CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"50ca8e61-9c7a-4129-9e6a-7ef7906f9d3f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula","wgTitle":"Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula","wgCurRevisionId":1275243558,"wgRevisionId":1275243558,"wgArticleId":2169964,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024","Umayyad conquest of Hispania","Invasions by the Umayyad Caliphate","8th-century conflicts","8th century in the Visigothic Kingdom","8th century in al-Andalus", "8th century in the Umayyad Caliphate","Wars involving the Goths","Islam in Portugal","Islam in Spain","Invasions of Spain","Invasions of Portugal"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula","wgRelevantArticleId":2169964,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q1455917","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg/1200px-Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="951"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg/800px-Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="634"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg/640px-Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="507"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula rootpage-Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Muslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Muslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Muslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Muslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Umayyad_Polity_of_Al-Andalus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_the_Umayyad_Polity_of_Al-Andalus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Establishment of the Umayyad Polity of Al-Andalus</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Establishment_of_the_Umayyad_Polity_of_Al-Andalus-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Establishment of the Umayyad Polity of Al-Andalus subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_the_Umayyad_Polity_of_Al-Andalus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conquest_and_Treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_and_Treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Conquest and Treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_and_Treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_territorial_and_civil_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_territorial_and_civil_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>New territorial and civil administration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-New_territorial_and_civil_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle New territorial and civil administration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-New_territorial_and_civil_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preference_for_treaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preference_for_treaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Preference for treaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preference_for_treaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taxation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taxation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Taxation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taxation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups_and_rise_of_conflicting_internal_tensions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups_and_rise_of_conflicting_internal_tensions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ethnic groups and rise of conflicting internal tensions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups_and_rise_of_conflicting_internal_tensions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath_and_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath_and_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aftermath and consequences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath_and_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="الفتح الإسلامي للأندلس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفتح الإسلامي للأندلس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_musulmana_de_la_Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Conquista musulmana de la Península Ibérica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conquista musulmana de la Península Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="মুসলিমদের স্পেন বিজয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুসলিমদের স্পেন বিজয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Арабско завоюване на Иберийския полуостров – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабско завоюване на Иберийския полуостров" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquesta_omeia_d%27Hisp%C3%A0nia" title="Conquesta omeia d'Hispània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Conquesta omeia d'Hispània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimsk%C3%A9_dobyt%C3%AD_%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blska" title="Muslimské dobytí Španělska – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muslimské dobytí Španělska" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لفتح لإسلامي للأندلوس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لفتح لإسلامي للأندلوس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimische_Eroberung_der_Iberischen_Halbinsel" title="Muslimische Eroberung der Iberischen Halbinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muslimische Eroberung der Iberischen Halbinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%B2%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Αραβική κατάκτηση της Ιβηρικής χερσονήσου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αραβική κατάκτηση της Ιβηρικής χερσονήσου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_omeya_de_Hispania" title="Conquista omeya de Hispania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conquista omeya de Hispania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islama_invado_de_Iberio" title="Islama invado de Iberio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islama invado de Iberio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulmanek_Iberiar_penintsula_konkistatzea" title="Musulmanek Iberiar penintsula konkistatzea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Musulmanek Iberiar penintsula konkistatzea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="فتح اندلس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فتح اندلس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conqu%C3%AAte_musulmane_de_l%27Hispanie" title="Conquête musulmane de l'Hispanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conquête musulmane de l'Hispanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionradh_na_Moslamach" title="Ionradh na Moslamach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ionradh na Moslamach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasi%C3%B3n_musulm%C3%A1_da_Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Invasión musulmá da Península Ibérica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Invasión musulmá da Península Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC_%EC%99%95%EC%A1%B0%EC%9D%98_%ED%9E%88%EC%8A%A4%ED%8C%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B5" title="우마이야 왕조의 히스파니아 정복 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우마이야 왕조의 히스파니아 정복" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasarar_Umayyah_a_kan_Hispaniya" title="Nasarar Umayyah a kan Hispaniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nasarar Umayyah a kan Hispaniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B2%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պիրենեյան թերակղզու արաբական նվաճումներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պիրենեյան թերակղզու արաբական նվաճումներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaklukan_Hispania_oleh_Umayyah" title="Penaklukan Hispania oleh Umayyah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penaklukan Hispania oleh Umayyah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquista_islamica_della_penisola_iberica" title="Conquista islamica della penisola iberica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conquista islamica della penisola iberica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93" title="הכיבוש המוסלמי של ספרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הכיבוש המוסלמי של ספרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar%C4%81bu_Pireneju_pussalas_iekaro%C5%A1ana" title="Arābu Pireneju pussalas iekarošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Arābu Pireneju pussalas iekarošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concista_muslim_de_la_penisola_Iberian" title="Concista muslim de la penisola Iberian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Concista muslim de la penisola Iberian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Арапско освојување на Пиринејскиот Полуостров – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапско освојување на Пиринејскиот Полуостров" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="فتح الاندلس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فتح الاندلس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penaklukan_Umayyad_ke_atas_Hispania" title="Penaklukan Umayyad ke atas Hispania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Penaklukan Umayyad ke atas Hispania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambason_mu%C3%A7ulmana_de_la_pen%C3%ADnsula_Eib%C3%A9rica" title="Ambason muçulmana de la península Eibérica – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ambason muçulmana de la península Eibérica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamitische_verovering_van_het_Iberisch_Schiereiland" title="Islamitische verovering van het Iberisch Schiereiland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Islamitische verovering van het Iberisch Schiereiland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulmonlarning_Pireney_yarim_oroliga_istilosi" title="Musulmonlarning Pireney yarim oroliga istilosi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Musulmonlarning Pireney yarim oroliga istilosi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="فتح اندلس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فتح اندلس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabski_podb%C3%B3j_Hiszpanii" title="Arabski podbój Hiszpanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Arabski podbój Hiszpanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_mu%C3%A7ulmana_da_Pen%C3%ADnsula_Ib%C3%A9rica" title="Invasão muçulmana da Península Ibérica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Invasão muçulmana da Península Ibérica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansiunea_musulman%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Peninsula_Iberic%C4%83" title="Expansiunea musulmană în Peninsula Iberică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Expansiunea musulmană în Peninsula Iberică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабское завоевание Пиренейского полуострова – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабское завоевание Пиренейского полуострова" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pushtimi_mysliman_i_Gadishullit_Iberik" title="Pushtimi mysliman i Gadishullit Iberik – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pushtimi mysliman i Gadishullit Iberik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Маварско освајање Пиринејског полуострва – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маварско освајање Пиринејског полуострва" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimansko_osvajanje_Hispanije" title="Muslimansko osvajanje Hispanije – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muslimansko osvajanje Hispanije" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiska_er%C3%B6vringen_av_Iberiska_halv%C3%B6n" title="Arabiska erövringen av Iberiska halvön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Arabiska erövringen av Iberiska halvön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emev%C3%AElerin_%C4%B0berya%27y%C4%B1_fethi" title="Emevîlerin İberya'yı fethi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emevîlerin İberya'yı fethi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Арабське завоювання Піренейського півострова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабське завоювання Піренейського півострова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D8%B3" title="فتح اندلس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فتح