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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Nacional_(Portugal)" title="Unió Nacional (Portugal) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió Nacional (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Union_(Portugal)" title="Nationale Union (Portugal) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationale Union (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional" title="União Nacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="União Nacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_nationale_(Portugal)" title="Union nationale (Portugal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union nationale (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9_(%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%ED%88%AC%EA%B0%88)" title="국민연합 (포르투갈) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민연합 (포르투갈)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Nazionale_(Portogallo)" title="Unione Nazionale (Portogallo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione Nazionale (Portogallo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationale_Unie_(Portugal)" title="Nationale Unie (Portugal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationale Unie (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%85%9A" title="国家連合党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国家連合党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unia_Narodowa_(Portugalia)" title="Unia Narodowa (Portugalia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Unia Narodowa (Portugalia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional" title="União Nacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Nacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Национальный союз (Португалия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальный союз (Португалия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="National Union (Portugal)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Национални савез (Португалија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национални савез (Португалија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallinen_liitto_(Portugali)" title="Kansallinen liitto (Portugali) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallinen liitto (Portugali)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationell_union" title="Nationell union – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nationell union" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%94%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_(%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Національна єдність (Португалія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Національна єдність (Португалія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C)" title="נאציאנאלער פאראיין (פארטוגאל) – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאציאנאלער פאראיין (פארטוגאל)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E8%81%AF%E7%9B%9F_(%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99)" title="國民聯盟 (葡萄牙) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="國民聯盟 (葡萄牙)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q954010#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former ruling party of Portugal (1932–1974)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #002E79; border-bottom:2px solid #002E79; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">National Union</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">União Nacional</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_logo,_1938_version.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_logo%2C_1938_version.svg/125px-Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_logo%2C_1938_version.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_logo%2C_1938_version.svg/188px-Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_logo%2C_1938_version.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_logo%2C_1938_version.svg/250px-Uni%C3%A3o_Nacional_logo%2C_1938_version.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="1011" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Logo used until the 1960s<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Other name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ação Nacional Popular (page does not exist)">Ação Nacional Popular</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular" class="extiw" title="pt:Ação Nacional Popular">pt</a>]</span></i><br />(1970–74)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leaders</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Caetano" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcello Caetano">Marcello Caetano</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">30 July 1930<span class="noprint">; 94 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1930-07-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">25 April 1974<span class="noprint">; 50 years ago</span><span style="display: none;"> (<span class="dtend">1974-4-25</span>)</span></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>Diário da Manhã</i><sup id="cite_ref-diario_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diario-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">20,000 (1933 <abbr title="estimation">est.</abbr>)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">Corporate statism</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Payne1984_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Payne1984-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Lusotropicalism" title="Lusotropicalism">Lusotropicalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Miguel_Vale_de_Almeida_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miguel_Vale_de_Almeida-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-castelo_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-castelo-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitanian integralism</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Pluricontinentalism" title="Pluricontinentalism">Pluricontinentalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colours</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#002E79; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Blue" title="Blue">Blue</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #002E79;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of 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class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Corporatism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N.S._cechy_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/150px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/225px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG/300px-N.S._cechy_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1343" data-file-height="1090" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_economics" title="Brotherhood economics">Brotherhood economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporation_(feudal_Europe)" title="Corporation (feudal Europe)">Corporation (feudal Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_group_(sociology)" title="Corporate group (sociology)">Corporate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i> and <i>Gesellschaft</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guild</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guild_socialism" title="Guild socialism">Guild socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livery_company" title="Livery company">Livery company</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">New State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarism" title="Solidarism">Solidarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Economy" title="Fascism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_corporatism" title="Liberal corporatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate nationalism">Nationalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Progressive_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Solidarist</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosist</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_statism" title="Corporate statism">Statist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartite</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">People</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Agar" title="Herbert Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%BCher" title="Hans Blüher">Blüher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._D._H._Cole" title="G. D. H. Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Doboszy%C5%84ski" title="Adam Doboszyński">Doboszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_J%C3%BAlio_de_Castro_Fernandes" title="António Júlio de Castro Fernandes">Fernandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.W.F._Hegel" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.F. Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khald%C5%ABn" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Khaldūn">Khaldūn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_MacIntyre" title="Alasdair MacIntyre">MacIntyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Minguij%C3%B3n_Adri%C3%A1n" title="Salvador Minguijón Adrián">Minguijón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esdras_Minville" title="Esdras Minville">Minville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Richard_Orage" title="Alfred Richard Orage">Orage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Penty" title="Arthur Penty">Penty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Pesch" title="Heinrich Pesch">Pesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Pradera_Larumbe" title="Víctor Pradera Larumbe">Pradera Larumbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Reckitt" title="Maurice Reckitt">Reckitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Le_Roy_Ladurie" title="Jacques Le Roy Ladurie">Le Roy Ladurie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Salleron" title="Louis Salleron">Salleron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Schurtz" title="Heinrich Schurtz">Schurtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">The Republic</a></i> (375 BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> (1820)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> (1891)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Servile_State" title="The Servile State">The Servile State</a></i> (1912)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_State" title="The New State">New State</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Organization_of_the_Society" title="Common Organization of the Society">Common Organization of the Society</a></i> (1935–1936)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acci%C3%B3n_Legionaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acción Legionaria (page does not exist)">Acción Legionaria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Labour" title="Blue Labour">Blue Labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camp_of_Great_Poland" title="Camp of Great Poland">Camp of Great Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Nationalist_Party_(Romania)" title="Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)">Democratic Nationalist Party (Romania)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_League_(Norway)" title="Fatherland League (Norway)">Fatherland League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Spain)" title="National Assembly (Spain)">National Assembly</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Radical_Movement_%22Falanga%22" title="National-Radical Movement "Falanga"">National-Radical Movement "Falanga"</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(Hungary)" title="Unity Party (Hungary)">United Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #8888FF;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics of fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #8888FF; border-bottom:1px solid #8888FF;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/20px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/40px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Template:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporatism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporatism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" title="Category:History of Portugal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of <span class="fn org label">Portugal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="PORTUGALLIAE et ALGARBIAE REGNA"><img alt="PORTUGALLIAE et ALGARBIAE REGNA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg/250px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg" decoding="async" width="240" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg/500px-Atlas_Van_der_Hagen-KW1049B12_017-PORTUGALLIAE_et_ALGARBIAE_REGNA.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="5500" data-file-height="4553" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1383–1385 Crisis">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)" title="History of Portugal">Age of Discovery</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Imperial expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Bragantine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Great Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)" title="History of Portugal (1777–1834)">Imperial decline, war, and revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">1910 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)" title="History of Portugal">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)" title="History of Portugal">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_Third_Republic_(1974–)" title="History of Portugal">Third Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Topic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archives_in_Portugal" title="Category:Archives in Portugal">Archives</a> - <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a> - <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Portugal">LGBT</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Judaism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a> - <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azores" title="History of the Azores">Azorean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeiran history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/17px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/26px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/34px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>National Union</b> (<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <i lang="pt">União Nacional</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">sole legal party</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo regime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, founded in July 1930 and dominated by <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a> during most of its existence. </p><p>Unlike in most single-party regimes, the National Union was more of a political arm of the government rather than holding actual power over it. The National Union membership was mostly drawn from local notables: landowners, professionals and businessmen, Catholics, monarchists or conservative republicans. The National Union was never a militant or very active organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002143_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once Salazar assumed the premiership, the National Union became the only party legally allowed to function under the Estado Novo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002143_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salazar announced that the National Union would be the antithesis of a political party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher202043_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202043-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NU became an ancillary body, not a source of political power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher202043_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202043-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At no stage did it appear that Salazar wished it to fulfill the central role the fascist party had acquired in Mussolini's Italy; in fact, it was meant to be a platform of conservatism, not a revolutionary vanguard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher202044_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202044-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Union's ideology was corporatism, and it took as many inspirations from Catholic encyclicals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Quadragesimo_anno" title="Quadragesimo anno">Quadragesimo anno</a></i> as well as from Mussolini's corporate state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002185_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002185-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike fascist parties, the National Union played no role in the government - it only served as a tool for the selection of National Assembly deputies, as well as a way to provide some legitimacy to non-competitive elections that Salazar's regime regularly held.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The National Union was set up to control and restrain public opinion rather than to mobilize it, and ministers, diplomats and civil servants were never compelled to join the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa_Pinto" title="António Costa Pinto">António Costa Pinto</a>, the National Union was a moribund party, created by a governmental decree rather than by political activists, and which was "dominated by the administration, put to sleep and reawakened in accordance with the situation at the time". He describes the party as "an empty, undermined space into which were formally sent those who wanted to join the regime and which, once full, was closed". Pinto notes that the army was kept away from public life, and political activity was prohibited outside public life. This included the National Union, which lacked any kind of political activism. Therefore the party lacked an ideology, and did not mobilize the masses. Pinto argues that it was the opposite, as "in fact demotivation was openly encouraged". He concludes that the party had a "non-fascist nature" and argues that it "neither reached power at all nor, once created, fulfilled functions of control and monopoly of access to power or mobilization of the masses, which, in general, the fascists did."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholarly opinion varies on whether the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> and the National Union should be considered fascist or not. Salazar himself criticized the "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, [and] the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the Estado Novo. Scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne">Stanley G. Payne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerard_Gallagher" title="Thomas Gerard Gallagher">Thomas Gerard Gallagher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa_Pinto" title="António Costa Pinto">António Costa Pinto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a>, <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Rossoli%C5%84ski-Liebe" class="extiw" title="pl:Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe">Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe</a> and <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnd_Bauerk%C3%A4mper" class="extiw" title="de:Arnd Bauerkämper">Arnd Bauerkämper</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Wiarda" title="Howard J. Wiarda">Howard J. Wiarda</a>, consider the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> conservative authoritarian and not fascist. In his <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Robert Paxton</a> express the same view, writing that Salazar's regime was "not only nonfascist, but voluntarily nontotalitarian".