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menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the animal. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bison_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bison (disambiguation)">Bison (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A bison (<abbr title="plural form">pl.</abbr>: bison) is a large <a href="/wiki/Bovine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bovine">bovine</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> Bison (Greek: "wild ox" (bison)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>) within the tribe <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a>. Two <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">extant</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> species are recognised. <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Bison <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: 2.6–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.12px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div>Early <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> – present</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:American_bison_k5680-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/220px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/330px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/American_bison_k5680-1.jpg/440px-American_bison_k5680-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1761"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> (Bison bison) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_bonasus_(Linnaeus_1758).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bison_bonasus_%28Linnaeus_1758%29.jpg/220px-Bison_bonasus_%28Linnaeus_1758%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bison_bonasus_%28Linnaeus_1758%29.jpg/330px-Bison_bonasus_%28Linnaeus_1758%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bison_bonasus_%28Linnaeus_1758%29.jpg/440px-Bison_bonasus_%28Linnaeus_1758%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2749" data-file-height="1808"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> (Bison bonasus) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bison" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subtribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovina_(subtribe)" title="Bovina (subtribe)">Bovina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bison</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Hamilton Smith</a>, 1827 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">Bison bison</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Species </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Subgenus Eobison <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_palaeosinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison palaeosinensis">B. palaeosinensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_sivalensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison sivalensis (page does not exist)">B. sivalensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_georgicus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison georgicus (page does not exist)">B. georgicus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_degiulii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison degiulii (page does not exist)">B. degiulii</a>?</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus Bison <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_schoetensacki" title="Bison schoetensacki">B. schoetensacki</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_hanaizumiensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison hanaizumiensis (page does not exist)">B. hanaizumiensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_menneri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison menneri (page does not exist)">B. menneri</a></li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_voigtstedtensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison voigtstedtensis (page does not exist)">B. voigtstedtensis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">B. antiquus</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_latifrons" title="Bison latifrons">B. latifrons</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_occidentalis" title="Bison occidentalis">B. occidentalis</a></li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">B. priscus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">B. bison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">B. bonasus</a></li></ul></li> <li>Incertae sedis <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bison_tamanensis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bison tamanensis (page does not exist)">B. tamanensis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays='["_c75f979ec5ff3aedae5c24501cfc0e879ed1724f"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bison&revid=1258052262&groups=_c75f979ec5ff3aedae5c24501cfc0e879ed1724f" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bison&revid=1258052262&groups=_c75f979ec5ff3aedae5c24501cfc0e879ed1724f 2x" alt="Map"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">IUCN range of the two American bison subspecies. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Plains bison (Bison bison subsp. bison)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Wood bison (Bison bison subsp. athabascae)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-overlays='["_50f62a7a64957da6cb7d9b8cf68adc78e4f1b6e9"]'><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bison&revid=1258052262&groups=_50f62a7a64957da6cb7d9b8cf68adc78e4f1b6e9" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,a,a,a,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bison&revid=1258052262&groups=_50f62a7a64957da6cb7d9b8cf68adc78e4f1b6e9 2x" alt="Map"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">IUCN range of the European bison. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> European bison (Bison bonasus)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> Of the two surviving species, the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a>, B. bison, found only in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, is the more numerous. Although colloquially referred to as a buffalo in the United States and Canada,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> it is only distantly related to the <a href="/wiki/True_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="True buffalo">true buffalo</a>. The North American species is composed of two subspecies, the <a href="/wiki/Plains_bison" title="Plains bison">Plains bison</a>, B. b. bison, and the <a href="/wiki/Wood_bison" title="Wood bison">wood bison</a>, B. b. athabascae, which is the namesake of <a href="/wiki/Wood_Buffalo_National_Park" title="Wood Buffalo National Park">Wood Buffalo National Park</a> in Canada. A third subspecies, the eastern bison (B. b. pennsylvanicus) is no longer considered a valid <a href="/wiki/Taxon" title="Taxon">taxon</a>, being a junior synonym of B. b. bison.<a href="#cite_note-pennsylvanicus-3">[3]</a> References to "woods bison" or "wood bison" from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern United States</a> refer to this subspecies, not B. b. athabascae, which was not found in the region. The <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>, B. bonasus, or wisent, or zubr, or colloquially European buffalo, is found in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, reintroduced after being <a href="/wiki/Extinct_in_the_wild" title="Extinct in the wild">extinct in the wild</a>. While bison species have been traditionally classified in their own <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a>, modern genetics indicates that they are nested within the genus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a>, which includes, among others, cattle, <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">yaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a>, being most closely related to yaks. Bison are sometimes bred with domestic cattle and produce offspring called <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a>, in North America, or <a href="/wiki/Zubron" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubron">żubroń</a>, in Poland. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Description">1 Description</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Evolution_and_genetic_history">2 Evolution and genetic history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Behavior">3 Behavior</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Habitat">4 Habitat</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Restrictions">4.1 Restrictions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Diet">5 Diet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Reproduction">6 Reproduction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Predators">7 Predators</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Infections_and_illness">8 Infections and illness</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Name">9 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Bison_and_human_culture">10 Bison and human culture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Nutrition">11 Nutrition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Livestock">12 Livestock</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#See_also">13 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#References">14 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Bibliography">15 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg/220px-Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1992" data-file-height="2038"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 225px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg/220px-Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="225" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg/330px-Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg/440px-Bison_on_plaque_Bedeilhac_grottoe_Ariege.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> bison on plaque, 17,000–9,000 BC, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9deilhac-et-Aynat" title="Bédeilhac-et-Aynat">Bédeilhac</a> grottoe, <a href="/wiki/Ari%C3%A8ge_(department)" title="Ariège (department)">Ariège</a></figcaption></figure> The American bison and the European bison (wisent) are the largest surviving terrestrial animals in North America and Europe. They are typical <a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">artiodactyl</a> (cloven hooved) ungulates, and are similar in appearance to other bovines such as cattle and true buffalo. They are broad and muscular with shaggy coats of long hair. Adults grow up to 2 metres (6 feet 7 inches) in height and 3.5 m (11 ft 6 in) in length for American bison<a href="#cite_note-YukagirBison-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-nwf.org-5">[5]</a> and up to 2.1 m (6 ft 11 in) in height<a href="#cite_note-WWFRussia-6">[6]</a> and 2.9 m (9 ft 6 in) in length for European bison.<a href="#cite_note-Bison_bonasus,_European_bison-7">[7]</a> American bison can weigh from around 400 to 1,270 kilograms (880 to 2,800 pounds)<a href="#cite_note-nwf.org-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and European bison can weigh from 800 to 1,000 kg (1,800 to 2,200 lb).<a href="#cite_note-Bison_bonasus,_European_bison-7">[7]</a> European bison tend to be taller than American bison. Bison are nomadic <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazers</a> and travel in <a href="/wiki/Herd" title="Herd">herds</a>. The bulls leave the herds of females at two or three years of age, and join a herd of males, which usually are smaller than female herds. Mature bulls rarely travel alone. Towards the end of the summer, for the reproductive season, the sexes necessarily commingle.<a href="#cite_note-headsmashedin-9">[9]</a> American bison are known for living in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, but formerly had a much larger range, including much of the eastern United States and parts of Mexico. Both species were hunted close to <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinction</a> during the 19th and 20th centuries, but have since rebounded. The wisent in part owes its survival to the Chernobyl disaster, as the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Exclusion_Zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernobyl Exclusion Zone">Chernobyl Exclusion Zone</a> has become a kind of wildlife preserve for wisent and other rare megafauna such as the <a href="/wiki/Przewalski%27s_horse" title="Przewalski's horse">Przewalski's horse</a>, though <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> has become a threat in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-poachers-10">[10]</a> The American Plains bison is no longer listed as <a href="/wiki/Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered">endangered</a>, but this does not mean the species is secure. Genetically pure B. b. bison currently number only about 20,000, separated into fragmented herds—all of which require active conservation measures.<a href="#cite_note-IUCN_bison-11">[11]</a> The wood bison is on the endangered species list in Canada<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> and is listed as threatened in the United States, though numerous attempts have been made by <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a> ranchers to have it entirely removed from the <a href="/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Endangered Species Act">Endangered Species List</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wood_Bison_ECOS-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg/220px-Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg/220px-Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg/330px-Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg/440px-Bison_skeleton_taxidermy_mount.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A museum display shows the full skeleton of an adult male American bison.</figcaption></figure> Although superficially similar, physical and behavioural differences exist between the American and European bison. The American species has 15 ribs, while the European bison has 14. The American bison has four lumbar vertebrae, while the European has five.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> (The difference in this case is that what would be the first lumbar vertebra has ribs attached to it in American bison and is thus counted as the 15th thoracic vertebra, compared to 14 thoracic vertebrae in wisent.) Adult American bison are less slim in build and have shorter legs.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> American bison tend to graze more, and <a href="/wiki/Browsing_(herbivory)" title="Browsing (herbivory)">browse</a> less than their European relatives. Their anatomies reflect this behavioural difference; the American bison's head hangs lower than the European's. The body of the American bison is typically hairier, though its tail has less hair than that of the European bison. The horns of the European bison point through the plane of their faces, making them more adept at fighting through the interlocking of horns in the same manner as domestic cattle, unlike the American bison, which favours butting.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> American bison are more easily tamed than their European cousins, and breed with domestic cattle more readily.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Evolution_and_genetic_history">Evolution and genetic history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Evolution and genetic history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The bovine tribe (Bovini) split about 5 to 10 million years ago into the buffalos (<a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syncerus" title="Syncerus">Syncerus</a>) and a group leading to bison and taurine cattle.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Genetic evidence from <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_DNA" title="Nuclear DNA">nuclear DNA</a> indicates that the closest living relatives of bison are <a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">yaks</a>, with bison being nested within the genus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a>, rendering Bos without including bison <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>. While nuclear DNA indicates that both extant bison species are each other's closest living relatives, the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> of European bison is more closely related to that of domestic cattle and <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a> (while the mitochondrial DNA of American bison is closely related to that of yaks). This discrepancy is either suggested to be the result of <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_lineage_sorting" title="Incomplete lineage sorting">incomplete lineage sorting</a> or ancient <a href="/wiki/Introgression" title="Introgression">introgression</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WangEtal2018-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Bison are widely believed to have evolved from a lineage belonging to the extinct genus <a href="/wiki/Leptobos" title="Leptobos">Leptobos</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Piacenzian" title="Piacenzian">Late Pliocene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early Pleistocene</a> in Asia. The earliest members of the bison lineage, known from the Late Pliocene to Early Pleistocene of the Indian Subcontinent (Bison sivalensis) and China (Bison palaeosinensis), approximately 3.4-2.6 million years ago (Ma) are placed in the subgenus Bison (Eobison). The oldest remains of Eobison in Europe are those Bison georgicus found in <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_historic_site" title="Dmanisi historic site">Dmanisi</a>, Georgia, dated to around 1.76 Ma. More <a href="/wiki/Primitive_(phylogenetics)" title="Primitive (phylogenetics)">derived</a> members of the genus are placed in the subgenus Bison (Bison), which first appeared towards the end of the Early Pleistocene, around 1.2 Ma, with early members of the subgenus including the widespread <a href="/wiki/Bison_schoetensacki" title="Bison schoetensacki">Bison schoetensacki</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Steppe_bison" title="Steppe bison">steppe bison</a> (Bison priscus) first appeared during the mid-<a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle Pleistocene</a> in eastern Eurasia, and subsequently became widely distributed across Eurasia.