اندلس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%81%E6%9C%8D%E8%A5%BF%E7%8F%AD%E7%89%99" title="穆斯林征服西班牙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="穆斯林征服西班牙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1455917#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&oldid=1275243558" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&id=1275243558&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMuslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMuslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1455917" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">8th-century Muslim conquest of the Iberian peninsula</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">early Muslim conquests</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg/300px-Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg/450px-Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg/600px-Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span><br />Map of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad</a> Conquests of Hispania</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>711–720s</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Muslim victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Kingdom of Asturias</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tarif_ibn_Malik" title="Tarif ibn Malik">Tarif ibn Malik</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Musa" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa">Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Munuza" title="Munuza">Uthman ibn Naissa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Julian,_Count_of_Ceuta" title="Julian, Count of Ceuta">Julian, Count of Ceuta</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Visigoth)" title="Theodemir (Visigoth)">Theodemir</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Achila_II" title="Achila II">Achila II</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Oppas" title="Oppas">Oppas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Missing_in_action" title="Missing in action"><abbr title="Missing in action">MIA</abbr></a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ardo" title="Ardo">Ardo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pelagius_of_Asturias" title="Pelagius of Asturias">Pelagius of Asturias</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Cantabria" title="Peter of Cantabria">Peter of Cantabria</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_Muslim_conquests3416" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Template:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Muslim_conquests3416" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests"><span class="wrap"> Early Muslim conquests</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim%E2%80%93Meccan_conflict" title="Early Muslim–Meccan conflict">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim%E2%80%93Quraysh_War" title="Muslim–Quraysh War">Quraysh</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Byzantine Empire</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Egypt" title="Arab conquest of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Arab_conquest_and_Arab-Byzantine_condominium" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges_of_Constantinople" title="List of sieges of Constantinople">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Southern Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(636-637)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (636-637)">Palestine</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Sassanid Persia</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_conquest_of_Fars" title="Arab conquest of Fars">Fars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Kerman" title="Muslim conquest of Kerman">Kerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Northern_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Northern Persia">Northern Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sistan" title="Muslim conquest of Sistan">Sistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khorasan" title="Muslim conquest of Khorasan">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_Afghanistan" title="Muslim conquests of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <p><b>Caucasus</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Armenia" title="Muslim conquest of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albania#Islamic_era" title="Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_rule_in_Georgia" title="Arab rule in Georgia">Caucasian Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Khazar Khaganate</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other regions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makuria#Early_period_(5th–8th_century)" title="Makuria">Makurian Nubia</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_battle_of_Dongola" title="First battle of Dongola">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_battle_of_Dongola" title="Second battle of Dongola">2nd</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Visigothic Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul"> Frankish Gaul</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فَتْحُ الأَنْدَلُس</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥu l-andalus</i></span>; 711–720s), also known as the <b>Arab conquest of Spain</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a> conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania</a> in the early 8th century. The conquest resulted in the end of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> rule in most of Iberia and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab</a>-<a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> rule in that territory, which came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a>. </p><p>During the caliphate of the sixth Umayyad caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">al-Walid I</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 705–715</span>), military commander <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a> departed from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in early 711 to cross the Straits of <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, with a force of about 1,700 men, to launch a military expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigoth</a>-controlled Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, which encompassed the former territory of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Hispania">Roman Hispania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After defeating king <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a> in July the same year, Tariq was reinforced by an <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arab</a> force led by his superior <i><a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wali</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a> and continued northward. </p><p>In 713, <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Visigoth)" title="Theodemir (Visigoth)"> Theodemir</a>, the Visigothic count of <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> conditionally surrendered, and in 715, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Musa" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa">Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa</a> was named the first governor of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, naming <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> as his capital. By 717, the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Umayyads had invaded Gaul</a> to launch their first raids into <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>. By 719, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> had also been captured. From 740 to 742, the invasion was then disrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a>, and in 755 when an <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> force led by <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri" title="Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri">Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri</a> landed to claim the territory from the Umayyads. However, an Umayyad army was decisively defeated by <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_of_Asturias" title="Pelagius of Asturias">Pelagius of Asturias</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga" title="Battle of Covadonga">Battle of Covadonga</a> in the mountains of Asturias, securing a <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> stronghold in Northern Spain. </p><p>By 781, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a> had quashed all rebellions and rivals and consolidated Umayyad rule over an almost wholly reunified Iberia, a presence that would remain until the Reconquista, which was aimed at reclaiming the entire Iberian Peninsula for <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fromherz_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fromherz-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Protofeudalism" title="Protofeudalism">Protofeudalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_campaigns_under_Caliph_Uthman" title="Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman">Military campaigns under Caliph Uthman</a></div><p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> transmits a tradition attributed to Caliph <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>, who stated that the road to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> was through Hispania, "Only through Spain can Constantinople be conquered. If you conquer [Spain] you will share the reward of those who conquer [Constantinople]". The conquest of Hispania followed the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">conquest of the Maghreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaegi_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaegi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaegi" title="Walter Kaegi">Walter Kaegi</a> says Tabari's tradition is dubious and argued that conquest of the far western reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> was motivated by military, political and religious opportunities. He considers that it was not a shift in direction due to the Muslims <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">failing to conquer Constantinople</a> in 678.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaegi_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaegi-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Precisely what happened in Iberia in the early 8th century is uncertain. There is one contemporary Christian source, the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_754" title="Chronicle of 754">Chronicle of 754</a></i>, which ends that year and is regarded as reliable but often vague.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198928_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198928-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no contemporary Muslim accounts, and later Muslim compilations, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Al-Maqqari</a> from the 17th century, reflect later ideological influence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198931_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198931-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roger Collins writes that the paucity of early sources means that detailed specific claims need to be regarded with caution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198925–26_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198925–26-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Umayyads took control of Hispania from the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had ruled for roughly 300 years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of the conquest, the Visigothic upper class was beginning to fracture<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had many problems with succession and maintaining power.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That was partially because the Visigoths were only 1 to 2% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which made it difficult to maintain control over a rebellious population. </p><p>The ruler at the time was King <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderic</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the manner of his ascent to the throne is unclear. There are accounts of a dispute with <a href="/wiki/Achila_II" title="Achila II">Achila II</a>, son of his predecessor <a href="/wiki/Wittiza" title="Wittiza">Wittiza</a>. Later regnal lists, which cite Achila and omit Roderic, are consistent with the contemporary account of civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198933_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198933-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatic</a> evidence suggests a division of royal authority, with several coinages being struck, and that Achila II remained king of the Tarraconsense (the Ebro basin) and <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> until circa 713.