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class="mw-page-title-main">Stanley G. Payne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ستانلي جي باين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستانلي جي باين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Стенли Пейн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стенли Пейн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stanley G. Payne" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Payne" title="Stanley Payne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stanley Payne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stanley G. Payne" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stanley G. Payne" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Payne" title="Stanley Payne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stanley Payne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stanley G. Payne" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stanley G. Payne" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ستانلى جى باين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستانلى جى باين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Payne" title="Stanley Payne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stanley Payne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stanley G. Payne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_G._Payne" title="Stanley G. Payne – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stanley G. Payne" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Пейн, Стэнли – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пейн, Стэнли" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E6%81%A9" title="斯坦利·乔治·佩恩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯坦利·乔治·佩恩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">American historian (born 1934)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Stanley G. Payne</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Stanley_G._Payne_1980.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stanley_G._Payne_1980.jpg/250px-Stanley_G._Payne_1980.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Stanley_G._Payne_1980.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="505" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Stanley George Payne</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1934-09-09</span>) </span>September 9, 1934<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 90)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton, Texas</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Historian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Professor Emeritus</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Union_College" title="Pacific Union College">Pacific Union College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_School_and_University_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Claremont Graduate School and University Center">Claremont Graduate School and University Center</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://history.wisc.edu/people/payne-stanley/">https://history.wisc.edu/people/payne-stanley/</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stanley George Payne</b> (born September 9, 1934) is an American <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> of modern <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a>. He retired from full-time teaching in 2004 and is currently <a href="/wiki/Professor_Emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Professor Emeritus">Professor Emeritus</a> at its Department of History.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Payne&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stanley Payne was born on September 9, 1934, in <a href="/wiki/Denton,_Texas" title="Denton, Texas">Denton, Texas</a>. His father and mother were living in <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> before moving to <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. His father found work as a carpenter after losing his job to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, and eventually became the foreman of a planing mill. His mother completed two years of nurse's training at a sanitarium in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, but was forced to drop out due to lack of support from her family. She was a Seventh Day Adventist. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Sacramento,_California" title="Sacramento, California">Sacramento, California</a>, when Stanley was twelve and Stanley's parents divorced soon after.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_Payne's_oral_history_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_Payne's_oral_history-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Payne&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Known for his typological description of fascism, Payne is a specialist in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Fascism">Spanish fascist movement</a> and has also produced comparative analyses of Western European fascism. He asserts that there were some specific ways in which <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> paralleled Russian communism to a much greater degree than Fascism was capable of doing. Payne does not propound the theory of "<a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">red fascism</a>" or the notion that <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> are essentially the same. He states that Nazism more nearly paralleled Russian communism than any other noncommunist system has.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, his books were published in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> by <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruedo_ib%C3%A9rico" class="extiw" title="es:Ruedo ibérico"><i>Éditions Ruedo ibérico (ERi)</i></a>, a publishing company set up by <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republican</a> exiles in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, to publish works forbidden in Spain by the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist regime</a> ruling the country at the time. He has been referred to by some historians as a <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">revisionist</a> due to his views.