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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Chemical tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flame_test" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flame_test"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1.1</span> <span>Flame test</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flame_test-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quantitative_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantitative_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Quantitative methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantitative_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gravimetric_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravimetric_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Gravimetric analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravimetric_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volumetric_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volumetric_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Volumetric analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volumetric_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colorimetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colorimetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Colorimetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colorimetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of analytical chemistry</div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Graduated_Cylinders_and_Beaker_filled_with_Chemical_Compounds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Graduated_Cylinders_and_Beaker_filled_with_Chemical_Compounds.jpg/267px-Graduated_Cylinders_and_Beaker_filled_with_Chemical_Compounds.jpg" decoding="async" width="267" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Graduated_Cylinders_and_Beaker_filled_with_Chemical_Compounds.jpg/401px-Graduated_Cylinders_and_Beaker_filled_with_Chemical_Compounds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Graduated_Cylinders_and_Beaker_filled_with_Chemical_Compounds.jpg/534px-Graduated_Cylinders_and_Beaker_filled_with_Chemical_Compounds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Graduated cylinders and beakers filled with chemicals</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>is missing information</b> about synthetic chemistry and solution-phase chemistry.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Wet_chemistry#Wet_chemistry_is_not_only_about_analytical_chemistry" title="Talk:Wet chemistry">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2025</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wet chemistry</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a> that uses classical methods such as observation to analyze materials. The term <i>wet chemistry</i> is used as most analytical work is done in the liquid phase.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wet chemistry is also known as <i>bench chemistry</i>, since many tests are performed at lab benches.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Materials">Materials</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Materials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wet chemistry commonly uses <a href="/wiki/Laboratory_glassware" title="Laboratory glassware">laboratory glassware</a> such as beakers and graduated cylinders to prevent materials from being contaminated or interfered with by unintended sources.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gasoline, <a href="/wiki/Bunsen_burner" title="Bunsen burner">Bunsen burners</a>, and crucibles may also be used to evaporate and isolate substances in their dry forms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wet chemistry is not performed with any advanced instruments since most automatically scan substances.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although, simple instruments such as scales are used to measure the weight of a substance before and after a change occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many high school and college <a href="/wiki/Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Laboratories">laboratories</a> teach students basic wet chemistry methods.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the age of <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_chemistry" title="Theoretical chemistry">theoretical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>, wet chemistry was the predominant form of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific discovery</a> in the chemical field. This is why it is sometimes referred to as <b>classic chemistry</b> or <b>classical chemistry</b>. Scientists would continuously develop techniques to improve the accuracy of wet chemistry. Later on, instruments were developed to conduct research impossible for wet chemistry. Over time, this became a separate branch of analytical chemistry called <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Instrumental analysis">instrumental analysis</a>. Because of the high volume of wet chemistry that must be done in today's society and new <a href="/wiki/Quality_control" title="Quality control">quality control</a> requirements, many wet chemistry methods have been <a href="/wiki/Automated" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated">automated</a> and computerized for streamlined analysis. The manual performance of wet chemistry mostly occurs in schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualitative_methods">Qualitative methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qualitative methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qualitative methods use changes in information that cannot be quantified to detect a change. This can include a change in color, smell, texture, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_tests">Chemical tests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chemical tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lead_powder_burning_(5).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lead_powder_burning_%285%29.JPG/235px-Lead_powder_burning_%285%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lead_powder_burning_%285%29.JPG/353px-Lead_powder_burning_%285%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Lead_powder_burning_%285%29.JPG/470px-Lead_powder_burning_%285%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>When burned, lead produces a bright white flame.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chemical_test" title="Chemical test">Chemical tests</a> use reagents to indicate the presence of a specific chemical in an unknown solution. The reagents cause a unique reaction to occur based on the chemical it reacts with, allowing one to know what chemical is in the solution. An example is <a href="/wiki/Heller%27s_test" title="Heller's test">Heller's test</a> where a test tube containing proteins has strong acids added to it. A cloudy ring forms where the substances meet, indicating the acids are <a href="/wiki/Denaturation_(biochemistry)" title="Denaturation (biochemistry)">denaturing</a> the proteins. The cloud is a sign that proteins are present in a liquid. The method is used to detect proteins in a person's urine.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Flame_test">Flame test</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flame test"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The flame test is a more well known version of the chemical test. It is only used on metallic ions. The metal powder is burned, causing an emission of colors based on what metal was burned. For example, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (Ca) will burn orange and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> (Cu) will burn blue. Their color emissions are used to produce bright colors in fireworks.