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Portuguese scholars like <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Rosas" title="Fernando Rosas">Fernando Rosas</a>, Manuel Villaverde Cabral, Manuel de Lucena, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Loff" title="Manuel Loff">Manuel Loff</a> and Raquel Varela think that the Estado Novo should be considered fascist.<sup id="cite_ref-Rosas_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rosas-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party was founded in 1930 during the <a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a> period. Officially it was not a political party but an "organization of unity of all the Portuguese". Salazar in the speech that launched the party, was vague in terms of its role, and he incorporated all the parties supporting the dictatorship, whether republican, monarchic or Catholic. Its first organic principles expressly declared that “all citizens, regardless of their political or religious beliefs” would be admitted as long as they adhered to the principles of Salazar’s speech of 30 June 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000141_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000141-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The National Union was formed as a subservient umbrella organization to support the regime itself. It was the only party legally allowed under the Estado Novo regime; all other political parties were banned and persecuted, this later included the <a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Francisco Rolão Preto</a>, who were originally supporters. In 1934 Salazar arrested and exiled <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Francisco Rolão Preto</a> as a part of a purge of the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">Portuguese National Syndicalists</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">Portuguese National Syndicalists</a> broke into factions, some going into exile while the majority ended up joining the National Union. Salazar denounced the National Syndicalists as "inspired by certain foreign models" (meaning German <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>) and condemned their "exaltation of youth, the cult of force through direct action, the principle of the superiority of state political power in social life, [and] the propensity for organizing masses behind a single leader" as fundamental differences between fascism and the Catholic corporatism of the <i>Estado Novo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000185_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000185-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002185_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002185-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197055-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first leader of the National Union was the Interior Minister Colonel Lopes Mateus. The composition of the Central Commission indicated that the party was meant to support the regime rather than militate for it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Salazar became president, and Albino dos Reis, a former member of the Cunha Leal ULR, was nominated Vice President. The first Central Commission was composed by Bissaia Barreto, João Amaral, a judge and an integralist monarchist, and Nuno Mexia, who had been linked to the Union of Economic Interests (União dos Interesses Económicos) in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Appointment to lead the party meant either "retirement" or a prestigious pause from government duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The absence of youth was a characteristic of the National Union, particularly in the 1930s. At the first Congress, 68% of the delegates were over 40 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000147_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000147-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa_Pinto" title="António Costa Pinto">António Costa Pinto</a>, the National Union is an example of extreme weakness among dictatorships with weak single parties. There was no internal party activity until 1933. From 1934 onwards, after the creation of the regime’s new institutions, the National Union embarked on a period of lethargy from which it did not emerge until 1944. This lethargy can be partly explained by the affirmation by the regime that it did not attribute great importance to it beyond its utility as an electoral and legitimating vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000141_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000141-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lawrence S. Graham and Harry M. Makler wrote that the party "scarcely existed", and added: "This single party appeared to be absent in national life. Filled with prominent people, it did not include the masses, and it showed itself only transiently during electoral periods." Graham and Makler also argue that this points to "the absence of a true fascist movement" in Portugal, noting the weak, amorphous and disorganized character of the National Union, unable to organise youth organizations and militias present in fascist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> also created state bodies for propaganda, youth and labour, but they were not connected with the party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000143_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000143-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, the official newspaper of the National Union, <i>Diário da Manhã</i>. Its first issue was published on 4 April 1931. Using <i>Diário da Manhã</i>, the National Union called for national unity and cooperation, arguing that the "foreign institutional system" of the [[First Portiguese Republic "had proved to be incompatible with the necessities, interests, qualities and even flaws of the Portuguese nation". It contrasted the supposed stability of the Estado Novo, as opposed to the pre-1926 republican government which "transformed the country‟s public life into something like a tribal African disorder".<sup id="cite_ref-diario_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-diario-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938 Salazar recognized that National Union's activities “were successively diminished until they had almost been extinguished”. With World War II's end, the National Union came to life again. In October 1945, Salazar announced a liberalization program designed to restore civil rights that had been suppressed during the Spanish Civil War and World War II in hopes of improving the image of his regime in Western circles. The measures included parliamentary elections, a general political amnesty, restoration of freedom of the press, curtailment of legal repression and a commitment to introduce the right of <i><a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a></i>. The opposition to Salazar started to organize itself around a broad coalition, the <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Unity" title="Movement of Democratic Unity">Movement of Democratic Unity</a> (MUD), which ranged from ultra-Catholics and fringe elements of the extreme right to the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Communist_Party" title="Portuguese Communist Party">Portuguese Communist Party</a>. Initially, the moderate opposition controlled the MUD, but it soon became strongly influenced by the Communist Party, which controlled its <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_MUD" title="Juvenile MUD">youth wing</a>. In the leadership were several communists, among them <a href="/wiki/Oct%C3%A1vio_Pato" title="Octávio Pato">Octávio Pato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salgado_Zenha" title="Salgado Zenha">Salgado Zenha</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Soares" title="Mário Soares">Mário Soares</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Pomar" title="Júlio Pomar">Júlio Pomar</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Sacramento" title="Mário Sacramento">Mário Sacramento</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ac%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular_logo,_1970.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ac%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular_logo%2C_1970.svg/220px-Ac%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular_logo%2C_1970.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ac%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular_logo%2C_1970.svg/330px-Ac%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular_logo%2C_1970.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Ac%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular_logo%2C_1970.svg/440px-Ac%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular_logo%2C_1970.