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of his more famous books is <i>Spanish Civil War, The Soviet Union and Communism</i>, which analyzes <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and the Soviet government's intervention in Spain. He also wrote <i>The Franco Regime</i>, <i>The Spanish Civil War</i> and <i>A History of Fascism 1914–1945</i>. </p><p>Payne uses a lengthy itemized list of characteristics to identify fascism, including the creation of an authoritarian state; a regulated, state-integrated economic sector; <a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">fascist symbolism</a>; anti-<a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, and anti-<a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sees elimination of the autonomy or, in some cases, complete existence of large-scale <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> as the common aim of all fascist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 he published <i>Franco. A Personal and Political Biography</i> with <a href="/wiki/Jes%C3%BAs_Palacios_Tapias" title="Jesús Palacios Tapias">Jesús Palacios</a>, who during his youth had been a member of the now-banned group <a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CEDADE_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CEDADE-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, he has been considered an iconic figure in <a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Spain)" title="Revisionism (Spain)">Francoist revisionism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DENAES_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DENAES-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pecharroman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pecharroman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-robledo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robledo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Payne&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Payne received his bachelor's degree from <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Union_College" title="Pacific Union College">Pacific Union College</a> in 1955. He went on to earn a masters from <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Graduate_University" title="Claremont Graduate University">Claremont Graduate School and University Center</a> in 1957 and a doctorate (Ph.D.) from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> in 1960. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Payne&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><i>Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism</i>, 1961</li> <li><i>Politics and the Military in Modern Spain</i>, 1967</li> <li><i>Franco's Spain</i>, 1967</li> <li><i>The Spanish Revolution</i>, 1970</li> <li><i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i> (2 vol 1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/index.htm">full text online free vol 1 before 1700</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/index.htm">full text online free vol 2 after 1700</a>; standard scholarly history</li> <li><i>Basque Nationalism</i>, 1975</li> <li><i>La revolución y la guerra civil española</i>, 1976</li> <li><i>Fascism: Comparison and Definition</i>, 1980</li> <li><i>Spanish Catholicism: An Historical Overview</i>, 1984</li> <li><i>The Franco Regime 1936–1975</i>, 1988</li> <li><i>Franco: El perfil de la historia</i>, 1992</li> <li><i>Spain's First Democracy: The Second Republic, 1931–1936</i>, 1993</li> <li><i>A History of Fascism 1914–1945</i>, 1996</li> <li><i>El primer franquismo, 1939–1959: Los años de la autarquía</i>, 1998</li> <li><i>Fascism in Spain 1923–1977</i>, 2000</li> <li><i>The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism 1931–1939</i>, 2004</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <ul><li><i>El colapso de la República: Los orígenes de la Guerra Civil 1933-1936</i>, 2005</li> <li><i>The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936</i>, 2006</li> <li><i>40 preguntas fundamentales sobre la Guerra Civil</i>, 2006</li> <li><i>Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II</i>, 2008</li> <li><i>¿Por qué la República perdió la guerra?</i>, 2010</li> <li><i>Spain: A Unique History</i>, 2011</li> <li><i>Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949</i>, 2011</li> <li><i>La Europa revolucionaria: Las guerras civiles que marcaron el siglo XX</i>, 2011</li> <li><i>The Spanish Civil War</i>, 2012</li> <li><i>Franco: A Personal and Political Biography</i>, 2014, with Jesús Palacios</li> <li><i>Franco: Una biografía personal y política</i>, 2014, with Jesús Palacios</li> <li><i>El fascismo</i>, 2014</li> <li><i>La Guerra Civil Española</i>, 2014</li> <li><i>El camino al 18 de julio: La erosión de la democracia en España, diciembre de 1935 - julio de 1936</i>, 2016</li> <li><i>365 momentos clave de la historia de España</i>, 2016</li> <li><i>En defensa de España : desmontando mitos y leyendas negras</i>, 2017</li> <li><i>La revolución española, 1936-1939: Un estudio sobre la singularidad de la Guerra Civil</i>, 2019</li></ul> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Payne&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.wisc.edu/people/payne-stanley/">"Payne, Stanley"</a>. <i>Department of History</i>. 2017-05-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+History&rft.atitle=Payne%2C+Stanley&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.wisc.edu%2Fpeople%2Fpayne-stanley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanley_Payne's_oral_history-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stanley_Payne's_oral_history_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne2022" class="citation web cs1">Payne, Stanley (5 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mosseprogram.wisc.edu/2022/01/05/oral-history-stanley-payne/">"Oral History - Stanley Payne"</a>. <i>University of Wisconsin-Madison</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.atitle=Oral+History+-+Stanley+Payne&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmosseprogram.wisc.edu%2F2022%2F01%2F05%2Foral-history-stanley-payne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right.</i> Routledge. 2002. p. 67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley G. Payne. <i>Fascism: Comparison and Definition</i>. University of Wisconsin Press. 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299080648" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299080648">978-0299080648</a>. pp. 102–104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Vi%C3%B1as" title="Ángel Viñas">Ángel Viñas</a> (ed.), <i>Sin respeto por la historia</i> [extraordinary issue of <i>Hispania Nova</i>] 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Stanley (1980). <i>Fascism: Comparison and Definition</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne1995" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1995). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn"><i>A history of fascism, 1914–1945</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0299148706" title="Special:BookSources/978-0299148706"><bdi>978-0299148706</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>What fascist movements had in common was the aim of a new functional relationship for the social and economic systems, eliminating the autonomy (or, in some proposals, the existence) of large-scale capitalism and major industry<span class="nowrap"> </span>...