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantitative_methods">Quantitative methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Quantitative methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quantitative methods use information that can be measured and quantified to indicate a change. This can include changes in volume, concentration, weight, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gravimetric_analysis">Gravimetric analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gravimetric analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hot_FIltration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hot_FIltration.jpg/220px-Hot_FIltration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hot_FIltration.jpg/330px-Hot_FIltration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Hot_FIltration.jpg/440px-Hot_FIltration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="662" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Solids are filtered out of the liquid, which is collected in the beaker.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">Gravimetric analysis</a> measures the weight or concentration of a solid that has either formed from a <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitate</a> or dissolved in a liquid. The mass of the liquid is recorded before undergoing the reaction. For the precipitate, a reagent is added until the precipitate stops forming. The precipitate is then dried and weighed to determine the chemicals concentration in the liquid. For a dissolved substance, the liquid can be filtered until the solids are removed or boiled until all the liquid evaporates. The solids are left alone until completely dried and then weighed to determine its concentration. Evaporating all the liquid is the more common approach.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volumetric_analysis">Volumetric analysis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Volumetric analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Volumetric analysis or <a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">titration</a> relies on volume measurements to determine the quantity of a chemical. A reagent with a known volume and concentration is added to a solution with an unknown substance or concentration. The amount of reagent required for a change to occur is proportional to the amount of the unknown substances. This reveals the amount of the unknown substance present. If no visible change is present, an indicator is added to the solution. For example, a <a href="/wiki/PH_indicator" title="PH indicator">pH indicator</a> changes color based on the pH of the solution. The exact point where the color change occurs is called the <a href="/wiki/Endpoint_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Endpoint (chemistry)">endpoint</a>. Since the color change can occur very suddenly, it is important to be extremely precise with all measurements.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colorimetry">Colorimetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colorimetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Colorimetry is a unique method since it has both qualitative and quantitative properties. Its qualitative analysis involves recording color changes to indicate a change has occurred. This can be a change in shading of the color or a change into a completely different color. The quantitative aspect involves sensory equipment that can measure the wavelength of colors. Changes in wavelengths can be precisely measured and indicate changes in the mixture or solution.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wet chemistry techniques can be used for <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_chemical_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualitative chemical analysis">qualitative</a> chemical measurements, such as changes in color (<a href="/wiki/Colorimetry" title="Colorimetry">colorimetry</a>), but often involves more quantitative chemical measurements, using methods such as <a href="/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">gravimetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titrimetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Titrimetry">titrimetry</a>. Some uses for wet chemistry include tests for:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> (acidity, alkalinity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conductivity_(electrolytic)" title="Conductivity (electrolytic)">conductivity</a> (specific conductance)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_point" title="Cloud point">cloud point</a> (nonionic surfactants)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">melting point</a></li> <li>solids or dissolved solids</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karl_Fischer_titration" title="Karl Fischer titration">Karl Fischer titration</a>)</li></ul> <p>Wet chemistry is also used in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_chemistry" title="Environmental chemistry">environmental chemistry</a> settings to determine the current state of the environment. It is used to test:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)</li> <li>Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a></li> <li>coating identification</li></ul> <p>It can also involve the <a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">elemental analysis</a> of samples, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> sources, for chemicals such as:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Ammonia nitrogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">Chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">Cyanide</a></li> <li>Dissolved oxygen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">Fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">Phenols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">Phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">Silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">Sulfates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide" title="Sulfide">Sulfides</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wet_laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet laboratory">Wet laboratory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wet_chemistry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFElizabeth_K._Wilson" class="citation news cs1">Elizabeth K. 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href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">Atomic absorption spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_emission_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flame emission spectroscopy">Flame emission spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">High-performance liquid chromatograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">Infrared spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_point_apparatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Melting point apparatus">Melting point apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_spectrometer" title="Optical spectrometer">Optical spectrometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrophotometry" title="Spectrophotometry">Spectrophotometer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravimetric_analysis" title="Gravimetric analysis">Gravimetric analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_mobility_spectrometry" title="Ion mobility spectrometry">Ion mobility spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sampling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sub-sampling_(chemistry)#Coning_and_quartering" title="Sub-sampling (chemistry)">Coning and quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilution_(equation)" title="Dilution (equation)">Dilution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution (chemistry)">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_agent" title="Masking agent">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">Pulverization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sample_preparation" title="Sample preparation">Sample preparation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-sampling_(chemistry)" title="Sub-sampling (chemistry)">Sub-sampling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calibration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemometrics" title="Chemometrics">Chemometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calibration_curve" title="Calibration curve">Calibration curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(chemical_analysis)" title="Matrix (chemical analysis)">Matrix effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_standard" title="Internal