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class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bovina (subtribe)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Bovina_(subtribe)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Bovina_(subtribe)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only 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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bovina_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Bovina (disambiguation)">Bovina</a>.</div> Bovina is a subtribe of the <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a> tribe that generally includes the two living genera, <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wilsonandreeds2005-2">[2]</a> However, this dichotomy has been challenged recently by molecular work that suggests that Bison should be regarded as a subgenus of Bos.<a href="#cite_note-lenstraandbradley1999-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-grovesgrubb2011-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-bibi2013-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-hassaninetal2013-6">[6]</a> Wild bovinans can be found naturally in North America and Eurasia (although domestic and <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> populations have been introduced worldwide).<a href="#cite_note-castell%C3%B32016-7">[7]</a> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Bovina <div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a> - present, 13.7–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:215.36307692308px; width:4.6369230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:215.36307692308px; width:4.6369230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:216.36307692308px; width:2.6369230769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div><a href="#cite_note-hassaninandropiquet2004-1">[1]</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Texas_Longhorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Texas_Longhorn.jpg/220px-Texas_Longhorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Texas_Longhorn.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="188"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Trudging_through_the_Snow_(23397440346).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trudging_through_the_Snow_%2823397440346%29.jpg/220px-Trudging_through_the_Snow_%2823397440346%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trudging_through_the_Snow_%2823397440346%29.jpg/330px-Trudging_through_the_Snow_%2823397440346%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Trudging_through_the_Snow_%2823397440346%29.jpg/440px-Trudging_through_the_Snow_%2823397440346%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3510" data-file-height="2340"></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Texas_Longhorn" title="Texas Longhorn">Texas Longhorn</a> <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a> (Bos taurus; top image) and a herd of <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> (Bison bison; bottom) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bovina_(subtribe)" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Artiodactyl" title="Artiodactyl">Artiodactyla</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovidae" title="Bovidae">Bovidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovinae" title="Bovinae">Bovinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tribe: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subtribe: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bovina</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1821 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_genus" title="Type genus">Type genus</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> <div style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Genera </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjiderebos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjiderebos (page does not exist)">Adjiderebos</a> (Dubrovo & Burchak-Abramovich, 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Hamilton-Smith</a>, 1827 (nested within Bos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a> (paraphyletic)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epileptobos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epileptobos (page does not exist)">Epileptobos</a> (Hooijer, 1956)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioribos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioribos (page does not exist)">Ioribos</a> (Vekua, 1972)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Leptobos" title="Leptobos">Leptobos</a> Rütimeyer, 1878</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Pelorovis" title="Pelorovis">Pelorovis</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Reck" title="Hans Reck">Reck</a>, 1928</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platycerabos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platycerabos (page does not exist)">Platycerabos</a> (Barbour & Schultz, 1942)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protobison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protobison (page does not exist)">Protobison</a> (Burchak-Abramovich, Gadzhiev & Vekua, 1980)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urmiabos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urmiabos (page does not exist)">Urmiabos</a> (Burchak-Abramovich, 1950)</li> <li>†<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakopsis (page does not exist)">Yakopsis</a> (Kretzoi, 1954)</li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Bibovina (Rütimeyer, 1865 sensu Mekayev, 2002)</li> <li>Bistonia (Rütimeyer, 1865)</li> <li>Poephagina (Mekayev, 2002)</li> <li>Pseudonovibovina (Kuznetsov et al., 2002)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Taxonomy">1 Taxonomy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Placement_within_Bovini">1.1 Placement within Bovini</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Genera_and_species">1.2 Genera and species</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Extant">1.2.1 Extant</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Fossil">1.3 Fossil</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References">2 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bovina_(subtribe)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placement_within_Bovini">Placement within