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1036" data-file-height="1028" /></a><figcaption>Logo of the People's National Action, in use from 1970</figcaption></figure> <p>The opposition <a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Unity" title="Movement of Democratic Unity">Movement of Democratic Unity</a> was legal between 1945 and 1948, but even then, the political system was so heavily rigged that it had no realistic chance of winning. </p><p>The party won all seats in elections to the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">National Assembly of Portugal</a> from 1934 to 1973. Opposition candidates were nominally allowed after 1945 but prematurely withdrew in the 1945 and 1973 legislative elections. In 1970, two years after Salazar had been replaced as a leader and prime minister by <a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a>, the name of the party was changed to <i><b>Acção Nacional Popular</b></i> ("<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_Popular" class="extiw" title="pt:Ação Nacional Popular">People's National Action</a>"). Subsequent to Salazar's retirement, the party faced formal competition in the <a href="/wiki/1969_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1969 Portuguese legislative election">1969 legislative election</a>. However, the conduct of this election was little different from past contests, with the ANP winning all <a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">constituencies</a> in a landslide.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Caetano, the party and the regime further softened its rule - the police is reported to "have become more respectful of legality [...] and would spare systematically moderate opponents", and the People's National Action proclaimed that it would move "toward a degree of pluralism".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Censorship was softened, political debates occurred, while strikes and demonstrations came to be tolerated. Caetano also permitted the formation of a non-state labor movement - the <a href="/wiki/General_Confederation_of_the_Portuguese_Workers" title="General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers">General Confederation of the Portuguese Workers</a>. Compared to Salazar, Caetano presided over "a far more open, more pluralist, more socially just system".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most important ideological change that Caetano implemented was reforming Salazar's syndicalism - in 1969, Caetano gave the state syndicates a right to elect their own leadership without government approval. Graham and Makler wrote that this reform proved revolutionary: "Within months the sindicatos, which for decades had been trade unions in name only, began to be transformed from amorphous government agencies into genuine instruments of the workers. For the first time opposition elements, including Communists in the case of some sindicatos, swept the union elections, and the elections were allowed to stand."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wage disputes were also reformed, and the workers' syndicates would not select their own representatives in the disputes, granting independent bargaining power. Caetano also introduced a vast range of new social programs, and ensured their enforcement.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caetano has been described as a "frustrated liberal" who was willing to but unable to implement the process of democratization, and who was thwarted in his reforms by the salazarista forces.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, he was unable to move forward with his reforms, and he came to preside over "liberalization without democratization". The political gridlock that Caetano encountered, together with the colonial wars, growing factionalism and the growth of independent labor movement, resulted in "the total incapacity of the Caetano regime to find a political solution."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The party had no real philosophy apart from support for the regime. The <a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalist</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Francisco Rolão Preto</a> criticized the National Union in 1945 as a “grouping of moderates of all parties, bourgeois without soul or faith in the national and revolutionary imperatives of our time”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000135_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000135-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of its lack of ideology, it disappeared in short order after the <a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Portuguese Revolution of 1974</a>. It has never been revived, and no party claiming to be its heir has won any seats in the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_(Portugal)" title="Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)">Assembly of the Republic</a> in modern Portugal. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidents">Presidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Presidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"><abbr title="Number">No.</abbr> </th> <th rowspan="2">Portrait </th> <th rowspan="2">Name<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(Birth–Death)</span> </th> <th colspan="3">Term </th> <th rowspan="2">Political party </th></tr> <tr> <th>Took office </th> <th>Left office </th> <th>Time in office </th></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#002E79; color:white;">1</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="António de Oliveira Salazar"><img alt="António de Oliveira Salazar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/100px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/150px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg/200px-Antonio_Salazar-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1195" data-file-height="1593" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António de Oliveira Salazar</a></b><br /><small>(1889–1970)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">30 July 1930</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">27 September 1968</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7004139390000000000♠"></span>38 years, 59 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UN</a></td></tr> <tr><td style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold; background:#276D37; color:white;">2</td><td style="; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="width:px;height:px;overflow:hidden;position:relative"> <div style="position:relative;top:-px;left:-px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcello_caetano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marcelo Caetano"><img alt="Marcelo Caetano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcello_caetano.jpg/100px-Marcello_caetano.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcello_caetano.jpg/150px-Marcello_caetano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Marcello_caetano.jpg/200px-Marcello_caetano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="949" data-file-height="1144" /></a></span></div></div></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><b><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a></b><br /><small>(1906–1980)</small></td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">27 September 1968</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;">25 April 1974</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><span data-sort-value="7003203600000000000♠"></span>5 years, 210 days</td><td style="text-align:center; background:transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_National_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="People's National Action">ANP</a></td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party candidate </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>% </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">President elected by popular vote </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1928_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1928 Portuguese presidential election">1928</a> </th> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/%C3%93scar_Carmona" title="Óscar Carmona">Óscar Carmona</a> </td> <td>761,730 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1935_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1935 Portuguese presidential election">1935</a> </th> <td>653,754 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1942_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1942 Portuguese presidential election">1942</a> </th> <td>829,042 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1949 Portuguese presidential election">1949</a> </th> <td>761,730 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1951_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1951 Portuguese presidential election">1951</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Craveiro_Lopes" title="Francisco Craveiro Lopes">Francisco Craveiro Lopes</a> </td> <td>761,730 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1958_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1958 Portuguese presidential election">1958</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Américo Tomás">Américo Tomás</a> </td> <td>765,081 </td> <td>76.42% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">President elected by National Assembly </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1965_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1965 Portuguese presidential election">1965</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rico_Tom%C3%A1s" title="Américo Tomás">Américo Tomás</a> </td> <td>556 </td> <td>97.7% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1972_Portuguese_presidential_election" title="1972 Portuguese