<a href="#cite_note-:2-22">[22]</a> During the late Middle Pleistocene, around 195,000-135,000 years ago, the steppe bison migrated across the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> into North America, becoming ancestral to North American bison species, including the large <a href="/wiki/Bison_latifrons" title="Bison latifrons">Bison latifrons</a>, and the smaller <a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">Bison antiquus</a>, which became extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Modern American bison are thought to have evolved from B. antiquus during the Late Pleistocene-Holocene transition via the intermediate form <a href="/wiki/Bison_occidentalis" title="Bison occidentalis">Bison occidentalis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wilsonetal.2008-24">[24]</a> The European bison, Bison bonasus, first appeared in Europe during the late Middle Pleistocene, where it existed in <a href="/wiki/Sympatry" title="Sympatry">sympatry</a> with the steppe bison. Its relationship with other extinct bison species is unclear, though it appears to be only distantly related to the steppe and American bisons, with possibly some interbreeding between the two lineages during the Middle Pleistocene.<a href="#cite_note-:4-20">[20]</a> The steppe bison survived into the early-mid <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> in Alaska-Yukon and eastern Siberia, before becoming extinct.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euroameribison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Euroameribison.jpg/220px-Euroameribison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="381"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 217px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Euroameribison.jpg/220px-Euroameribison.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="217" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Euroameribison.jpg/330px-Euroameribison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Euroameribison.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Skulls of European bison (left) and American bison (right)</figcaption></figure> During the population bottleneck caused by the great slaughter of American bison during the 19th century, the number of bison remaining alive in North America declined to as low as 541. During that period, a handful of ranchers gathered remnants of the existing herds to save the species from extinction. These ranchers bred some of the bison with cattle in an effort to produce "cattleo"<a href="#cite_note-Halbert2007-27">[27]</a> (today called "<a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a>"). Accidental crossings were also known to occur. Generally, male domestic bulls were crossed with bison cows, producing offspring of which only the females were fertile. The crossbred animals did not demonstrate any form of <a href="/wiki/Heterosis" title="Heterosis">hybrid vigor</a>, so the practice was abandoned. Wisent-American bison hybrids were briefly experimented with in Germany (and found to be fully fertile) and a herd of such animals is maintained in Russia. A herd of cattle-wisent crossbreeds (<a href="/wiki/Zubron" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubron">zubron</a>) is maintained in Poland. First-generation crosses do not occur naturally, requiring caesarean delivery. First-generation males are infertile. The U.S. National Bison Association has adopted a code of ethics that prohibits its members from deliberately crossbreeding bison with any other species. In the United States, many ranchers are now using DNA testing to cull the residual cattle genetics from their bison herds. The proportion of cattle DNA that has been measured in introgressed individuals and bison herds today is typically quite low, ranging from 0.56 to 1.8%.<a href="#cite_note-Halbert2007-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Polziehn-28">[28]</a> There are also remnant purebred American bison herds on public lands in North America. Two subspecies of bison exist in North America: the plains bison and the wood bison.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Herds of importance are found in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wind_Cave_National_Park" title="Wind Cave National Park">Wind Cave National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_State_Park" title="Blue Mounds State Park">Blue Mounds State Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grasslands_National_Park" title="Grasslands National Park">Grasslands National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>. In 2015, a purebred herd of 350 individuals was identified on public lands in the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains" title="Henry Mountains">Henry Mountains</a> of southern <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> via <a href="/wiki/Genetic_testing" title="Genetic testing">genetic testing</a> of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> This study, published in 2015, also showed the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains_bison_herd" title="Henry Mountains bison herd">Henry Mountains bison herd</a> to be free of <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a>, a bacterial disease that was imported with non-native domestic cattle to North America.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Mammalogists" title="American Society of Mammalogists">American Society of Mammalogists</a> considered Bison to be a subgenus, and placed both bison species back into <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Relationships of bovines based on nuclear DNA, after Sinding, et al. 2021.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">Bubalina</a> (true buffalo) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bos_primigenius" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos primigenius">Bos primigenius</a> +<a href="/wiki/Bos_taurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos taurus">Bos taurus</a> (aurochs and cattle) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bos_mutus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos mutus">Bos mutus</a> (wild yak) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label">Bison </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bison_bison" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison bison">Bison bison</a> (American bison) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bison_bonasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison bonasus">Bison bonasus</a> (European bison/wisent) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bos_javanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos javanicus">Bos javanicus</a> (banteng) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bos_gaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos gaurus">Bos gaurus</a> (gaur) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <a href="/wiki/Bos_sauveli" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos sauveli">Bos sauveli</a> (kouprey) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Behavior">Behavior</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Behavior" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif/220px-Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="138"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif/220px-Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif" data-width="220" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/Muybridge_Buffalo_galloping.gif 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A group of images by <a href="/wiki/Eadweard_Muybridge" title="Eadweard Muybridge">Eadweard Muybridge</a>, set to motion to illustrate the movement of the bison</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1436" data-file-height="1036"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Buffalo_charges_Elk_near_old_faithful_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A bison charges an <a href="/wiki/Elk" title="Elk">elk</a> in Yellowstone National Park.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wallowing_in_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallowing in animals">Wallowing</a> is a common behavior of bison. A bison wallow is a shallow depression in the soil, either wet or dry. Bison roll in these depressions, covering themselves with mud or dust. Possible explanations suggested for wallowing behavior include grooming behavior associated with moulting, male-male interaction (typically <a href="/wiki/Rut_(mammalian_reproduction)" title="Rut (mammalian reproduction)">rutting</a> behavior), social behavior for group cohesion, play behavior, relief from skin irritation due to biting insects, reduction of <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">ectoparasite</a> load (<a href="/wiki/Tick" title="Tick">ticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louse" title="Louse">lice</a>), and thermoregulation.