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198932–33_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198932–33-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nearly-contemporary <i>Chronicle of 754</i> describes Roderic as a usurper who earned the allegiance of other Goths by deception, and the less reliable late-9th-century <i>Chronicle of Alfonso III</i> shows a clear hostility towards Oppa, bishop of Seville (or Toledo) and probably a brother of Wittiza, who appears in an unlikely heroic dialogue with Pelagius.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198917,_32–33_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198917,_32–33-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also a story of <a href="/wiki/Julian,_count_of_Ceuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian, count of Ceuta">Julian, count of Ceuta</a>, whose wife or daughter was raped by Roderic and who sought help from <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198931–32_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198931–32-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these stories are not included in the earliest accounts of the conquest.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a>'s first reconnaissance missions to Hispania returned with reports of "great splendor and beauty", which increased Muslim desires to invade Hispania. During one of the multiple raids in 710, the Muslims "made several inroads into the mainland, which produced a rich spoil and several captives, who were so handsome that Musa and his companions had never seen the like of them".<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Maqqari" title="Ahmad al-Maqqari">Ahmad al-Maqqari</a>’s chronicle, written 900 years later, the natives of Hispania viewed the Berbers in a similar way as the Byzantines viewed the Arabs, as barbarians, and feared an invasion by them.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Whenever some of the scattered tribes of Berbers inhabiting along the northern coast of Africa happened to approach the sea shore, the fears and consternation of the Greeks [Iberians] would increase, they would fly in all directions for fear of the threatened invasion, and their dread of the Berbers waxed so greatly that it was instilled into their nature, and became in after times a prominent feature in their character. On the other side, the Berbers having been made acquainted with this ill-will and hatred of the people of Andalus towards them, hated and envied them the more, this being in a certain measure the reason why even a long time afterwards a Berber could scarcely be found who did not most cordially hate an Andalusian [people of Spanish/Christian descent], and vice versa, only that Berbers being more in want of Andalusians than these are of them</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_the_Umayyad_Polity_of_Al-Andalus">Establishment of the Umayyad Polity of Al-Andalus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment of the Umayyad Polity of Al-Andalus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_and_Treaty">Conquest and Treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Conquest and Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the later chronicler <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hakam" title="Ibn Abd al-Hakam">Ibn Abd al-Hakam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a> led a force of approximately 7,000<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men from North Africa to southern Spain in 711.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Abd al-Hakam reports, one and a half centuries later, that "the people of Andalus did not observe them, thinking that the vessels crossing and recrossing were similar to the trading vessels which for their benefit plied backwards and forwards". They defeated the Visigothic army, led by King Roderic, in a decisive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">battle at Guadalete</a> in July that year. In 712, Tariq's forces were then reinforced by those of his superior, the <a href="/wiki/Wali_(administrative_title)" title="Wali (administrative title)">wali</a> <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a>, who planned a second invasion, and within a few years both took control of more than two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. The second invasion comprised 18,000 mostly Arab troops, who rapidly captured <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and then defeated Roderick's supporters at <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a> and met up with Tariq's troops at <a href="/wiki/Talavera_de_la_Reina" title="Talavera de la Reina">Talavera</a>. The following year the combined forces continued into <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and the northeast, capturing <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">Léon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astorga,_Spain" title="Astorga, Spain">Astorga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">Muslim historian</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Iberia was first invaded some sixty years earlier during the caliphate of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a> era). Another prominent Muslim historian of the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quoted the same narration, pointing to a campaign led by Abd Allah bin Nafi al Husayn and Abd Allah bin Nafi al Abd al Qays<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 32 <a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">AH</a> (654 CE), but there is no solid evidence about this campaign. </p><p> The first expedition led by Tariq consisted mainly of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a>, who had themselves only recently come under Muslim influence. It is probable that this army represented a continuation of a historic pattern of large-scale raids into Iberia dating to the pre-Islamic period,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hence it has been suggested that actual conquest was not originally planned. Both the <i>Chronicle of 754</i> and later Muslim sources speak of raiding activity in previous years, and Tariq's army may have been present for some time before the decisive battle. It has been argued that this possibility is supported by the fact that the army was led by a Berber and that Musa, who was the Umayyad Governor of North Africa, only arrived the following year – the governor had not deigned to lead a mere raid, but hurried across once the unexpected triumph became clear. The historian Abd al-Wāḥid Dhannūn Ṭāhā mentions that several Arab-Muslim writers mention the fact that Tariq decided to cross the strait without informing his superior and wali Musa.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chronicle of 754 states that many townspeople fled to the hills rather than defend their cities, which might support the view that this was expected to be a temporary raid rather than a permanent change of government.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabic-Latin_Umayyad_dinar_from_Spain,_715-717_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arabic-Latin_Umayyad_dinar_from_Spain%2C_715-717_AD.jpg/280px-Arabic-Latin_Umayyad_dinar_from_Spain%2C_715-717_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Arabic-Latin_Umayyad_dinar_from_Spain%2C_715-717_AD.jpg/420px-Arabic-Latin_Umayyad_dinar_from_Spain%2C_715-717_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Arabic-Latin_Umayyad_dinar_from_Spain%2C_715-717_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bilingual Arabic–Latin dinar issued c. 716</div></figcaption></figure><p>The Chronicle of 754 stated that "the entire army of the Goths, which had come with him [Roderic] fraudulently and in rivalry out of hopes of the Kingship, fled". This is the only contemporary account of the battle and the paucity of detail led many later historians to invent their own. The location of the battle, though not clear, was probably the <a href="/wiki/Guadalete_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalete River">Guadalete River</a>. Roderic was believed to have been killed, and a crushing defeat would have left the Visigoths largely leaderless and disorganized, partly because the ruling Visigoth population is estimated to have been a mere 1 to 2% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this isolation is said to have been "a reasonably strong and effective instrument of government"; it was highly "centralised to the extent that the defeat of the royal army left the entire land open to the invaders".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Power_vacuum" title="Power vacuum">power vacuum</a>, which may have indeed caught Tariq completely by surprise, would have aided the Muslim conquest. It may have been equally welcome to the Hispano-Roman peasants who were probably – as D.W. Lomax claims – disillusioned by the prominent legal, linguistic and social divide between them and the "barbaric" and "decadent" Visigoth royal family.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amra5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amra5.jpg/220px-Amra5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amra5.jpg/330px-Amra5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Amra5.jpg/440px-Amra5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="648" /></a><figcaption>Roderic, second figure with no face, depicted as one of the "<a href="/wiki/The_Painting_of_the_Six_Kings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Painting of the Six Kings">six kings</a>" in an Umayyad fresco in <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Amra" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr Amra">Qasr Amra</a>, modern-day Jordan (710–750)<sup id="cite_ref-metmuseum_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-metmuseum-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In 714, Musa ibn Nusayr headed north-west up the <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> river to overrun the western Basque regions and the Cantabrian mountains all the way to <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a>, with no relevant or attested opposition. During the period of the second (or first, depending on the sources) Arab governor <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Musa" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa">Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa</a> (714–716), the principal urban centres of Catalonia surrendered. In 714, his father, Musa ibn Nusayr, advanced and overran <a href="/wiki/Soria" title="Soria">Soria</a>, the western Basque regions, <a href="/wiki/Palencia" title="Palencia">Palencia</a>, and as far west as <a href="/wiki/Gij%C3%B3n" title="Gijón">Gijón</a> or <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>, where a Berber governor was appointed with no recorded opposition. The northern areas of Iberia drew little attention from the conquerors and were hard to defend when taken. The high western and central <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">sub-Pyrenean</a> valleys remained unconquered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="No source given (September 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At this time, Umayyad troops reached <a href="/wiki/Pamplona#Early_Middle_Ages" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Basque_people#Early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Basque people">Basque</a> town submitted after a compromise was brokered with Arab commanders to respect the town and its inhabitants, a practice that was common in many towns of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Umayyad troops met little resistance. Considering that era's communication capabilities, three years was a reasonable time spent almost reaching the Pyrenees, after making the necessary arrangements for the towns' submissions and their future governance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1990116_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1990116-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have emphasized that animosity against the Visigothic rule in some regions of the Visigothic Kingdom, including to a greater extent the deep disagreements and resentment involving the local Jewish communities and the ruling authorities, weakened the kingdom and played a pivotal role in the ultimate success of the Umayyad Conquest of Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_territorial_and_civil_administration">New territorial and civil administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New territorial and civil administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/280px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg/420px-Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Vasconia_wide_740_3_-_80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Northeastern al-Andalus, the Pyrenees and southern Gaul at the time of the Berber rebellion (739–742)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preference_for_treaties">Preference for treaties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preference for treaties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 713, Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa subdued the forces of the Visigothic count <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Visigoth)" title="Theodemir (Visigoth)">Theodemir</a> (or <i>Tudmir</i>), who had taken over southeastern Iberia from his base in <a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a> after the power vacuum after King Roderic's defeat. Theudimer then signed a conditional capitulation by which his lands were made into an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> under Umayyad rule. </p><p>The Treaty of Theodemir in 713 represents a form of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">indirect rule</a> that Abd al-Aziz, son of Musa the Umayyad governor of Ifriqiya, installed over "a Visigothic potentate named Theodemir (Tudmir, in Arabic)".