DNA microarray wet lab simulation brings genomics into the high school curriculum

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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1zdW6VFaBvdYAnfQAV9mnmJFGjJMzgxMPVrWGpdnLCRNMnOJuPDoxWZCla4O2q77"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1zdW6VFaBvdYAnfQAV9mnmJFGjJMzgxMPVrWGpdnLCRNMnOJuPDoxWZCla4O2q77"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1zdW6VFaBvdYAnfQAV9mnmJFGjJMzgxMPVrWGpdnLCRNMnOJuPDoxWZCla4O2q77"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="1zdW6VFaBvdYAnfQAV9mnmJFGjJMzgxMPVrWGpdnLCRNMnOJuPDoxWZCla4O2q77"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="17146040"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://www.lifescied.org/doi/10.1187/cbe.06-07-0172?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub 0pubmed" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=4487&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=17146040&db=pubmed&nlmid=101269039" title="See full text options at Atypon" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Atypon" data-ga-label="17146040" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.lifescied.org-pb-assets-images-lsepubmed.png" alt="Atypon full text link"><span class="text"> Atypon </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/17146040/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=17146040&db=pubmed&nlmid=101269039" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="17146040" ><span class="text"> Free 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required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 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'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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class="journal-actions-trigger trigger" ref="linksrc=journal_actions_btn" title="CBE life sciences education" tabindex="0" aria-controls="full-view-journal" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for journal CBE life sciences education" data-pinger-ignore> CBE Life Sci Educ </button><div id="full-view-journal" class="journal-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for journal CBE life sciences education"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="journal-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22CBE+Life+Sci+Educ%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22CBE+Life+Sci+Educ%22%5Bjour%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_journal_name_link&journal_abbrev=CBE Life Sci Educ" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="journal_link" data-ga-label="CBE Life Sci Educ"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-nlm-catalog-link 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href="/?term=Campbell+AM&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="A Malcolm Campbell">A Malcolm Campbell</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Departments of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035-7118, USA. macampbell@davidson.edu" href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zanta+CA&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Carolyn A Zanta">Carolyn A Zanta</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Heyer+LJ&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Laurie J Heyer">Laurie J Heyer</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kittinger+B&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ben Kittinger">Ben Kittinger</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Gabric+KM&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kathleen M Gabric">Kathleen M Gabric</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Adler+L&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Leslie Adler">Leslie Adler</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schulz+B&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" 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school curriculum </h1> <div class="short-citation"> <span class="authors-list"> <span class="authors-list-item "><span class="full-name">A Malcolm Campbell</span><span class="citation-separator"> et al.</span></span> </span> <span class="citation-journal"> CBE Life Sci Educ<span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> <span class="date"> <span class="citation-year">2006 Winter</span><span class="citation-separator">.</span> </span> </div> <div class="more-article-details-section with-display-settings"> <button class="more-article-details" id="toggle-article-details" data-alt-text="Hide details" ref="linksrc=toggle_article_details" aria-controls="full-article-details" aria-expanded="false" data-fetch-url="/17146040/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title">Show details</span> </button> <div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"> <button class="trigger usa-button" 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data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="A Malcolm Campbell">A Malcolm Campbell</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Departments of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035-7118, USA. macampbell@davidson.edu" href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Zanta+CA&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Carolyn A Zanta">Carolyn A Zanta</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Heyer+LJ&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Laurie J Heyer">Laurie J Heyer</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Kittinger+B&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Ben Kittinger">Ben Kittinger</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Gabric+KM&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Kathleen M Gabric">Kathleen M Gabric</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Adler+L&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Leslie Adler">Leslie Adler</a><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Schulz+B&cauthor_id=17146040" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Barbara Schulz">Barbara Schulz</a></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliation </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Departments of Biology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035-7118, USA. macampbell@davidson.edu</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">17146040</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC1681359&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1681359/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC1681359 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.1187/cbe.06-07-0172&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.06-07-0172" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.1187/cbe.06-07-0172 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/17146040/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/17146040/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> We have developed a wet lab DNA microarray simulation as part of a complete DNA microarray module for high school students. The wet lab simulation has been field tested with high school students in Illinois and Maryland as well as in workshops with high school teachers from