<a href="#cite_note-JSTOR-34">[34]</a> In the process of wallowing, bison may become infected by the fatal disease <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a>, which may occur naturally in the soil.<a href="#cite_note-Anthrax_kills_bison_in_southern_N.W.T.-35">[35]</a> Bison temperament is often unpredictable. They usually appear peaceful, unconcerned, or even lazy, but they may attack without warning or apparent reason. They can move at speeds up to 56 km/h (35 mph) and cover long distances at a lumbering gallop.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-36">[36]</a> Their most obvious weapons are the horns borne by both males and females, but their massive heads can be used as battering rams, effectively using the momentum produced by what is a typical weight of 900 to 1,200 kilograms (2,000 to 2,700 lb) moving at 50 km/h (30 mph). The hind legs can also be used to kill or maim with devastating effect. In the words of early naturalists, they were dangerous, savage animals that feared no other animal and in prime condition could best any foe except for a brown bear or a pack of wolves.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-headsmashedin-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carbyn-37">[37]</a> The rutting, or mating, season lasts from June through September, with peak activity in July and August. At this time, the older bulls rejoin the herd, and fights often take place between bulls. The herd exhibits much restlessness during breeding season. The animals are belligerent, unpredictable, and most dangerous.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Habitat">Habitat</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Habitat" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_(HS85-10-13487).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg/220px-The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2840" data-file-height="1960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg/220px-The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg/330px-The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg/440px-The_last_of_the_Canadian_buffaloes_Photo_No_580_%28HS85-10-13487%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Last of the Canadian Buffaloes (1902; photograph: Steele and Company)</figcaption></figure></div></div> <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> live in river valleys and on prairies and plains. Typical habitat is open or semiopen grasslands, as well as sagebrush, semiarid lands, and scrublands. Some lightly wooded areas are also known historically to have supported bison. They also graze in hilly or mountainous areas where the slopes are not steep. Although not particularly known as high-altitude animals, bison in the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Park bison herd">Yellowstone Park bison herd</a> are frequently found at elevations above 2,400 metres (8,000 ft). The <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains_bison_herd" title="Henry Mountains bison herd">Henry Mountains bison herd</a> is found on the plains around the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Mountains" title="Henry Mountains">Henry Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a>, as well as in mountain valleys of the Henry Mountains to an altitude of 3,000 metres (10,000 ft).<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> most commonly live in lightly wooded to fully wooded areas as well as areas with increased shrubs and bushes. European bison can sometimes be found living on grasslands and plains as well.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restrictions">Restrictions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Restrictions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Throughout most of their historical range, landowners have sought restrictions on free-ranging bison. Herds on private land are required to be fenced in.<a href="#cite_note-NYT4113-41">[41]</a> In the state of <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, free-ranging bison on public land are legally shot, due to transmission of disease to cattle and damage to public property.<a href="#cite_note-ICT41713-42">[42]</a> In 2013, Montana legislative measures concerning the bison were proposed and passed, but opposed by Native American tribes as they impinged on sovereign tribal rights. Three such bills were vetoed by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Bullock_(American_politician)" title="Steve Bullock (American politician)">Steve Bullock</a>, the governor of Montana. The bison's circumstances remain an issue of contention between Native American tribes and private landowners.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone,_Wyoming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg/220px-Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg/220px-Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg/330px-Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg/440px-Elk_and_Bison_inYellowstone%2C_Wyoming.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A bison and a bull elk grazing together in Yellowstone National Park</figcaption></figure> Bison are <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>, able to ferment <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> in a specialized stomach prior to digestion. Bison were once thought to almost exclusively consume grasses and sedges, but are now known to consume a wide-variety of plants including woody plants and herbaceous eudicots.<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Over the course of the year, bison shift which plants they select in their diet based on which plants have the highest protein or energy concentrations at a given time and will reliably consume the same species of plants across years.<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[44]</a> Protein concentrations of the plants they eat tend to be highest in the spring and decline thereafter, reaching their lowest in the winter.<a href="#cite_note-:0-44">[44]</a> In Yellowstone National Park, bison browsed willows and cottonwoods, not only in the winter when few other plants are available, but also in the summer.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Bison are thought to migrate to optimize their diet,<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> and will concentrate their feeding on recently burned areas due to the higher quality forage that regrows after the burn.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Wisent tend to browse on shrubs and low-hanging trees more often than do the American bison, which prefer grass to shrubbery and trees.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reproduction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_with_its_young.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bison_with_its_young.jpg/220px-Bison_with_its_young.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="12048" data-file-height="8040"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bison_with_its_young.jpg/220px-Bison_with_its_young.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bison_with_its_young.jpg/330px-Bison_with_its_young.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bison_with_its_young.jpg/440px-Bison_with_its_young.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A bison calf resting with its mother</figcaption></figure> Female bison ("cows") typically reproduce after three years of age<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and can continue beyond 19 years of age.<a href="#cite_note-:1-51">[51]</a> Cows produce calves annually as long as their nutrition is sufficient, but not after years when weight gain is low. Reproduction is dependent on a cow's mass and age.<a href="#cite_note-:1-51">[51]</a> Heavier cows produce heavier calves (weighed in the fall at weaning), and weights of calves are lower for older cows (after age 8).<a href="#cite_note-:1-51">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Predators">Predators</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Predators" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png/290px-Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="91" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="619"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 91px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png/290px-Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png" data-width="290" data-height="91" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png/435px-Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png/580px-Journal.pone.0112884.g001_a.