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+fascism%2C+1914%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0299148706&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoffascism00payn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CEDADE-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CEDADE_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReig_Tapia2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Reig Tapia, Alberto (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/HISPNOV/article/view/2867/1550">"La sombra de Franco es alargada"</a>. <i>Hispania Nova. Revista de Historia Contemporánea</i>. 1 (Extraordinario). Getafe: <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_University_of_Madrid" title="Charles III University of Madrid">Universidad Carlos III de Madrid</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1138-7319">1138-7319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania+Nova.+Revista+de+Historia+Contempor%C3%A1nea&rft.atitle=La+sombra+de+Franco+es+alargada&rft.volume=1+%28Extraordinario%29&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1138-7319&rft.aulast=Reig+Tapia&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-revistas.uc3m.es%2Findex.php%2FHISPNOV%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2867%2F1550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DENAES-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DENAES_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.servimedia.es/noticias/1109299">"Aguirre y González subvencionaron con 300.000 euros a la fundación de Abascal"</a> (in Spanish). <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servimedia" class="extiw" title="es:Servimedia">Servimedia</a>. 27 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revistadelibros.com/articulo_imprimible.php?art=606&t=blogs">the original</a> on 5 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+Libros&rft.atitle=Revisionismo+amable&rft.date=2014-11-11&rft.aulast=Gil+Pecharrom%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revistadelibros.com%2Farticulo_imprimible.php%3Fart%3D606%26t%3Dblogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-robledo-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-robledo_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobledo2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Robledo, Ricardo (2015-01-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/ccec/5444">"De leyenda rosa e historia científica: notas sobre el último revisionismo de la Segunda República"</a>. <i>Cahiers de civilisation espagnole contemporaine. De 1808 au temps présent</i> (in Spanish) (2/2015). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fccec.5444">10.4000/ccec.5444</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1957-7761">1957-7761</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cahiers+de+civilisation+espagnole+contemporaine.+De+1808+au+temps+pr%C3%A9sent&rft.atitle=De+leyenda+rosa+e+historia+cient%C3%ADfica%3A+notas+sobre+el+%C3%BAltimo+revisionismo+de+la+Segunda+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft.issue=2%2F2015&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fccec.5444&rft.issn=1957-7761&rft.aulast=Robledo&rft.aufirst=Ricardo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fccec%2F5444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanley_G._Payne&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArroyo_Menéndez2020" class="citation journal cs1">Arroyo Menéndez, Millán (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Fposo.69206">"Las causas del apoyo electoral a VOX en españa"</a>. <i>Política y Sociedad</i>. <b>57</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>: <span class="nowrap">693–</span>717. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5209%2Fposo.69206">10.5209/poso.69206</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241063503">241063503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pol%C3%ADtica+y+Sociedad&rft.atitle=Las+causas+del+apoyo+electoral+a+VOX+en+espa%C3%B1a&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E693-%3C%2Fspan%3E717&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5209%2Fposo.69206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241063503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arroyo+Men%C3%A9ndez&rft.aufirst=Mill%C3%A1n&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5209%252Fposo.69206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerreira2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferreira, Carles (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21308%2Frecp.51.03">"Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología"</a> [Vox as Representative of the Radical Right in Spain: A study of its Ideology]. <i>Revista Española de Ciencia Política</i> (in Spanish). <b>51</b> (51): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21308%2Frecp.51.03">10.21308/recp.51.03</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2173-9870">2173-9870</a>.</cite><span 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Payne</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.wisc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/202/2017/05/emeritus_sp_cv.pdf">"Payne's CV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Payne%27s+CV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.wisc.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F202%2F2017%2F05%2Femeritus_sp_cv.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStanley+G.+Payne" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(109 KB)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunkPackScott2008" class="citation book cs1">Bunk, Brian D.; Pack, Sasha D.; Scott, Carl-Gustaf (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/History.NatCon"><i>Nation and conflict in modern Spain: essays in honor of Stanley G. Payne</i></a>. Madison, Wisconsin: Parallel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-893311-76-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-893311-76-3"><bdi>978-1-893311-76-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/115468730">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79138925">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120234580">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120234580">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452345">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Payne, Stanley G."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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