presidential election">1972</a> </th> <td>616 </td> <td>92.1% </td> <td><b>Elected</b> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Green tick" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/13px-Green_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/20px-Green_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Green_check.svg/26px-Green_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span><span style="display:none">Y</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_Assembly_elections">National Assembly elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National Assembly elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:74%; border=1px #AAAAFF solid"> <tbody><tr> <th>Election </th> <th>Party leader </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th>% </th> <th>Seats won </th> <th>+/– </th> <th>Position </th> <th><b>Result</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1934_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1934 Portuguese legislative election">1934</a> </th> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">António Salazar</a> </td> <td>476,706 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">100 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 100 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Sole legal party </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1938_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1938 Portuguese legislative election">1938</a> </th> <td>694,290 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">100 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Sole legal party </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1942_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1942 Portuguese legislative election">1942</a> </th> <td>758,215 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">100 / 100</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Sole legal party </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1945_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1945 Portuguese legislative election">1945</a> </th> <td>489,133 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">120 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1949_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1949 Portuguese legislative election">1949</a> </th> <td>927,264 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">120 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1953_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1953 Portuguese legislative election">1953</a> </th> <td>845,281 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">120 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1957_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1957 Portuguese legislative election">1957</a> </th> <td>911,618 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">120 / 120</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1961_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1961 Portuguese legislative election">1961</a> </th> <td>973,997 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">130 / 130</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 10 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1965_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1965 Portuguese legislative election">1965</a> </th> <td>998,542 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">130 / 130</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1969_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1969 Portuguese legislative election">1969</a> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Marcelo Caetano</a> </td> <td>981,263 </td> <td>87.99% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">130 / 130</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #002E79; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/1973_Portuguese_legislative_election" title="1973 Portuguese legislative election">1973</a> </th> <td>1,393,294 </td> <td>100% </td> <td><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">150 / 150</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #276D37; color:inherit; width: 100%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 20 </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Steady"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 1st </td> <td style="background:#bfd; color:black; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center;" class="table-yes2">Supermajority government </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terraruiva.pt/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_DM_Abril_2018.pdf"><i>Os atestados de bom comportamento moral e civil até ao 25 de Abril de 1974. Exposição 'Documento do Mês' do Arquivo Municipal de Silves</i></a>, <i>Terra Ruiva</i> supplement, April 2018, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CRUZ, Manuel Braga da. «National Union», in ROSAS, Fernando; BRITO, JM Brandão de (right). New State History Dictionary. Venda Nova : Bertrand Editora, 1996, vol. II, p. 989-991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dre.pt/pdfgratis/1968/09/22900.pdf">Decree N° 48597</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-diario-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diario_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-diario_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSardica2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sardica, José Miguel (2011). "The Memory of the Portuguese First Republic throughout the Twentieth Century". <i>Journal of Portuguese History</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">10–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26300%2F2k33-w151">10.26300/2k33-w151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Portuguese+History&rft.atitle=The+Memory+of+the+Portuguese+First+Republic+throughout+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26300%2F2k33-w151&rft.aulast=Sardica&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Stanley G. (2001). <i>A history of fascism, 1914-1945</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 314. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-50132-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-50132-2">0-203-50132-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stéphane Giocanti, Maurras – Le chaos et l'ordre, éd. Flammarion, 2006, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErnesto_Castro_LealCorrell2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ernesto Castro Leal; Correll, Translated by Richard (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128">"The Political and Ideological Origins of the Estado Novo in Portugal"</a>. <i>Portuguese Studies</i>. <b>32</b> (2). Translated By Richard Correll: <span class="nowrap">128–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5699%2Fportstudies.32.2.0128">10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128">10.5699/portstudies.32.2.0128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157806821">157806821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portuguese+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Ideological+Origins+of+the+Estado+Novo+in+Portugal&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157806821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5699%2Fportstudies.32.2.0128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5699%2Fportstudies.32.2.0128&rft.au=Ernesto+Castro+Leal&rft.au=Correll%2C+Translated+by+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5699%2Fportstudies.32.2.0128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBadieBerg-SchlosserMorlino2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Badie" title="Bertrand Badie">Badie, Bertrand</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dirk_Berg-Schlosser" title="Dirk Berg-Schlosser">Berg-Schlosser, Dirk</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Morlino" title="Leonardo Morlino">Morlino, Leonardo</a>, eds. (7 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn2iCQAAQBAJ"><i>International Encyclopedia of Political Science</i></a>. SAGE Publications (published 2011). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483305394" title="Special:BookSources/9781483305394"><bdi>9781483305394</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2020</span>. <q>[...] fascist Italy [...] developed a state structure known as the corporate state with the ruling party acting as a mediator between 'corporations' making up the body of the nation. Similar designs were quite popular elsewhere in the 1930s. The most prominent examples were <i>Estado Novo</i> in Portugal (1932-1968) and Brazil (1937-1945), the Austrian <i>Standestaat</i> (1933-1938), and authoritarian experiments in Estonia, Romania, and some other countries of East and East-Central Europe,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Political+Science&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2011-09-07&rft.isbn=9781483305394&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVn2iCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eccleshall, Robert; Geoghegan, Vincent; Jay, Richard; Kenny, Michael; Mackenzie, Iain; Wilford, Rick (1994). Political Ideologies: An Introduction (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howard J. Wiarda, Margaret MacLeish Mott. Catholic Roots and Democratic Flowers: Political Systems in Spain and Portugal. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne1984-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Payne1984_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanley_G._Payne1984" class="citation book cs1">Stanley G. Payne (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGoqcg22N4gC&pg=PR13"><i>Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview</i></a>. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09804-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-09804-9"><bdi>978-0-299-09804-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spanish+Catholicism%3A+An+Historical+Overview&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-299-09804-9&rft.au=Stanley+G.+Payne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGoqcg22N4gC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miguel_Vale_de_Almeida-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Miguel_Vale_de_Almeida_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Vale_de_Almeida" title="Miguel Vale de Almeida">Miguel Vale de Almeida</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://miguelvaledealmeida.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/portugals-colonial-complex.pdf">Portugal’s Colonial Complex: From Colonial Lusotropicalism to Postcolonial Lusophony</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-castelo-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-castelo_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCastelo2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Castelo, Cláudia (5 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buala.org/pt/a-ler/o-luso-tropicalismo-e-o-colonialismo-portugues-tardio">"O luso-tropicalismo e o colonialismo português tardio"</a>. <i>Buala</i> (in Portuguese, English, and French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Buala&rft.atitle=O+luso-tropicalismo+e+o+colonialismo+portugu%C3%AAs+tardio&rft.date=2013-03-05&rft.aulast=Castelo&rft.aufirst=Cl%C3%A1udia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buala.org%2Fpt%2Fa-ler%2Fo-luso-tropicalismo-e-o-colonialismo-portugues-tardio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2013" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Roger (2013). <i>The Nature of Fascism</i>. London: Routledge. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-09661-4"><bdi>978-0-415-09661-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Fascism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-09661-4&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MACQUEEN, N. (1999). <i>Portugal's First Domino: ‘Pluricontinentalism’ and Colonial War in Guiné-Bissau, 1963–1974.</i> Contemporary European History, 8(2), pp. 209-230. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777399002027">10.1017/S0960777399002027</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002143_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002143_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002143_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffiths, Richard (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d-xmAAAAMAAJ"><i>An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism</i></a>. Gerald Duckworth & Co Ltd. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780715629185" title="Special:BookSources/9780715629185"><bdi>9780715629185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Intelligent+Person%27s+Guide+to+Fascism&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Gerald+Duckworth+%26+Co+Ltd&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780715629185&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd-xmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202043-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher202043_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher202043_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher2020">Gallagher 2020</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher202044-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher202044_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher2020">Gallagher 2020</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis2002185-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002185_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis2002185_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis2002">Lewis 2002</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinto2002" class="citation journal cs1">Pinto, António Costa (2002). "Elites, Single Parties and Political Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships". <i>Contemporary European History</i>. <b>11</b> (3): 431. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0960777302003053">10.1017/S0960777302003053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+European+History&rft.atitle=Elites%2C+Single+Parties+and+Political+Decision-Making+in+Fascist-Era+Dictatorships&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=431&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0960777302003053&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Costa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGallagher1990167_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGallagher1990">Gallagher 1990</a>, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPinto1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa_Pinto" title="António Costa Pinto">Pinto, António Costa</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/41099746.pdf">"The Salazar "New State" and European Fascism: Problems and Perspectives of Interpretation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>EUI Working Paper HEC</i>. <b>91</b> (12). Florence: European University Institute: <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EUI+Working+Paper+HEC&rft.atitle=The+Salazar+%E2%80%9CNew+State%E2%80%9D+and+European+Fascism%3A+Problems+and+Perspectives+of+Interpretation&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Pinto&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio+Costa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F41099746.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauerkämperRossoliński-Liebe2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnd_Bauerk%C3%A4mper" class="extiw" title="de:Arnd Bauerkämper">Bauerkämper, Arnd</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grzegorz_Rossoli%C5%84ski-Liebe" class="extiw" title="pl:Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe">Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Polish]</span> (2017). <i>Fascism without Borders: Transnational Connections and Cooperation between Movements and Regimes in Europe from 1918 to 1945</i>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-469-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78533-469-6"><bdi>978-1-78533-469-6</bdi></a>. <q>However, dictatorships such as Francisco Franco's Spain and Antonio de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal were not fascist, but authoritarian in the first instance. They lacked the idea of a permanent and national revolution, which propelled fascist movements and regimes, and they clung to the past or the present.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+without+Borders%3A+Transnational+Connections+and+Cooperation+between+Movements+and+Regimes+in+Europe+from+1918+to+1945&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-78533-469-6&rft.aulast=Bauerk%C3%A4mper&rft.aufirst=Arnd&rft.au=Rossoli%C5%84ski-Liebe%2C+Grzegorz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert</a> (2004). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a></i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4000-4094-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-4000-4094-9"><bdi>1-4000-4094-9</bdi></a>. <q>Hoping to spare Portugal the pains of class conflict, Dr. Salazar even opposed the industrial development of his country until the 1960s. His regime was not only nonfascist, but "voluntarily nontotalitarian," preferring to let those of its citizens who kept out of politics "live by habit."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4000-4094-9&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosas-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rosas_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFernando_Rosas2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernando Rosas (2019). <i>Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de História Comparada</i> (in Portuguese). Edições Tinta-da-China.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar+e+os+Fascismos%3A+Ensaio+Breve+de+Hist%C3%B3ria+Comparada&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Tinta-da-China&rft.date=2019&rft.au=Fernando+Rosas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000141-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000141_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000141_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta_Pinto2000">Costa Pinto 2000</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000185-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000185_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta_Pinto2000">Costa Pinto 2000</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKay197055-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKay197055_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKay1970">Kay 1970</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000145_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta_Pinto2000">Costa Pinto 2000</a>, p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000147-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000147_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta_Pinto2000">Costa Pinto 2000</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMakler1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X"><bdi>0-292-71047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-292-71047-X&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft.au=Makler%2C+Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000143-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000143_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta_Pinto2000">Costa Pinto 2000</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosas, Fernando (dir.) (1995). <i>Revista História</i> (History Magazine) – Number 8 (New Series)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/PORTUGAL_1969_E.PDF">"Portugal, 1969"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PORTUGAL - Assembly of the Republic - Historical Archive Of Parliamentary Election Results</i>. <a href="/wiki/Inter-Parliamentary_Union" title="Inter-Parliamentary Union">Inter-Parliamentary Union</a> (www.ipu.org)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PORTUGAL+-+Assembly+of+the+Republic+-+Historical+Archive+Of+Parliamentary+Election+Results&rft.atitle=Portugal%2C+1969&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipu.org%2Fparline-e%2Freports%2Farc%2FPORTUGAL_1969_E.