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Wolves hunting bison in Yellowstone National Park</figcaption></figure> Owing to their size, bison have few predators. Five exceptions are <a href="/wiki/Humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Humans">humans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey wolves">grey wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">cougars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grizzly_bear" title="Grizzly bear">grizzly bears</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coyote" title="Coyote">coyotes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3of5pred-52">[52]</a> Wolves generally take down a bison while in a pack, but cases of a single wolf killing bison have been reported.<a href="#cite_note-Carbyn-37">[37]</a> Grizzly bears also consume bison, often by driving off the pack and consuming the wolves' kill.<a href="#cite_note-headsmashedin-9">[9]</a> Grizzly bears and coyotes also prey on bison calves. Historically and prehistorically, <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave_lion_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cave lion (disambiguation)">cave lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger" title="Tiger">tigers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dire_wolf" title="Dire wolf">dire wolves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smilodon" title="Smilodon">Smilodon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homotherium" title="Homotherium">Homotherium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cave_hyena" title="Cave hyena">cave hyenas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neanderthals" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthals">Neanderthals</a> posed threats to bison. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Infections_and_illness">Infections and illness</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Infections and illness" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> For American bison, a main illness is <a href="/wiki/Malignant_catarrhal_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant catarrhal fever">malignant catarrhal fever</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">brucellosis</a> is a serious concern in the Yellowstone Park bison herd.<a href="#cite_note-billingsgazette/carcasses-yellowstone-54">[54]</a> Bison in the <a href="/wiki/Antelope_Island_bison_herd" title="Antelope Island bison herd">Antelope Island bison herd</a> are regularly inoculated against brucellosis, parasites, Clostridium infection, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and bovine vibriosis.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The major illnesses in European bison are <a href="/wiki/Foot-and-mouth_disease" title="Foot-and-mouth disease">foot-and-mouth disease</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balanoposthitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Balanoposthitis">balanoposthitis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ebcc-56">[56]</a> Inbreeding of a small population plays a role in a number of genetic defects and lowers immunity to disease; that poses greater risk to the population.<a href="#cite_note-ebcc-56">[56]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> The name 'bison' was first used for the <a href="/wiki/European_bison#Etymology" title="European bison">European species</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> authors <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oppian" title="Oppian">Oppian</a> in 2nd-century AD wrote about them in Greek as βίσων bisōn.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> authors <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Solinus" title="Gaius Julius Solinus">Gaius Julius Solinus</a> used the word bĭson in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-:3-57">[57]</a> It was made into a genus name by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Charles Hamilton Smith </a> in 1827.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Although called "buffalo" in American English, they are only distantly related to two "true buffalo", the Asian <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">African buffalo</a>. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a> applied the French term buffle to the bison in 1616 (published 1619), after seeing skins and a drawing shown to him by members of the <a href="/wiki/Nipissing_First_Nation" title="Nipissing First Nation">Nipissing First Nation</a>, who said they travelled 40 days (from east of Lake Huron) to trade with another nation who hunted the animals.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Though "bison" might be considered more scientifically correct, "buffalo" is also considered correct as a result of standard usage in American English, and is listed in many dictionaries as an acceptable name for American buffalo or bison. "Buffalo" has a much longer history than "bison", which was first recorded in 1774.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Bison_and_human_culture">Bison and human culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bison and human culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_American_bison" title="Conservation of American bison">Conservation of American bison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_(North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg/220px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg/330px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg/440px-Milwaukee_Public_Museum_March_2023_31_%28North_American_Indians-_A_Tribute_to_Survival--Crow_Indian_Bison_Hunt%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photo of a Native American Bison Hunt diorama located at the Milwaukee Public Museum in Wisconsin</figcaption></figure> Bison was a significant resource for <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">indigenous peoples of North America</a> for food and raw materials until near extinction in the late 19th century. For the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">indigenous peoples of the Plains</a>, it was their principal food source.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Native Americans highly valued their relationship with the bison and saw them as sacred, treating them respectfully to ensure their abundance and longevity. In his biography, <a href="/wiki/Lakota_people" title="Lakota people">Lakota</a> teacher and elder <a href="/wiki/John_Fire_Lame_Deer" title="John Fire Lame Deer">John Fire Lame Deer</a> describes the relationship as such:<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The buffalo gave us everything we needed. Without it we were nothing. Our tipis were made of his skin. His hide was our bed, our blanket, our winter coat. It was our drum, throbbing through the night, alive, holy. Out of his skin we made our water bags. His flesh strengthened us, became flesh of our flesh. Not the smallest part of it was wasted. His stomach, a red-hot stone dropped into it, became our soup kettle. His horns were our spoons, the bones our knives, our women's awls and needles. Out of his sinews we made our bowstrings and thread. His ribs were fashioned into sleds for our children, his hoofs became rattles. His mighty skull, with the pipe leaning against it, was our sacred altar. The name of the greatest of all <a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> was <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Tatanka Iyotake—Sitting Bull</a>. When you killed off the buffalo you also killed the Indian—the real, natural, "wild" Indian.</blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg/220px-Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5689" data-file-height="4448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 172px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg/220px-Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="172" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg/330px-Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg/440px-Bison_skull_pile_edit.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photo from 1892 of a pile of American bison skulls waiting to be ground for <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a></figcaption></figure> European colonials were almost exclusively accountable for the near-extinction of the American bison in the 1800s. At the beginning of the century, tens of millions of bison roamed North America. Colonists slaughtered an estimated 50 million bison during the 19th century, although the causes of decline and the numbers killed are disputed and debated.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Railroads were advertising "hunting by rail", where trains encountered large herds alongside or crossing the tracks. Men aboard fired from the train's roof or windows, leaving countless animals to rot where they died.<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-65">[65]</a> This overhunting was in part motivated by the U.S. government's desire to limit the range and power of indigenous plains Indians whose diets and cultures depended on the buffalo herds.