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty entailed that the local ruler, Theodemir, would remain in power as long as he recognized Muslim suzerainty, constituted in Abd al-Aziz, and paid monetary tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Abd al-Aziz agreed that his forces would not plunder or "harass" Theodemir's town or people, an agreement that extended to seven more towns as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abd Al-Aziz sent messages to the governors of the different Islamic provinces denouncing non-Muslims:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>O ye who believe! The non-Muslims are nothing but dirt. Allah has created them to be partisans of Satan; most treacherous in regard to all they do; whose whole endeavor in this nether life is useless, though they themselves imagine that they are doing fine work. Upon them rests the curse of Allah, of the Angels and of man collectively</p></blockquote> <p>His government and the Christian beliefs of his subjects were respected; in exchange, he pledged to pay a tax (<i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i>) and to hand over any rebels plotting against Umayyad rule or the Islamic religion. In that way, the life of many inhabitants remained much the same as before Tariq's and Musa's campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198939–40_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198939–40-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty signed with Theudimer set a precedent for the whole of Iberia, and towns surrendering to Umayyad troops experienced a similar fate, including probably the <i><a href="/wiki/Muwallad" class="mw-redirect" title="Muwallad">muwallad</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Qasi" title="Banu Qasi">Banu Qasi</a> based in the Ebro Valley and other counts and landowners. </p><p>Some towns (Cordova, Toledo, etc.) were stormed and captured unconditionally by the Umayyads to be governed by direct Arab rule. In the area thought to be part of King Roderic's territory, Mérida also staged a prolonged resistance to the Umayyad advance but was ultimately conquered in mid-summer 712.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198942–43_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198942–43-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 713 (or 714), the last Visigothic king, <a href="/wiki/Ardo" title="Ardo">Ardo</a>, took over from Achila II, with effective control over only <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> and probably the eastern Pyrenean threshold and coastal areas of the <a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconense</a>. </p><p>Islamic laws did not apply to all the subjects of the new rulers. Christians continued to be ruled by their own Visigothic law code (<i>Forum Iudicum</i>) as before. In most of the towns, ethnic communities remained segregated, and newly arriving ethnic groups (Syrians, Yemenites, Berbers and others) would erect new boroughs outside existing urban areas. However, that would not apply to towns under direct Umayyad rule. In Cordova, the cathedral was partitioned and shared to provide for the religious needs of Christians and Muslims. The situation lasted some 40 years until Abd ar-Rahman's conquest of southern Spain (756). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taxation">Taxation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Taxation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early governor (wali) of al-Andalus, <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurr_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Thaqafi" title="Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi">al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi</a>, spread the rule of the Umayyad Caliphate up to the Ebro Valley and the northeastern borders of Iberia, pacifying most of the territory and initiating in 717 the first forays across the Pyrenees into <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>. In addition, he laid out the foundations of Umayyad civil administration in Iberia, by sending civil administration officials (<i>judges</i>) to conquered towns and lands guarded by garrisons established usually next to the population nuclei.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198945–46_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198945–46-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, al-Hurr restored lands to their previous Christian landowners, which may have added greatly to the revenue of the Umayyad governors and the caliph of Damascus, by increasingly imposing the <a href="/wiki/Vectigalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vectigalia">vectigalia</a> on the former, a tax that was applied on a specific region or estate, not per capitation (<i>jizya</i>). Only non-Muslims were subject to taxation, apart from a Muslim subject's <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">compulsory alms-giving</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198945–46_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198945–46-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The task of establishing a civil administration in conquered al-Andalus was essentially completed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Salama_al-Kalbi" title="Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi">Yahya ibn Salama al-Kalbi</a> 10 years later. </p><p>The period following al-Hurr's office saw the establishment of the Arabs in southern Septimania during <a href="/wiki/Al-Samh_ibn_Malik_al-Khawlani" title="Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani">Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani</a>'s tenure as wali. Narbonne fell (720), and no sooner had he garrisoned it than the Arab commander led <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">an offensive against Toulouse</a>. During this Umayyad thrust or its aftermath, King Ardo died (721). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_groups_and_rise_of_conflicting_internal_tensions">Ethnic groups and rise of conflicting internal tensions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups and rise of conflicting internal tensions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_(Year_760).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg/280px-North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg/420px-North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/North_and_south_of_the_Pyrenees_%28Year_760%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Northeast of Iberia, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Vasconia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Vasconia">Duchy of Vasconia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a> just after its conquest by Pepin (760)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the first stage of the invasion, the armies were made up of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> from northern regions of North Africa, together with different groups of <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a>. These peoples, clustered around the banner of the Umayyads did not mix together, remaining in separate towns and boroughs. The Berbers, recently subdued and <a href="/wiki/Berbers_and_Islam" title="Berbers and Islam">superficially Islamized</a>, were usually in charge of the most difficult tasks and the most rugged terrains, similar to the ones found in their North African homeland, while the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> occupied the gentler plains of southern Iberia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198949–50_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198949–50-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable military leaders came to include Berbers in their ranks, such as Tariq Ziyad who is credited with much of the strategy of conquering Al-Andalus.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Consequently, the Berbers went on to stations in <a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Galicia</a> (possibly including Asturias) and the Upper Marches (<a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> basin), but these lands remained unpleasant, humid and cold. The grievances resented by the Berbers under Arab rulers (attempts to impose a tax on Muslim Berbers, etc.) sparked rebellions in north Africa that expanded into Iberia. An early uprising took place in 730 when <a href="/wiki/Munuza" title="Munuza">Uthman ibn Naissa</a> (Munuza), master of the eastern Pyrenees (Cerretanya), allied with the duke <a href="/wiki/Odo_of_Aquitaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo of Aquitaine">Odo of Aquitaine</a> and detached from Cordova. </p><p>The internal frictions continually threatened (or sometimes may have spurred) the ever-expanding Umayyad military effort in al-Andalus during the conquest period. Around 739, on learning the news of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a>'s second intervention in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj">Uqba ibn al-Hajjaj</a> had to call off an expedition to the Lower <a href="/wiki/Rhone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhone">Rhone</a> to deal with the <a href="/wiki/Berber_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber revolt">Berber revolt</a> in the south instead. The following year, the Berber garrisons stationed in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astorga,_Spain" title="Astorga, Spain">Astorga</a> and other north-western outposts gave up their positions, and some of them even embraced the Christian religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989158_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989158-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim settlement was thereafter established permanently south of the <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a>'s banks. </p><p>The Berber rebellions swept the whole of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">al-Andalus</a> during <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Katan_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri">Abd al-Malik ibn Katan al-Fihri</a>'s term as governor. Reinforcements were then called from the other end of the Mediterranean in a military capacity: the "Syrian" <i>junds</i> (actually Yemeni Arabs). The Berber rebellions were quelled in blood, and the Arab commanders came up reinforced after 742. Different Arab factions reached an agreement to alternate in office, but this did not last long, since <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_%27Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri">Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri</a> (opposed to the Umayyads) remained in power up to his defeat by <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a> in 756, and the establishment of the independent Umayyad <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Córdoba">Emirate of Cordova</a>. It was in this period of unrest that the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">Frankish</a> king Pepin finally captured <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752%E2%80%93759)" title="Siege of Narbonne (752–759)">Narbonne from the Andalusians (759)</a>. </p><p>In Yusuf's and Abd-ar-Rahman's fight for power in al-Andalus, the "Syrian" troops, a mainstay of the Umayyad Caliphate, split. For the most part, Arabs from the <a href="/wiki/Mudhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudhar">Mudhar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qais" title="Qais">Qais</a> tribes sided with Yusuf, as did the indigenous (second- or third-generation) Arabs from northern Africa, but <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> units and some Berbers sided with Abd-ar-Rahman, who was probably born to a North African Berber mother himself. By 756, south and central al-Andalus (Cordova, Sevilla) were in the hands of Abd-ar-Rahman, but it took another 25 years for him to hold sway over the Upper Marches (Pamplona, Zaragoza and all of the northeast).