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMakler1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X"><bdi>0-292-71047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-292-71047-X&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft.au=Makler%2C+Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMakler1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X"><bdi>0-292-71047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-292-71047-X&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft.au=Makler%2C+Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMakler1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X"><bdi>0-292-71047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-292-71047-X&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft.au=Makler%2C+Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMakler1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X"><bdi>0-292-71047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-292-71047-X&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft.au=Makler%2C+Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMakler1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X"><bdi>0-292-71047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-292-71047-X&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft.au=Makler%2C+Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrahamMakler1979" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Lawrence S.; Makler, Harry M. (1979). <i>Contemporary Portugal: The Revolution and Its Antecedents</i>. Austin and London: University of Texas Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-71047-X"><bdi>0-292-71047-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Portugal%3A+The+Revolution+and+Its+Antecedents&rft.place=Austin+and+London&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-292-71047-X&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+S.&rft.au=Makler%2C+Harry+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000135-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECosta_Pinto2000135_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCosta_Pinto2000">Costa Pinto 2000</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Union_(Portugal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDerrick1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Derrick" title="Michael Derrick">Derrick, Michael; R.J. Stove</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugalofsalaza011716mbp"><i>The Portugal of Salazar</i></a>. New York: Campion Books, Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portugal+of+Salazar&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Campion+Books%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Derrick&rft.aufirst=Michael%3B+R.J.+Stove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fportugalofsalaza011716mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/portugalofsalaza011716mbp">online free</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEgerton1943" class="citation book cs1">Egerton, F. Clement C. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CPN_QgAACAAJ&q=egerton+salazar"><i>Salazar, Rebuilder of Portugal</i></a>. London: Hodder & Stoughton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar%2C+Rebuilder+of+Portugal&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton.&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Egerton&rft.aufirst=F.+Clement+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCPN_QgAACAAJ%26q%3Degerton%2Bsalazar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerard_Gallagher" title="Thomas Gerard Gallagher">Gallagher, Tom</a> (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-xu8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA60"><i>Portugal: A Twentieth-century Interpretation</i></a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 60, 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0719008764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0719008764"><bdi>978-0719008764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portugal%3A+A+Twentieth-century+Interpretation&rft.pages=60%2C+99&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0719008764&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-xu8AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerard_Gallagher" title="Thomas Gerard Gallagher">Gallagher, Tom</a> (1990). "Chapter 9: Conservatism, dictatorship and fascism in Portugal, 1914–45". In Blinkhorn, Martin (ed.). <i>Fascists and Conservatives</i>. Routledge. pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/004940086X" title="Special:BookSources/004940086X"><bdi>004940086X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Conservatism%2C+dictatorship+and+fascism+in+Portugal%2C+1914%E2%80%9345&rft.btitle=Fascists+and+Conservatives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E173&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=004940086X&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gerard_Gallagher" title="Thomas Gerard Gallagher">Gallagher, Tom</a> (2020). <i>Salazar : the dictator who refused to die</i>. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787383883" title="Special:BookSources/9781787383883"><bdi>9781787383883</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar+%3A+the+dictator+who+refused+to+die&rft.pub=C+Hurst+%26+Co+Publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781787383883&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKay1970" class="citation book cs1">Kay, Hugh (1970). <i>Salazar and Modern Portugal</i>. New York: Hawthorn Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salazar+and+Modern+Portugal&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hawthorn+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCosta_Pinto2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa_Pinto" title="António Costa Pinto">Costa Pinto, António</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antoniocostapinto.eu/docs/books/The%20Blue%20Shirts_832172.pdf"><i>The Blue Shirts - Portuguese Fascists and the New State</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Social Science Monographs, Boulder - Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/088033-9829" title="Special:BookSources/088033-9829"><bdi>088033-9829</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blue+Shirts+-+Portuguese+Fascists+and+the+New+State&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs%2C+Boulder+-+Distributed+by+Columbia+University+Press%2C+NY&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=088033-9829&rft.aulast=Costa+Pinto&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antoniocostapinto.eu%2Fdocs%2Fbooks%2FThe%2520Blue%2520Shirts_832172.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCosta_Pinto2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Costa_Pinto" title="António Costa Pinto">Costa Pinto, António</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263854810"><i>Ruling Elites and Decision-Making in Fascist-Era Dictatorships</i></a>. Social Science Monographs, Boulder - Distributed by Columbia University Press, NY. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880336567" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880336567"><bdi>978-0880336567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ruling+Elites+and+Decision-Making+in+Fascist-Era+Dictatorships.&rft.pub=Social+Science+Monographs%2C+Boulder+-+Distributed+by+Columbia+University+Press%2C+NY&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0880336567&rft.aulast=Costa+Pinto&rft.aufirst=Ant%C3%B3nio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F263854810&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._Lewis" title="Paul H. Lewis">Lewis, Paul H</a> (30 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5by1Najj4C&q=salazar"><i>Latin fascist elites : the Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar regimes</i></a>. Praeger. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275978808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275978808"><bdi>978-0275978808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+fascist+elites+%3A+the+Mussolini%2C+Franco%2C+and+Salazar+regimes&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2002-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0275978808&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Paul+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVm5by1Najj4C%26q%3Dsalazar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWiarda1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_J._Wiarda" title="Howard J. Wiarda">Wiarda, Howard J.