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The overhunting of the bison reduced their population to hundreds.<a href="#cite_note-fermiendangered-67">[67]</a> The American bison's nadir came in 1889, with an estimated population of only 1,091 animals (both wild and captive).<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Repopulation attempts via enforced protection of government herds and extensive <a href="/wiki/Ranching" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranching">ranching</a> began in 1910 and have continued (with excellent success) to the present day, with some caveats. Extensive farming has increased the bison's population to nearly 150,000, and it is officially no longer considered an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a>.<a href="#cite_note-fermiendangered-67">[67]</a> However, from a genetic standpoint, most of these animals are actually hybrids with domestic cattle and only two populations in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Elk_Island_National_Park" title="Elk Island National Park">Elk Island National Park</a> in Canada remain as genetically pure bison. These genetically pure animals account for only ~5% of the currently extant American bison population, reflecting the loss of most of the species' genetic diversity.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> As of July 2015, an estimated 4,900 bison lived in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a>, the largest U.S. bison population on public land.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> During 1983–1985 visitors experienced 33 bison-related injuries (range = 10–13/year), so the park implemented education campaigns. After years of success, five injuries associated with bison encounters occurred in 2015, because visitors did not maintain the required distance of 75 ft (23 m) from bison while hiking or taking pictures.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nutrition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> Bison is an excellent source of complete protein and a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of multiple vitamins, including riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12, and is also a rich source of minerals, including iron, phosphorus, and zinc. Additionally, bison is a good source (10% or more of the DV) of thiamine. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1034237262"><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div> <div style="float: right; clear: right;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Bison, ground, grass-fed, cooked</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">180 kcal (750 kJ)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.00 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugars</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">Dietary fiber</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">8.62 g</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Saturated_fat" title="Saturated fat">Saturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.489 g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Monounsaturated_fat" title="Monounsaturated fat">Monounsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">3.293g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Polyunsaturated_fat" title="Polyunsaturated fat">Polyunsaturated</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">0.402 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">25.45 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B1)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 0.139 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B2)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">20%</div> 0.264 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B3)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">37%</div> 5.966 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B6</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">24%</div> 0.401 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B9)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 16 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B12</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">102%</div> 2.44 μg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 IU</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_E" title="Vitamin E">Vitamin E</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.20 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 1.3 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">Quantity <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value">%DV</abbr>†</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 14 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">18%</div> 3.19 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">5%</div> 23 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 213 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">12%</div> 353 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 76 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">49%</div> 5.34 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/173847/nutrients">to USDA Database entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em">†Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-72">[72]</a> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-73">[73]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Livestock">Livestock</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Livestock" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> The earliest plausible accounts of captive bison are those of the zoo at <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a> capital, which held an animal the Spaniards called "the Mexican bull".<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1552, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Lopez_de_Gomara" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Lopez de Gomara">Francisco Lopez de Gomara</a> described <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indians" title="Plains Indians">Plains Indians</a> herding and leading bison like cattle in his controversial book, <a href="/wiki/Historia_general_de_las_Indias" title="Historia general de las Indias">Historia general de las Indias</a>. Gomara, having never visited the Americas himself, likely misinterpreted early ethnographic accounts as the more familiar pastoralist relationship of the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Today, bison are increasingly raised for <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairy</a> products. The majority of bison in the world are raised for human consumption or fur clothing. Bison meat is generally considered to taste very similar to beef, but is lower in fat and <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>, yet higher in protein than beef, which has led to the development of <a href="/wiki/Beefalo" title="Beefalo">beefalo</a>, a fertile hybrid of bison and domestic cattle. A market even exists for <a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">kosher</a> bison meat; these bison are slaughtered at one of the few kosher mammal slaughterhouses in the U.S. and Canada, and the meat is then distributed worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ca-78">[78]</a> In America, the commercial industry for bison has been slow to develop despite individuals, such as <a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a>, who have long marketed bison meat.<a href="#cite_note-BDC_2011-10-30-79">[79]</a> In the 1990s, Turner found limited success with restaurants for high-quality cuts of meat, which include bison steaks and tenderloin.<a href="#cite_note-farming-80">[80]</a> Lower-quality cuts suitable for hamburger and hot dogs have been described as "almost nonexistent".<a href="#cite_note-farming-80">[80]</a> This created a marketing problem for commercial farming because the majority of usable meat, about 400 pounds for each bison, is suitable for these products.<a href="#cite_note-farming-80">[80]</a> In 2003, the United States Department of Agriculture purchased $10 million worth of frozen overstock to save the industry, which would later recover through better use of consumer marketing.<a href="#cite_note-bone-81">[81]</a> Restaurants have played a role in popularizing bison meat, like <a href="/wiki/Ted%27s_Montana_Grill" title="Ted's Montana Grill">Ted's Montana Grill</a>, which added bison to their menus.<a href="#cite_note-BDC_2011-10-30-79">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Tuesday_(restaurant)" title="Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)">Ruby Tuesday</a> first offered bison on their menus in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-bone-81">[81]</a> In Canada, commercial bison farming began in the mid-1980s, concerning an unknown number of animals then.<a href="#cite_note-ca-78">[78]</a> The first census of the bison occurred in 1996, which recorded 45,235 bison on 745 farms, and grew to 195,728 bison on 1,898 farms for the 2006 census.