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href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Population </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Population subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Syria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyprus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyprus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Cyprus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyprus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel_and_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_and_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Israel and Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_and_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Role in politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Role in politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lebanon_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel_and_Palestine_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel_and_Palestine_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Israel and Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel_and_Palestine_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phoenicianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenicianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Phoenicianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenicianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Support_of_Lebanese_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Support_of_Lebanese_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Support of Lebanese identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Support_of_Lebanese_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embrace_of_Arab_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embrace_of_Arab_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Embrace of Arab identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embrace_of_Arab_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aramean_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aramean_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Aramean identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aramean_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Persecution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Maronites</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" > 33 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A9" title="موارنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موارنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronins" title="Maronins – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Maronins" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A2%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܡܪܘܢܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܪܘܢܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Маронити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Маронити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroniti" title="Maroniti – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Maroniti" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroniidid" title="Maroniidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Maroniidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Μαρωνίτες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαρωνίτες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitoj" title="Maronitoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Maronitoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronita" title="Maronita – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Maronita" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="مارونی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مارونی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronites" title="Maronites – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Maronites" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EB%A1%A0%ED%8C%8C" title="마론파 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마론파" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մարոնիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարոնիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroniti" title="Maroniti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Maroniti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מרונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მარონიტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარონიტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamaroni" title="Wamaroni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wamaroni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%BBn%C3%AE" title="Marûnî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Marûnî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitai" title="Maronitai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maronitai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Маронити – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маронити" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%87" title="الموارنه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الموارنه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronici" title="Maronici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Maronici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronitas" title="Maronitas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Maronitas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroni%C8%9Bi" title="Maroniți – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Maroniți" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Марониты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Марониты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Марониттар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Марониттар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronit%C3%ABt" title="Maronitët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Maronitët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroniti" title="Maroniti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Maroniti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroniitit" title="Maroniitit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maroniitit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="มาโรไนต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มาโรไนต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maruniler" title="Maruniler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maruniler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мароніти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мароніти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%BE%8D%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%BA" title="馬龍尼人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="馬龍尼人" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Lebanese ethnoreligious group. For the church, see <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>. For its adherents in Lebanon, see <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Lebanese Maronite Christians</a>. For its adherents in Cyprus, see <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronite Cypriots</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Maronites</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div lang="ar">الموارنة</div></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7–12 million<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gemayel-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor-6">[6]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Maronite_Diaspora_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_the_Maronite_Diaspora_2.png/250px-Map_of_the_Maronite_Diaspora_2.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_the_Maronite_Diaspora_2.png/375px-Map_of_the_Maronite_Diaspora_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Map_of_the_Maronite_Diaspora_2.png/500px-Map_of_the_Maronite_Diaspora_2.png 2x" data-file-width="2753" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/45px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> 1.4 million (2006)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3–4 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-ST-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.2 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-ST-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">750,000<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">167,190<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">161,370<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">96,100<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">50,000–60,000<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">51,520<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25,000<a href="#cite_note-MH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20,000<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,170<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="infobox-data">6,350<a href="#cite_note-12">[nb 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,850<a href="#cite_note-Annunciation-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,400<a href="#cite_note-MH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5,300<a href="#cite_note-MH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">3,400<a href="#cite_note-MH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/23px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/35px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/45px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,250–3,000<a href="#cite_note-Annunciation-13">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,500<a href="#cite_note-MH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,470<a href="#cite_note-MH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" />  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,000<a href="#cite_note-MH-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000–1,500<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></th><td class="infobox-data">513<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-14">[13]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Arabic" title="Cypriot Arabic">Cypriot Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-15">[14]</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[nb 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sudilovsky-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[16]</a></li></ul></div><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese Aramaic</a> (Historical)<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> (Liturgical)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholicism">Maronite Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Lebanese Christians</a><a href="#cite_note-plos-26">[24]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Maronites (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الموارنة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Al-Mawārinah; <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܡܖ̈ܘܢܝܐ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Syriac" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Syriac">romanized</a>: Marunoye) are a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christian">Syriac Christian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> group native to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">Eastern Mediterranean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> whose members belong to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a>. The largest concentration has traditionally resided near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> The Maronite Church is an Eastern Catholic <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a> <a href="/wiki/Particular_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Particular church">particular church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">full communion</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The Maronites derive their name from Saint <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Christian">Syriac Christian</a> whose followers migrated to the area of Mount Lebanon from their previous place of residence around the area of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, and established the nucleus of the Maronite Church.<a href="#cite_note-Mannheim-31">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a> has a long and continuous history. The spread of Christianity in Lebanon was very slow where paganism persisted, especially in the mountaintop strongholds of Mount Lebanon. During the 5th century AD, Saint Maron sent <a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Cyrrhus" title="Abraham of Cyrrhus">Abraham of Cyrrhus</a>, often referred to as the Apostle of Lebanon, to convert the still significant pagan population of <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. The area's inhabitants renamed the Adonis River the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_River" title="Abraham River">Abraham River</a> after Saint Abraham preached there.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> The early Maronites were <a href="/wiki/Hellenized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenized">Hellenized</a> Semites, natives of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Syria">Byzantine Syria</a> who spoke Greek and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> yet identified with the Greek-speaking populace of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and Antioch.<a href="#cite_note-bar-35">[33]</a> They were able to maintain an independent status in Mount Lebanon and its coastline after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a>, keeping their Christian religion, and even their distinct <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese Aramaic</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> as late as the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Mannheim-31">[29]</a> While Maronites identify primarily as native Lebanese of Maronite origin, many identify as <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Others identify as descendants of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>. Some Maronites argue that they are of <a href="/wiki/Mardaite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mardaite">Mardaite</a> ancestry, while other historians, such as Clement Joseph David, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Damascus" title="Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus">Syriac Catholic Archbishop of Damascus</a>, reject this.<a href="#cite_note-Moosa2005-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Mass emigration to the Americas at the outset of the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">famine</a> during World War I that killed an estimated one third to one half of the population, the <a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> between 1975 and 1990 greatly decreased their numbers in the Levant; however Maronites today form more than one quarter of the total population of modern-day Lebanon. Though concentrated in Lebanon, Maronites also show presence in the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, as well as a significant part in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a> in the Americas, Europe, Australia, and Africa. The Maronite Church, under the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">patriarch of Antioch</a>, has branches in nearly all countries where Maronite Christian communities live, in both the Levant and the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a>. The Maronites and the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> founded modern Lebanon in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Lebanon">Ottoman Lebanon</a> in the early 18th century, through the ruling and social system known as the "Maronite-Druze dualism" in the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Lebanon">All Lebanese presidents</a>, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Debbas" title="Charles Debbas">Charles Debbas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petro_Trad" title="Petro Trad">Petro Trad</a>, have been Maronites as part of a continued tradition of the <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a>, by which the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon">prime minister</a> has historically been a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Muslim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">speaker of the National Assembly</a> has historically been a <a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Maronites derive their name from <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a>, a 4th-century Syriac Christian <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> venerated by multiple Christian traditions. He is often conflated with <a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a>, the first Maronite Patriarch, who ruled 685-707.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-moosa-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MontLibanbuikdingchurch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MontLibanbuikdingchurch.jpg/220px-MontLibanbuikdingchurch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/MontLibanbuikdingchurch.jpg/330px-MontLibanbuikdingchurch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7f/MontLibanbuikdingchurch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Maronite villagers building a church in the region of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral_Brooklyn_on_Remsen_Street.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral_Brooklyn_on_Remsen_Street.jpg/220px-Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral_Brooklyn_on_Remsen_Street.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral_Brooklyn_on_Remsen_Street.jpg/330px-Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral_Brooklyn_on_Remsen_Street.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral_Brooklyn_on_Remsen_Street.jpg/440px-Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral_Brooklyn_on_Remsen_Street.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral Brooklyn in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.