</a> (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dHFaAAAAIAAJ"><i>Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience</i></a> (First ed.). Univ of Massachusetts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0870232213" title="Special:BookSources/978-0870232213"><bdi>978-0870232213</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corporatism+and+Development%3A+The+Portuguese+Experience&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Univ+of+Massachusetts+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0870232213&rft.aulast=Wiarda&rft.aufirst=Howard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdHFaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Union+%28Portugal%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defunct_political_parties_in_Portugal334" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defunct_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="Template:Defunct political parties in Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defunct_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="Template talk:Defunct political parties in Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct political parties in Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defunct_political_parties_in_Portugal334" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Portugal" title="List of political parties in Portugal">Defunct political parties in Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834-1910)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Portugal (1834-1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a> (1834–1910)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartista" title="Cartista">Cartista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Party">Constituent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Party" title="Historic Party">Historic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Regenerator_Party" title="Liberal Regenerator Party">Liberal Regenerator Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Republican_Party" title="Portuguese Republican Party">Portuguese Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Socialist_Party" title="Portuguese Socialist Party">Portuguese Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dissidence" title="Progressive Dissidence">Progressive Dissidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(Portugal)" title="Progressive Party (Portugal)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Party_(Portugal,_1868)" title="Reformist Party (Portugal, 1868)">Reformist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regenerator_Party" title="Regenerator Party">Regenerator Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setembrismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Setembrismo">Setembrismo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a> (1910–1926)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Centre_Party_(Portugal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Centre Party (Portugal)">Catholic Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Leftwing_Republican_Party" title="Democratic Leftwing Republican Party">Democratic Leftwing Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Democratic Party (Portugal)">Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionist_Party" title="Evolutionist Party">Evolutionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causa_Mon%C3%A1rquica" class="mw-redirect" title="Causa Monárquica">Causa Monárquica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party_(Portugal)" title="National Republican Party (Portugal)">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Republican_Party_(Portugal)" title="Nationalist Republican Party (Portugal)">Nationalist Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstitution_Party" title="Reconstitution Party">Reconstitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalist_Party" title="Regionalist Party">Regionalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberal_Party_(Portugal)" title="Republican Liberal Party (Portugal)">Republican Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(Portugal)" title="Republican Union (Portugal)">Republican Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Economic_Interests" title="Union of Economic Interests">Union of Economic Interests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a> (1926–1933)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a> (1933–1974)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Democratic_Unity" title="Movement of Democratic Unity">Movement of Democratic Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_National_Antifascist_Unity" title="Movement of National Antifascist Unity">Movement of National Antifascist Unity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Committee" title="Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Committee">Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_National_Liberation_Front" title="Portuguese National Liberation Front">Portuguese National Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partido_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_do_Proletariado_-_Brigadas_Revolucion%C3%A1rias" title="Partido Revolucionário do Proletariado - Brigadas Revolucionárias">Revolutionary Party of the Proletariat - Revolutionary Brigades</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Third Republic</a> (1974–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Portugal)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Portugal)">Christian Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Electoral_Front_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Electoral Front (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Electoral Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Reconstructed)" title="Communist Party (Reconstructed)">Communist Party (Reconstructed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Portugal_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Communist Party of Portugal (Marxist–Leninist)">Communist Party of Portugal (Marxist–Leninist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_the_Atlantic" title="Democratic Party of the Atlantic">Democratic Party of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Renewal_Party_(Portugal)" title="Democratic Renewal Party (Portugal)">Democratic Renewal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republican_Party_(Portugal)" title="Democratic Republican Party (Portugal)">Democratic Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_for_Portugal_Movement" title="Hope for Portugal Movement">Hope for Portugal Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Humanist Party (Portugal)">Humanist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Movement_for_the_National_Reconstruction_/_Party_of_the_Portuguese_Right" title="Independent Movement for the National Reconstruction / Party of the Portuguese Right">Independent Movement for the National Reconstruction / Party of the Portuguese Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Action" title="Independent Social Democratic Action">Independent Social Democratic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist_Communist_League_(Portugal)" title="Internationalist Communist League (Portugal)">Internationalist Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_Union_for_the_Socialist_Democracy" title="Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy">Left-wing Union for the Socialist Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_Movement" title="Socialist Alternative Movement">Left Revolutionary Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Committee_of_Portugal" title="Marxist–Leninist Committee of Portugal">Marxist–Leninist Committee of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Sick" title="Movement for the Sick">Movement for the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_of_Socialist_Left" title="Movement of Socialist Left">Movement of Socialist Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Solidarity_Party_(Portugal)" title="National Solidarity Party (Portugal)">National Solidarity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_Party_(Portugal)" title="New Democracy Party (Portugal)">New Democracy Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Front" title="People's Socialist Front">People's Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_XXI" title="Politics XXI">Politics XXI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Democratic_Union_(Portugal)" title="Popular Democratic Union (Portugal)">Popular Democratic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Unity_Party_(Portugal)" title="Popular Unity Party (Portugal)">Popular Unity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Portuguese Democratic Labour Party">Portuguese Democratic Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Democratic_Movement" title="Portuguese Democratic Movement">Portuguese Democratic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist_Communist_Organization" title="Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization">Portuguese Marxist–Leninist Communist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Socialist_Party_(Portugal)" title="Revolutionary Socialist Party (Portugal)">Revolutionary Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker%E2%80%93Peasant_Alliance" title="Worker–Peasant Alliance">Worker–Peasant Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Politics_Communist_Organisation" title="Workers Politics Communist Organisation">Workers Politics Communist Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Revolutionary_Party_(Portugal)" title="Workers' Revolutionary Party (Portugal)">Workers' Revolutionary Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata659" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954010#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata659" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q954010#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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