<a href="#cite_note-ca-78">[78]</a> Several pet food companies use bison as a red meat alternative in dog foods. The companies producing these formulas include <a href="/wiki/Natural_Balance_Pet_Foods" title="Natural Balance Pet Foods">Natural Balance Pet Foods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freshpet" title="Freshpet">Freshpet</a>, the Blue Buffalo Company, Solid Gold, Canidae, and Taste of the Wild (made by Diamond Pet Foods, Inc., owned by Schell and Kampeter, Inc.).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bison_hunting" title="Bison hunting">Bison hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bison_Day" title="National Bison Day">National Bison Day</a> (1 November in the United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Park_bison_herd" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellowstone Park bison herd">Yellowstone Park bison herd</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211120123130/https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary">"Glossary. American Museum of Natural History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.amnh.org/paleontology/perissodactyl/concepts/glossary">the original</a> on 20 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary.+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.amnh.org%2Fpaleontology%2Fperissodactyl%2Fconcepts%2Fglossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson,_Wes" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Olson, Wes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bison/">"Bison"</a>. The Canadian Encyclopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140317035258/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/bison/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bison&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft.au=Olson%2C+Wes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fbison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pennsylvanicus-3"><a href="#cite_ref-pennsylvanicus_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=203621#null">"BIson americanus pennsylvanicus"</a>. ITIS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170314153713/https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=203621#null">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITIS&rft.atitle=BIson+americanus+pennsylvanicus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itis.gov%2Fservlet%2FSingleRpt%2FSingleRpt%3Fsearch_topic%3DTSN%26search_value%3D203621%23null&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YukagirBison-4"><a href="#cite_ref-YukagirBison_4-0">^</a> Gennady G. Boeskorov, Olga R. Potapova, Albert V. Protopopov, Valery V. Plotnikov, Larry D. Agenbroad, Konstantin S. Kirikov, Innokenty S. Pavlov, Marina V. Shchelchkova, Innocenty N. Belolyubskii, Mikhail D. Tomshin, Rafal Kowalczyk, Sergey P. Davydov, Stanislav D. Kolesov, Alexey N. Tikhonov, Johannes van der Plicht, 2016, The Yukagir Bison: The exterior morphology of a complete frozen mummy of the extinct steppe bison, Bison priscus from the early Holocene of northern Yakutia, Russia, pp.7, <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_International" title="Quaternary International">Quaternary International</a>, Vol.406 (25 June 2016), Part B, pp.94-110 </li> <li id="cite_note-nwf.org-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nwf.org_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nwf.org_5-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Mammals/American-Bison">[1]</a> "American Bison", The National Wildlife Federation. </li> <li id="cite_note-WWFRussia-6"><a href="#cite_ref-WWFRussia_6-0">^</a> Semenov U.A. of <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>-Russia, 2014, "The Wisents of Karachay-Cherkessia", Proceedings of the <a href="/wiki/Sochi_National_Park" title="Sochi National Park">Sochi National Park</a> (8), pp.23-24, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-984-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-87317-984-8">978-5-87317-984-8</a>, KMK Scientific Press </li> <li id="cite_note-Bison_bonasus,_European_bison-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bison_bonasus,_European_bison_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bison_bonasus,_European_bison_7-1">b</a> Hendricks, K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Bison_bonasus/">"Bison bonasus, European bison"</a>, Animal Diversity Web, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoel_BergerCarol_Cunningham1994" class="citation book cs1">Joel Berger; Carol Cunningham (June 1994). 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(2018) [errata version of 2017 assessment]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/2815/123789863">"Bison bison"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a>. 2017: e.T2815A123789863. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IUCN+Red+List+of+Threatened+Species&rft.atitle=Bison+bison&rft.volume=2017&rft.pages=e.T2815A123789863&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T2815A45156541.en&rft.au=Aune%2C+K.&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgensen%2C+D.&rft.au=Gates%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iucnredlist.org%2Fspecies%2F2815%2F123789863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019170013/http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/SpeciesReport.do?groups=A&listingType=L&mapstatus=1">"U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Species Report"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bozeman+Daily+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Citizen+Turner%3A+Billionaire+makes+homes+in+Montana%2C+where+the+buffalo+can+roam&rft.date=2011-10-30&rft.aulast=Schontzler&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bozemandailychronicle.com%2F100%2Fnewsmakers%2Fcitizen-turner-billionaire-makes-homes-in-montana-where-the-buffalo-can-roam%2Farticle_7ea3fcac-0286-11e1-948c-001cc4c002e0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-farming-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-farming_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farming_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-farming_80-2">c</a> Haddad, Charles. "Bison Meat Slow to Catch On, But Turner Sees Promise". Knight Ridder/Tribune Business News. McClatchy-Tribune Information Services. 1999. 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We're Saving the Western Icon by Eating It (Again)" by Bone, Eugenia - Sunset, Vol. 220, Issue 2, February 2008"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bison%27s+Back%3A+Bravo+for+Buffalo.+We%27re+Saving+the+Western+Icon+by+Eating+It+%28Again%29%22+by+Bone%2C+Eugenia+-+Sunset%2C+Vol.+220%2C+Issue+2%2C+February+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.questia.com%2Fread%2F1G1-174197007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dogfoodinsider.com/taste-of-the-wild-dog-food-review/">Taste Of The Wild Dog Food Review</a> DogFoodInsider.com </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li>Boyd, Delaney P. 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College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press, 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbertDerr1995" class="citation journal cs1">Halbert, N; Derr, J (1995). "A Comprehensive Evaluation of Cattle Introgression into US Federal Bison Herds". Journal of Heredity. 98 (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=A+Comprehensive+Evaluation+of+Cattle+Introgression+into+US+Federal+Bison+Herds&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Halbert&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Derr%2C+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNesheim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Nesheim, David A (2012). "Profit, Preservation, and Shifting Definitions of Bison in American". Environmental History. 17 (3): 547–77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fenvhis%2Fems048">10.1093/envhis/ems048</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+History&rft.atitle=Profit%2C+Preservation%2C+and+Shifting+Definitions+of+Bison+in+American&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=547-77&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fenvhis%2Fems048&rft.aulast=Nesheim&rft.aufirst=David+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBielawskiDavisTempleton1999" class="citation journal cs1">Ward, T. J.; Bielawski, J. P.; Davis, S. K.; Templeton, J. W.; Derr, J. N. (1999). "Identification of Domestic Cattle Hybrids in Wild Cattle and Bison Species: A General Approach Using mtDNA Markers and the Parametric Bootstrap". Animal Conservation. 2 (1): 51–57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AnCon...2...51W">1999AnCon...2...51W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-1795.1999.tb00048.x">10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00048.