</figcaption></figure>The cultural and linguistic heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese people</a> is a blend of many peoples that have come to rule the land over the course of thousands of years. In a 2013 interview, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Zalloua" title="Pierre Zalloua">Pierre Zalloua</a>, a Lebanese biologist who took part in the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Genographic_Project" title="Genographic Project">Genographic Project</a>, pointed out that genetic variation preceded religious variation and divisions: "Lebanon already had well-differentiated communities with their own genetic peculiarities, but not significant differences, and religions came as layers of paint on top. There is no distinct pattern that shows that one community carries significantly more <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> than another."<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Although Christianity existed in <a href="/wiki/Phoenice_(Roman_province)" title="Phoenice (Roman province)">Roman Phoenice</a> since the time of the Apostles, Christians were a minority among the majority pagans by the time Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> issued The <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Thessalonica" title="Edict of Thessalonica">Edict of Thessalonica</a> in 380 AD. The coastal cities of Tyre and Sidon remained prosperous during Roman rule, but Phoenicia had ceased to be the maritime empire it once was centuries ago and the north of <a href="/wiki/Berytus" title="Berytus">Berytus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>) and the mountains of Lebanon concentrated a big part of the intellectual and religious activities. Very few <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Roman_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ancient Roman temples">Roman temples</a> were built in the coastal cities, hence the reason for the reign of paganism in the interior of the land.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> The Maronite movement reached Lebanon when in 402 AD Saint Maron's first disciple, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Cyrrhus" title="Abraham of Cyrrhus">Abraham of Cyrrhus</a>, who was called the Apostle of Lebanon, realized that there were many non-Christians in Lebanon and so he set out to convert the Phoenician inhabitants of the coastal lines and mountains of Lebanon, introducing them to the way of Saint Maron.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In 451 AD, the Maronites followed the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, rejecting both <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">monophysitism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">miaphysitisim</a> in favor of maintaining full communion with the then united Catholic Church. In 517 AD, a Chalcedonian conflict resulted in the massacre of 350 Maronite monks. Some sources detail the massacre was exacted under the orders of Monophysite Emperor Anastasius I, while others assign the responsibility to the Miaphysite <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church" title="Syriac Orthodox Church">Jacobite</a> Syriacs.<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Anastasius-46">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Muslim conquest of the Levant</a> in 637 AD, the Christians living in the low lands and coastal cities began to settle in the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a> and to the coastal cities of the coast which did not particularly interest the Muslim Arabs; the area consisting of those regions extending from <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> in the South and up to <a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> and the south of <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> in the north. The Arab conquerors settled in various cities of the coast to reduce Byzantine interference even though they were not interested in maritime trade. Since the mountains offered no attraction to them, the Christians continued to settle in the Mountains of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-:1-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> The Christians that chose to remain in the newly Arab-controlled areas and inhabited by the Arab invaders gradually became a minority and many of those converted to Islam in order to escape taxation and to further their own political and professional advancement.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] In 685 AD, <a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">St. John Maron</a> became the first Patriarch of the Maronite Church. The appointing of a Patriarch made the Byzantine Emperor furious, which led to the persecution of the Maronites by the Byzantines. Following the Byzantine persecutions in the Orontes valley, many Maronite monks left their lands in the <a href="/wiki/Orontes_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Orontes Valley">Orontes Valley</a> and took refuge in the mountains of Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The Maronite community migrated since the mid 7th century and through the 8th century, moving from the Orontes Valley in central <a href="/wiki/Syria_(region)" title="Syria (region)">Syria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>, becoming the majority of the Christians in the hills around <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> by the 10th century.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a> The Maronites managed then to become "civilly semiautonomous" where they settled<a href="#cite_note-BRILL-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> and kept speaking <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Aramaic" title="Lebanese Aramaic">Lebanese Aramaic</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> in daily life and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Classical Syriac</a> for their liturgy. The Maronites welcomed the conquering Christians of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> in 1096 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group-56">[54]</a> Around the late 12th century, according to <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a>, the Maronites numbered 40,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> During the several centuries of separation from the rest of the Christian world, they often claim to have been in full communion with the Catholic Church throughout. Despite this the majority of the accounts of those interacting with them at the time indicate that they were <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">monothelites</a>; notable figures from the era such as the medieval historian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a> and the chronicler of the Pope, <a href="/wiki/William_of_Tyre" title="William of Tyre">William of Tyre</a> affirming this, the latter of which (William Tyre) recorded both their kindness upon receiving him and the monothelitic views of which they recanted, stating; "The heresy of Maro and his followers is and was that in our Lord Jesus Christ, there exists and did exist from the beginning one will and one energy only, as may be learned from the sixth council, which as is well known, was assembled against them and in which they suffered sentence of condemnation. Now however...they repented all of these heresies and returned to the catholic church".<a href="#cite_note-William_of_Tyre_and_the_Maronites-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-14">[13]</a> The Maronites have also had a presence in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> since the early 9th century and many Maronites went there following the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Saladin</a>'s successful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1187)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1187)">Siege of Jerusalem</a> in 1187 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Walter_de_Gruyter-59">[57]</a> During the papacy of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a> (1572-1585), steps were taken to bring the Maronites still closer to Rome. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Colleges#Collegio_dei_Maroniti" title="Roman Colleges">Maronite College in Rome</a> (Pontificio Collegio dei Maroniti) being founded by Gregory XIII in 1584.<a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> By the 17th century, the Maronites had developed a strong natural liking for Europe – particularly France.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> The relationship between the <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> has been characterized by <a href="/wiki/Harmony" title="Harmony">harmony</a> and peaceful <a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">coexistence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> with amicable relations between the two groups prevailing throughout history, with the exception of some periods, including <a href="/wiki/1860_Mount_Lebanon_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1860 Mount Lebanon civil war">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-google-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> In the 19th century, thousands of Maronites were massacred by the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Lebanese Druze</a> during the 1860 conflict. According to some estimates about 11,000 Lebanese Christians (including Maronites) were killed; over 4,000 died from hunger and disease as a result of the war.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> After the 1860 massacres, many Maronites fled to Egypt. Antonios Bachaalany, a Maronite from Salima (Baabda district) was the first emigrant to the New World, where he reached the United States in 1854 and died there two years later.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Population">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg/170px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg/255px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg/340px-Lebanon_religious_groups_distribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="3484" /></a><figcaption>Lebanon religious groups distribution.</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christianity in Lebanon</a></div>According to the Maronite church, there were approximately 1,062,000 Maronites in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 1994, where they constitute up to 32% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-freedom-70">[68]</a> Under the terms of the National Pact agreement between the various political and religious leaders of Lebanon, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Lebanon">president of the country</a> must be a Maronite Christian.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syria">Syria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Syria">edit</a>]</div> There is also a small Maronite Christian community in Syria. In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> reported that 3,300 people belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Aleppo" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo">Archeparchy of Aleppo</a>, 15,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Damascus" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus">Archeparchy of Damascus</a> and 45,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Latakia" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Latakia">Eparchy of Lattaquié</a>).<a href="#cite_note-annuario-72">[70]</a> In 2015, the BBC placed the number of Maronites in Syria at between 28,000 and 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cyprus">Cyprus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cyprus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Maronite Cypriots</a></div> Maronites first migrated to <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> in the 8th century, and there are approximately 5,800 Maronites on the island today, the vast majority in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-15">[14]</a> The community historically spoke <a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Maronite_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cypriot Maronite Arabic">Cypriot Maronite Arabic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> but today Cypriot Maronites speak the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek language</a>, with the Cypriot government designating Cypriot Maronite Arabic as a dialect.<a href="#cite_note-Cyprus-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel_and_Palestine">Israel and Palestine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Israel and Palestine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel_and_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Israel and Palestine">Maronites in Israel and Palestine</a></div> A Maronite community of about 11,000 people lives in Israel.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a> reported that 10,000 people belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land</a> and 504 people belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-annuario-72">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maronite_Church" title="Category:Maronite Church">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Coat of arms</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Syriac Maronite Church</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">particular church</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarchate</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch">Patriarch</a> <a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Maronite_orders_and_societies" title="Category:Maronite orders and societies">Religious orders and societies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonin Maronite Order">Antonin Maronite Order</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Lebanese_Maronite_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries">Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Maronite Order">Lebanese Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Maronite_Order" title="Mariamite Maronite Order">Mariamite Maronite Order</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Maronite Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Maronites" title="Category:Maronites">Communities</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cypriots" title="Maronite Cypriots">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel_and_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Israel and Palestine">Israel and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christians_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people_in_Syria" title="Lebanese people in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Lebanese_in_Egypt" title="Syro-Lebanese in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> Languages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <dl><dd>Historical, theological, and liturgical:</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dd>Vernacular</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Monastery of Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardaites" title="Mardaites">Mardaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Tripoli" title="County of Tripoli">County of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Ottoman_rule" title="History of Lebanon under Ottoman rule">Ottoman rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="Our Lady of Lebanon">Our Lady of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taif_Agreement" title="Taif Agreement">Taif Agreement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:gold"> <a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Related politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Lebanon" title="Politics of Lebanon">Lebanese politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Forces" title="Lebanese Forces">Lebanese Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Patriotic_Movement" title="Free Patriotic Movement">Free Patriotic Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maronite_Church_sidebar" title="Template:Maronite Church sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maronite_Church_sidebar" title="Template talk:Maronite Church sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maronite_Church_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maronite Church sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_diaspora" title="Lebanese diaspora">Lebanese diaspora</a></div> According to various sources the Maronite diaspora is estimated to be somewhere between 7 and 12 million individuals, much larger than the Maronite population living in their historic homelands in Lebanon, Syria, Cyprus, Israel, and Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Gemayel-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-monitor-6">[6]</a> Due to cultural and religious assimilation, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, many Maronites or those of Maronite descent might not identify as Maronite or are unaware of their Maronite heritage.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a>, in 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_San_Charbel_in_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of San Charbel in Buenos Aires">Eparchy of San Charbel in Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, had 750,000 members; in 2021 the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo</a>, Brazil, had 521,000 members; in 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Sydney" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney</a>, Australia, had 161,370 members; in 2020 the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Montreal" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal</a>, Canada, had 94,300 members; in 2021 the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Martyrs_of_Lebanon_in_Mexico" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico">Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico</a> had 167,190 members; in 2021 the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Los_Angeles" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles</a> in the United States had 47,480 members; in 2020 and the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Brooklyn" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn</a> in the United States had 23,939 members.