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989180_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989180-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath_and_consequences">Aftermath and consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath and consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Iberian Peninsula was the westernmost tip of the Umayyad Caliphate of Damascus and was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya#Umayyad_Governors_of_Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">governor of Ifriqiya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 720, the caliph even considered abandoning the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conquest was followed by a period of several hundred years during which most of the Iberian peninsula was known as al-Andalus, dominated by Muslim rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a handful of new small Christian realms managed to reassert their authority across the distant mountainous north of the peninsula. </p><p>In 756, <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a>, a survivor of the recently overthrown Umayyad dynasty, landed in al-Andalus and seized power in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Córdoba, Andalusia">Cordova</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, and proclaimed himself <i><a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a></i> or <i>malik</i>, removing any mentions of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> Caliphs from the Friday prayers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989127_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989127-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of those events, southern Iberia became <i>de jure</i> and <i>de facto</i> independent from the Abbasid Caliphate.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this was not accepted outside al-Andalus and those North African territories with which it was affiliated, Abd al-Rahman, and especially his successors, considered that they were the legitimate continuation of the Umayyad caliphate, i.e. that their rule was more legitimate than that of the Abbasids.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that Abd ar-Rahman never considered establishing a separate principality. (See <a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a>.) </p><p>During the unification of al-Andalus in the reign of Abd ar-Rahman before his death in 788, al-Andalus underwent centralization and slow but steady homogenization. The autonomous status of many towns and regions negotiated in the first years of the conquest was reversed by 778,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989174_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989174-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in some cases much earlier (Pamplona by 742, for example). The Hispanic Church based in Toledo, whose status remained largely undiminished under the new rulers, fell out with the Roman Church during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Adoptionism" title="Spanish Adoptionism">Adoptionist controversy</a> (late 8th century). Rome relied on an alliance with <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (in war with the Cordovan emirs) to defend its political authority and possessions and went on to recognize the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturian principality</a> (<i>Gallaecia</i>) as a kingdom apart from Cordova and <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso II of Asturias">Alfonso II</a> as king. </p><p>The population of al-Andalus, especially local nobles who aspired to a share in power, began to embrace <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the majority of the population remained Christians using the <a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic Rite</a>, and Latin (<a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozarabic language">Mozarabic</a>) remained the principal language until the 11th century. The historian Jessica Coope of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska">University of Nebraska</a> argues that the pre-modern Islamic conquest was unlike <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> because the latter was "imposed on everyone as part of a negotiated surrender, and thus lacked the element of personal conviction that modern ideas about religious faith would require", but the conquest of <i><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Harb" class="mw-redirect" title="Dar al-Harb">Dar al-Harb</a></i> was motivated not by a goal of converting the population to Islam but by the belief that everyone was better off under Islamic rule.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abd ar-Rahman I founded an independent dynasty that survived until the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That line was succeeded by a variety of short and small emirates (<i>taifas</i>) unable to stop the push of the expanding northern Christian kingdoms. The Almoravids (1086–1094) and the Almohads (1146–1173) occupied al-Andalus, followed by the Marinids in 1269, but that could not prevent the fragmentation of Muslim-ruled territory. The last Muslim emirate, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a>, was defeated by the armies of <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> (successor to <a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a> under <a href="/wiki/Isabella_I_of_Castile" title="Isabella I of Castile">Isabella</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II_of_Aragon" title="Ferdinand II of Aragon">Ferdinand</a> in 1492. <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_moriscos" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the moriscos">The last wave of expulsions</a> of Spaniards of Muslim descent took place in 1614. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology">Chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chronology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;width:auto;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">History of Al-Andalus</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Muslim conquest</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(711–732)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(711)" title="Siege of Córdoba (711)">Siege of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Battle of Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fihrids" title="Fihrids">Fihrids</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_state_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Umayyad state of Córdoba">Umayyad state of Córdoba</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(756–1031)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_I" title="Abd al-Rahman I">Abd al-Rahman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Ibn_Abi_Aamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir">Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#First_period_(11th_century)" title="Taifa">First Taifa period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1009–1110)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid rule</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1085–1145)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty#Iberian_Peninsula" title="Almoravid dynasty">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sagrajas" title="Battle of Sagrajas">Battle of Sagrajas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#Second_period_(12th_century)" title="Taifa">Second Taifa period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1140–1203)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad rule</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1147–1238)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Navas_de_Tolosa" title="Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa">Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;;border-bottom:none;"> <a href="/wiki/Taifa#Third_period_(13th_century)" title="Taifa">Third Taifa period</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1232–1287)</span></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Emirate of Granada</a><br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1232–1492)</span></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty" title="Nasrid dynasty">Nasrid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait" title="Battle of the Strait">Battle of the Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_War" title="Granada War">Granada War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.15em;font-size:110%;"> Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.8em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Portugal</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convivencia" title="Convivencia">Convivencia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Template:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Template talk:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_al-Andalus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of al-Andalus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As discussed above, much of the traditional narrative of the Umayyad Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula is more legend than reliable history. Some of the key events and the stories around them are outlined below. </p> <ul><li>710 – <a href="/wiki/Tariq_ibn_Ziyad" title="Tariq ibn Ziyad">Tariq ibn Ziyad</a>, a Berber <i><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">mawla</a></i> of Musa ibn Nusayr, lands with 400 men and 100 horses on the tiny peninsula now called <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (Jebel al Tarik : Mountain of Tariq), after his name.</li> <li>711 – <a href="/wiki/Musa_ibn_Nusayr" title="Musa ibn Nusayr">Musa ibn Nusayr</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a> in North Africa, dispatches Tariq into the Iberian Peninsula.</li> <li>711 (July 19) – King <a href="/wiki/Roderic" title="Roderic">Roderick</a>'s army utterly routed in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a> somewhere in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalquivir" title="Guadalquivir">Guadalquivir</a> valley, and Roderic was killed in battle.</li> <li>712 – Musa ibn Nusayr joins Tariq after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalete" title="Battle of Guadalete">Battle of Guadalete</a> and both go on to attack towns and strongholds previously avoided. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Zora_Tarif" title="Abu Zora Tarif">Abu Zora Tarif</a> lands in <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>713 – <a href="/wiki/Theodemir_(Visigoth)" title="Theodemir (Visigoth)">Theudimer</a>'s conditional surrender, allowing him to remain lord of his south-eastern region around Murcia (Tudmir).</li> <li>715 – <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_ibn_Musa" title="Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa">Abd al-Aziz ibn Musa</a> announces first wali of Andalus and marries the widow of King Roderick, <a href="/wiki/Egilona" title="Egilona">Egilona</a>. <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> becomes the capital.</li> <li>717–18 – <a href="/wiki/Al-Hurr_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Thaqafi" title="Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi">Al-Hurr ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Thaqafi</a> starts the first military campaigns into Gothic <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>.</li> <li>719 – <a href="/wiki/Al-Samh_ibn_Malik_al-Khawlani" title="Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani">Al-Samh ibn Malik al-Khawlani</a>, 4th wali, transfers the seat of Governor from Seville to <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordova</a>. <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a> captured.