Bovini</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bovina_(subtribe)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Placement within Bovini" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="line-height:200%;width:325px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">Pseudorygina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> (<a href="/wiki/Pseudoryx" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoryx">Pseudoryx</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">Bubalina</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> (<a href="/wiki/Bubalus" title="Bubalus">Bubalus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syncerus" title="Syncerus">Syncerus</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first">Bovina </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> (<a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> Phylogenetic relationships of extant genera of the tribe <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a> (Hassanin et al., 2013)<a href="#cite_note-hassaninetal2013-6">[6]</a> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The majority of phylogenetic work based on <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_DNA" title="Ribosomal DNA">ribosomal DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomal">chromosomal</a> analysis, autosomal <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> has recovered three distinctive subtribes of <a href="/wiki/Bovini" title="Bovini">Bovini</a>: Pseudorygina (represent solely by the <a href="/wiki/Saola" title="Saola">saola</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bubalina" title="Bubalina">Bubalina</a> (buffalo), and Bovina.<a href="#cite_note-tanakaetal1996-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bibi2013-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-hassaninetal2013-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genera_and_species">Genera and species</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bovina_(subtribe)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genera and species" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extant">Extant</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bovina_(subtribe)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extant" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1945 American paleontologist and mammalogist <a href="/wiki/George_Gaylord_Simpson" title="George Gaylord Simpson">George Gaylord Simpson</a> had considered there to be three genera of bovinans.<a href="#cite_note-simpson1945-10">[10]</a> In addition to recognizing Bos and Bison, he assigned the several Asiatic tropical species such as <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">gaur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a> into the genus Bibos.<a href="#cite_note-simpson1945-10">[10]</a> The <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a> zoologist Herwart Bohlken also agreed with these conclusions, though he believed that the two bison species should be lumped into Bison bison.<a href="#cite_note-bohlken1958-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kouprey" title="Kouprey">kouprey</a> was not included in Simpson's taxonomy,<a href="#cite_note-simpson1945-10">[10]</a> while Bohlken (1958) considered the species to be a hybrid between <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">banteng</a> and cattle.<a href="#cite_note-bohlken1958-11">[11]</a> Below is the Simpson (1945) taxonomy:<a href="#cite_note-simpson1945-10">[10]</a> <ul><li>Subtribe Bovina (Gray, 1821) <ul><li>Genus Bibos (<a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Hodgson</a>, 1837) <ul><li>Bibos javanicus (d'Alton, 1823) – <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng</a></li> <li>Bibos gaurus (Hamilton-Smith, 1827) – <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a></li> <li>Bibos frontalis (Lambert, 1804) – <a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Hamilton-Smith</a>, 1827) <ul><li>Bison bonasus (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) – <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a></li> <li>Bison bison (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) – <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) <ul><li>Subgenus Poephagus (<a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1843) <ul><li>Bos mutus (Przewalski, 1883) – <a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak</a></li> <li>Bos grunniens (Linnaeus, 1766) – <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) <ul><li>†Bos primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) – <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">Aurochs</a></li> <li>Bos indicus (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a></li> <li>Bos taurus (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a>) – <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> Subsequent taxonomic studies resulted Bibos to be reduced to as either a subgenus<a href="#cite_note-hassanin2014-12">[12]</a> or a junior synonym of Bos.<a href="#cite_note-wilsonandreeds2005-2">[2]</a> As shown below: <ul><li>Subtribe Bovina (Gray, 1821) <ul><li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Hamilton-Smith</a>, 1827) <ul><li>Bison bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) – <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a></li> <li>Bison bison (Linnaeus, 1758) – <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> (Linnaeus, 1758) <ul><li>Subgenus Bibos (<a href="/wiki/Brian_Houghton_Hodgson" title="Brian Houghton Hodgson">Hodgson</a>, 1837) <ul><li>Bos javanicus (d'Alton, 1823) – <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng</a></li> <li>Bos sauveli (Urbain, 1937) – <a href="/wiki/Kouprey" title="Kouprey">Kouprey</a></li> <li>Bos frontalis (Lambert, 1804) – <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">gayal</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> (Linnaeus, 1758) <ul><li>Bos taurus (Linnaeus, 1758) – <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">Aurochs</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus Poephagus (<a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Gray" title="John Edward Gray">Gray</a>, 1843) <ul><li>Bos grunniens (Linnaeus, 1766) – <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">wild yak</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> However recent molecular work on <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Y-chromosome" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-chromosome">Y-chromosome</a> has completely revamped the evolutionary relationships among bovinans. These studies support of not only the inclusion of bison species into the genus Bos, but offer two radically different positions for the <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a>. According to the mitochondrial DNA, these studies support the <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a> being closely related to the yak, while the <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> is more related to the <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">aurochs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Guo2006-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-bibi2013-5">[5]</a> However a 2008 phylogenetic study using the Y-chromosome found the two bison species to form a clade. It also found that the yaks are an outgroup in relation to the rest of the bovinans, supporting their classification in the genus Poephagus.<a href="#cite_note-nijmanetal2008-14">[14]</a> Another study by Hassanin et al. (2013) using autosomal <a href="/wiki/Intron" title="Intron">introns</a> found support in the bison-yak clade.<a href="#cite_note-hassaninetal2013-6">[6]</a> This suggests the <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial genomes</a> is result of <a href="/wiki/Incomplete_lineage_sorting" title="Incomplete lineage sorting">incomplete lineage sorting</a> during <a href="/wiki/Genetic_divergence" title="Genetic divergence">divergence</a> of Bos and Bison from their common ancestors rather than further post-<a href="/wiki/Speciation" title="Speciation">speciation</a> <a href="/wiki/Gene_flow" title="Gene flow">gene flow</a> (ancient hybridization between Bos and Bison). There is evidence of limited gene flow from Bos primigenius taurus could account for the affiliation between wisent and cattle <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclear</a> <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genomes</a> (in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondrial</a> ones).<a href="#cite_note-Massilani2016-15">[15]</a> These phylogenetic studies lead Groves and Grubb (2011), who conducted large scale taxonomic analysis on the world's ungulate species, to recommend classifying the two bison species as members of the genus Bos.<a href="#cite_note-grovesgrubb2011-4">[4]</a> Below is the listing of species recognized by Groves and Grubb (2011)<a href="#cite_note-grovesgrubb2011-4">[4]</a> with species names following Castelló (2016) from Bovids of the World:<a href="#cite_note-castell%C3%B32016-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>Subtribe Bovina (Gray, 1821) <ul><li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> (Linnaeus, 1758) <ul><li>Bos javanicus (d'Alton, 1823) – <a href="/wiki/Banteng" title="Banteng">Banteng</a></li> <li>Bos sauveli (Urbain, 1937) – <a href="/wiki/Kouprey" title="Kouprey">Kouprey</a></li> <li>Bos gaurus (Hamilton-Smith, 1827) – <a href="/wiki/Gaur" title="Gaur">Gaur</a></li> <li>Bos frontalis (Lambert, 1804) – <a href="/wiki/Gayal" title="Gayal">Gayal</a></li> <li>Bos mutus (Przewalski, 1883) – <a href="/wiki/Wild_yak" title="Wild yak">Wild yak</a></li> <li>Bos grunniens (Linnaeus, 1766) – <a href="/wiki/Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a></li> <li>Bos bison (Linnaeus, 1758) – <a href="/wiki/American_bison" title="American bison">American bison</a></li> <li>Bos bonasus (Linnaeus, 1758) – <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a></li> <li>†Bos caucasicus (Satunin, 1904) – <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_wisent" title="Caucasian wisent">Caucasian bison</a></li> <li>†Bos primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) – <a href="/wiki/Aurochs" title="Aurochs">Aurochs</a></li> <li>Bos indicus (Linnaeus, 1758) – <a href="/wiki/Zebu" title="Zebu">Zebu</a></li> <li>Bos taurus (Linnaeus, 1758) – <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">Cattle</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil">Fossil</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bovina_(subtribe)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fossil" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg/220px-Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2094"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg/220px-Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg/330px-Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg/440px-Pelorovis_oldowayensis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The skull of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Pelorovis" title="Pelorovis">Pelorovis</a> oldowayensis, which the genus believed to be an ancestor of Bos.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptobos_etruscus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leptobos_etruscus.JPG/220px-Leptobos_etruscus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1223" data-file-height="1430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 257px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leptobos_etruscus.JPG/220px-Leptobos_etruscus.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="257" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leptobos_etruscus.JPG/330px-Leptobos_etruscus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Leptobos_etruscus.JPG/440px-Leptobos_etruscus.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The skull of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Leptobos" title="Leptobos">Leptobos</a> etruscus, which the genus believed to be an ancestor of Bison.</figcaption></figure> The bovinans have a rich fossil record.<a href="#cite_note-hassanin2014-12">[12]</a> According to the fossil record and molecular studies, Bubalina and Bovina diverged from one and another from a common ancestor around 13.7 million years ago in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Miocene" title="Late Miocene">Late Miocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hassaninandropiquet2004-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-hassaninetal2013-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-hassanin2014-12">[12]</a> After arriving into Africa there was a rapid radiation of bovinan species in Africa in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pliocene">Middle Pliocene</a>. Among the diverse genera of African bovinans were two significant genera: <a href="/wiki/Pelorovis" title="Pelorovis">Pelorovis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leptobos" title="Leptobos">Leptobos</a>. According to anatomical and morphological study on the various species of Pelorovis and Leptobos, it is believed the former genus evolved into <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> while the latter genus evolved into <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pliocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Pliocene">Late Pliocene</a> of East Africa.