<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a> According to the Annuario Pontificio, 51,520 people belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Paris" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris">Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris</a> in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a> In Europe, some Belgian Maronites are involved in the trade of <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Antwerp_diamond_district" title="Antwerp diamond district">diamond district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> According to the Annuario Pontificio, 74,900 belonged to the Apostolic Exarchate of West and Central Africa (<a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>) in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-CH-9">[9]</a> The Diocese is centered in <a href="/wiki/Ibadan" title="Ibadan">Ibadan</a>, Nigeria and covers the countries of <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="mw-redirect" title="Côte d'Ivoire">Côte d'Ivoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_politics">Role in politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon_2">Lebanon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> In 1920, Maronites played a key role in the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a> by the French Mandate.<a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> With only two exceptions, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Lebanon">all Lebanese presidents</a> have been Maronites as part of a tradition that persists as part of the <a href="/wiki/National_Pact" title="National Pact">National Pact</a>, by which the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Lebanon">Prime Minister</a> has historically been a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Islam in Lebanon">Sunni Muslim</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Speakers_of_the_Parliament_of_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Speakers of the Parliament of Lebanon">Speaker of the National Assembly</a> has historically been a <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia Islam in Lebanon">Shia Muslim</a>. A unique feature of the Lebanese system is the principle of "confessional distribution": all religious community has an allotted number of deputies in the Parliament. Thirty-four seats in parliament are reserved for Maronites. The largest party is the Lebanese Forces that receives most of its support from the Maronite Christians but it also supported by other Christian sects throughout the country. It currently has 19 seats in parliament, 11 of them being Maronite. The <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Phalange Party</a> is a Christian-based political party of Maronite majority and former militia. it currently holds 4 of the 128 seats in parliament, all of which are Christian. <a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">As a militia</a>, it played a pivotal role during the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> as it controlled its own <a href="/wiki/Maronistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronistan">Maronite canton (Marounistan)</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Front" title="Lebanese Front">Lebanese Front</a>. The party is also led by the <a href="/wiki/Gemayel_family" title="Gemayel family">Gemayel family</a>, a notable Maronite family based in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Achrafieh" title="Achrafieh">Achrafieh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matn_District" title="Matn District">Metn</a> which carries the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gemayel" title="Pierre Gemayel">Pierre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bachir_Gemayel" title="Bachir Gemayel">Bashir Gemayel</a>. The Free Patriotic Movement is Christian-based political party which follows the agenda of former president <a href="/wiki/Michel_Aoun" title="Michel Aoun">Michel Aoun</a>. It currently holds 17 seats of the 128 seats in Lebanon's parliament. The party has large support in Christian districts like <a href="/wiki/Batroun" title="Batroun">Batroun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jezzine" title="Jezzine">Jezzine</a>. Other smaller Maronite-based parties that only receive local support includes, the <a href="/wiki/Marada_Movement" title="Marada Movement">Marada Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Liberal_Party_(Lebanon)" title="National Liberal Party (Lebanon)">National Liberal Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independence_Movement_(Lebanon)" title="Independence Movement (Lebanon)">Independence Movement</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel_and_Palestine_2">Israel and Palestine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Israel and Palestine">edit</a>]</div> People born into <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> families or clans who have either Aramaic or Maronite cultural heritage are considered an ethnicity separate from <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Arabs">Israeli Arabs</a> and since 2014 can register themselves as Arameans.<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> The Christians who have applied so far for recognition as Aramean are mostly <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Israel" title="Maronites in Israel">Galilean Maronites</a>. In addition, some 500 Christian adherents of the Syriac Catholic Church in Israel are expected to apply for the recreated ethnic status, as well as several hundred Aramaic-speaking adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> Though supported by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Naddaf" title="Gabriel Naddaf">Gabriel Naddaf</a>, the move was condemned by the Greek Orthodox Patriarchate, which described it as "an attempt to divide the Palestinian minority in Israel".<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a> This recognition comes after about seven years of activity by the Aramean Christian Foundation in Israel, led by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> Major Shadi Khalloul Risho and the Israeli Christian Recruitment Forum, headed by <a href="/wiki/Father_Gabriel_Naddaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Father Gabriel Naddaf">Father Gabriel Naddaf</a> of the Greek-Orthodox Church and Major Ihab Shlayan.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a> Shadi Khalloul Risho is also a member of the Israeli right-wing <a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a> party, and was placed 15th in the <a href="/wiki/2015_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2015 Israeli legislative election">2015 parliamentary elections</a> in the party's member list; the party however received only 5 seats. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity">Identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Identity">edit</a>]</div> The followers of the Maronite Church form a part of the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christians</a> and belong to the <a href="/wiki/West_Syrian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="West Syrian Rite">West Syriac Rite</a>. The Maronite Syriac Church of Antioch traces its foundation to <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a>, an early 4th-century Syriac monk venerated as a saint.<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Before the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Lebanon_under_Arab_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Lebanon under Arab rule">conquest by Arabian Muslims</a> reached Lebanon, the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese people</a>, including those who would become <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Muslim</a> and the majority who would remain Christian, spoke a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a> called <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Syriac remains the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of the Maronite Church.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Phoenicianism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></div> Phoenicianism is an identity on the part of Lebanese Christians that has developed into an integrated ideology led by key thinkers, but there are a few who have stood out more than others: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Corm" title="Charles Corm">Charles Corm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Chiha" title="Michel Chiha">Michel Chiha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Said_Aql" class="mw-redirect" title="Said Aql">Said Aql</a> in their promotion of <a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gbooks-92">[90]</a> In post civil-war Lebanon since the <a href="/wiki/Taif_agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taif agreement">Taif agreement</a>, politically Phoenicianism is restricted to a small group.<a href="#cite_note-gbooks-92">[90]</a> Among leaders of the movement, <a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Saqr" title="Etienne Saqr">Etienne Saqr</a> have been notable names, some going as far as voicing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Arab">anti-Arab</a> views. In his book the Israeli writer <a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Nisan" title="Mordechai Nisan">Mordechai Nisan</a>, who at times met with some of them during the war, quoted <a href="/wiki/Said_Akl" title="Said Akl">Said Akl</a>, a famous Lebanese poet and philosopher, as saying; "I would cut off my right hand, and not associate myself to an Arab."<a href="#cite_note-cass-93">[91]</a> Akl believes in emphasizing the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese people</a> and has promoted the use of the Lebanese dialect written in a modified <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin alphabet</a>, rather than the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic one</a>, although both alphabets have descended from the Phoenician alphabet.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-94">[92]</a> In opposition to such views, Arabism was affirmed at the March 1936 Congress of the Coast and Four Districts, when the Muslim leadership at the conference made the declaration that Lebanon was an Arab country, indistinguishable from its Arab neighbors. In the April 1936 Beirut municipal elections, Christian and Muslim politicians were divided along Phoenician and Arab lines in the matter of whether the Lebanese coast should be claimed by Syria or given to Lebanon, increasing the already mounting tensions between the two communities.<a href="#cite_note-gbooks-92">[90]</a> Phoenicianism is still disputed by many Arabist scholars who have on occasion tried to convince its adherents to abandon their claims as false, and to embrace and accept the <a href="/wiki/Arab_identity" title="Arab identity">Arab identity</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-94">[92]</a> This conflict of ideas of identity is believed to be one of the pivotal disputes between the Muslim and Christian populations of Lebanon and what mainly divides the country to the detriment of national unity.<a href="#cite_note-mountlebanon.org-95">[93]</a> In general it appears that Muslims focus more on the Arab identity of the Lebanese history and culture whereas the Christian communities–especially the Maronites, focus on their history and struggles as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnoreligious_group" title="Ethnoreligious group">ethnoreligious group</a> as distinct from Arab identity and the Arab world, while also reaffirming the <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanese</a> identity, as well as refraining from Arab characterization as it would deny them their striving achievement of having fended off the Arabs and Turks physically, culturally, and spiritually since their conception. The Maronite perseverance led to their existence even to today.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Support_of_Lebanese_identity">Support of Lebanese identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Support of Lebanese identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese nationalism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Lebanon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/220px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/330px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/440px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese flag">Lebanese flag</a></figcaption></figure> Lebanese Maronites are known to be specifically linked to the root of Lebanese Nationalism and opposition to <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> in Lebanon, this being the case during <a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">1958 Lebanon crisis</a>. Muslim Arab nationalists backed by <a href="/wiki/Gamel_Abdel_Nasser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamel Abdel Nasser">Gamel Abdel Nasser</a> tried to overthrow the then Maronite dominated government in power, due to displeasure at the government's pro-western policies and their lack of commitment and duty to the so-called "Arab brotherhood" by preferring to keep Lebanon away from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and the political confrontations of the Middle East. A more hard-nosed nationalism among some Maronites leaders, who saw Lebanese nationalism more in terms of its confessional roots and failed to be carried away by Chiha's vision, clung to a more security-minded view of Lebanon. They regarded the national project as mainly a program for the security of Maronites and a bulwark against threats from Muslims and their hinterland.<a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The right-wing yet secular <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a>, with its exiled Leader and founder <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Saqr" title="Etienne Saqr">Etienne Saqr</a> (also the father of singers <a href="/wiki/Karol_Sakr" title="Karol Sakr">Karol Sakr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pascale_Sakr" title="Pascale Sakr">Pascale Sakr</a>) took no sectarian stance and even had Muslim members who joined in their radical stance against <a href="/wiki/Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabism">Arabism</a> and <a href="/wiki/PLO_in_Lebanon" title="PLO in Lebanon">Palestinian forces in Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cass-93">[91]</a> Saqr summarized his party's view on Arab Identity in their official ideological manifesto by stating <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Lebanon will remain, as always, Lebanese without any labels. The French passed through it yet it remained Lebanese. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a> ruled it and it remained Lebanese. The stinky winds of Arabism blow through it, but the wind will wither away and Lebanon will remain Lebanese. I do not know what will become of those wretched people who claim that Lebanon is Arabic when Arabism disappears from the map of the Middle East and a new Middle East would emerge, which is clean from Arabs and <a href="/wiki/Arabism" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabism">Arabism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a></blockquote> On an <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_Media_Network" title="Al Jazeera Media Network">Al Jazeera</a> special dedicated to the political Christian clans of Lebanon and their struggle for power in the 2009 election entitled, "Lebanon: The Family Business", the issue of identity was brought up on several occasions, by various politicians including <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Druze in Lebanon">Druze</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Walid_Jumblatt" title="Walid Jumblatt">Walid Jumblatt</a>, who claimed that <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">all Lebanese</a> lack somewhat of a real identity and the country is yet to discover one everybody could agree on. <a href="/wiki/Sami_Gemayel" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami Gemayel">Sami Gemayel</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Gemayel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemayel">Gemayel</a> clan and son of former president <a href="/wiki/Amin_Gemayel" class="mw-redirect" title="Amin Gemayel">Amin Gemayel</a>, stated he did not consider himself an <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> but instead identified himself as a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christian</a>, going on to explain that to him and many Lebanese the "acceptance" of Lebanon's "Arab identity" according to the <a href="/wiki/Taef_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taef Agreement">Taef Agreement</a> was not something that they "accepted" but instead were forced into signing through pressure. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The official declared "Arab Identity" of Lebanon was created in 1990 based on the Taif Agreement, without any free discussion or debate among Lebanese people and while Lebanon was under Syrian custody and in the presence of armed Syrian military inside the Lebanese parliament when votes on constitutional amendments were taking place.<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-100">[98]</a></blockquote> In a speech in 2009 to a crowd of Christian <a href="/wiki/Kataeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Kataeb">Kataeb</a> supporters Gemayel declared that he felt there was importance in Christians in Lebanon finding an identity and went on to state what he finds identification with as a Lebanese Christian, concluding with a purposeful exclusion of Arabism in the segment. The speech met with applause afterward from the audience;<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-100">[98]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What we are missing today is an important element of our life and our honor, which is our identity. I will tell you today, that I as a <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationality_law" title="Lebanese nationality law">Lebanese citizen</a>, my identity is <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_people" title="Lebanese people">Lebanese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: مارونية سريانية مسيحية لبنانية mārūniyya, suryāniyya masīḥiyya, lubnāniyya).