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4499543">4499543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Animal+Conservation&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Domestic+Cattle+Hybrids+in+Wild+Cattle+and+Bison+Species%3A+A+General+Approach+Using+mtDNA+Markers+and+the+Parametric+Bootstrap&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-57&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4499543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-1795.1999.tb00048.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1999AnCon...2...51W&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=T.+J.&rft.au=Bielawski%2C+J.+P.&rft.au=Davis%2C+S.+K.&rft.au=Templeton%2C+J.+W.&rft.au=Derr%2C+J.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABison" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bison&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button 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on 17 November 2024, at 22:26 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesend" title="Wesend – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Wesend" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86" title="بیزون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیزون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="বাইসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Бизони – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бизони" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bis%C3%B3" title="Bisó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bisó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Бизонсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бизонсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bual" title="Bual – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bual" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisoner" title="Bisoner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bisoner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisons" title="Bisons – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bisons" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piison" title="Piison – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piison" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Βίσονας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίσονας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizono" title="Bizono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bizono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonte" title="Bisonte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bisonte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="گاومیش‌های کوهان‌دار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گاومیش‌های کوهان‌دار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonneyt" title="Bisonneyt – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bisonneyt" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizons" title="Bizons – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bizons" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buabhall_Eorpach" title="Buabhall Eorpach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buabhall Eorpach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonte" title="Bisonte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bisonte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%93%A4%EC%86%8C" title="들소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="들소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Բիզոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բիզոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बायसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बायसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizono" title="Bizono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bizono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Бизонтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бизонтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADsundur" title="Vísundur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vísundur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ביזון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביזון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%81_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A3" title="ಕಾಡು ಕೋಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಡು ಕೋಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bual" title="Bual – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bual" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baisani" title="Baisani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baisani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gartol_(Bison)" title="Gartol (Bison) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Gartol (Bison)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Зубрлар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Зубрлар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%9B%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2" title="ງົວປ່າອາເມລິກາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ງົວປ່າອາເມລິກາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizoni" title="Bizoni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bizoni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stumbrai_ir_bizonai" title="Stumbrai ir bizonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stumbrai ir bizonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%A9ny" title="Bölény – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bölény" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="बायसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बायसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="بيسون (جنس من الثدييات) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيسون (جنس من الثدييات)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بیسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_(geslacht)" title="Bison (geslacht) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bison (geslacht)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3%E5%B1%9E" title="バイソン属 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイソン属" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biisons" title="Biisons – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Biisons" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisont" title="Bisont – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bisont" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%86" title="بائسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بائسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%DA%98%DA%A9%DB%8D" title="بيژکۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بيژکۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisonte" title="Bisonte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bisonte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisunti" title="Bisunti – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bisunti" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Бизоны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бизоны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizoni" title="Bizoni – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bizoni" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%BE%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%BE%D9%86" title="جھنگلي مينھن – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جھنگلي مينھن" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubor_(rod)" title="Zubor (rod) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zubor (rod)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бизон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бизон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biisonit" title="Biisonit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biisonit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison_(sl%C3%A4kte)" title="Bison (släkte) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bison (släkte)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="காட்டெருது – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காட்டெருது" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bizon" title="Bizon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bizon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Бізон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бізон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B3%D9%86" title="بائسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بائسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B2_r%E1%BB%ABng_bison" title="Bò rừng bison – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bò rừng bison" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bison" title="Bison – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bison" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B%E5%B1%9E" title="美洲野牛属 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="美洲野牛属" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B%E5%B1%AC" title="美洲野牛屬 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="美洲野牛屬" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B%E5%B1%9E" title="野牛属 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="野牛属" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 22:26 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a 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