li>André Vauchez. "La cathédrale". In: Pierre Nora, ed. <i>Les Lieux de Mémoire.</i> Paris: Gallimard, 1997. Vol. III. pp. 3122–34.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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