<a href="#cite_note-youtube.com-100">[98]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Sakr" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Sakr">Etienne Sakr</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_Cedars" title="Guardians of the Cedars">Guardians of the Cedars</a> Lebanese party, in an interview responded "We are not Arabs" to an interview question about the Guardians of the Cedars' ideology of Lebanon being Lebanese. He continued by talking about how describing Lebanon as being not Arab was a crime in present-day Lebanon, about the Lebanese Civil War, and about Arabism as being a first step towards Islamism, claiming that "the Arabs want to annex Lebanon" and in order to do this "to push the Christians out (of Lebanon)", this being "the plan since 1975", among other issues.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> On 16 December 2022, at the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Residence in Atchaneh, Lebanon, the <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Antioch_and_All_the_East" title="Syriac Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch and All the East">Syriac Orthodox Patriarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Aphrem_II" title="Ignatius Aphrem II">Ignatius Aphrem II</a> issued a joint statement with the <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Maronite Patriarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Syriac_Catholic_patriarchs_of_Antioch" title="List of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch">Syriac Catholic Patriarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Joseph_III_Yonan" title="Ignatius Joseph III Yonan">Ignatius Joseph III Yonan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Baghdad" title="Chaldean Catholic Patriarchate of Baghdad">Chaldean Patriarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Rapha%C3%ABl_I_Sako" title="Louis Raphaël I Sako">Louis Raphaël I Sako</a> and the Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Church_of_the_East" title="Patriarch of the Church of the East">Patriarch of the Church of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Awa_III" title="Awa III">Awa III</a> proclaiming: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We affirm that we are one Syriac people, rooted in the beloved East and we form its essential constituents, despite our number and the variety of our apostolic traditions. Our witness to our Christian faith in general, and to our Syriac identity in particular, is a constant source of concern for us. Therefore, we took the time to deepen our role in the East and to find ways to activate it and strengthen it. We discussed the available means of supporting our people to remain in the homeland which was baptized with the blood of our forefathers and ancestors. In this regard, we have renewed our firm resolve to continue our fatherly ministry to our people in order to help them remain in their countries and to stop the migrations caused by the current conflicts and political, economic, and social difficult conditions that the world is witnessing, and that is significantly affecting in the Middle East. Therefore, we pray for our countries' citizens who are suffering because of these crises that are affecting their daily lives. We assure them to continue our Christian witness and ministry to help all people and preserve their dignities and rights.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embrace_of_Arab_identity">Embrace of Arab identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Embrace of Arab identity">edit</a>]</div> During a final session of the Lebanese Parliament, a <a href="/wiki/Marada" class="mw-redirect" title="Marada">Marada</a> Maronite MP stated his identity as an Arab: "I, the Maronite Christian Lebanese Arab, grandson of Patriarch Estefan Doueihy, declare my pride to be a part of our people's resistance in the South. Can one renounce what guarantees his rights?"<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> Maronite Deacon Soubhi Makhoul, administrator for the Maronite Exarchate in Jerusalem, has said "The Maronites are Arabs, we are part of the Arab world. And although it's important to revive our language and maintain our heritage, the church is very outspoken against the campaign of these people."<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aramean_identity">Aramean identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Aramean identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians#Aramean_identity" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">Terms for Syriac Christians § Aramean identity</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Syriac-Aramaic_People.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aramean-Syriac_flag" title="Aramean-Syriac flag">Aramean flag</a></figcaption></figure> Many Maronites regard themselves as descendants of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Arameans" title="Arameans">Arameans</a> who once inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> Historians like <a href="/wiki/Lammens" title="Lammens">Lammens</a> note that <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a> referred to Maronites as "Al-Anbat" in Arabic, a term highlighting their Aramaic roots. <a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> They often identify <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Saint Maron</a>, the founder of their church, as a <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> with Aramean roots.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> In 2014, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> recognized the <a href="/wiki/Arameans_in_Israel" title="Arameans in Israel">Aramean community</a> within its borders as a distinct national minority, allowing certain <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christians in Israel</a>, predominantly <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilean</a> Maronites, to register their ethnicity as “Aramean” rather than “Arab” or “Unclassified.” These Christians connect their cultural heritage, ancestry, and language directly to their Aramean origins.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg/220px-Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg/330px-Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg/440px-Syriac_Christian_Denominations_in_Middle_East.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Maronite division among main <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christian</a> groups.</figcaption></figure> The Maronites belong to the Maronite Syriac Church of Antioch (a former ancient Greek city now in <a href="/wiki/Hatay_Province" title="Hatay Province">Hatay Province</a>, Turkey) and are an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac</a> Church, using the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Rite">Antiochian Rite</a>, that had returned to its communion with <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Rome</a> since 1180 A.D., although the official view of the Contemporary Maronite Church is that it had never accepted either the <a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitic</a> views held by their Syriac neighbours, which were condemned in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a>, or the failed compromise doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a> (despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary of the latter claim being found in contemporary and medieval sources, with evidence that they were staunchly Monothelites for several centuries, beginning in the early 7th century after their rejection of the sixth ecumenical council).<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-William_of_Tyre_and_the_Maronites-58">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Patriarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Patriarch">Maronite Patriarch</a> is traditionally seated in <a href="/wiki/Bkerke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bkerke">Bkerke</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Names">edit</a>]</div> Modern Maronites often adopt French or other Western European <a href="/wiki/Given_name" title="Given name">given names</a> (with biblical origins) for their children, including <a href="/wiki/Michel_(name)" title="Michel (name)">Michel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_(given_name)" title="Marc (given name)">Marc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marie_(given_name)" title="Marie (given name)">Marie</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_(given_name)" title="George (given name)">Georges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_(name)" title="Carl (name)">Carole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles" title="Charles">Charles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antoine" title="Antoine">Antoine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_(given_name)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph (given name)">Joseph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre" title="Pierre">Pierre</a>, Christian, Christelle and Rodrigue. Other common names are strictly Christian and are <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>, or Arabic, forms of biblical, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Greek_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Language">Greek</a> Christian names, such as Antun (Anthony or Antonios), Butros (Peter), Boulos (Paul), <a href="/wiki/Semaan" title="Semaan">Semaan</a> or Shamaoun (Simon or Simeon), Jergyes (George), Elie (Ilyas or Elias), Iskander (Alexander), Hannah, Katrina (Catherine) and Beshara (literally <a href="/wiki/Good_news_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good news (Christianity)">Good News</a> in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>). Other common names are <a href="/wiki/Sarkis_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sarkis (disambiguation)">Sarkis</a> (Sergius) and Bakhos (Bacchus), while others are common both among Christians and Muslims, such as Youssef (Joseph), Ibrahim (Abraham), and Maryam (Mary). Some Maronite Christians are named in honour of Maronite saints, including the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> names Maro(u)n (after their <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nimattullah_Kassab_Al-Hardini" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimattullah Kassab Al-Hardini">Nimtullah</a>, Charbel or Sharbel after Saint <a href="/wiki/Charbel_Makhluf" class="mw-redirect" title="Charbel Makhluf">Charbel Makhluf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rafqa_Pietra_Choboq_Ar-Ray%C3%A8s" title="Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès">Rafqa</a> (Rebecca). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Persecution">Persecution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Persecution">edit</a>]</div> Maronites were persecuted historically and continuously during the period of <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">Arab conquests of the Middle East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon" title="Mount Lebanon">Mount Lebanon</a>) and under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_Mount_Lebanon" title="Great Famine of Mount Lebanon">Great Famine of Mount Lebanon</a>, which occurred between 1915 and 1918, was caused by multiple factors; one was the Ottoman policy of acquiring all food products in the region for the Ottoman army and administration, and barring food from being sent to the Maronite Christian population of Mount Lebanon, effectively condemning them to starvation.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> The death of 200,000 Maronite Christians and other people of Mount Lebanon was mainly due to starvation and disease.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> It was suggested at the time that the starvation of the Maronites was an Ottoman policy aimed at destroying the Maronites, in keeping with the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christians</a> felt a sense of alienation, exclusion, and targeting as a result of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> Among the historic attacks on the community was the <a href="/wiki/Damour_massacre" title="Damour massacre">Damour massacre</a> by the <a href="/wiki/PLO" class="mw-redirect" title="PLO">PLO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> Until recently, the <a href="/wiki/Maronites_in_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronites in Cyprus">Cypriot Maronites</a> battled to preserve their ancestral language.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The Maronite monks maintain that Lebanon is synonymous with Maronite history and ethos; that its <a href="/wiki/Maronitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronitism">Maronitism</a> antedates the Arab conquest of Lebanon and that Arabism is only a historical accident.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> The Maronites experienced mass persecution under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, who massacred and mistreated Maronites for their faith, disallowing them from owning horses and forcing them to wear only black clothing. The Ottoman Empire's WW1 policies, in combination with the Allied Forces' naval blockade, resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of Maronites of Mount Lebanon, with total fatalities estimated between 100-300 thousand people that died from malnutrition, disease and starvation. The <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Druze" title="Lebanese Druze">Lebanese Druze</a> also persecuted the Maronites, and massacred in excess of 20,000 of them in the mid-1800s and thousands during the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_War_(Lebanon)" title="Mountain War (Lebanon)">Mountain War</a> during the Lebanese Civil War. However, agreements have been held with the Druze. Moreover, the Maronites later emerged as the most dominant group in Lebanon, a status they held until the sectarian conflict that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/32px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/48px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg/64px-Flag_of_Lebanon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Lebanon" title="Portal:Lebanon">Lebanon portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Lebanon" title="Christianity in Lebanon">Christianity in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronites" title="List of Maronites">List of Maronites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Beirut_canton" title="East Beirut canton">Marounistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Christianity_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite Christianity in Lebanon">Maronite Christianity in Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Maronite flag">Maronite flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Christianity" title="Syriac Christianity">Syriac Christianity</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Numbers were higher before the <a href="/wiki/1956%E2%80%931957_exodus_and_expulsions_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt">1956–1957 exodus and expulsions from Egypt</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a> has been partially revitalized by some Maronite activists in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Jish" title="Jish">Jish</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Maronites&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDagher2000" class="citation book cs1">Dagher, Carole (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1057/9780230109193">Bring Down the Walls: Lebanon's Post-War Challenge</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9780230109193">10.1057/9780230109193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-29336-9"><bdi>978-0-312-29336-9</bdi></a>. <q>[E]stimates vary between 16 million émigrés of Lebanese descent and 4 million. But they all agree on the fact that Christians amount to between 65 percent and 70 percent, among whom Maronites alone represent roughly 48 percent of this diaspora, and are thus the largest 'Lebanese' community abroad</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bring+Down+the+Walls%3A+Lebanon%27s+Post-War+Challenge&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9780230109193&rft.isbn=978-0-312-29336-9&rft.aulast=Dagher&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1057%2F9780230109193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gemayel-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gemayel_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gemayel_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGemayel" class="citation web cs1">Gemayel, Boutros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maronite-institute.org/MARI/JMS/october98/Archbishop_of_the_Maronite_Church.htm">"Archbishop of the Maronite Church in Cyprus"</a>. maronite-institute.org. The Maronite Research Institute. <q>There are reportedly over seven million Maronites alone living in Brazil, the United States of America, South America, Canada, Africa, Europe and Australia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maronite-institute.org&rft.atitle=Archbishop+of+the+Maronite+Church+in+Cyprus&rft.aulast=Gemayel&rft.aufirst=Boutros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maronite-institute.org%2FMARI%2FJMS%2Foctober98%2FArchbishop_of_the_Maronite_Church.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoussa2014" class="citation web cs1">Moussa, Gracia (22 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geopolitica.info/maronites/">"Maronites: the face of Christians in the Middle East"</a>. geopolitica.info. L’Associazione Geopolitica.info. <q>The number of Maronites abroad is estimated to be 8 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=geopolitica.info&rft.atitle=Maronites%3A+the+face+of+Christians+in+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2014-09-22&rft.aulast=Moussa&rft.aufirst=Gracia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geopolitica.info%2Fmaronites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmc-terrasanta.org/en/media/documentaries-and-programs/11069/the-maronite-church-%E2%80%9Ca-bridge-between-east-and-west%E2%80%9D">"The Maronite Church "A bridge between East and West""</a>. cmc-terrasanta.org. Christian Media Center. 10 June 2016. <q>There are more than 10 million Maronites around the world</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cmc-terrasanta.org&rft.atitle=The+Maronite+Church+%22A+bridge+between+East+and+West%22&rft.date=2016-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmc-terrasanta.