across the nation. Instead of using DNA, our simulation is based on pH indicators, which offer many ideal teaching characteristics. The simulation requires no specialized equipment, is very inexpensive, is very reliable, and takes very little preparation time. Student and teacher assessment data indicate the simulation is popular with both groups, and students show significant learning gains. We include many resources with this publication, including all prelab introductory materials (e.g., a paper microarray activity), the student handouts, teachers notes, and pre- and postassessment tools. We did not test the simulation on other student populations, but based on teacher feedback, the simulation also may fit well in community college and in introductory and nonmajors' college biology curricula. </p> </div> </div> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" data-ga-category="literature_resources" data-ga-action="disclaimer_link" data-ga-label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/959494ad6282/cbe0040600500001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="498" data-image-height="426" data-image-alt="Figure 1." data-pmc-id="PMC1681359" data-figure-id="F1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/9b02f57875ec/cbe0040600500001.gif" alt="Figure 1." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="498"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="426"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Screen shots of DNA microarray… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Screen shots of DNA microarray animation. Students are directed to view this animation… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Screen shots of DNA microarray animation. Students are directed to view this animation along with reading some brief introductory materials (see Supplemental Material 3) before the first class session. (A–D) Different stages of the animation after cDNA synthesis.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/30284ae4ce71/cbe0040600500002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="480" data-image-height="360" data-image-alt="Figure 2." data-pmc-id="PMC1681359" data-figure-id="F2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/763090be7f20/cbe0040600500002.gif" alt="Figure 2." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="480"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="360"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Picture of empty slide before… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Picture of empty slide before spotting. Circles are numbered to indicate gene position… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Picture of empty slide before spotting. Circles are numbered to indicate gene position for printing. The yellow mask is hydrophobic, and holes are hydrophilic to improve morphology of spots (i.e., prevent the spots from spreading).</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/ac03792aa0d7/cbe0040600500003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="405" data-image-height="268" data-image-alt="Figure 3." data-pmc-id="PMC1681359" data-figure-id="F3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/4d7fd05c2dc0/cbe0040600500003.gif" alt="Figure 3." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="405"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="268"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Students in the lab working… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Students in the lab working with the annotated timeline of the Microarray Module.… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Students in the lab working with the annotated timeline of the Microarray Module. Day 0: <ol xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" style="list-style-type:disc"><li><p>Students take microarray pretest.</p></li><li><p>Homework assignment requires students to read handout and view the DNA Microarray Methodology Animation created by A.M.C. at Davidson College (<ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/chip/chip.html">http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/genomics/chip/chip.html</ext-link>).</p></li></ol> Day 1: <ol style="list-style-type:disc"><li><p>Teacher reviews the microarray uses and procedures using the animation or handout.</p></li><li><p>Students work on the paper microarray lab created by C.A.Z. (Zanta, 2004).</p></li><li><p>The teacher facilitates discussion of how the microarray measures gene expression, why gene expression is important, and how this relates to the cancer scenario of the activity.</p></li><li><p>Homework assignment: Outline the wet lab microarray simulation procedure.</p></li></ol> Day 2: <ol style="list-style-type:disc"><li><p>Students work on the microarray simulation and analyze and record their results in groups.</p></li><li><p>Teacher facilitates discussion of how the microarray measures gene expression, why gene expression is important, and how this relates to the cancer scenario of the activity.</p></li><li><p>The posttest using same exam as the pretest, plus additional open-ended feedback on the entire unit.</p></li></ol></div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/f53ea560f4a2/cbe0040600500004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="480" data-image-height="360" data-image-alt="Figure 4." data-pmc-id="PMC1681359" data-figure-id="F4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/f364/1681359/97e6997ebeeb/cbe0040600500004.gif" alt="Figure 4." /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="480"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="360"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Results of the microarray simulation… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4. </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Results of the microarray simulation carried out by students at Hinsdale Central High… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4. </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Results of the microarray simulation carried out by students at Hinsdale Central High School in Hinsdale, IL. The colors in this microarray simulation are red, blue, and purple (red and blue combined) instead of red, green, and yellow seen in a typical DNA microarray. Note differences in color intensities between spots 1 and 5 (both red) and 3 and 6 (both blue). Spot 2 is purple and 4 is colorless. The speckled coloration is due to incomplete mixing after reheating the master solution of spotting solutions.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/22615226/" ref="article_id=22615226&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="22615226" data-ga-label=""> Gene expression analysis: teaching students to do 30,000 experiments at once with microarray. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Carvalho FI, Johns C, Gillespie ME.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Carvalho FI, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">Biochem Mol Biol Educ. 2012 May-Jun;40(3):181-90. doi: 10.1002/bmb.20588. 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DNA microarray wet lab simulation brings genomics into the high school curriculum - PubMed