standard">Internal standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_addition" title="Standard addition">Standard addition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope_dilution" title="Isotope dilution">Isotope dilution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent <a href="/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_chemistry#Analytical_chemistry" title="List of important publications in chemistry">publications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Analyst_(journal)" title="Analyst (journal)">Analyst</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analytica_Chimica_Acta" title="Analytica Chimica Acta">Analytica Chimica Acta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_and_Bioanalytical_Chemistry" title="Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry">Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Chemistry_(journal)" title="Analytical Chemistry (journal)">Analytical Chemistry</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analytical_Biochemistry" title="Analytical Biochemistry">Analytical Biochemistry</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemistry" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemistry">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Branches_of_chemistry854" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Template talk:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Branches_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Branches of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Branches_of_chemistry854" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Branches of <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemical_formulae" title="Glossary of chemical formulae">Glossary of chemical formulae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biomolecules" title="List of biomolecules">List of biomolecules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inorganic_compounds" title="List of inorganic compounds">List of inorganic compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">Analytical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_chemistry" title="Instrumental chemistry">Instrumental chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroanalytical_methods" title="Electroanalytical methods">Electroanalytical methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet%E2%80%93visible_spectroscopy" title="Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy">UV-Vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance_spectroscopy" title="Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_ionization" title="Electron ionization">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inductively_coupled_plasma_mass_spectrometry" title="Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix-assisted_laser_desorption/ionization" title="Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_process" title="Separation process">Separation process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystallography" title="Crystallography">Crystallography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Characterization_(materials_science)" title="Characterization (materials science)">Characterization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titration" title="Titration">Titration</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wet chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calorimetry" title="Calorimetry">Calorimetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_analysis" title="Elemental analysis">Elemental analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_chemistry" title="Physical chemistry">Physical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrochemistry" title="Electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spectroelectrochemistry" title="Spectroelectrochemistry">Spectroelectrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photoelectrochemistry" title="Photoelectrochemistry">Photoelectrochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermochemistry" title="Thermochemistry">Thermochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">Chemical thermodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_science" title="Surface science">Surface science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interface_and_colloid_science" title="Interface and colloid science">Interface and colloid science</a> <ul><li><a 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chemistry">Microwave chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equilibrium_chemistry" title="Equilibrium chemistry">Equilibrium chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanochemistry" title="Mechanochemistry">Mechanochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Inorganic_chemistry" title="Inorganic chemistry">Inorganic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetochemistry" title="Magnetochemistry">Magnetochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organometallic_chemistry" title="Organometallic chemistry">Organometallic chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organolanthanide_chemistry" title="Organolanthanide chemistry">Organolanthanide chemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom cluster">Cluster chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_chemistry" title="Solid-state chemistry">Solid-state chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceramic chemistry">Ceramic chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereochemistry" title="Stereochemistry">Stereochemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane_stereochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkane stereochemistry">Alkane stereochemistry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_organic_chemistry" title="Physical organic chemistry">Physical organic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_reactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic reactions">Organic reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">Organic synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrosynthetic_analysis" title="Retrosynthetic analysis">Retrosynthetic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enantioselective_synthesis" title="Enantioselective synthesis">Enantioselective synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_synthesis" title="Total synthesis">Total synthesis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Semisynthesis" title="Semisynthesis">Semisynthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fullerene_chemistry" title="Fullerene chemistry">Fullerene chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_chemistry" title="Polymer chemistry">Polymer chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrochemistry">Petrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_covalent_chemistry" title="Dynamic covalent chemistry">Dynamic covalent chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" 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title="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">Chemical engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">Stoichiometry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">Materials science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic_engineering" title="Ceramic engineering">Ceramic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_science" title="Polymer science">Polymer science</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">Timeline of chemistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">of element discoveries</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_central_science" title="The central science">The central science</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">Chemical reaction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">Catalysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Chemical element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">Ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_substance" title="Chemical substance">Chemical substance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">Chemical bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Chemistry" title="Category:Chemistry">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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