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fdocumentaries-and-programs%2F11069%2Fthe-maronite-church-%25E2%2580%259Ca-bridge-between-east-and-west%25E2%2580%259D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBejjani2008" class="citation web cs1">Bejjani, Elias (10 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230517124155/http://www.10452lccc.com/elias.english08/maronites.elias9.2.08.htm">"St. Maroun & His followers the Maronites"</a>. Canadian Lebanese Coordinating Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.10452lccc.com/elias.english08/maronites.elias9.2.08.htm">the original</a> on 17 May 2023. <q>Every year, on the ninth of February, more than ten million Maronites from all over the world celebrates St. Maroun's day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Maroun+%26+His+followers+the+Maronites&rft.pub=Canadian+Lebanese+Coordinating+Council&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft.aulast=Bejjani&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.10452lccc.com%2Felias.english08%2Fmaronites.elias9.2.08.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monitor-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monitor_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monitor_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHugi2013" class="citation web cs1">Hugi, Jacky (15 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2013/03/an-aramaic-community-seeks-recognition-in-israel.html">"Aramaic Language Project in Israel Furthers Recognition of Maronites"</a>. al-monitor.com. Al-Monitor, LLC. <q>There are 12 million Maronites in the world today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-monitor.com&rft.atitle=Aramaic+Language+Project+in+Israel+Furthers+Recognition+of+Maronites&rft.date=2013-03-15&rft.aulast=Hugi&rft.aufirst=Jacky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2013%2F03%2Fan-aramaic-community-seeks-recognition-in-israel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurger2020" class="citation web cs1">Burger, John (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2020/09/10/christians-in-lebanon-a-short-history-of-the-maronite-church/">"Christians in Lebanon: A short history of the Maronite Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aleteia" title="Aleteia">Aleteia</a>. Retrieved 12 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aleteia&rft.atitle=Christians+in+Lebanon%3A+A+short+history+of+the+Maronite+Church&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=Burger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2020%2F09%2F10%2Fchristians-in-lebanon-a-short-history-of-the-maronite-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ST-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ST_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ST_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTu2001" class="citation web cs1">Tu, Janet (17 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20011117&slug=maronite17m">"Maronite Mass gets trial run at Shoreline parish"</a>. seattletimes.com. The Seattle Times. <q>Today there are about 7 million Maronites worldwide, most of them in Brazil (with 3 million or 4 million) and the United States (with 1.2 million Maronites, and 83 Maronite churches).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seattletimes.com&rft.atitle=Maronite+Mass+gets+trial+run+at+Shoreline+parish&rft.date=2001-11-17&rft.aulast=Tu&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.seattletimes.com%2Farchive%2F%3Fdate%3D20011117%26slug%3Dmaronite17m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CH-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CH_9-13">n</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/rite/dma2.html">"Current Maronite Dioceses"</a>. Catholic Hierarchy. David M. Cheney. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+Hierarchy&rft.atitle=Current+Maronite+Dioceses&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic-hierarchy.org%2Frite%2Fdma2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MH-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MH_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MH_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MH_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MH_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MH_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MH_10-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MH_10-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maronite-heritage.com/LNE.php?page=Statistics">"Statistics"</a>. Maronite Heritage. Fr. Antonio Elfeghali. 9 February 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maronite+Heritage&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maronite-heritage.com%2FLNE.php%3Fpage%3DStatistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512161002/http://maroniteinstitute.org/MARI/JMS/july00/The_Struggle.htm">"The Struggle Of The Christian Lebanese For Land Ownership In South Africa"</a>. The Marionite Research Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maroniteinstitute.org/MARI/JMS/july00/The_Struggle.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Marionite+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+Of+The+Christian+Lebanese+For+Land+Ownership+In+South+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaroniteinstitute.org%2FMARI%2FJMS%2Fjuly00%2FThe_Struggle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Annunciation-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Annunciation_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Annunciation_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://annunciation-eparchy.com/parishes/">"Parishes"</a>. annunciation-eparchy. Maronite Eparchy – Africa. 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=annunciation-eparchy&rft.atitle=Parishes&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fannunciation-eparchy.com%2Fparishes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_14-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Maronite-church">"Maronite church | Meaning, History, Liturgy, & Facts"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 14 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Maronite+church+%7C+Meaning%2C+History%2C+Liturgy%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FMaronite-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cyprus-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cyprus_15-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epasi.eu/CountryReportCY.pdf">Educational Policies that Address Social Inequality: Country Report: Cyprus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720155925/http://epasi.eu/CountryReportCY.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, page 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sudilovsky-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Sudilovsky_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudith_Sudilovsky2012" class="citation news cs1">Judith Sudilovsky (22 June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180702011111/http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2012/aramaic-classes-help-maronites-in-israel-understand-their-liturgies.cfm">"Aramaic classes help Maronites in Israel understand their liturgies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Service" title="Catholic News Service">Catholic News Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/services/englishnews/2012/aramaic-classes-help-maronites-in-israel-understand-their-liturgies.cfm">the original</a> on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Aramaic+classes+help+Maronites+in+Israel+understand+their+liturgies&rft.date=2012-06-22&rft.au=Judith+Sudilovsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fservices%2Fenglishnews%2F2012%2Faramaic-classes-help-maronites-in-israel-understand-their-liturgies.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Daniella Cheslow, (2014-06-30) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-06-30/lebanese-cardinals-visit-israel-reveals-debate-over-maronite-christian-identity">Maronite Christians struggle to define their identity in Israel</a>, The World, <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a>. Retrieved 2018-11-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Hitti" title="Philip K. Hitti">Hitti, Philip</a> (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.53848">Lebanon in History</a>. India: Macmillan and Co Ltd. p. 336. <q>Being largely mountaineers and still Syriac-speaking the Maronite community was evidently looked upon as a minority ethnic group rather than a separate denomination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon+in+History&rft.place=India&rft.pages=336&rft.pub=Macmillan+and+Co+Ltd&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdli.ernet.53848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulzeStokesCampell1996" class="citation book cs1">Schulze, Kirsten E; Stokes, Martin; Campell, Colm (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalismminor0000unse">Nationalism, Minorities and Diasporas: Identities and Rights in the Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magee_College" title="Magee College">Magee College</a>: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781860640520" title="Special:BookSources/9781860640520"><bdi>9781860640520</bdi></a>. <q>This identity was underlined by Christian resistance to adopting Arabic as the spoken language. Originally they had spoken Syriac but increasingly opted to use "Christian" languages such as Latin, Italian, and most importantly, French.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Minorities+and+Diasporas%3A+Identities+and+Rights+in+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Magee+College&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9781860640520&rft.aulast=Schulze&rft.aufirst=Kirsten+E&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Martin&rft.au=Campell%2C+Colm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnationalismminor0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIskandar2022" class="citation web cs1">Iskandar, Amine (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/02/27/about-the-origin-of-the-lebanese-language/">"About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)"</a>. syriacpress.com. Syriacpress. <q>The Lebanese have never spoken Ktovonoyo, but it was and is the liturgical language of the Syriac Maronite Church. This language was taught in their schools until 1943 and it is the only language they wrote and the one they still sing in the form of hymns. It is the language taught in schools that defines the identity of the people and their land.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=syriacpress.com&rft.atitle=About+the+origin+of+the+Lebanese+language+%28I%29&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.aulast=Iskandar&rft.aufirst=Amine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpress.com%2Fblog%2F2022%2F02%2F27%2Fabout-the-origin-of-the-lebanese-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIskandar2021" class="citation web cs1">Iskandar, Amine (26 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2021/11/26/syriac-identity-of-lebanon-part-13-the-three-syriac-scripts-2/">"Syriac Identity of Lebanon part 13: The Three Syriac Scripts"</a>. syriacpress.com. Syriacpress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=syriacpress.com&rft.atitle=Syriac+Identity+of+Lebanon+part+13%3A+The+Three+Syriac+Scripts&rft.date=2021-11-26&rft.aulast=Iskandar&rft.aufirst=Amine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpress.com%2Fblog%2F2021%2F11%2F26%2Fsyriac-identity-of-lebanon-part-13-the-three-syriac-scripts-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Language Structure and Environment: Social, Cultural, and Natural Factors. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 2015. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027268730" title="Special:BookSources/9789027268730"><bdi>9789027268730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Structure+and+Environment%3A+Social%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Natural+Factors&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9789027268730&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rpl.hds.harvard.edu/faq/maronite-church-syria">Maronite Church in Syria, The</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicsandcultures.org/eastern-catholic-churches/maronite-church/maronite-worship">Maronite liturgy draws from Eastern and Western traditions, Catholics and cultures</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-plos-26"><a href="#cite_ref-plos_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaberGauguierYouhannaPatterson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Haber, Marc; Gauguier, Dominique; Youhanna, Sonia; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Botigué, Laura; Platt, Daniel; Matisoo-Smith, Elizabeth; Soria-Hernanz, David; Wells, R; Bertranpetit, Jaume; Tyler-Smith, Chris; Comas, David; Zalloua, Pierre (28 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3585000">"Genome-Wide Diversity in the Levant Reveals Recent Structuring by Culture"</a>. PLOS Genetics. 9 (2): e1003316. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003316">10.1371/journal.pgen.1003316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3585000">3585000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23468648">23468648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genome-Wide+Diversity+in+the+Levant+Reveals+Recent+Structuring+by+Culture&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e1003316&rft.date=2013-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3585000%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23468648&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1003316&rft.aulast=Haber&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Gauguier%2C+Dominique&rft.au=Youhanna%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Moorjani%2C+Priya&rft.au=Botigu%C3%A9%2C+Laura&rft.au=Platt%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Matisoo-Smith%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Soria-Hernanz%2C+David&rft.au=Wells%2C+R&rft.au=Bertranpetit%2C+Jaume&rft.au=Tyler-Smith%2C+Chris&rft.au=Comas%2C+David&rft.au=Zalloua%2C+Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3585000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFattouh2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fattouh, Emily Michelle (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sandiego.edu/solesmalscap/46">"Adaptive Leadership and the Maronite Church"</a>. M.A. In Leadership Studies: Capstone Project Papers. Digital USD. <q>The continuation of the presence of the Maronite Christian Church in the United States connects people to a larger ethnic community, and most importantly, helps preserve cultural, social, and religious traditions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M.A.+In+Leadership+Studies%3A+Capstone+Project+Papers&rft.atitle=Adaptive+Leadership+and+the+Maronite+Church&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Fattouh&rft.aufirst=Emily+Michelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.sandiego.edu%2Fsolesmalscap%2F46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/maronites-2/">"Maronites - Minority Rights Group"</a>. minorityrights.org. Minority Rights Group International. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=minorityrights.org&rft.atitle=Maronites+-+Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fmaronites-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stgeorgesa.org/maronite-history">"Maronites, Christians of the Middle East"</a>. stgeorgesa.org. St. George Maronite Catholic Church. 2021. <q>Maronites started their own churches wherever they settled in the United States, a sign of their attachment to their ethnic and religious identities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stgeorgesa.org&rft.atitle=Maronites%2C+Christians+of+the+Middle+East&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stgeorgesa.org%2Fmaronite-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosnEngebretson2010" class="citation web cs1">Ghosn, Margaret; Engebretson, Kath (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crucibleonline.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Ghosn-and-Engebretson-Maronite-Identity-Crucible-3-1-November-2010.pdf">"National Identity of a Group of Young Australian Maronite Adults"</a> (PDF). crucibleonline.net. Crucible Journal. <q>Their religious identity was part of an ethnic identification that was rigorously maintained as a result of the turmoil surrounding the history and current status of Maronites in Lebanon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=crucibleonline.net&rft.atitle=National+Identity+of+a+Group+of+Young+Australian+Maronite+Adults&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Ghosn&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft.au=Engebretson%2C+Kath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.crucibleonline.net%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F08%2FGhosn-and-Engebretson-Maronite-Identity-Crucible-3-1-November-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemosthenous2012" class="citation journal cs1">Demosthenous, Areti (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37817674">"The Maronites of Cyprus: From ethnicism to transnationalism"</a>. GAMER. I (1): 61–72. <q>If we take as an example the Maronite community of Cyprus, it is considered as a minority by all international standards and they match perfectly the definition for national and ethnic minorities adopted by the United Nations and the Council of Europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GAMER&rft.atitle=The+Maronites+of+Cyprus%3A+From+ethnicism+to+transnationalism&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-72&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Demosthenous&rft.aufirst=Areti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37817674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMavridesMaranda1999" class="citation journal cs1">Mavrides, Mario; Maranda, Michael (1999). "The Maronites of Cyprus: A Community in Crisis". Journal of Business & Society. 12 (1): 78–94. <q>The Maronite ethnic identity is centred on their religion and on a historical sense of being a distinct group.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+%26+Society&rft.atitle=The+Maronites+of+Cyprus%3A+A+Community+in+Crisis.&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=78-94&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Mavrides&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft.au=Maranda%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLabaki2014" class="citation journal cs1">Labaki, Georges T. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24584748">"The Maronite Church in the United States, 1854–2010"</a>. U.S. Catholic Historian. 32 (1): 71–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcht.2014.0001">10.1353/cht.2014.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24584748">24584748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153455080">153455080</a>. <q>Many petitioned the patriarch to assign Maronite priests to serve in the U.S., stressing the importance of preserving Maronite spirituality and traditions and the urgent need to convey faith, language, and ethnic traditions to the children of immigrants.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Catholic+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Maronite+Church+in+the+United+States%2C+1854%E2%80%932010&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=71-85&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153455080%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24584748%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcht.2014.0001&rft.aulast=Labaki&rft.aufirst=Georges+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24584748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHagopian1989" class="citation journal cs1">Hagopian, Elaine C. (October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992333">"Maronite Hegemony to Maronite Militancy: The Creation and Disintegration of Lebanon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a>. 11 (4). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436598908420194">10.1080/01436598908420194</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3992333">3992333</a>. Retrieved 25 April 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Maronite+Hegemony+to+Maronite+Militancy%3A+The+Creation+and+Disintegration+of+Lebanon&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1989-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436598908420194&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3992333%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hagopian&rft.aufirst=Elaine+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3992333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoubarak,_Andre2017" class="citation book cs1">Moubarak, Andre (2017). One Friday in Jerusalem. Jerusalem, Israel: Twin Tours & Travel Ltd. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9992-4942-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9992-4942-0"><bdi>978-0-9992-4942-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Friday+in+Jerusalem&rft.place=Jerusalem%2C+Israel&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Twin+Tours+%26+Travel+Ltd&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-9992-4942-0&rft.au=Moubarak%2C+Andre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Malone, Joseph J. The Arab Lands of Western Asia, Prentice-Hall, 1973, Page 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mannheim-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mannheim_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mannheim_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMannheim,_I2001" class="citation book cs1">Mannheim, I (2001). Syria & Lebanon handbook: the travel guide. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 652–563. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-90-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900949-90-3"><bdi>978-1-900949-90-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+%26+Lebanon+handbook%3A+the+travel+guide&rft.pages=652-563&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-900949-90-3&rft.au=Mannheim%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hāyek,_Elias1990" class="citation book cs1">El-Hāyek, Elias (1990). Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te2Jg-RTi4YC&pg=PA416">Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands</a>. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. pp. 408–409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88844-809-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88844-809-0"><bdi>0-88844-809-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0228-8605">0228-8605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+and+Continuity%3A+Indigenous+Christian+Communities+in+Islamic+Lands&rft.pages=408-409&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0228-8605&rft.isbn=0-88844-809-0&rft.au=El-H%C4%81yek%2C+Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte2Jg-RTi4YC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbouZayd1993" class="citation book cs1">AbouZayd, Shafiq (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syri.ac/bibliography/1694411786">Iḥidayutha: A Study of the Life of Singleness in the Syrian Orient, from Ignatius of Antioch to Chalcedon 451 A.D.</a> Oxford: Aram Society for Syro-Mesopotamian Studies. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780952077602" title="Special:BookSources/9780952077602"><bdi>9780952077602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%E1%B8%A5idayutha%3A+A+Study+of+the+Life+of+Singleness+in+the+Syrian+Orient%2C+from+Ignatius+of+Antioch+to+Chalcedon+451+A.D.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Aram+Society+for+Syro-Mesopotamian+Studies&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780952077602&rft.aulast=AbouZayd&rft.aufirst=Shafiq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyri.ac%2Fbibliography%2F1694411786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Amine_Jules_Iskandar2020" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Amine Jules Iskandar (9 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2020/09/06/syriac-identity-of-lebanon-part-4-why-is-spoken-lebanese-a-syriac-dialect/">"Syriac Identity of Lebanon – part 4: Why is Spoken Lebanese a Syriac Dialect?"</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Syriac+Identity+of+Lebanon+%E2%80%93+part+4%3A+Why+is+Spoken+Lebanese+a+Syriac+Dialect%3F&rft.date=2020-06-09&rft.au=Dr.+Amine+Jules+Iskandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpress.com%2Fblog%2F2020%2F09%2F06%2Fsyriac-identity-of-lebanon-part-4-why-is-spoken-lebanese-a-syriac-dialect%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bar-35"><a href="#cite_ref-bar_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cnewa.org/lebanon-in-crisis-who-are-the-maronites/">"Lebanon in Crisis: Who Are the Maronites?"</a>. CNEWA. 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNEWA&rft.atitle=Lebanon+in+Crisis%3A+Who+Are+the+Maronites%3F&rft.date=2020-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcnewa.org%2Flebanon-in-crisis-who-are-the-maronites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Amine_Jules_Iskandar2022" class="citation web cs1">Dr. Amine Jules Iskandar (27 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://syriacpress.com/blog/2022/02/27/about-the-origin-of-the-lebanese-language/">"About the origin of the Lebanese language (I)"</a>. Retrieved 16 November 2023. <q>Surien (West Syriac from Canaan) The third form is also part of West Syriac but is located further west</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+origin+of+the+Lebanese+language+%28I%29&rft.date=2022-02-27&rft.au=Dr.+Amine+Jules+Iskandar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsyriacpress.com%2Fblog%2F2022%2F02%2F27%2Fabout-the-origin-of-the-lebanese-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2020" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Victoria R. (24 February 2020). Indigenous Peoples: An Encyclopedia of Culture, History, and Threats to Survival [4 Volumes]. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 706. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440861185" title="Special:BookSources/9781440861185"><bdi>9781440861185</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigenous+Peoples%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Culture%2C+History%2C+and+Threats+to+Survival+%5B4+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=706&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft.isbn=9781440861185&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Victoria+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moosa2005-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Moosa2005_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa,_Matti2005" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (2005). The Maronites in history. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5"><bdi>978-1-59333-182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maronites+in+history&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-182-5&rft.au=Moosa%2C+Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSUERMANN2002" class="citation journal cs1">SUERMANN, Harald (1 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2143/jecs.54.3.1071">"Maronite Historiography and Ideology"</a>. Journal of Eastern Christian Studies. 54 (3): 129–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2Fjecs.54.3.1071">10.2143/jecs.54.3.1071</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-5141">0009-5141</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Eastern+Christian+Studies&rft.atitle=Maronite+Historiography+and+Ideology&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=129-148&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2Fjecs.54.3.1071&rft.issn=0009-5141&rft.aulast=SUERMANN&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2143%2Fjecs.54.3.1071&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeb2013" class="citation book cs1">Deeb, Marius (2013). Syria, Iran, and Hezbollah: The Unholy Alliance and Its War on Lebanon. Hoover Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780817916664" title="Special:BookSources/9780817916664"><bdi>9780817916664</bdi></a>. <q>the Maronites and the Druze, who founded Lebanon in the early eighteenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria%2C+Iran%2C+and+Hezbollah%3A+The+Unholy+Alliance+and+Its+War+on+Lebanon&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780817916664&rft.aulast=Deeb&rft.aufirst=Marius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BRILL-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BRILL_41-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._J._A._N._Rietbergen2006" class="citation book cs1">P. J. A. N. Rietbergen (2006). Power And Religion in Baroque Rome: Barberini Cultural Policies. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004148932" title="Special:BookSources/9789004148932"><bdi>9789004148932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+And+Religion+in+Baroque+Rome%3A+Barberini+Cultural+Policies&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789004148932&rft.au=P.+J.+A.+N.+Rietbergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moosa-42"><a href="#cite_ref-moosa_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoosa2005" class="citation book cs1">Moosa, Matti (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ogp94y8CJgC&pg=PA14">The Maronites in History</a>. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5"><bdi>978-1-59333-182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maronites+in+History&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-182-5&rft.aulast=Moosa&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Ogp94y8CJgC%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaroon,_Habib2013" class="citation journal cs1">Maroon, Habib (31 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.natureasia.com/en/nmiddleeast/article/10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.46">"A geneticist with a unifying message"</a>. Nature Middle East. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnmiddleeast.2013.46">10.1038/nmiddleeast.2013.46</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Middle+East&rft.atitle=A+geneticist+with+a+unifying+message&rft.date=2013-03-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnmiddleeast.2013.46&rft.au=Maroon%2C+Habib&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureasia.com%2Fen%2Fnmiddleeast%2Farticle%2F10.1038%2Fnmiddleeast.2013.46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1967" class="citation web cs1">Taylor, George (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverlebanon.com/en/panoramic_views/roman-temples-lebanon.php">"The Roman Temples of Lebanon (extract)"</a>. Dar el-Machreq Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Temples+of+Lebanon+%28extract%29&rft.pub=Dar+el-Machreq+Publishers&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverlebanon.com%2Fen%2Fpanoramic_views%2Froman-temples-lebanon.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hāyek,_Elias1990" class="citation book cs1">El-Hāyek, Elias (1990). Michael Gervers and Ramzi Jibran Bikhazi (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=te2Jg-RTi4YC&pg=PA416">Conversion and Continuity: Indigenous Christian Communities in Islamic Lands</a>. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88844-809-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-88844-809-0"><bdi>0-88844-809-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0228-8605">0228-8605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conversion+and+Continuity%3A+Indigenous+Christian+Communities+in+Islamic+Lands&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0228-8605&rft.isbn=0-88844-809-0&rft.au=El-H%C4%81yek%2C+Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dte2Jg-RTi4YC%26pg%3DPA416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anastasius-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Anastasius_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://roman-emperors.sites.luc.edu/anastasi.htm">"An Online Encyclopedia of Roman Emperors>"</a>. Retrieved 23 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Online+Encyclopedia+of+Roman+Emperors%3E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froman-emperors.sites.luc.edu%2Fanastasi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Eastern Churches Review Volume 10. University of Minnesota: Holywell Books. 1978. p. 90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Churches+Review+Volume+10&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Holywell+Books&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-48"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2006" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ic1wCgAAQBAJ&q=Lebanon+Arabian+peninsula%2C+settled+coastal+plain&pg=PT39">Lebanon: A House Divided</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393352764" title="Special:BookSources/9780393352764"><bdi>9780393352764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+House+Divided&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780393352764&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dic1wCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DLebanon%2BArabian%2Bpeninsula%252C%2Bsettled%2Bcoastal%2Bplain%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEparchy_of_St._Maron-_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Eparchy of St. Maron- Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maronites.ca/maronites/origins-of-maronites/">"Origins of the Maronites"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Maronites&rft.au=Eparchy+of+St.+Maron-+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.maronites.ca%2Fmaronites%2Forigins-of-maronites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackey2006" class="citation book cs1">Mackey, Sandra (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ic1wCgAAQBAJ&q=lebanon+a+house+divided+gradually+large+numbers&pg=PT31">Lebanon: A House Divided</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393352764" title="Special:BookSources/9780393352764"><bdi>9780393352764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+House+Divided&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780393352764&rft.aulast=Mackey&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dic1wCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dlebanon%2Ba%2Bhouse%2Bdivided%2Bgradually%2Blarge%2Bnumbers%26pg%3DPT31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_DonnellyRhoda_E._Howard-Hassmann1987" class="citation book cs1">Jack Donnelly; Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann (1 January 1987). International Handbook of Human Rights. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-4788-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3132-4788-0"><bdi>978-0-3132-4788-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Human+Rights&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1987-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-3132-4788-0&rft.au=Jack+Donnelly&rft.au=Rhoda+E.+Howard-Hassmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Harris2012" class="citation book cs1">William Harris (2012). Lebanon: A History, 600 - 2011. OUP USA. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195181111" title="Special:BookSources/9780195181111"><bdi>9780195181111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lebanon%3A+A+History%2C+600+-+2011&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780195181111&rft.au=William+Harris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Rome and the Eastern Churches (revised ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. 2010. p. 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5861-7282-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5861-7282-4"><bdi>978-1-5861-7282-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Eastern+Churches&rft.pages=327&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-5861-7282-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Haag2010" class="citation book cs1">Michael Haag (9 July 2010). Templars: History and Myth: From Solomon's Temple to the Freemasons. <a href="/wiki/Profile_Books" title="Profile Books">Profile Books</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8476-5251-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8476-5251-5"><bdi>978-1-8476-5251-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Templars%3A+History+and+Myth%3A+From+Solomon%27s+Temple+to+the+Freemasons&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Profile+Books&rft.date=2010-07-09&rft.isbn=978-1-8476-5251-5&rft.au=Michael+Haag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_A._LamportMitri_Raheb2022" class="citation book cs1">Mark A. Lamport; Mitri Raheb (24 May 2022). "The Maronite Church". Surviving Jewel The Enduring Story of Christianity in the Middle East. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781725263215" title="Special:BookSources/9781725263215"><bdi>9781725263215</bdi></a>. <q>The origins of the Syriac-speaking Maronites, who are predominant in Lebanon are traced to Saint Maron (d. 410)…</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Maronite+Church&rft.btitle=Surviving+Jewel+The+Enduring+Story+of+Christianity+in+the+Middle+East&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2022-05-24&rft.isbn=9781725263215&rft.au=Mark+A.+Lamport&rft.au=Mitri+Raheb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood_Publishing_Group-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_Publishing_Group_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Minahan2002" class="citation book cs1">James Minahan (1 January 2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. p. 1196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2111-5"><bdi>978-0-3133-2111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+L-R&rft.pages=1196&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-2111-5&rft.au=James+Minahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_M._SettonNorman_P._ZacourHarry_W._Hazard1985" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth M. Setton; Norman P. Zacour; Harry W. Hazard (1 September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycrusadesv00sett_654">A History of the Crusades: The Impact of the Crusades on the Near East</a> (illustrated ed.). Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historycrusadesv00sett_654/page/n112">91</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2990-9144-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2990-9144-6"><bdi>978-0-2990-9144-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Crusades+on+the+Near+East&rft.pages=91&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1985-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-2990-9144-6&rft.au=Kenneth+M.+Setton&rft.au=Norman+P.+Zacour&rft.au=Harry+W.+Hazard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistorycrusadesv00sett_654&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-William_of_Tyre_and_the_Maronites-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_of_Tyre_and_the_Maronites_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_of_Tyre_and_the_Maronites_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1955" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, Robert W. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848470">"William of Tyre and the Maronites"</a>. Speculum. 30 (2): 222–228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2848470">10.2307/2848470</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-7134">0038-7134</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2848470">2848470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163021809">163021809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Speculum&rft.atitle=William+of+Tyre+and+the+Maronites&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=222-228&rft.date=1955&rft.issn=0038-7134&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163021809%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2848470%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2848470&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2848470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walter_de_Gruyter-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Walter_de_Gruyter_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Gellner1985" class="citation book cs1">Ernest Gellner (1 January 1985). Islamic Dilemmas: Reformers, Nationalists, Industrialization : The Southern Shore of the Mediterranean. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1100-9763-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1100-9763-4"><bdi>978-3-1100-9763-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Dilemmas%3A+Reformers%2C+Nationalists%2C+Industrialization+%3A+The+Southern+Shore+of+the+Mediterranean&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-1100-9763-4&rft.au=Ernest+Gellner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP._J._A._N._Rietbergen2006" class="citation book cs1">P. J. A. N. Rietbergen (2006). Power And Religion in Baroque Rome: Barberini Cultural Policies. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">BRILL</a>. p. 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004148932" title="Special:BookSources/9789004148932"><bdi>9789004148932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+And+Religion+in+Baroque+Rome%3A+Barberini+Cultural+Policies&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789004148932&rft.au=P.+J.+A.+N.+Rietbergen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Minahan2002" class="citation book cs1">James Minahan (1 January 2002). Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R (illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. pp. 1196–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3133-2111-5"><bdi>978-0-3133-2111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Stateless+Nations%3A+L-R&rft.pages=1196-7&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-3133-2111-5&rft.au=James+Minahan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazran2013" class="citation book cs1">Hazran, Yusri (2013). The Druze Community and the Lebanese State: Between Confrontation and Reconciliation. Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317931737" title="Special:BookSources/9781317931737"><bdi>9781317931737</bdi></a>. <q>the Druze had been able to live in harmony with the Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druze+Community+and+the+Lebanese+State%3A+Between+Confrontation+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781317931737&rft.aulast=Hazran&rft.aufirst=Yusri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArtzi1984" class="citation book cs1">Artzi, Pinḥas (1984). Confrontation and Coexistence. Bar-Ilan University Press. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789652260499" title="Special:BookSources/9789652260499"><bdi>9789652260499</bdi></a>. <q>.. Europeans who visited the area during this period related that the Druze "love the Christians more than the other believers," and that they "hate the Turks, the Muslims and the Arabs [Bedouin] with an intense hatred.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confrontation+and+Coexistence&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=Bar-Ilan+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9789652260499&rft.aulast=Artzi&rft.aufirst=Pin%E1%B8%A5as&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1862" class="citation book cs1">Churchill (1862). The Druzes and the Maronites. Montserrat Abbey Library. p. 25. <q>..the Druzes and Christians lived together in the most perfect harmony and good-will..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Druzes+and+the+Maronites&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Montserrat+Abbey+Library&rft.date=1862&rft.au=Churchill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobby1985" class="citation book cs1">Hobby (1985). Near East/South Asia Report. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. p. 53. <q>the Druzes and the Christians in the Shuf Mountains in the past lived in complete harmony..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Near+East%2FSouth+Asia+Report&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Foreign+Broadcast+Information+Service&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Hobby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-66"><a href="#cite_ref-google_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFawaz,_L.T.1994" class="citation book cs1">Fawaz, L.T. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_nE7RjS91_E4C">An Occasion for War: Civil Conflict in Lebanon and Damascus in 1860</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520087828" title="Special:BookSources/9780520087828"><bdi>9780520087828</bdi></a>. Retrieved 16 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Occasion+for+War%3A+Civil+Conflict+in+Lebanon+and+Damascus+in+1860&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780520087828&rft.au=Fawaz%2C+L.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_nE7RjS91_E4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVocke1978" class="citation book cs1">Vocke, Harald (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fvu6AAAAIAAJ&q=The+Lebanese+war:+its+origins+and+political+dimensions">The Lebanese war: its origins and political dimensions</a>. C. Hurst. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903983-92-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-903983-92-3"><bdi>0-903983-92-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lebanese+war%3A+its+origins+and+political+dimensions&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-903983-92-3&rft.aulast=Vocke&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvu6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BLebanese%2Bwar%3A%2Bits%2Borigins%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bdimensions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2001" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Michael (2001). All Honourable Men. The Social Origins of War in Lebanon. London / New York: IB Tauris. p. 96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Honourable+Men.+The+Social+Origins+of+War+in+Lebanon&rft.place=London+%2F+New+York&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=IB+Tauris&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maronitefoundation.org/MaroniteFoundation/en/MaronitesHistory/66">"A Brief History of the Maronites"</a>. maronitefoundation.org. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maronitefoundation.org&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+the+Maronites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaronitefoundation.org%2FMaroniteFoundation%2Fen%2FMaronitesHistory%2F66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedom-70"><a href="#cite_ref-freedom_70-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2008/108487.htm">Lebanon - International Religious Freedom Report 2008</a> U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2018-11-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pogar.org/LocalUser/pogar/themes/index.asp">United Nations Development Programme: Programme on Governance in the Arab Region : Elections : Lebanon</a> Retrieved 2018-11-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-annuario-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-annuario_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-annuario_72-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnewacanada.ca/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf">The Maronite Catholic Church (Patriarchate)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180513153411/http://www.cnewacanada.ca/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat17.pdf">Archived</a> 2018-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in "The Eastern Catholic Churches 2017" in Annuario Pontificio 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22270455">"Syria's beleaguered Christians"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 25 February 2015. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Syria%27s+beleaguered+Christians&rft.date=2015-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-22270455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Tsiapera1969" class="citation book cs1">Maria Tsiapera (1969). A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic. The Hague: Mouton and Company. p. 69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Descriptive+Analysis+of+Cypriot+Maronite+Arabic&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Mouton+and+Company&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Maria+Tsiapera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olc.gov.cy/olc/olc.nsf/all/E900CBECEFA1A6EFC2257480002665AC/$file/Answers%20to%20Comments-Questions.pdf?openelement">Cyprus Ministry of Interior: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages: Answers to the Comments/Questions Submitted to the Government of Cyprus Regarding its Initial Periodical Report</a> Retrieved 2018-11-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmi_Bentov2014" class="citation news cs1">Ami Bentov (26 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apnews.com/7f4c4fe33bd841088059fc8719ca521d">"Cardinal is first top Lebanese cleric in Israel"</a>. Associated Press. Retrieved 18 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Cardinal+is+first+top+Lebanese+cleric+in+Israel&rft.date=2014-05-26&rft.au=Ami+Bentov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apnews.com%2F7f4c4fe33bd841088059fc8719ca521d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevis-Amaya2014" class="citation thesis cs1">Devis-Amaya, Esteban (May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/366613/">The construction of identity and community - performing ethnicity: who are the Colombian-Lebanese?</a> (phd). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a>. p. 1. <q>The large majority of them are descendants of Maronite Christians, though participation in religious services varies. It must be noted that my study does not cover all the individuals of Lebanese descent in Bogota, largely because they do not consciously include themselves, or are not included in this community. This is due to a combination of lack of identification with the community, lack of knowledge of their ancestry or the community, as well as social and religious differences</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+construction+of+identity+and+community+-+performing+ethnicity%3A+who+are+the+Colombian-Lebanese%3F&rft.inst=University+of+Southampton&rft.date=2014-05&rft.aulast=Devis-Amaya&rft.aufirst=Esteban&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.soton.ac.uk%2F366613%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhachan2015" class="citation book cs1">Khachan, Charles (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://athenaeum.uiw.edu/uiw_etds/26">Ethnic Identity Among Maronite Lebanese in the United States</a>. University of the Incarnate Word. p. 31. <q>Many Maronites became estranged from their culture. Today many efforts are being constructed to reconnect these descendants of the early immigrants with their motherland Lebanon and their Maronite Church. The main challenge faced by the Maronites in the United States is that of losing their ethnic and religious identity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Identity+Among+Maronite+Lebanese+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=University+of+the+Incarnate+Word&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Khachan&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fathenaeum.uiw.edu%2Fuiw_etds%2F26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Traynor2009" class="citation news cs1">Ian Traynor (23 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/23/diamond-gems-trade-antwerp-belgium">"Recession takes the sparkle out of Antwerp's diamond quarter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 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Al-Afkar. 21 August 2015. 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Retrieved 11 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=Maronite+Christians+Seek+To+Revive+Aramaic+Language&rft.date=2012-10-12&rft.aulast=Svetlova&rft.aufirst=Ksenia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fnews%2Fisrael%2F164127%2Fmaronite-christians-seek-to-revive-aramaic-languag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.m-central.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Fact-Sheet-Maronite-Aramaic-Xians-2015.pdf">https://www.m-central.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/Fact-Sheet-Maronite-Aramaic-Xians-2015.pdf</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Maronites in history. p. 177. <q>Lammens states that <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a> labeled these Maronites al-Anbat to indicate their Aramaic (Syriac) origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maronites+in+history&rft.pages=177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://maronitefoundation.org/MaroniteFoundation/en/MaronitesHistory/56">"Saint Maron"</a>. maronitefoundation.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maronitefoundation.org&rft.atitle=Saint+Maron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmaronitefoundation.org%2FMaroniteFoundation%2Fen%2FMaronitesHistory%2F56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/304458">"Ministry of Interior to Admit Arameans to National Population Registry"</a>. 16 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministry+of+Interior+to+Admit+Arameans+to+National+Population+Registry&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FFlash.aspx%2F304458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelhayom.com/site/newsletter_article.php?id=20169">"Israel Hayom"</a>. www.israelhayom.com. 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Gorgias Press LLC. pp. 209–210. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59333-182-5"><bdi>978-1-59333-182-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maronites+in+History&rft.pages=209-210&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press+LLC&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59333-182-5&rft.au=Moosa%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> BBC staff (26 November 2014). Another contributing factor to the famine was the Allied force's blockade on the Eastern Mediterranean, as the Allied forces had done with the German Empire in Europe, to stranglehold the economy with the knowledge that it might lead to a profound impact on civilians in the region. "Six unexpected WW1 battlegrounds". BBC News Services. Retrieved 2018-11-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Harris 2012, p.174. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Ghazal, Rym (2015-04-14). "Lebanon's dark days of hunger: The Great Famine of 1915–18". The National. Retrieved 2018-11-18. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFItamar_Rabinovich1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Rabinovich" title="Itamar Rabinovich">Itamar Rabinovich</a> (1986) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2PbLcYdLUgsC&pg=PA104">The war for Lebanon, 1970-1985</a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-1870-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-1870-4"><bdi>0-8014-1870-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/85-14891">85-14891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+war+for+Lebanon%2C+1970-1985&rft.pages=104&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F85-14891&rft.isbn=0-8014-1870-4&rft.au=Itamar+Rabinovich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2PbLcYdLUgsC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hāyek,_Elias1990" class="citation book cs1">El-Hāyek, Elias (1990). 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Pity the Nation: The Abduction of Lebanon. New York: Thunder's Mouth/Nation Books. p. 105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pity+the+Nation%3A+The+Abduction+of+Lebanon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Thunder%27s+Mouth%2FNation+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fisk&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaronites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/lebanon-s-dispossessed-come-home-robert-fisk-damour-scars-orgy-ethnic-cleansing-2323136.html">"Lebanon's dispossessed come home: Robert Fisk in Damour on the scars"</a>. The Independent. 23 October 2011. 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Maronite_Church" style="background: #ffffff;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold;background: gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Maronite_Church" title="Template:Maronite Church"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Maronite_Church" title="Template talk:Maronite Church"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Maronite_Church" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Maronite Church"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Maronite_Church" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac Rite</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchate_of_Antioch" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch">Patriarch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maronite_Patriarchs_of_Antioch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch">List of Maronite Patriarchs of Antioch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bkerk%C3%A9" title="Bkerké">Bkerké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimane" title="Dimane">Dimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bechara_Boutros_al-Rahi" title="Bechara Boutros al-Rahi">Bechara Boutros al-Rahi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Maronite Patriarchate"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Maronite Patriarchate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/100px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg/200px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Maronite_Patriarchate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="615" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church#Organization" title="Maronite Church">Eparchies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Beirut" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Beirut">Archeparchy of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Antelias" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Antelias">Archeparchy of Antelias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tripoli" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tripoli">Archeparchy of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Tyre" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Tyre">Archeparchy of Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Baalbek-Deir_El_Ahmar" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Baalbek-Deir El Ahmar">Eparchy of Baalbek-Deir El Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Batroun" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Batroun">Eparchy of Batroun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Byblos" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Byblos">Eparchy of Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Sidon" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Sidon">Eparchy of Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Zahleh" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Zahleh">Eparchy of Zahleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Damascus" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus">Archeparchy of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Aleppo" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo">Archeparchy of Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Latakia" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Latakia">Eparchy of Latakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Haifa_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land">Archeparchy of Haifa and the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jerusalem_and_Palestine" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine">Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem and Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Patriarchal_Exarchate_of_Jordan" title="Maronite Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jordan">Patriarchal Exarchate of Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Cairo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Cairo">Eparchy of Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_Cyprus" title="Maronite Catholic Archeparchy of Cyprus">Archeparchy of Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_the_Annunciation" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of the Annunciation">Eparchy of the Annunciation, Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Colombia" title="Maronite Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Colombia">Apostolic Exarchate of Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Paris" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Montreal" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_Los_Angeles" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Brooklyn" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Brooklyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Martyrs_of_Lebanon_in_Mexico" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico">Eparchy of Our Lady of the Martyrs of Lebanon in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Maron_of_Sydney" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney">Eparchy of Saint Maron of Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Saint_Charbel_in_Buenos_Aires" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Saint Charbel in Buenos Aires">Eparchy of Saint Charbel in Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cathedrals:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Beirut" title="Maronite Cathedral of Saint George, Beirut">St George Cathedral, Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Elijah,_Aleppo" title="Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo">Cathedral of Saint Elijah, Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_the_King_Cathedral,_Haifa" title="St. Louis the King Cathedral, Haifa">St. Louis the King Cathedral, Haifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Maronite_Cathedral_(Brooklyn)" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral (Brooklyn)">Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral (Brooklyn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Mt._Lebanon-St._Peter_Cathedral_(Los_Angeles)" title="Our Lady of Mt. Lebanon-St. Peter Cathedral (Los Angeles)">Our Lady of Mt. Lebanon-St. Peter Cathedral (Los Angeles)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Raymond_Maronite_Cathedral_(St._Louis,_Missouri)" title="St. Raymond Maronite Cathedral (St. Louis, Missouri)">St. Raymond Cathedral (St. Louis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Procathedral,_Bogot%C3%A1" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Procathedral, Bogotá">Our Lady of Lebanon Procathedral, Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Maron%27s_Cathedral,_Buenos_Aires" title="St. Maron's Cathedral, Buenos Aires">St. Maron's Cathedral, Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_the_Annunciation_Cathedral,_Ibadan" title="Our Lady of the Annunciation Cathedral, Ibadan">Our Lady of the Annunciation Cathedral, Ibadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valvanera_Cathedral,_Mexico_City" title="Valvanera Cathedral, Mexico City">Valvanera Cathedral, Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Grace_Cathedral_(Nicosia)" title="Our Lady of Grace Cathedral (Nicosia)">Our Lady of Grace Cathedral (Nicosia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Maronite_Cathedral_(Paris)" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Maronite Cathedral (Paris)">Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral (Paris)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_Cathedral,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral, São Paulo">Our Lady of Lebanon Cathedral, São Paulo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Maron%27s_Cathedral,_Sydney" title="St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney">St. Maron's Cathedral, Sydney</a> </li></ul> <ul><li>Churches:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saidet_et_Tall%C3%A9" title="Church of Saidet et Tallé">Church of Saidet et Tallé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church_of_the_Annunciation" title="Maronite Church of the Annunciation">Church of the Annunciation, Nazareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Street_Methodist_Episcopal_Church_Complex" title="Ohio Street Methodist Episcopal Church Complex">St. Ann's Church, Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Sharbel_Maronite_Catholic_Church" title="St. Sharbel Maronite Catholic Church">St. Sharbel Church, Portland</a> </li></ul> <ul><li>Shrines:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Lebanon" title="Our Lady of Lebanon">Our Lady of Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Bekaa" title="Our Lady of Bekaa">Our Lady of Bekaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Bechouat" title="Our Lady of Bechouat">Our Lady of Bechouat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_and_National_Shrine_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_(North_Jackson,_Ohio)" title="Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon (North Jackson, Ohio)">Basilica and National Shrine of Our Lady of Lebanon (North Jackson, Ohio)</a> </li></ul> <ul><li>Monasteries:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Maron" title="Monastery of Saint Maron">Monastery of Saint Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Qozhaya" title="Monastery of Qozhaya">Monastery of Qozhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Sarkis,_Ehden" title="Mar Sarkis, Ehden">Mar Sarkis, Ehden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Holy_Saviour,_Kreim" title="Monastery of the Holy Saviour, Kreim">Monastery of the Holy Saviour, Kreim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Convent,_Jerusalem" title="Maronite Convent, Jerusalem">Maronite Convent, Jerusalem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Religious institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese Maronite Order">Lebanese Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Maronite_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonin Maronite Order">Antonin Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Maronite_Order" title="Mariamite Maronite Order">Mariamite Maronite Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Lebanese_Maronite_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries">Congregation of the Lebanese Maronite Missionaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Saints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maron" title="Maron">Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maron" title="John Maron">John Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_of_Cyrrhus" title="Abraham of Cyrrhus">Abraham of Cyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domnina_of_Syria" title="Domnina of Syria">Domnina of Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chayna" class="mw-redirect" title="Chayna">Chayna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimatullah_Kassab" title="Nimatullah Kassab">Nimatullah Kassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbel_Makhlouf" title="Charbel Makhlouf">Charbel Makhlouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafqa_Pietra_Choboq_Ar-Ray%C3%A8s" title="Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès">Rafqa Pietra Choboq Ar-Rayès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istifan_al-Duwayhi" title="Istifan al-Duwayhi">Bl. Istifan al-Duwayhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Peter_Hoayek" title="Elias Peter Hoayek">Bl. Elias Peter Hoayek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sundays_of_Commemoration" title="Three Sundays of Commemoration">Three Sundays of Commemoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Maronite_Christians" title="Lebanese Maronite Christians">Lebanese Maronite Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_All_Nations" title="Cross of All Nations">Cross of All Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Hospitalier_Universitaire_Notre_Dame_des_Secours" title="Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours">Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Notre Dame des Secours</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color: gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholic_Church" title="Portal:Catholic Church">Catholic Church portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Main divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Communions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient Church of the East</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent Churches/Communions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Orthodox_church" title="True Orthodox church">True Orthodox churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Protestant_Christianity" title="Eastern Protestant Christianity">Eastern Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)"><img alt="Christ Pantocrator (Deesis mosaic detail)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/150px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/225px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg/300px-Christ_Pantocrator_mosaic_from_Hagia_Sophia_2240_x_3109_pixels_2.5_MB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2240" data-file-height="3109" /></a> Christ Pantocrator (circa 1261) in <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Eastern_Christianity" title="History of Eastern Christianity">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Armenia" title="Christianization of Armenia">Christianization of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iberia" title="Christianization of Iberia">Christianization of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>/<a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copts" title="Copts">Copts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-orthodox_Christianity" title="Proto-orthodox Christianity">Proto-orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Ecumenical council</a></li> <li>Heresies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulicianism" title="Paulicianism">Paulicianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogomilism" title="Bogomilism">Bogomilism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_China" title="Church of the East in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East_in_Sichuan" title="Church of the East in Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(East_Syriac_ecclesiastical_province)" title="India (East Syriac ecclesiastical province)">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_among_the_Mongols" title="Christianity among the Mongols">Mongols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" title="History of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Council of Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_Christians" title="Saint Thomas Christians">Saint Thomas Christians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malankara_Church" title="Malankara Church">Malankara Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Greek_Christians" title="Antiochian Greek Christians">Antiochian Greek Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite" title="Melkite">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Ghassanids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Bulgaria" title="Christianization of Bulgaria">Christianization of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Christianization of Kievan Rus'">Christianization of Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="History of the Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism_of_the_Russian_Church" title="Schism of the Russian Church">Raskol</a></li> <li>Moscow–Constantinople schisms <ul><li><a href="/wiki/15th%E2%80%9316th_century_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="15th–16th century Moscow–Constantinople schism">15th–16th centuries schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="1996 Moscow–Constantinople schism">1996 schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Moscow%E2%80%93Constantinople_schism" title="2018 Moscow–Constantinople schism">2018 schism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scriptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuterocanonical_books" title="Deuterocanonical books">Deuterocanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peshitta" title="Peshitta">Peshitta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesychasm" title="Hesychasm">Hesychasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">Icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyophysitism" title="Dyophysitism">Dyophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_contemplation#Eastern_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian contemplation">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philokalia" title="Philokalia">Philokalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praxis_(Byzantine_Rite)" title="Praxis (Byzantine Rite)">Praxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostasis_(philosophy_and_religion)" title="Hypostasis (philosophy and religion)">Hypostasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia#Early_Christianity" title="Ousia">Ousia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Worship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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