</li> <li>721 – An Umayyad army led by Al-Samh crushed by duke <a href="/wiki/Odo_the_Great" title="Odo the Great">Odo's</a> Aquitanian army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(721)" title="Battle of Toulouse (721)">Battle of Toulouse</a> ("Balat Al Shuhada" of Toulouse).</li> <li>722 – An Umayyad patrol defeated by <a href="/wiki/Pelagius_of_Asturias" title="Pelagius of Asturias">Pelagius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Covadonga" title="Battle of Covadonga">Battle of Covadonga</a> in the mountains of Asturias.</li> <li>725 – <a href="/wiki/Anbasa_ibn_Suhaym_Al-Kalbi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi">Anbasa ibn Suhaym Al-Kalbi</a> subdues all <a href="/wiki/Septimania" title="Septimania">Septimania</a>, raids the Lower Rhone.</li> <li>731 – <a href="/wiki/Munuza" title="Munuza">Munuza</a> defeated in <a href="/wiki/Cerdanya" title="Cerdanya">Cerdanya</a> by <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Rahman_Al_Ghafiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi">Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi</a>.</li> <li>Spring 732 – An expedition led by the wali <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Abd_Allah_al-Ghafiqi" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Abd Allah al-Ghafiqi">Al Ghafiqi</a> vanquishes duke Odo at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Garonne" title="Battle of the River Garonne">Battle of the River Garonne</a>.</li> <li>October 732 – Al Ghafiqi totally routed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_the_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of the Palace">Mayor of the Palace</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> court) at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> ("Balat Al Shuhada" of Poitiers).</li> <li>734 – Count <a href="/wiki/Maurontus" title="Maurontus">Maurontus</a> calls Umayyad forces on a military capacity into <a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a>, and probably <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>.</li> <li>740–42 – <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berbers</a> in northern Iberia (Galicia, Leon, Astorga, upper Ebro) give up their positions to join the <a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolts</a>.</li> <li>743–757 – <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_I_of_Asturias" title="Alfonso I of Asturias">Alfonso I of Asturias</a> raids the territory between the rivers <a href="/wiki/Duero" class="mw-redirect" title="Duero">Duero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebro" title="Ebro">Ebro</a> but doesn't retain it.</li> <li>743 – <a href="/wiki/Mudari" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudari">Mudarites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemenites</a> agree on choosing alternately one of their numbers each year to rule Al–Andalus.</li> <li>747 – Governor <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_%27Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri">Yusuf ibn 'Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri</a>, a Mudarite and descendant of <a href="/wiki/Uqba_ibn_Nafi" title="Uqba ibn Nafi">Uqbah ibn Nafia</a>, refuses to give turn to the Yemenite candidate and rules autonomously.</li> <li>755 – Rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a> quashed, and Yusuf's detachment annihilated by the <a href="/wiki/Basques" title="Basques">Basques</a> near <a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>.</li> <li>755 – <a href="/wiki/Abd_ar-Rahman_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd ar-Rahman I">Abd Al-Rahman Al Dakhel</a> ("<i>Saqr Quraysh</i>") lands on the southern coast, taking in a quick succession <a href="/wiki/Granada" title="Granada">Granada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a> and Cordova.</li> <li>756 – After refusing to compromise with Yusuf, Abd ar-Rahman I independent Umayyad emir of Córdova. Yusuf defeated.</li> <li>759 – <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Narbonne_(752-759)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Narbonne (752-759)">Narbonne captured</a> by the Frankish king <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a>.</li> <li>763 – Pro-Abbasid army defeated by Abd ar-Rahman I in <a href="/wiki/Carmona,_Spain" title="Carmona, Spain">Carmona</a>.</li> <li>778 – <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> repelled in Zaragoza by Muslim local lords.</li> <li>779 – Abd ar-Rahman I campaigns to the Upper Marches and subdues its main city, Zaragoza.</li> <li>781 – Pamplona and the Basque lords south of the Pyrenean fringes subdued. All of <a href="/wiki/Al_Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Andalus">Al Andalus</a> unified.</li> <li>788 – Abd ar-Rahman I dies.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Muslim_presence_in_the_Iberian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula">Timeline of the Muslim presence in the Iberian peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBreit2009" class="citation journal cs1">Breit, Michael (24 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/arab-conquest-of-spain-710797-by-roger-collins-a-history-of-spain-vol-iii-pp-xii-239-oxford-basil-blackwell-1989/BDE8344ACC617939E4183B5FCFB88D67">"The Arab conquest of Spain, 710–797. By Roger Collins. (A History of Spain, Vol. III.) pp. xii, 239. Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1989"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">273–</span>276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1356186300000651">10.1017/S1356186300000651</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0591">1474-0591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Arab+conquest+of+Spain%2C+710%E2%80%93797.+By+Roger+Collins.+%28A+History+of+Spain%2C+Vol.+III.%29+pp.+xii%2C+239.+Oxford%2C+Basil+Blackwell%2C+1989.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E276&rft.date=2009-09-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1356186300000651&rft.issn=1474-0591&rft.aulast=Breit&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Farab-conquest-of-spain-710797-by-roger-collins-a-history-of-spain-vol-iii-pp-xii-239-oxford-basil-blackwell-1989%2FBDE8344ACC617939E4183B5FCFB88D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins,_Roger1983" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1983). <i>Early Medieval Spain</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-22464-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-22464-8"><bdi>0-312-22464-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Medieval+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-312-22464-8&rft.au=Collins%2C+Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy2008" class="citation book cs1">Nagy, Luqman (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XAYXAQAAIAAJ&q=under+al+walid+ibn+abd+al+malik+tariq+ibn+ziyad"><i>The book of Islamic dynasties: a celebration of Islamic history and culture</i></a>. Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842000915" title="Special:BookSources/9781842000915"><bdi>9781842000915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+book+of+Islamic+dynasties%3A+a+celebration+of+Islamic+history+and+culture&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Ta-Ha+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781842000915&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=Luqman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXAYXAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dunder%2Bal%2Bwalid%2Bibn%2Babd%2Bal%2Bmalik%2Btariq%2Bibn%2Bziyad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndalusí" class="citation book cs1">Andalusí, Fundación El Legado. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xKOkMyxXY3AC&q=Tariq+et+les+masmuda&pg=PA123"><i>Maroc et Espagne: une histoire commune publié par Fundación El Legado Andalusí</i></a>. Fundación El legado andalusì. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788496395046" title="Special:BookSources/9788496395046"><bdi>9788496395046</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2010</span> – via Books google.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maroc+et+Espagne%3A+une+histoire+commune+publi%C3%A9+par+Fundaci%C3%B3n+El+Legado+Andalus%C3%AD&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+El+legado+andalus%C3%AC&rft.isbn=9788496395046&rft.aulast=Andalus%C3%AD&rft.aufirst=Fundaci%C3%B3n+El+Legado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxKOkMyxXY3AC%26q%3DTariq%2Bet%2Bles%2Bmasmuda%26pg%3DPA123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos,_Brian_A.2018" class="citation book cs1">Catlos, Brian A. (2018). <i>Kingdoms of Faith: A New History of Islamic Spain</i> (First ed.). New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05587-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05587-6"><bdi>978-0-465-05587-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1003304619">1003304619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdoms+of+Faith%3A+A+New+History+of+Islamic+Spain&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1003304619&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05587-6&rft.au=Catlos%2C+Brian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fromherz-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fromherz_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fromherz, Allen: <i>The Near West: Medieval North Africa, Latin Europe, and the Mediterranean in the Second Axial Age</i> (2017)9781474410083 pg. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaegi-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaegi_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaegi_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_E._Kaegi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Kaegi" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter E. Kaegi">Walter E. Kaegi</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zexq5Hl42mQC&pg=PA260"><i>Muslim Expansion and Byzantine Collapse in North Africa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521196772" title="Special:BookSources/9780521196772"><bdi>9780521196772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Expansion+and+Byzantine+Collapse+in+North+Africa&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780521196772&rft.au=Walter+E.+Kaegi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzexq5Hl42mQC%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198928-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198928_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198931-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198931_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198925–26-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198925–26_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_Hugh_(Hugh_N.)1996" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (Hugh N.) (1996). <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: a political history of al-Andalus</i>. London: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49515-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49515-6"><bdi>0-582-49515-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34746098">34746098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+a+political+history+of+al-Andalus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34746098&rft.isbn=0-582-49515-6&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Hugh+%28Hugh+N.