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haile-SelassieWoldeGabriel2009-17">[17]</a> Both lineages then left Africa and into Eurasia at the end of the Pliocene. While Bos inhabited much of Eurasia, some species of Bison had colonized North America by crossing over the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Land_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering Land Bridge">Bering Land Bridge</a> in two waves, the first being 135,000 to 195,000 years ago and the second being 21,000 to 45,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-migration-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-hassanin2014-12">[12]</a> The exact relationships between fossil and extant bovinans problematic.<a href="#cite_note-bibi2009-20">[20]</a> Below is the list of fossil species that have been described so far (listed alphabetically):<a href="#cite_note-hassanin2014-12">[12]</a> <ul><li>Subtribe Bovina (Gray, 1821) <ul><li>Genus †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Adjiderebos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adjiderebos (page does not exist)">Adjiderebos</a> (Dubrovo & Burchak-Abramovich, 1984) <ul><li>†Adjiderebos cantabilis (Dubrovo & Burchak-Abramovich, 1984)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">Bison</a> (Hamilton-Smith, 1827) <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">Bison antiquus</a> (Leidy, 1852)</li> <li>†Bison georgicus (Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua, 1994)</li> <li>†Bison hanaizumiensis (Matsumoto & Mori, 1956)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_latifrons" title="Bison latifrons">Bison latifrons</a> (Harlan, 1825)</li> <li>†Bison menneri (Sher, 1997)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_palaeosinensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison palaeosinensis">Bison palaeosinensis</a> (Teilhard & Piveteau, 1930)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_priscus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bison priscus">Bison priscus</a> (Bojanus, 1827)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bison_schoetensacki" title="Bison schoetensacki">Bison schoetensacki</a> (Freudenberg, 1914)</li> <li>†Bison sivalensis (Falconer, 1878)</li> <li>†Bison tamanensis (Vereshchagin, 1959)</li> <li>†Bison voigtstedtensis (Fischer, 1965)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Bos" title="Bos">Bos</a> (Linnaeus, 1758) <ul><li>Subgenus Bos (Linnaeus, 1758) <ul><li>†Bos acutifrons (Lydekker, 1877)</li> <li>†Bos buiaensis (Martínez-Navarro et al., 2009)</li> <li>†Bos caucasicus (Burchak-Abramovich & Vekua, 1980)</li> <li>†<a href="/wiki/Bos_planifrons" class="mw-redirect" title="Bos planifrons">Bos planifrons</a> (Lydekker, 1877)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus Bibos <ul><li>†<a href="/wiki/Bos_palaesondaicus" title="Bos palaesondaicus">Bos palaesondaicus</a> (Dubois, 1908)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus Poephagus (Gray, 1843) <ul><li>†Bos baikalensis (Verestchagin, 1954)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Epileptobos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epileptobos (page does not exist)">Epileptobos</a> (Hooijer, 1956) <ul><li>†Epileptobos groeneveldtii (Dubois, 1908)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioribos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioribos (page does not exist)">Ioribos</a> (Vekua, 1972) <ul><li>†Ioribos aceros (Vekua, 1972)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/wiki/Leptobos" title="Leptobos">Leptobos</a> (Rütimeyer, 1877) <ul><li>Subgenus †Leptobos (Rütimeyer, 1877) <ul><li>†Leptobos elatus (Croizet & Pomel, 1853)</li> <li>†Leptobos falconeri (Rütimeyer, 1877)</li> <li>†Leptobos furtivus (Duvernois & Guérin, 1989)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus †Smertiobos (Duvernois, 1992) <ul><li>†Leptobos bravardi (Duvernois, 1989)</li> <li>†Leptobos brevicornis (Hu & Qi, 1975)</li> <li>†Leptobos crassus (Jia & Wang, 1978)</li> <li>†Leptobos etruscus (Falconer, 1859)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/wiki/Pelorovis" title="Pelorovis">Pelorovis</a> (Reck, 1928) <ul><li>†Pelorovis howelli (Hadjouis & Sahnouni, 2006)</li> <li>†Pelorovis kaisensis (Geraads & Thomas, 1994)</li> <li>†Pelorovis oldowayensis (Reck, 1928)</li> <li>†Pelorovis praeafricanus (Arambourg, 1979)</li> <li>†Pelorovis turkanensis (Harris, 1991)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Platycerabos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platycerabos (page does not exist)">Platycerabos</a> (Barbour & Schultz, 1942) <ul><li>†Platycerabos dodsoni (Barbour & Schultz, 1941)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Protobison&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protobison (page does not exist)">Protobison</a> (Burchak-Abramovich, Gadzhiev & Vekua, 1980) <ul><li>†Protobison kushkunensis (Burchak-Abramovich, Gadzhiev & Vekua, 1980)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Urmiabos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urmiabos (page does not exist)">Urmiabos</a> (Burchak-Abramovich, 1950) <ul><li>†Urmiabos azerbaidzanicus (Burchak-Abramovich, 1950)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus †<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yakopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yakopsis (page does not exist)">Yakopsis</a> (Kretzoi, 1954) <ul><li>†Yakopsis stenometopon (Rütimeyer, 1865)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Bovina_(subtribe)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hassaninandropiquet2004-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hassaninandropiquet2004_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hassaninandropiquet2004_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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