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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/220px-DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/330px-DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg/440px-DSC00355_-_Orfeo_%28epoca_romana%29_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1507" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphic mysteries</a> are used as an example of the false cults of Greek paganism in the <i>Protrepticus</i>. </figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Protrepticus</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Προτρεπτικὸς πρὸς Ἕλληνας</span>: "Exhortation to the Greeks") is the first of the three surviving works of <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Christian_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian theologian">Christian theologian</a> of the 2nd century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protrepticus_(Clement)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The work is, as its title suggests, an exhortation to the pagans of Greece to adopt Christianity, and within it Clement demonstrates his extensive knowledge of pagan mythology and theology. It is chiefly important due to Clement's exposition of religion as an anthropological phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Dro1989138_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dro1989138-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a short philosophical discussion, it opens with a history of Greek religion in seven stages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement suggests that at first, men mistakenly believed <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">the Sun, the Moon and other heavenly bodies</a> to be gods. The next development was the worship of the products of agriculture, from which he contends the cults of <a href="/wiki/Demeter" title="Demeter">Demeter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> arose.<sup id="cite_ref-Dro1989131_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dro1989131-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Man then paid reverence to revenge, and deified human feelings of <a href="/wiki/Eros" title="Eros">love</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(mythology)" title="Phobos (mythology)">fear</a>, among others. In the following stage, the poets <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a> and <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a> attempt to enumerate the Gods; Hesiod's <a href="/wiki/Theogony" title="Theogony">Theogony</a> giving the number of twelve. Finally, men proclaimed other men, such as <a href="/wiki/Asclepius" title="Asclepius">Asclepius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heracles" title="Heracles">Heracles</a>, deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Dro1989131_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dro1989131-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussing <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, Clement contends that the objects of primitive religion were unshaped wood and stone, and idols thus arose when such natural items were carved.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer197448_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer197448-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, Clement is critical of all forms of visual art, suggesting that artworks are but illusions and "deadly toys".<sup id="cite_ref-Fer197448_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer197448-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clement criticizes Greek paganism in the <i>Protrepticus</i> on the basis that its deities are both false and poor moral examples, and he attacks the mystery religions for their obscurantism and trivial rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-Fer197448_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fer197448-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the worshippers of <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> are ridiculed for their ritual use of children's <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">toys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggests at some points that the pagan deities are based on humans, but at others that they are <a href="/wiki/Misanthropic" class="mw-redirect" title="Misanthropic">misanthropic</a> demons, and he cites several classical sources in support of this second hypothesis.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement, like many pre-Nicene fathers, writes favourably about <a href="/wiki/Euhemerus" title="Euhemerus">Euhemerus</a> and other rationalist philosophers, on the grounds that they at least saw the flaws in paganism. However, his greatest praise is reserved for Plato, whose <a href="/wiki/Apophasis" title="Apophasis">apophatic</a> views of God prefigure Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The figure of <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> is prominent throughout the narrative, and Clement contrasts his song, representing pagan superstition, with the divine <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a> of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Clement, through conversion to Christianity alone can man fully participate in the Logos, which is universal truth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protrepticus_(Clement)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protrepsis_and_paraenesis" title="Protrepsis and paraenesis">Protrepsis and paraenesis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protrepticus_(Clement)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dro1989138-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dro1989138_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Droge (1989), p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Droge (1989), p. 130</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dro1989131-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dro1989131_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dro1989131_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Droge (1989), p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fer197448-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fer197448_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer197448_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fer197448_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson (1974), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burrus (2011), p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson (1974), p. 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson (1974), pp. 55–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Jáuregui (2010), p. 132</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharkey (2009), p. 159</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protrepticus_(Clement)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurrus2010" class="citation book cs1">Burrus, Virginia (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lateancientchris0000unse"><i>Late Ancient Christianity</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-9720-4"><bdi>978-0-8006-9720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Ancient+Christianity&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-9720-4&rft.aulast=Burrus&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flateancientchris0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtrepticus+%28Clement%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDroge1989" class="citation book cs1">Droge, Arthur J. (1989). <i>Homer or Moses?: early Christian interpretations of the history of culture</i>. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145354-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-145354-0"><bdi>978-3-16-145354-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homer+or+Moses%3F%3A+early+Christian+interpretations+of+the+history+of+culture&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-16-145354-0&rft.aulast=Droge&rft.aufirst=Arthur+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtrepticus+%28Clement%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1974" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, John (1974). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clementofalexand00ferg"><i>Clement of Alexandria</i></a></span>. New York: Ardent Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-2231-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8057-2231-4"><bdi>978-0-8057-2231-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clement+of+Alexandria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Ardent+Media&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-8057-2231-4&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclementofalexand00ferg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtrepticus+%28Clement%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Jáuregui2010" class="citation book cs1">de Jáuregui, Miguel Herrero (2010). <i>Orphism and Christianity in late antiquity</i>. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020633-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020633-3"><bdi>978-3-11-020633-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orphism+and+Christianity+in+late+antiquity&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020633-3&rft.aulast=de+J%C3%A1uregui&rft.aufirst=Miguel+Herrero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AProtrepticus+%28Clement%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protrepticus_(Clement)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Protrepticus" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Protrepticus">Protrepticus</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/pgm/PG_Migne/Clement%20of%20Alexandria_PG%2008-09/Protrepticus.pdf">Προτρεπτικὸς πρὸς Ἕλληνας</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061026114742/http://www.religionfacts.com/christianity/people/clement_alexandria.htm">Biography of Clement, with short commentary on the Protrepticus</a></li> <li><a href="//archive.org/details/clementofalexand00clem/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:clementofalexand00clem/mode/2up">Greek/English edition</a> translated by George William Butterworth, <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, 1960 [1919] at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Archive.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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