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198933-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198933_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, p. 33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198932–33-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198932–33_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198917,_32–33-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198917,_32–33_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 17, 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198931–32-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198931–32_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 31–32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rucquoi notes that the tale of Count Julian's wife or daughter does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_754" title="Chronicle of 754">Chronicle of 754</a> and considers it to be "probably a legend", but he considers there may be more truth in the stories concerning Wittiza's family; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRucquoi1993" class="citation cs2">Rucquoi, Adèle (1993), <i>Histoire médiéval de la Péninsule ibérique</i>, Éditions du Seuil, p. 71, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-02-012935-3" title="Special:BookSources/2-02-012935-3"><bdi>2-02-012935-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9val+de+la+P%C3%A9ninsule+ib%C3%A9rique&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+du+Seuil&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=2-02-012935-3&rft.aulast=Rucquoi&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A8le&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaqqarīAl-Khaṭīb1840" class="citation web cs1">Maqqarī, Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad; Al-Khaṭīb, Ibn (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dRVlWhdJkZYC">"The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain: Extracted from the Nafhu-t-tíb Min Ghosni-l-Andalusi-r-rattíb Wa Táríkh Lisánu-d-Dín Ibni-l-Khattíb"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mohammedan+Dynasties+in+Spain%3A+Extracted+from+the+Nafhu-t-t%C3%ADb+Min+Ghosni-l-Andalusi-r-ratt%C3%ADb+Wa+T%C3%A1r%C3%ADkh+Lis%C3%A1nu-d-D%C3%ADn+Ibni-l-Khatt%C3%ADb&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Maqqar%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+ibn+Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad&rft.au=Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABb%2C+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdRVlWhdJkZYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Makkari2002" class="citation book cs1">Al-Makkari, Ahmed ibn Mohammed (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hxkigx8ACfQC"><i>The History of the Mohammedan Dynasties in Spain</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 259. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415297714" title="Special:BookSources/9780415297714"><bdi>9780415297714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mohammedan+Dynasties+in+Spain&rft.pages=259&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780415297714&rft.aulast=Al-Makkari&rft.aufirst=Ahmed+ibn+Mohammed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxkigx8ACfQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.islamweb.net/en/article/136056/taariq-ibn-ziyaad-the-conqueror-of-andalusia">"Taariq Ibn Ziyaad the Conqueror of Andalusia"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taariq+Ibn+Ziyaad+the+Conqueror+of+Andalusia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamweb.net%2Fen%2Farticle%2F136056%2Ftaariq-ibn-ziyaad-the-conqueror-of-andalusia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers2010" class="citation book cs1">Rogers, Clifford J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mzwpq6bLHhMC&q=Tariq+ibn+Ziyad+berber+arab+troops&pg=PA13"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Medieval Warfare and Military Technology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533403-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533403-6"><bdi>978-0-19-533403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Medieval+Warfare+and+Military+Technology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533403-6&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=Clifford+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmzwpq6bLHhMC%26q%3DTariq%2Bibn%2BZiyad%2Bberber%2Barab%2Btroops%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2000" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9HUDXkJIE3EC"><i>The Oxford History of Islam</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988041-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988041-6"><bdi>978-0-19-988041-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988041-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9HUDXkJIE3EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> (<i>Tarikh al-Tabari)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bidayah_wa_al-Nihayah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah">Al-Bidayah wa al-Nihayah</a></i> (<i>Tarikh ibn Kathir</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1990" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oALIyvjV0fEC&q=tabari+spain+uthman&pg=PA22"><i>The History of al-Tabari Vol. 15</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791401545" title="Special:BookSources/9780791401545"><bdi>9780791401545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+al-Tabari+Vol.+15&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780791401545&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoALIyvjV0fEC%26q%3Dtabari%2Bspain%2Buthman%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFṬāhā1989" class="citation book cs1">Ṭāhā, Abd al-Wāḥid Dhannūn (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgcOAAAAQAAJ&q=The+Muslim+conquest+and+settlement+of+North+Africa+and+Spain++Par+%CA%BBAbd+al-W%C4%81%E1%B8%A5id+Dhann%C5%ABn+%E1%B9%AC%C4%81h%C4%81&pg=PP1"><i>The Muslim Conquest and Settlement of North Africa and Spain</i></a>. Routledge. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415004749" title="Special:BookSources/9780415004749"><bdi>9780415004749</bdi></a>. <q>The historian Abd al-Wāḥid Dhannūn Ṭāhā mentions that several Arab-Muslim writers mention the fact that Tariq has decided to cross the strait without informing his superior.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslim+Conquest+and+Settlement+of+North+Africa+and+Spain&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780415004749&rft.aulast=%E1%B9%AC%C4%81h%C4%81&rft.aufirst=Abd+al-W%C4%81%E1%B8%A5id+Dhann%C5%ABn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgcOAAAAQAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BMuslim%2Bconquest%2Band%2Bsettlement%2Bof%2BNorth%2BAfrica%2Band%2BSpain%2B%2BPar%2B%25CA%25BBAbd%2Bal-W%25C4%2581%25E1%25B8%25A5id%2BDhann%25C5%25ABn%2B%25E1%25B9%25AC%25C4%2581h%25C4%2581%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRipoll_López1989" class="citation web cs1">Ripoll López, Gisela (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812072505/http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF">"Características generales del poblamiento y la arqueología funeraria visigoda de Hispania"</a>. <i>Espacio, Tiempo y Forma, S. I, Prehist. y Arqueol., t. 2</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">389–</span>418. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/eserv.php?pid=bibliuned:ETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938&dsID=PDF">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2017</span>. <q>En resumen se puede considerar que el pueblo visigodo – sin diferenciar la población civil de la militar – representó de un uno a un dos por ciento sobre la totalidad de la población de Hispania.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Espacio%2C+Tiempo+y+Forma%2C+S.+I%2C+Prehist.+y+Arqueol.%2C+t.+2&rft.atitle=Caracter%C3%ADsticas+generales+del+poblamiento+y+la+arqueolog%C3%ADa+funeraria+visigoda+de+Hispania&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E418&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ripoll+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-spacio.uned.es%2Ffez%2Feserv.php%3Fpid%3Dbibliuned%3AETFSerie1-71E2565C-354B-7D1E-4C3F-27B8664C1938%26dsID%3DPDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (1996). <i>Muslim Spain and Portugal: A political history of al-Andalus</i>. Longman. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Spain+and+Portugal%3A+A+political+history+of+al-Andalus&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLomax1978" class="citation book cs1">Lomax, D.W. (1978). <i>The Reconquest of Spain</i>. Longman. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reconquest+of+Spain&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Lomax&rft.aufirst=D.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-metmuseum-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-metmuseum_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2012" class="citation web cs1">Williams, Betsy (2012-04-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/exhibitions/listings/2012/byzantium-and-islam/blog/where-in-the-world/posts/qusayr-amra">"Qusayr 'Amra"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="The Metropolitan Museum of Art">The Metropolitan Museum of Art</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.atitle=Qusayr+%27Amra&rft.date=2012-04-12&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Betsy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Flistings%2F2012%2Fbyzantium-and-islam%2Fblog%2Fwhere-in-the-world%2Fposts%2Fqusayr-amra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Drayson, "Ways of Seeing".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1990" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1990). <i>The Basques</i>. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-17565-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-17565-2"><bdi>0-631-17565-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Basques&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-631-17565-2&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1990116-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1990116_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1990">Collins 1990</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1976" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Norman (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466922">"The Jews and the Muslim Conquest of Spain"</a>. <i>Jewish Social Studies</i>. <b>38</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>158. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-6704">0021-6704</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4466922">4466922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Social+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Jews+and+the+Muslim+Conquest+of+Spain&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.date=1976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4466922%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0021-6704&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4466922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nOSZPne0zVwC"><i>Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – and Why They Fall</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307472458" title="Special:BookSources/9780307472458"><bdi>9780307472458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Day+of+Empire%3A+How+Hyperpowers+Rise+to+Global+Dominance+%E2%80%93+and+Why+They+Fall&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780307472458&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnOSZPne0zVwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottheil1921" class="citation book cs1">Gottheil, Richard James Horatio (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pwF8mgEACAAJ"><i>An Answer to the Dhimmis</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Answer+to+the+Dhimmis&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Gottheil&rft.aufirst=Richard+James+Horatio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpwF8mgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198939–40-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198939–40_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198942–43-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198942–43_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198945–46-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198945–46_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198945–46_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins198949–50-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins198949–50_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989158-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989158_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989180-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989180_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989127-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989127_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatlos,_Brian_A.2015" class="citation book cs1">Catlos, Brian A. (2015). <i>Infidel kings and unholy warriors : faith, power, and violence in the age of crusade and jihad</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53532-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-53532-2"><bdi>978-0-374-53532-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/889165096">889165096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infidel+kings+and+unholy+warriors+%3A+faith%2C+power%2C+and+violence+in+the+age+of+crusade+and+jihad&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F889165096&rft.isbn=978-0-374-53532-2&rft.au=Catlos%2C+Brian+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1989174-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECollins1989174_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCollins1989">Collins 1989</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoller,_Violet2020" class="citation book cs1">Moller, Violet (2020). <i>Map of Knowledge: a thousand-year history of how classical ideas were lost and found</i>. Anchor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-97406-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-97406-3"><bdi>978-1-101-97406-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111697223">1111697223</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Map+of+Knowledge%3A+a+thousand-year+history+of+how+classical+ideas+were+lost+and+found.&rft.pub=Anchor&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1111697223&rft.isbn=978-1-101-97406-3&rft.au=Moller%2C+Violet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Coope2017" class="citation book cs1">Jessica Coope (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jc6lDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA32"><i>The Most Noble of People: Religious, Ethnic, and Gender Identity in Muslim Spain</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780472130283" title="Special:BookSources/9780472130283"><bdi>9780472130283</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Most+Noble+of+People%3A+Religious%2C+Ethnic%2C+and+Gender+Identity+in+Muslim+Spain&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780472130283&rft.au=Jessica+Coope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djc6lDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&q=Abu+Zora+Tarif&pg=PA207"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851096725" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851096725"><bdi>978-1851096725</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1851096725&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Spencer+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26q%3DAbu%2BZora%2BTarif%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1989" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Roger (1989). <i>The Arab Conquest of Spain 710–797</i>. Oxford, UK / Cambridge, US: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19405-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19405-3"><bdi>0-631-19405-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Spain+710%E2%80%93797&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK+%2F+Cambridge%2C+US&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-631-19405-3&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuslim+conquest+of+the+Iberian+Peninsula" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Umayyad_Caliphate_topics194" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Template:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Template talk:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Umayyad_Caliphate_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Umayyad Caliphate topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Umayyad_Caliphate_topics194" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caliphs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_I" title="Mu'awiya I">Mu'awiya I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_I" title="Yazid I">Yazid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27awiya_II" title="Mu'awiya II">Mu'awiya II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_I" title="Marwan I">Marwan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Malik_ibn_Marwan" title="Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan">Abd al-Malik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_I" title="Al-Walid I">Al-Walid I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik">Sulayman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umar II">Umar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_II" title="Yazid II">Yazid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Abd_al-Malik" title="Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik">Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Walid_II" title="Al-Walid II">Al-Walid II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_III" title="Yazid III">Yazid III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Walid">Ibrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwan_II" title="Marwan II">Marwan II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(674%E2%80%93678)" title="Siege of Constantinople (674–678)">First siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Fitna" title="Second Fitna">Second Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest of the Maghreb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Ash%27ath" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Muhammad ibn al-Ash'ath">Revolt of Ibn al-Ash'ath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Transoxiana" title="Muslim conquest of Transoxiana">Muslim conquest of Transoxiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_campaigns_in_India" title="Umayyad campaigns in India">Umayyad campaigns in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">Second siege of Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_invasion_of_Gaul" title="Umayyad invasion of Gaul">Umayyad invasion of Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Khazar_wars#Second_War" title="Arab–Khazar wars">Second Arab–Khazar War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazid_ibn_al-Muhallab" title="Yazid ibn al-Muhallab">Revolt of Yazid b. al-Muhallab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Revolt of Harith b. Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Revolt of Zayd ibn Ali">Revolt of Zayd b. Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Fitna" title="Third Fitna">Third Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid Revolution">Abbasid Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_rule_in_North_Africa" title="Umayyad rule in North Africa">Umayyad rule in North Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliph" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliph">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Governors_of_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:Governors of the Umayyad Caliphate">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divan" title="Divan">Diwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barid" title="Barid">Barid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">Shurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Haras" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Haras">al-Haras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qays%E2%80%93Yaman_rivalry" title="Qays–Yaman rivalry">Qays–Yaman rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hajjaj_ibn_Yusuf" title="Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf">al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf</a></li> <li>Umayyad coinage <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold_dinar" title="Gold dinar">Gold dinar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirham" title="Dirham">Dirham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Sasanian_coinage" title="Arab–Sasanian coinage">Arab–Sasanian coinage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Culture of the Umayyad Caliphate">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_castles" title="Desert castles">Desert castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Aleppo" title="Great Mosque of Aleppo">Great Mosque of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Mosque of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad art">Umayyad art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Painting_of_the_Six_Kings" title="Painting of the Six Kings">Painting of the Six Kings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Umayyad_Caliphate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Umayyad Caliphate">Media</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&oldid=1275243558">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&oldid=1275243558</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" title="Category:Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:Invasions by the Umayyad Caliphate">Invasions by the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_conflicts" title="Category:8th-century conflicts">8th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th_century_in_the_Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Category:8th century in the Visigothic Kingdom">8th century in the Visigothic Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th_century_in_al-Andalus" title="Category:8th century in al-Andalus">8th century in al-Andalus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th_century_in_the_Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Category:8th century in the Umayyad Caliphate">8th century in the Umayyad Caliphate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Goths" title="Category:Wars involving the Goths">Wars involving the Goths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Portugal" title="Category:Islam in Portugal">Islam in Portugal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Spain" title="Category:Islam in Spain">Islam in Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_Spain" title="Category:Invasions of Spain">Invasions of Spain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_Portugal" title="Category:Invasions of Portugal">Invasions of Portugal</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 February 2025, at 22:08<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>44 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-698c79758b-4bc9d","wgBackendResponseTime":1128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.811","walltime":"0.946","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3942,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":111022,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7026,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":141964,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 830.497 1 -total"," 30.02% 249.318 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.49% 128.626 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 13.92% 115.578 1 Template:Langx"," 12.05% 100.088 21 Template:Cite_book"," 11.12% 92.338 2 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.76% 89.366 17 Template:Sfn"," 10.69% 88.796 1 Template:Campaignbox_Early_Muslim_Expansions"," 10.40% 86.391 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 8.34% 69.223 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.546","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15729073,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAl-Makkari2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndalusí\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreit2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatlos,_Brian_A.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCatlos,_Brian_A.2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins,_Roger1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGottheil1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessica_Coope2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy,_Hugh_(Hugh_N.)1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLomax1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaqqarīAl-Khaṭīb1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoller,_Violet2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRipoll_López1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRogers2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRucquoi1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_E._Kaegi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFṬāhā1989\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Campaignbox Early Muslim Expansions\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"History of al-Andalus\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 2,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"MIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Not a typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reign\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 17,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Surrendered\"] = 1,\n [\"Umayyad Caliphate topics\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-698c79758b-4bc9d","timestamp":"20250225121505","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1455917","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1455917","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-07-04T22:30:59Z","dateModified":"2025-02-11T22:08:36Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/66\/Conquistaislamicapeninsula2.svg","headline":"war resulting in the destruction of the Visigothic Kingdom and the expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate (711\u2013718)"}</script> </body> </html>